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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan-Finnicism_during_the_Interwar_period_and_during_World_War_II_in_Finland,_Karelia,_Estonia_&_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-Finnicism_during_the_Interwar_period_and_during_World_War_II_in_Finland,_Karelia,_Estonia_&_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pan-Finnicism during the Interwar period and during World War II in Finland, Karelia, Estonia & Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-Finnicism_during_the_Interwar_period_and_during_World_War_II_in_Finland,_Karelia,_Estonia_&_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>After the Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan-Finnicism_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-Finnicism_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pan-Finnicism today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-Finnicism_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>In Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>In Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Karelia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Karelia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>In Karelia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Karelia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>In Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Finnicism" title="Finnicism">Finnicism</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pan-nationalist idea of Finno-Ugric unification</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finno-Ugric_Languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Finno-Ugric_Languages.png/349px-Finno-Ugric_Languages.png" decoding="async" width="349" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Finno-Ugric_Languages.png/524px-Finno-Ugric_Languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Finno-Ugric_Languages.png/698px-Finno-Ugric_Languages.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>Approximate location of the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a> peoples within scope of the ideology</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pan-Finnicism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Panfennismi</i>), also known as <b>Pan-Fennicism</b> or sometimes even referred to as <b>Finno-Ugrism</b> or even <b>Heimoaate</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "Kinship Ideology/Thought"</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">pan-nationalist</a> idea which advocates for the political or economic unification of the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea is broad in its meaning and oftentimes it simply refers to the Finno-Ugric peoples, however on rare occasion it can be limited to only the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Baltic Finnic peoples</a> or to the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic peoples</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pan-Finnicism was not an idea taken seriously until the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, and even with this sense of autonomy within the wider <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Due to hundreds of years of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> having been under <a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Swedish Rule</a>, a sense of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish People">Finnish identity</a> was not prevalent, even with the release of the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Zacharias Topelius</a> published an essay called “<i>Den Finska Literaturen och dess Framtid</i>" (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> The Finnish Literature and Its Future)</span> in 1844 where he states the following:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Two hundred years ago few would have believed that the Slavic tribe would attain the prominent (and constantly growing) position it enjoys nowadays in the history of culture. What if one day the Finnish tribe, which occupies a territory almost as vast, were to play a greater role on the world scene than one could expect nowadays? […] Today people speak of Pan-Slavism; one day they may talk of Pan-Fennicism, or Pan-Suomism. Within such a Pan-Finnic community, the Finnish nation should hold the leading position because of its cultural seniority […].</p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1922_Pan-Turanianism_-_Distribution_of_Turanian_peoples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/EB1922_Pan-Turanianism_-_Distribution_of_Turanian_peoples.jpg/280px-EB1922_Pan-Turanianism_-_Distribution_of_Turanian_peoples.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/EB1922_Pan-Turanianism_-_Distribution_of_Turanian_peoples.jpg/420px-EB1922_Pan-Turanianism_-_Distribution_of_Turanian_peoples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/EB1922_Pan-Turanianism_-_Distribution_of_Turanian_peoples.jpg/560px-EB1922_Pan-Turanianism_-_Distribution_of_Turanian_peoples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="1459" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Turanid_race" title="Turanid race">Turanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanic</a>) peoples.</figcaption></figure><p> Within Pan-Fennicism, the idea that the Finns would hold superiority within such a union was not contested in Finland, as the idea that the Finns qualified as civilizers and awakeners within the Finno-Ugric community was not new, due to its aforementioned seniority.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Pan-Finnic Idea was often overlooked by the idea of <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Pan-Turanism</a>, which was gaining ever more traction in the field of nationalist studies in academies in Finland. The field of studies on the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric peoples</a> and their linguistic and cultural studies during these times often had a severe lack of <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Finnish scholars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to a quite common consensus and hopes of many <a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish nationalists</a> for the Finns and the Finno-Ugric peoples to not just be tribal people from nowhere, instead to showcase that the Finno-Ugric peoples and the larger <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a> family is a part of 'more respected cultures' and a civilizational affiliation. This led to Turanism becoming the mainstream in the <a href="/wiki/Fennoman_movement" title="Fennoman movement">Fennoman movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Castr%C3%A9n" title="Arthur Castrén">Arthur Castrén</a>, who was a prominent fennomanist, believed that based on his research, the Finno-Ugric, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a> languages were all of the <a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">same origins and family</a>. He concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> and their other ethnic relatives were from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and were far from being a small, isolated people from the middle of nowhere:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am determined to show the Finnish nation that we are not a solitary people from the bog, living in isolation from the world and from universal history, but are in fact related to at least one-sixth of mankind. Writing grammars is not my main goal, but without the grammars that goal cannot be attained.