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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Expedition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expedition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expedition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gorillai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorillai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gorillai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorillai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_authors'_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_authors'_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ancient authors' accounts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_authors'_accounts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient authors' accounts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_authors'_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pliny_the_Elder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pliny_the_Elder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pliny the Elder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pliny_the_Elder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Arrian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herodotus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herodotus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Herodotus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herodotus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanno the Navigator</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_%E1%88%93%E1%8A%96" title="2 ሓኖ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="2 ሓኖ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="حانون القرطاجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حانون القرطاجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Ханон Мореплавателя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ханон Мореплавателя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannon_ar_Merdeer" title="Hannon ar Merdeer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hannon ar Merdeer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hann%C3%B3_el_Navegant" title="Hannó el Navegant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hannó el Navegant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_Mo%C5%99eplavec" title="Hanno Mořeplavec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hanno Mořeplavec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_der_Seefahrer" title="Hanno der Seefahrer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hanno der Seefahrer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hann%C3%B3n_el_Navegante" title="Hannón el Navegante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hannón el Navegante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_Nabigatzailea" title="Hanno Nabigatzailea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanno Nabigatzailea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="حنای دریانورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حنای دریانورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannon_le_Navigateur" title="Hannon le Navigateur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hannon le Navigateur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_de_Seefarder" title="Hanno de Seefarder – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hanno de Seefarder" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%ED%95%B4%EC%9E%90_%ED%95%9C%EB%85%B8" title="항해자 한노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항해자 한노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannon_(penjelajah)" title="Hannon (penjelajah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hannon (penjelajah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annone_il_Navigatore" title="Annone il Navigatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Annone il Navigatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="חנון הספן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חנון הספן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xannon" title="Xannon – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Xannon" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_Navigator" title="Hanno Navigator – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hanno Navigator" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanonas_J%C5%ABrininkas" title="Hanonas Jūrininkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hanonas Jūrininkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_(utaz%C3%B3)" title="Hanno (utazó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hanno (utazó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Ханон Морепловецот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ханон Морепловецот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_(ontdekkingsreiziger)" title="Hanno (ontdekkingsreiziger) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hanno (ontdekkingsreiziger)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E8%80%85%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8E" title="航海者ハンノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="航海者ハンノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_sj%C3%B8fareren" title="Hanno sjøfareren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hanno sjøfareren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="ہنو ملاح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہنو ملاح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannon_(%C5%BCeglarz)" title="Hannon (żeglarz) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hannon (żeglarz)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C3%A3o" title="Hanão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hanão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno" title="Hanno – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hanno" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ганнон (путешественник) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ганнон (путешественник)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno" title="Hanno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hanno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Ханон Морепловац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ханон Морепловац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanon_Moreplovac" title="Hanon Moreplovac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hanon Moreplovac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_Merenkulkija" title="Hanno Merenkulkija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hanno Merenkulkija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_Sj%C3%B6fararen" title="Hanno Sjöfararen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hanno Sjöfararen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janon_ang_Manlalayag" title="Janon ang Manlalayag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Janon ang Manlalayag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_(denizci)" title="Hanno (denizci) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hanno (denizci)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Ганнон Мореплавець – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">5th-century BC Carthaginian explorer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fifth-century BC explorer. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hanno_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hanno (disambiguation)">Hanno (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hanno the Navigator</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthaginian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Explorer, possibly king</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">5th century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Naval exploration of the western coast of Africa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data">A <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">periplus</a></i> about his journey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magonid" class="mw-redirect" title="Magonid">Magonid</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hanno the Navigator</b> (sometimes "Hannon"; <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a>: <span lang="xpu" dir="rtl">𐤇‬𐤍‬𐤀‬</span>, <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ḤNʾ</span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἄννων</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Annōn</i></span> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a> explorer (sometimes identified as a king) who lived during the <a href="/wiki/5th_century_BC" title="5th century BC">fifth century BC</a>, known for his <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval</a> expedition along the coast of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. However, the only source of said voyage is a <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">periplus</a></i> translated into Greek. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historians</a> have attempted to identify specific locations along Hanno's route, based on the <i>periplus</i>. According to some modern analyses, his expedition could have potentially reached as far south as <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>; still, according to other sources, he could not have sailed much further than coastal southern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-law135_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law135-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of Hanno was given to many Carthaginians. Ancient texts which specifically mention Hanno the Navigator do not provide much in the way of positively identifying him; some authors referred to him as a king, while others referred to him with the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dux#Latin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:dux">dux</a></i> (leader, general) or <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imperator#Latin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:imperator">imperator</a></i> (commander, emperor).<sup id="cite_ref-schmitz346_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmitz346-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek translation of Hanno's <i>periplus</i> account names him a <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-oiko24_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oiko24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a term which may be interpreted as "king", but was commonly used for other high-level Carthaginian officials.<sup id="cite_ref-lendering2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lendering2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consensus of scholarship places Hanno as living sometime in the 5th century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identifying him as a member of the aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Magonid" class="mw-redirect" title="Magonid">Magonid</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-warm62_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm62-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R.C.C. Law identifies Hanno as the son of <a href="/wiki/Hamilcar_I_of_Carthage" title="Hamilcar I of Carthage">Hamilcar I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-law121_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law121-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periplus_account"><i>Periplus</i> account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Periplus account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Periplus_of_Hanno/Chapter_1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Periplus of Hanno/Chapter 1">English translation from <i>The Periplus of Hanno</i> (1913) by Wilfred H. Schoff</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>Hanno's account, the <i>periplus</i> (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> circumnavigation), remains extant in Greek-language manuscripts. The original version, written in the <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic language</a>, has been lost. The Greek translation is abridged<sup id="cite_ref-translation17_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lendering1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lendering1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 101 lines long.<sup id="cite_ref-translation17_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it contains contradictions and obvious errors,<sup id="cite_ref-warm64_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm64-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is probably derived from an original Carthaginian text.<sup id="cite_ref-warm62_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm62-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>periplus</i> has survived as "the nearest we have to a specimen of Carthaginian 'literature' "<sup id="cite_ref-warm62_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm62-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the few extant accounts of ancient exploration penned by the explorer himself.<sup id="cite_ref-cary184_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cary184-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fifth century, the text was translated into Greek. Over the centuries, the translation was copied several times by Greek and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Greek-speaking Roman</a> clerks. Two copies remain extant, dating to the 9th and 14th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-lendering1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lendering1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> produced the first <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> translation, printed at Zurich in 1559.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroupa2019799_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroupa2019799-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HannoRouteMap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HannoRouteMap.svg/220px-HannoRouteMap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HannoRouteMap.svg/330px-HannoRouteMap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HannoRouteMap.svg/440px-HannoRouteMap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>The "Mount Cameroon" interpretation of the route</figcaption></figure> <p>This summary is based on a translation by Al. N. Oikonomides.<sup id="cite_ref-oikotranslate_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oikotranslate-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Proper_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper names">proper names</a> are unchanged from the translation. It reflects the views of the translator and may ignore more widely accepted theories among scholars. </p><p>As the work begins, "this is the report of the <i>periplus</i> of Hanno, king of the Carthaginians, into the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libyan</a> areas of the earth beyond the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a> which he dedicated in the sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Kronos</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-oiko25_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oiko25-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 60 ships and 30,000 people, Hanno intends to found cities along the African coast. He first founds one city, then sails some distance and founds five others.