</p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_(1897).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg/279px-Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="279" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg/419px-Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg/558px-Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4648" data-file-height="2744" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of people speaking <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1897)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/August_Ahlqvist" title="August Ahlqvist">August Ahlqvist</a>, a close coworker of Castrén was of the opinion that the Finns were the perceived superior peoples within the Finno-Ugric family, due to the apparently more present fact of the Finns being more civilized than other Finno-Ugric peoples, however Ahlqvist's attitude had changed following research expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Karelia" title="East Karelia">East Karelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, he had become a <a href="/wiki/Svecophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecophile">svecophile</a>, or at least an admirer of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavians" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavians">Scandinavians</a> for their bringing of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and apparent civilization to the Finnish people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He changed his views to that of gratefulness towards the Swedes, and viewed the Finns as being privileged rather than explicitly superior. Ahlqvist's new opinions were proven controversial, and following a speech where he thanked the Swedes for saving the Finnish nation from the same fate as of that of the Finnic relative ethnic groups in Russia and said that the Finns owed a "debt of gratitude", this speech was antagonized much of the <a href="/wiki/Fennoman_movement" title="Fennoman movement">Fennoman</a> millieu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahlqvist published the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suomen_valta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suomen valta (page does not exist)">Suomen valta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_valta" class="extiw" title="fi:Suomen valta">fi</a>]</span> poem in 1860, in which Ahlqvist promoted the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Greater Finland idea</a>, advocating for the Finnish borders to expand, writing as follows; "<i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Äänisjärvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Pohjanlahti</a> / Auranrantat, <a href="/wiki/White_Karelia" title="White Karelia">Vienansuu</a>, / there is, Finnish, power / which is no one else's".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>The developments of Pan-Finnicism were popular in Finland to an extent, however in other more literate regions such as <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, where ideas about being related to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> ideas about the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> ethnic make-up were being formed due to their cultural isolation, the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Turanian_Society" title="Turanian Society">Turanian society</a> and the perceived threat of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a> which was promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castrén says about the Hungarian reaction to Pan-Finnic ideas:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is hardly surprising, for the idea of being related to the <a href="/wiki/Lapps" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapps">Lapps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samoyeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoyeds">Samoyeds</a> stirs us up, too. That same feeling—the commendable desire to have distinguished and splendid ancestors—has driven some of our scholars to seek our cradle in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. We must, however, give up all possible kinship with the <a href="/wiki/Hellenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenes">Hellenes</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">ten tribes of Israel</a>, with great and privileged nations in general, and console ourselves with the notion that “everyone is heir to his own deeds” and that real nobility has to be achieved with one's own skill. Whether the Finnish nation will manage to make itself a name in history is uncertain; what is certain is that the generations to come will judge us by our own achievements and not by those of our ancestors.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Estonia</a> and many other regions with people considered to be Finno-Ugric peoples did not have much support or research into the idea of Pan-Fennicism, with Estonia adopting Pan-Finnicism much later on in the 20th century when many Finns had already embraced it in the 1800s. However Estonian colleagues largely adopted the Fennocentric perspective, that of the idea held by many Finns who viewed themselves and the Finnish nation as instrumental for the ideology to even exist and function at a basic level, therefore the Estonians acknowledging their own position within the Finno-Ugric world as secondary to Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Karelia" title="East Karelia">Russian Karelia</a>, Pan-Finnicism began to gain traction at the beginning of the 19th century, especially through various Lutheran missions into the region, and through organizations such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viena_Karelian_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viena Karelian Association (page does not exist)">Viena Karelian Association</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienan_Karjalaisten_Liitto" class="extiw" title="fi:Vienan Karjalaisten Liitto">fi</a>]</span> in 1906, which sought for Finland to annex East Karelia. The Russian Empire, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Governorate" title="Arkhangelsk Governorate">Arkhangelsk Governorate</a> began to react poorly to what they deemed harmful foreign influence, in Summer 1908, the Governor of Arkhangelsk, Ivan Vasilyevich Sosnovsky deemed that the effect of Pan-Finnicism was minimal, however still urged for the Russification of White Karelia, by building Russian-language educational facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> had trained <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_(infantry)" title="Jäger (infantry)">Jaegers</a>, which were a part of the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_Movement" title="Jäger Movement">Jäger Movement</a>, these Jaegers sought to annex Eastern Karelia into Finland. The Jäger Movement was highly influential within the society of <a href="/wiki/Whites_(Finland)" title="Whites (Finland)">White Finland</a>, and was a key proponent of waging war against <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Bolshevik Russia</a>, during the Russian Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-Finnicism_during_the_Interwar_period_and_during_World_War_II_in_Finland,_Karelia,_Estonia_&_Hungary"><span id="Pan-Finnicism_during_the_Interwar_period_and_during_World_War_II_in_Finland.2C_Karelia.2C_Estonia_.26_Hungary"></span>Pan-Finnicism during the Interwar period and during World War II in Finland, Karelia, Estonia & Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pan-Finnicism during the Interwar period and during World War II in Finland, Karelia, Estonia & Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Greater Finland</a></div><p>Following the achievement of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland" title="Independence of Finland">independence of Finland</a>, there was a wave of nationalistic fervor. During the Heimosodat, various independent volunteers and men from the <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">White Guard</a> fought across the "Finno-Ugric World" in hopes uniting the countries into one or liberating many of them, examples of this were the <a href="/wiki/North_Ingria" title="North Ingria">Kirjasalo Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_United_Government" title="Karelian United Government">Karelian United Government</a>, which were <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> ruled by Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-chron1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chron1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations and <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a> that supported Pan-Finnicism held a meeting in the <a href="/wiki/New_Student_House,_Helsinki" title="New Student House, Helsinki">New Student House, Helsinki</a>, this meeting was organized by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karjalan_Kansalaisliitto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karjalan Kansalaisliitto (page does not exist)">Karjalan Kansalaisliitto</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karjalan_Kansalaisliitto" class="extiw" title="fi:Karjalan Kansalaisliitto">fi</a>]</span> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> Citizens' Association of Karelia</span>), and was held in October 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of Pan-Finnicism in Finnish society gave rise to such organizations as the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a>. National Tribal Day became a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Finland" title="Public holidays in Finland">public national holiday</a> in 1931, to celebrate the various Finnic tribes on the third Saturday of October. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_of_the_Ingrian_Battalion_(Er.P6)_giving_their_oath_to_Finland,_East_Kannas,_Leininkyl%C3%A4,_27_April_1944._Colorized_by_Julius_J%C3%A4%C3%A4skel%C3%A4inen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Men_of_the_Ingrian_Battalion_%28Er.P6%29_giving_their_oath_to_Finland%2C_East_Kannas%2C_Leininkyl%C3%A4%2C_27_April_1944._Colorized_by_Julius_J%C3%A4%C3%A4skel%C3%A4inen.jpg/220px-Men_of_the_Ingrian_Battalion_%28Er.P6%29_giving_their_oath_to_Finland%2C_East_Kannas%2C_Leininkyl%C3%A4%2C_27_April_1944._Colorized_by_Julius_J%C3%A4%C3%A4skel%C3%A4inen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Men_of_the_Ingrian_Battalion_%28Er.P6%29_giving_their_oath_to_Finland%2C_East_Kannas%2C_Leininkyl%C3%A4%2C_27_April_1944._Colorized_by_Julius_J%C3%A4%C3%A4skel%C3%A4inen.jpg/330px-Men_of_the_Ingrian_Battalion_%28Er.P6%29_giving_their_oath_to_Finland%2C_East_Kannas%2C_Leininkyl%C3%A4%2C_27_April_1944._Colorized_by_Julius_J%C3%A4%C3%A4skel%C3%A4inen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Men_of_the_Ingrian_Battalion_%28Er.P6%29_giving_their_oath_to_Finland%2C_East_Kannas%2C_Leininkyl%C3%A4%2C_27_April_1944._Colorized_by_Julius_J%C3%A4%C3%A4skel%C3%A4inen.jpg/440px-Men_of_the_Ingrian_Battalion_%28Er.P6%29_giving_their_oath_to_Finland%2C_East_Kannas%2C_Leininkyl%C3%A4%2C_27_April_1944._Colorized_by_Julius_J%C3%A4%C3%A4skel%C3%A4inen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4688" data-file-height="4789" /></a><figcaption>Men of the Ingrian Battalion (Er.P6) giving their oath to <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, East Kannas, Leininkylä, 27 April 1944.</figcaption></figure><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>, Pan-Finnicism was at an all-time high and an off-set or form of Pan-Fennicism called the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Greater Finland idea</a> gained immense traction, with many Finno-Ugric people from across Europe joining to fight for Finland, this includes various <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finns" title="Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finnish</a> volunteers, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pan-Finnicism was also a major policy within the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_military_administration_in_Eastern_Karelia" title="Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia">Eastern Karelian Military Administration</a> until 1943, where Finno-Ugric peoples where set to a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">higher standard</a> than the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>, who were sent to <a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_concentration_camps" title="East Karelian concentration camps">camps</a>, leading to an alleged <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Karelia" title="East Karelia">East Karelia</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a> due to rising food shortages, growing nationalism and lack of respect for cultural autonomy by <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Russia">Bolshevik Russia</a>, cultivated into the rise of various nationalistic and Pan-Finnic <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> units being established, both in Karelia and Finland, most famously the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Guerrillas" title="Forest Guerrillas">Metsäsissit</a> (Forest Guerillas).