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arriving at a river, the Carthaginians meet the Lixitae, a friendly nomadic tribe. They learn of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Ethiopians</a>, and taking aboard several Lixitae, set sail again. At the small island Kerne, another settlement is built. Around the lake Chretes and an unnamed river, there are savage men and large wild beasts<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively. After returning to Kerne, they sail further south down Africa, finding Ethiopians whose language even the Lixitae interpreters do not understand. Passing further, Hanno finds an "immense opening of the sea",<sup id="cite_ref-oiko27_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oiko27-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which fires may be sighted. At a bay called the "Horn of the West", they land on an island where humans live. The Carthaginians hurry away in fear<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reach lands where there are many flames. A very tall mountain is there. Finally arriving at a bay, the "Horn of the South", there is an island with hostile, hirsute men named "Gorillas" (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gorillai">§ Gorillai</a>). Three of them are killed, their skins brought home to Carthage. Having run out of provisions, they do not sail further. The <i>periplus</i> abruptly ends here<sup id="cite_ref-translation17_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without discussing the return journey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_criticism">Textual criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Textual criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both ancient and modern authors have criticized the work. Most attempts to locate the places described in the <i>periplus</i> based on the reported sailing distances and directions have failed.<sup id="cite_ref-warm64_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm64-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make the text more accurate, scholars have tried <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a>. Ultimately, the Carthaginians probably edited the real account to protect their trade: other countries would not be able to identify the places described, while Carthaginians could still boast about their accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-warm64_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm64-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oikonomides theorizes that the hypothetical Punic manuscript that was translated into Greek was incomplete itself: it left out the later parts of the original <i>periplus</i>. The ending of the narrative is abrupt, and it would also have been logically impossible for the expedition to end as described. Therefore, he argues, the final two lines must have been inserted to compensate for an incomplete manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-translation17_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition">Expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carthage dispatched Hanno, at the head of a <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">fleet</a> of 60 ships, to explore and <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonize</a> the northwestern coast of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-warm74-6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm74-6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sailed west from Carthage toward the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, passing through the modern <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> and founding or repopulating seven colonies along the coast of (what is now) <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. He then continued at least some distance further south along the continent's Atlantic coast, allegedly encountering various <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">indigenous peoples</a> along his way, whom met the fleet with a range of "welcomes". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold trade</a> had been a vital foundation of the Carthaginian empire from the fifth century BC, and the desire to secure the gold route to West Africa may have been the original motivation for the exploration of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-warm61_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm61-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-warm64_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm64-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of modern scholars have commented upon Hanno's voyage, stating that, in many cases, the analyses have been to refine information and interpretation of the original account. William Smith points out that the complement of personnel totalled 30,000 men, and that the core mission included the intent to found Carthaginian (or in the older parlance 'Libyophoenician') towns.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources have questioned this high number of men, with some suggesting 5,000 to be a more "accurate" number.<sup id="cite_ref-lendering2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lendering2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R.C.C. Law notes that "It is a measure of the obscurity of the problem that while some commentators have argued that Hanno reached the Gabon area, others have taken him no further than southern Morocco."<sup id="cite_ref-law135_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law135-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harden reports a consensus that the expedition reached at least as far as <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the vagueness of the <i>Periplus</i>, estimates for the voyage's distance range from under 700 miles (1,100 km) to at least 3,000 miles (4,800 km).<sup id="cite_ref-murray12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murray12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some agree he could have reached <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>. However, Harden mentions disagreement as to the farthest limit of Hanno's explorations: <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>. He notes the description of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cameroon" title="Mount Cameroon">Mount Cameroon</a>, a 4,040-metre (13,250 ft) <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>, more closely matches Hanno's description than <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>'s 890-metre (2,920 ft) Mount Kakoulima. Warmington prefers Mount Kakoulima, considering Mount Cameroon too "distant".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French historian Raymond Mauny, in his 1955 article <i>La navigation sur les côtes du Sahara pendant l'antiquité</i>, argued that ancient navigators (Hanno, <a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scylax_of_Caryanda" title="Scylax of Caryanda">Scylax</a>, etc.) could not have sailed south along the Atlantic coast much farther than <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bojador" title="Cape Bojador">Cape Bojador</a>, in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>. Carthage, reportedly, knew of and conducted some trade with the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>; ancient geographers were aware of the archipelago, as well, though nothing further south. Ships with square sails, without a stern <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a>, might navigate south, but the winds and currents throughout the year would complicate or prevent the return trip from Senegal to Morocco. <a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oared</a> ships might be able to achieve the return northward, but only with very great difficulties and a large crew. Mauny assumed that Hanno did not get farther than the mouth of the river <a href="/wiki/Draa_River" title="Draa River">Drâa</a>, attributing artifacts found on <a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador Island</a> to the expedition described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_Pseudo-Scylax" title="Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax">Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax</a></i> (dated mid-<a href="/wiki/4th_century_BC" title="4th century BC">4th century BC</a>) and noting that no evidence of Mediterranean trade further south had yet been found. The author ends by suggesting archaeological investigations of the islands along the coast, such as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, or the île de Herné ('Dragon Island', near <a href="/wiki/Dakhla,_Western_Sahara" title="Dakhla, Western Sahara">Dakhla, Western Sahara</a>) where ancient adventurers may have been stranded and settled.