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even following the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> having capitulated the Karelians, Pan-Fennicism did not die out in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Karelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Karelia">Soviet Karelia</a>, as there was always hopes, at least within the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Red Finns</a> who migrated to Soviet Karelia, many of whom were put into positions of power, such as with people like <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Gylling" title="Edvard Gylling">Edvard Gylling</a>, who were accused of Pan-Fennicist ideas and <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a> by the Soviet officials, to unite Soviet Karelia with Finland and to restore the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">FSWR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pan-Fennicism, and its sub-ideology, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Greater Finland idea</a> were now supported by many <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelian people</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_invasion_of_East_Karelia_(1941)" title="Finnish invasion of East Karelia (1941)">Finnish Invasion of East Karelia</a> due to their liberation from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and their new ability to use their language more.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Fennica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Map_of_Fennica.png/220px-Map_of_Fennica.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Map_of_Fennica.png/330px-Map_of_Fennica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Map_of_Fennica.png/440px-Map_of_Fennica.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Map of a hypothetical Finno-Estonian union</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a>, society was highly <a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">individualistic</a> and unstable, leading to rise of the <a href="/wiki/Vaps_Movement" title="Vaps Movement">Vaps Movement</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian nationalist</a> and pan-nationalistic <a href="/wiki/Veterans%27_organization" title="Veterans' organization">veterans' organization</a> and political movement, who were on the path of winning public support, until a coup by moderate <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts" title="Konstantin Päts">Konstantin Päts</a> in 1934, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Silence" title="Era of Silence">banning of the Vaps Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Päts, like many influential statesmen knew that <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> could not stand alone against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and therefore was not opposed to Pan-Finnic ideas,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with him advocating for the unification between Finland and Estonia for a Pan-Finnic <a href="/wiki/Estonian%E2%80%93Finnish_federation" title="Estonian–Finnish federation">Estonian–Finnish federation</a> in 1940 to <a href="/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti">Risto Ryti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estonian pan-nationalist sentiment was therefore limited to volunteers such as the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Infantry_Regiment_200" title="Finnish Infantry Regiment 200">Infantry Regiment 200</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet annexation of Estonia">annexation of Estonia by the Soviet Union</a>, as Finland was seen as the only country left to defend the Finno-Ugric peoples and therefore to unify them, which gave more way to the Greater Finland idea to become more mainstream than an equal union between nations, as all other "<a href="/wiki/Nations_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations of Russia">nations</a>" had been occupied by the Soviets. </p><p>Hungary as a nation held strong relations with both Finland and Estonia during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Horthy Government</a> recognizing the Independence of Finland in 1920, strong bilateral relations were often developed by both sides due to linguistic kinship between the two nations, seeing each other as 'brotherly nations'. The Hungarians provided a <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_volunteers_in_the_Winter_War" title="Hungarian volunteers in the Winter War">volunteer battalion</a> to the Finns during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> and with the two nations fighting on the same side during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, relations only improved.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change in attitude from the years of the Victorian era could be explained with the relative collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Turanian_Society" title="Turanian Society">Turanian Society</a> and the collapse of their influence.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Second_World_War">After the Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After the Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Finnish defeat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the idea faded towards obscurity within most of Finno-Ugric world, due to the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and their hostility to the idea. There is suspicion that the <a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a> was planned to encompass all of Finland and Karelia, given its Fennocentric naming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-Finnicism_today">Pan-Finnicism today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pan-Finnicism today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Finland">In Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_Finno-Ugric_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Proposed_Finno-Ugric_flag.svg/220px-Proposed_Finno-Ugric_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Proposed_Finno-Ugric_flag.svg/330px-Proposed_Finno-Ugric_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Proposed_Finno-Ugric_flag.svg/440px-Proposed_Finno-Ugric_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Proposed Finno-Ugric flag, created by Szymon Pawlas in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Pan-Finnicism in Modern Finland is not very popular, believed in or advocated for by many. Instead, organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_Society" title="Finland–Russia Society">Finland–Russia Society</a>, advocate for rights for Finno-Ugric peoples and offer language studies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pan-Finnicism in Finland is not a decisive political issue, most Finns instead do not wish for any territorial expansion or are only focused on the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_question" title="Karelian question">Karelia Question</a>, for which a unification, the return of <a href="/wiki/Karelia_(historical_province_of_Finland)" title="Karelia (historical province of Finland)">Finnish Karelia</a> to Finland, seems more likely, than unification between Finland and Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were increasing demands from the <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party_Youth" title="Finns Party Youth">Finns Party Youth</a>, to re-annex Finnish Karelia and sometimes all of Karelia, until its dissolvement as the official <a href="/wiki/Youth_politics" title="Youth politics">Youth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically there are no major parties which outright advocate for the unification of the Finno-Ugric peoples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Estonia">In Estonia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Tuglas_Society" title="Tuglas Society">Tuglas Society</a> are friendship societies that advocate for the deepening of <a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="Estonia–Finland relations">Estonia-Finland relations</a>. With the limitation of Pan-Finnicism being to political friendship between Finland and Estonia, with such projects as the <a href="/wiki/Tallinn_to_Helsinki_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallinn to Helsinki Tunnel">Tallinn-Helsinki Tunnel</a>. Estonia is also home to the <a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Finno-Ugric_Peoples" title="World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples">World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples</a>, the official mission of the Congress is to "develop and protect <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>, cultures and languages of Finno-Ugric peoples, to promote cooperation between Finno-Ugric peoples, to discuss topical issues and to identify solutions, and to realize the right of Finno-Ugric peoples to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> in accordance with international norms and principles".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically there are no major parties which outright advocate for the unification of the Finno-Ugric peoples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Karelia">In Karelia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Karelia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro_Karelian_National_Movement_Action.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pro_Karelian_National_Movement_Action.jpg/220px-Pro_Karelian_National_Movement_Action.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pro_Karelian_National_Movement_Action.jpg/330px-Pro_Karelian_National_Movement_Action.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pro_Karelian_National_Movement_Action.jpg/440px-Pro_Karelian_National_Movement_Action.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karelian_National_Movement" title="Karelian National Movement">Karelian National Movement</a> sticker in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a> located within <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, there are increasing Pan-Finnicist movements popping up across the region with organizations such as the <i>Suur Suomensotilaat</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_National_Movement" title="Karelian National Movement">Karelian National Movement</a> (Oleynik faction), which has advocated for Pan-Fennicist ideas such as the <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socio-economic</a> cooperation in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational union</a> between the Finno-Ugric peoples within their own respective <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Karelian National Movement also holds strong ties to other nationalist organizations within Finland, Estonia and other Finno-Ugric nationalist movements within Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_of_Estonia" title="Conservative People's Party of Estonia">Conservative People's Party of Estonia</a> in Estonia<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various with Finnish fight clubs, most notably <i>Active Club</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Hungary">In Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric languages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Scandinavianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Scandinavianism">Pan-Scandinavianism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Finnicism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKirkinenNevalainenSihvo1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kirkinen, Heikki; Nevalainen, Pekka; Sihvo, Hannes (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuybQAAACAAJ"><i>Karjalan kansan historia</i></a> (in Finnish). WSO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-0-19204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-0-19204-7"><bdi>978-951-0-19204-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karjalan+kansan+historia&rft.pub=WSO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-951-0-19204-7&rft.aulast=Kirkinen&rft.aufirst=Heikki&rft.au=Nevalainen%2C+Pekka&rft.au=Sihvo%2C+Hannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYuybQAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karjalansivistysseura.fi/kulttuuri/sivistys/#_ftn3">"Sivistys | Karjalan Sivistysseura"</a> (in Finnish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sivistys+%7C+Karjalan+Sivistysseura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karjalansivistysseura.fi%2Fkulttuuri%2Fsivistys%2F%23_ftn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer" class="citation web cs1">Sommer, Łukasz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hunghist.org/images/volumes/Volume3_Issue_2/Lukasz.pdf">"Hungarian Study on the History of Pan-Fennicism and Pan-Turanism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lukasz.pdf</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125114750/http://hunghist.org/images/volumes/Volume3_Issue_2/Lukasz.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lukasz.pdf&rft.atitle=Hungarian+Study+on+the+History+of+Pan-Fennicism+and+Pan-Turanism&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhunghist.org%2Fimages%2Fvolumes%2FVolume3_Issue_2%2FLukasz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmgren2023" class="citation web cs1">Elmgren, Ainur (30 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfi-fe2023052949051.pdf">"Nordic Experiences in Pan-nationalisms: A Reappraisal and Comparison, 1840-1940"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>jultika.oulu.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806125736/http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfi-fe2023052949051.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jultika.oulu.fi&rft.atitle=Nordic+Experiences+in+Pan-nationalisms%3A+A+Reappraisal+and+Comparison%2C+1840-1940&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft.aulast=Elmgren&rft.aufirst=Ainur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjultika.oulu.fi%2Ffiles%2Fnbnfi-fe2023052949051.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHZXXwAACAAJ"><i>Kulttuurin Unkari</i></a> (in Finnish). Atena Kustannus. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-9362-40-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-9362-40-3"><bdi>978-951-9362-40-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kulttuurin+Unkari&rft.pub=Atena+Kustannus&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-951-9362-40-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHZXXwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hungarytoday.hu/hungarians-east-turanism-interview-historian-balazs-ablonczy/">"Why are so many Hungarians concerned with finding relatives in the East? – Interview with historian Balázs Ablonczy"</a>. <i>Hungary Today</i>. 