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorillai"><span class="anchor" id="Gorillas"></span>Gorillai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gorillai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of the <i>periplus</i> describes an island populated with hairy and savage people. Attempts to capture the men failed. Three of the women were taken, but were so ferocious that they were killed, their skins brought home to Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-translation29_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation29-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skins were kept in the Temple of Juno (<a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>) on Hanno's return and, according to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, survived until the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Carthage">Roman destruction of Carthage</a> in 146 BC, some 350 years after Hanno's expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-lendering1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lendering1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanno's interpreters of an African tribe (Lixites or Nasamonians) called the people <i>Gorillai</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Γόριλλαι</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-translation29_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation29-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847, the <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorilla</a>, an ape species, was <a href="/wiki/Scientific_description" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific description">scientifically described</a> and named after the <i>Gorillai</i>. The authors did not affirmatively identify Hanno's <i>Gorillai</i> as the gorilla.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_authors'_accounts"><span id="Ancient_authors.27_accounts"></span>Ancient authors' accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient authors' accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The text was known to the Roman <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (c. 23–79) and the Greek <a href="/wiki/Arrian_of_Nicomedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrian of Nicomedia">Arrian of Nicomedia</a> (c. 86–160). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pliny_the_Elder">Pliny the Elder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pliny the Elder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While the power of Carthage was at its height, Hanno published an account of a voyage which he made from Gades [modern <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>] to the extremity of <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a> was also sent, about the same time, to explore the remote parts of Europe.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pliny the Elder, <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">The Natural History</a></i> 2.67<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Pliny may have recorded the time vaguely because he was ignorant of the actual date.<sup id="cite_ref-warm61_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm61-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His claim that Hanno completely circumnavigated Africa, reaching Arabia, is considered unrealistic by contemporary scholarship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrian">Arrian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arrian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arrian mentions Hanno's voyage at the end of his <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_of_Alexander" title="Anabasis of Alexander">Anabasis of Alexander</a></i> VIII (Indica): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hannon the Libyan set out from Carthage with Libya on his left and sailed out beyond the Pillars of Heracles into the Outer Sea, continuing his voyage then in an easterly direction for a total of thirty-five days: but when he eventually turned south he met a number of crippling obstacles—lack of water, burning heat, streams of lava gushing into the sea.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Arrian, <i><a href="/wiki/Indica_(Arrian)" title="Indica (Arrian)">Indica</a></i> 43.11–12<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herodotus">Herodotus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Herodotus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, writing around 430 BC, described Carthaginian trade on the Moroccan coast (<i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i> 4.196<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), though it is doubtful whether he was aware of Hanno's voyage itself.<sup id="cite_ref-warm61_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm61-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lunar crater <a href="/wiki/Hanno_(crater)" title="Hanno (crater)">Hanno</a> is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th century, the voyage of Hanno saw increased scholarly interest from Europeans in an <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">age when European exploration and navigation were flourishing</a>. Already then, the extent of Hanno's voyage was debated.<sup id="cite_ref-kroupa_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroupa-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>"Modern scholars are agreed that it is to be placed in the fifth century BC, but a more precise dating is difficult."<sup id="cite_ref-law134_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law134-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The voyages of Hanno and Himilco were undertaken ... and the general consensus sees in them two members of the Magonid family in the middle of the fifth century ..."<sup id="cite_ref-warm62_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm62-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The six cities are named, in the order of the original, <a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterion</a> (the first founded), Karikon Teichos, Gytte, Akra, Melitta, and <a href="/wiki/Arambys" class="mw-redirect" title="Arambys">Arambys</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hippopotami and crocodiles are the two animals mentioned.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text does not record any word about an actual interaction between the Carthaginians and the unnamed people on the island.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuss1985">Huss 1985</a>, p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102210034/https://logeion.uchicago.edu/%E1%BC%8C%CE%BD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD">"Ἄννων"</a>. <i>Logeion</i>. University of Chicago. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://logeion.uchicago.edu/%E1%BC%8C%CE%BD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD">the original</a> on 2 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Logeion&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%8C%CE%BD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flogeion.uchicago.edu%2F%25E1%25BC%258C%25CE%25BD%25CE%25BD%25CF%2589%25CE%25BD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law135-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law135_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law135_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw1978">Law 1978</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schmitz346-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schmitz346_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitz1867">Schmitz 1867</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oiko24-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oiko24_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanno1977">Hanno 1977</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lendering2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lendering2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lendering2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLendering2020">Lendering 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/hanno-1-the-navigator/hanno-1-the-navigator-2/">2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law134-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-law134_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw1978">Law 