31 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hungary+Today&rft.atitle=Why+are+so+many+Hungarians+concerned+with+finding+relatives+in+the+East%3F+%E2%80%93+Interview+with+historian+Bal%C3%A1zs+Ablonczy&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhungarytoday.hu%2Fhungarians-east-turanism-interview-historian-balazs-ablonczy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastrén1850" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Castrén, Matthias Alexander (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vW2fnQEACAAJ"><i>Ueber die ursitze des finnischen volkes: Ein vortrag dr. Alexander Castrén's in der literärischen soirée zu Helsingfors am 9. november 1849</i></a> (in German). Kaiserliche akademie der wissenschaften.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ueber+die+ursitze+des+finnischen+volkes%3A+Ein+vortrag+dr.+Alexander+Castr%C3%A9n%27s+in+der+liter%C3%A4rischen+soir%C3%A9e+zu+Helsingfors+am+9.+november+1849&rft.pub=Kaiserliche+akademie+der+wissenschaften&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Castr%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Matthias+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvW2fnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaarinen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Saarinen, Sirkka (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0090599200034279/type/journal_article">"The Myth of a Finno-Ugrian Community in Practice"</a>. <i>Nationalities Papers</i>. <b>29</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905990120036376">10.1080/00905990120036376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5992">0090-5992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154581514">154581514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+a+Finno-Ugrian+Community+in+Practice&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154581514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0090-5992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905990120036376&rft.aulast=Saarinen&rft.aufirst=Sirkka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0090599200034279%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karjalansivistysseura.fi/kulttuuri/sivistys/">"Sivistys | Karjalan Sivistysseura"</a> (in Finnish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sivistys+%7C+Karjalan+Sivistysseura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karjalansivistysseura.fi%2Fkulttuuri%2Fsivistys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/items/10c3139f-cf2e-474c-8efd-7f42ef57421e">"DSpace"</a>. <i>helda.helsinki.fi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=helda.helsinki.fi&rft.atitle=DSpace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2Fitems%2F10c3139f-cf2e-474c-8efd-7f42ef57421e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chron1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chron1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110025509/http://www.hrono.ru/organ/ukaz_o/ru19170370.php">"Олонецкое правительство"</a>. <i>www.hrono.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/organ/ukaz_o/ru19170370.php">the original</a> on 10 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hrono.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Forgan%2Fukaz_o%2Fru19170370.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseliusSilvennoinen2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roselius, Aapo; Silvennoinen, Oula (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a20bzAEACAAJ"><i>Villi itä: Suomen heimosodat ja Itä-Euroopan murros 1918-1921</i></a> (in Finnish). Tammi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-31-7549-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-31-7549-8"><bdi>978-951-31-7549-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103171505/https://books.google.com/books?id=a20bzAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Op-ed+%7C+Genocide+investigation+launched+in+Russia+causes+confusion%3A+Finland+investigated+the+shortcomings+of+the+camps+in+East+Karelia+immediately+after+the+Continuation+War&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fmielipide%2Fart-2000006491081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jput.fi/Karjalan_vapaussota.htm">"Karjalan Vapaussota"</a>. <i>jput.fi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kansallisbiografia.fi&rft.atitle=Etusivu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkansallisbiografia.fi%2Fkansallisbiografia%2Fhenkilo%2F5241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennich-Björkman2007" class="citation book cs1">Bennich-Björkman, L. (9 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mud8DAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Estonia%22+interwar+period+was+one+of+great+cultural+advancement.&pg=PA26"><i>Political Culture under Institutional Pressure: How Institutional Change Transforms Early Socialization</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60996-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60996-9"><bdi>978-0-230-60996-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509180933/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mud8DAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Estonia%22+interwar+period+was+one+of+great+cultural+advancement.&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture+under+Institutional+Pressure%3A+How+Institutional+Change+Transforms+Early+Socialization&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007-12-09&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60996-9&rft.aulast=Bennich-Bj%C3%B6rkman&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMud8DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Estonia%2522%2Binterwar%2Bperiod%2Bwas%2Bone%2Bof%2Bgreat%2Bcultural%2Badvancement.%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterberg1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zetterberg, Seppo (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SZppAAAAMAAJ"><i>Suomi ja Viro 1917-1919: poliittiset suhteet syksystä 1917 reunavaltiopolitiikan alkuun</i></a> (in Finnish). Suomen Historiallinen Seura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-9254-11-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-9254-11-1"><bdi>978-951-9254-11-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomi+ja+Viro+1917-1919%3A+poliittiset+suhteet+syksyst%C3%A4+1917+reunavaltiopolitiikan+alkuun&rft.pub=Suomen+Historiallinen+Seura&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-951-9254-11-1&rft.aulast=Zetterberg&rft.aufirst=Seppo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSZppAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterberg2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zetterberg, Seppo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oc4VAQAAMAAJ"><i>Viron historia</i></a> (in Finnish). Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-746-520-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-746-520-5"><bdi>978-951-746-520-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viron+historia&rft.pub=Suomalaisen+Kirjallisuuden+Seura&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-951-746-520-5&rft.aulast=Zetterberg&rft.aufirst=Seppo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOc4VAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohtuleht.ee/naine/541620/kuidas-konstantin-pats-eesti-soome-liitriiki-soovis">"Kuidas Konstantin Päts Eesti-Soome liitriiki soovis"</a>. <i>www.ohtuleht.ee</i> (in Estonian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohtuleht.ee&rft.atitle=Kuidas+Konstantin+P%C3%A4ts+Eesti-Soome+liitriiki+soovis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohtuleht.ee%2Fnaine%2F541620%2Fkuidas-konstantin-pats-eesti-soome-liitriiki-soovis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helsinki.mfa.gov.hu/fin/page/politikai">"Unkarin suurlähetystö Helsinki"</a>. <i>helsinki.mfa.gov.hu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=helsinki.mfa.gov.hu&rft.atitle=Unkarin+suurl%C3%A4hetyst%C3%B6+Helsinki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelsinki.mfa.gov.hu%2Ffin%2Fpage%2Fpolitikai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suomivenajaseura.fi/">"Suomi–Venäjä-seura | Kulttuuria, tietoa ja elämyksiä"</a>. <i>Suomi-Venäjä-Seura</i> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513103143/https://suomivenajaseura.fi/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suomi-Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4-Seura&rft.atitle=Suomi%E2%80%93Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4-seura+%7C+Kulttuuria%2C+tietoa+ja+el%C3%A4myksi%C3%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuomivenajaseura.fi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015022619267033">"Tiedusteluyhtiö Stratforin hurja ennuste: Karjala haluaa liittyä Suomeen"</a>. <i>www.iltalehti.fi</i> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622113212/https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015022619267033">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iltalehti.fi&rft.atitle=Tiedusteluyhti%C3%B6+Stratforin+hurja+ennuste%3A+Karjala+haluaa+liitty%C3%A4+Suomeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iltalehti.fi%2Fuutiset%2Fa%2F2015022619267033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaananen2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paananen, Arja (20 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.is.fi/ulkomaat/art-2000005905811.html">"Karjala-vaatimus leviää Venäjällä – PS-nuorten tempauksesta uutisoi ensin Kremliä lähellä oleva sivusto"</a>. <i>Ilta-Sanomat</i> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806183343/https://www.is.fi/ulkomaat/art-2000005905811.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ilta-Sanomat&rft.atitle=Karjala-vaatimus+levi%C3%A4%C3%A4+Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4ll%C3%A4+%E2%80%93+PS-nuorten+tempauksesta+uutisoi+ensin+Kremli%C3%A4+l%C3%A4hell%C3%A4+oleva+sivusto&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.aulast=Paananen&rft.aufirst=Arja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.is.fi%2Fulkomaat%2Fart-2000005905811.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fennougria.ee/">"Koostöö soome-ugri rahvastega aastast 1927"</a>. <i>Fenno-Ugria</i> (in Estonian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fenno-Ugria&rft.atitle=Koost%C3%B6%C3%B6+soome-ugri+rahvastega+aastast+1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffennougria.ee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsuurlintu@gmail.com2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">suurlintu@gmail.com (7 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suur-suomensotilaat.com/o-proekte-suur-suomen-sotilaat">"Projektista Suur-Suomen Sotilaat - Suur Suomensotilaat"</a> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projektista+Suur-Suomen+Sotilaat+-+Suur+Suomensotilaat&rft.date=2023-04-07&rft.au=suurlintu%40gmail.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuur-suomensotilaat.com%2Fo-proekte-suur-suomen-sotilaat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsuurlintu@gmail.com2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">suurlintu@gmail.com (28 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suur-suomensotilaat.com/chuvashi-vstupayut-v-finno-ugorskij-soyuz">"Чуваши вступают в Финно-угорский союз - Suur Suomensotilaat"</a> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7+-+Suur+Suomensotilaat&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft.au=suurlintu%40gmail.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuur-suomensotilaat.com%2Fchuvashi-vstupayut-v-finno-ugorskij-soyuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koiduaeg.ee/karjala-iseseisvuslased-me-ei-soovi-asendada-moskva-diktaati-brusseliga-i-osa/">"Karjala iseseisvuslased: Me ei soovi asendada Moskva diktaati Brüsseliga. I osa - Koiduaeg"</a> (in Estonian). 6 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karjala+iseseisvuslased%3A+Me+ei+soovi+asendada+Moskva+diktaati+Br%C3%BCsseliga.+I+osa+-+Koiduaeg&rft.date=2024-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoiduaeg.ee%2Fkarjala-iseseisvuslased-me-ei-soovi-asendada-moskva-diktaati-brusseliga-i-osa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Finnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundelin2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lundelin, Katriina (2 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seura.fi/asiat/tutkivat/active-club-kamppailukerhot-saattavat-toimia-porttina-aarioikeistojarjestoihin-osa-jasenista-valmistautuu-itsenaisyyspaivana-vakivaltaisuuksiin/">"Osa Active Club -kamppailukerhojen jäsenistä valmistautuu itsenäisyyspäivänä väkivaltaisuuksiin"</a>. <i>Seura.fi</i> (in Finnish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template talk:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-nationalist_concepts113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalist concepts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_Confederation_plan" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan">Afghan-Pakistani unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slavism" title="Austro-Slavism">Austro-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Union of Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">Canada-USA unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_reunification" title="Central American reunification">Centralamericanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands-Indonesia_Union" title="Netherlands-Indonesia Union">Dutch-Indonesian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian%E2%80%93Finnish_federation" title="Estonian–Finnish federation">Estonian-Finnish unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent_Plan" title="Fertile Crescent Plan">Fertile Crescent unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaucho_traditionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaucho traditionalism (page does not exist)">Gaucho traditionalism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradicionalismo_ga%C3%BAcho" class="extiw" title="pt:Tradicionalismo gaúcho">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Yugoslav_confederation" title="Greek–Yugoslav confederation">Greek-Yugoslavian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Romania" title="Union of Hungary and Romania">Hungarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Confederation" title="Indo-Pakistani Confederation">Indian-Pakistani Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Israeli-Palestinian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latinoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latinoamericanism (page does not exist)">Latinoamericanism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraci%C3%B3n_latinoamericana" class="extiw" title="es:Integración latinoamericana">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenoturkism" title="Hellenoturkism">Hellenoturkism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispanoamericanism (page does not exist)">Hispanoamericanism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanoamericanismo" class="extiw" title="es:Hispanoamericanismo">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_East_European_States" title="League of East European States">League of East European States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miatsum" title="Miatsum">Miatsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Romanian-Moldovan unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel-Benin_Union" title="Sahel-Benin Union">Sahel-Benin Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Andinism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Andinism (page does not exist)">Pan-Andinism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panandinismo" class="extiw" title="es:Panandinismo">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Ecuador,_Peru_and_Bolivia" title="United Kingdom of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia">Ecuadorian-Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian-Bolivian_unionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peruvian-Bolivian unionism (page does not exist)">Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismo_peruano-boliviano" class="extiw" title="es:Unionismo peruano-boliviano">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Hashemite unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan-Syrian_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libyan-Syrian Union (page does not exist)">Libyan-Syrian Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Hussein%27s_federation_plan" title="King Hussein's federation plan">Jordania-Palestine unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Iraq-Kuwait unionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caribbean" title="Pan-Caribbean">Pan-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caucasianism" title="Pan-Caucasianism">Pan-Caucasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Pan-Europeanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">European unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan-Finnicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Pan-Ugrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian federalism">Pan-Iberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Pan-Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Pan-Latinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Pan-Mongolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Pan-Oceanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_confederation" title="Polish–Czechoslovak confederation">Polish-Czechoslovak unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reintegrationism" title="Reintegrationism">Reintegrationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saint_Martin" title="Unification of Saint Martin">Saint Martin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Pan-Serbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Tatarism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Tatarism (page does not exist)">Pan-Tatarism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Пантатаризм">ru</a>; <a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="tt:Пантатаризм">tt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Rattachism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia-Nyasaland unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">Soviet reunificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Switzerland#Proposals_for_expansion" title="Territorial evolution of Switzerland">Switzerland expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian Turanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abya_Yala" title="Abya Yala">Abya Yala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">African federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Anglo-American unificationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Confederation" title="Antillean Confederation">Antillean Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltoscandia" title="Baltoscandia">Baltoscandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">Imperial Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_movement" title="Cascadia movement">Cascadia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossackia" title="Cossackia">Cossackia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danubian_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danubian Confederation (page does not exist)">Danubian Confederation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donauf%C3%B6deration" class="extiw" title="de:Donauföderation">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union" title="Federalisation of the European Union">Federalisation of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">Greater Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Caribbean Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Union" title="Franco-British Union">Franco-British Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification of Albania and Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_irredentism" title="Argentine irredentism">Greater Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bosnia" title="Greater Bosnia">Greater Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Greater Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationalism" title="Eritrean nationalism">Eritrean national identity nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationalism" title="Ethiopian nationalism">Ethiopian national identity nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Greater Finland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galicia_irredenta" title="Galicia irredenta">Galicia irredenta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Greater Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Greater Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iraq" 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