1978</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warm62-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warm62_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warm62_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warm62_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warm62_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarmington1960">Warmington 1960</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law121-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-law121_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw1978">Law 1978</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-translation17-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-translation17_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translation17_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translation17_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translation17_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOikonomides1977">Oikonomides 1977</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lendering1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lendering1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lendering1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lendering1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLendering2020">Lendering 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/hanno-1-the-navigator/">1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warm64-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warm64_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warm64_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warm64_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warm64_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarmington1960">Warmington 1960</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cary184-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cary184_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaryWarmington1929">Cary & Warmington 1929</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroupa2019799-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroupa2019799_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroupa2019">Kroupa 2019</a>, p. 799.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oikotranslate-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oikotranslate_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanno1977">Hanno 1977</a>, pp. 25, 27, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oiko25-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oiko25_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanno1977">Hanno 1977</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oiko27-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oiko27_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanno1977">Hanno 1977</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warm74-6-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warm74-6_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarmington1960">Warmington 1960</a>, pp. 74–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warm61-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warm61_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warm61_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warm61_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarmington1960">Warmington 1960</a>, pp. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitz1867">Schmitz 1867</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarden1963">Harden 1963</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murray12-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-murray12_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray1844">Murray 1844</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarmington1960">Warmington 1960</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauny1955">Mauny 1955</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-translation29-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-translation29_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translation29_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanno1977">Hanno 1977</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyos2010">Hoyos 2010</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavageWyman1847">Savage & Wyman 1847</a>, pp. 419–420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1855">Pliny the Elder 1855</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=2:chapter=67">Book 2 Chapter 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArrian2013">Arrian 2013</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerodotus1920">Herodotus 1920</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D196">4.196</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2351">"Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Hanno on Moon"</a>. <i>Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</i>. International Astronomical Union, United States Geological Survey, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Planetary+Names%3A+Crater%2C+craters%3A+Hanno+on+Moon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F2351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kroupa-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kroupa_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroupa2019">Kroupa 2019</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaurian2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baurian, Claude (2015). "Punic". In Selden, Daniel L.; Vasunia, Phiroze (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Literatures of the Roman Empire</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199699445.013.26">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699445.013.26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969944-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969944-5"><bdi>978-0-19-969944-5</bdi></a> – via Oxford Handbooks Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punic&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Literatures+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199699445.013.26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969944-5&rft.aulast=Baurian&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunbury1883" class="citation book cs1">Bunbury, Edward Herbert (1883) [1879]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryancient06bunbgoog/"><i>A History of Ancient Geography Among the Greeks and Romans</i></a>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/819670798">819670798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Geography+Among+the+Greeks+and+Romans&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1883&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F819670798&rft.aulast=Bunbury&rft.aufirst=Edward+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryancient06bunbgoog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1966" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Rhys (1966). Nef, Evelyn Stefansson (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondpillarsofh00carp"><i>Beyond the Pillars of Heracles: The Classical World Seen through the Eyes of its Discoverers</i></a></span>. The Great Explorers. New York: Delacorte Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/497693">497693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Pillars+of+Heracles%3A+The+Classical+World+Seen+through+the+Eyes+of+its+Discoverers&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Great+Explorers&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F497693&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Rhys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondpillarsofh00carp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryWarmington1929" class="citation book cs1">Cary, Max; Warmington, Eric Herbert (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9654"><i>The Ancient Explorers</i></a>. London: Methuen & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Explorers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Cary&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Warmington%2C+Eric+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.9654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dugan, Holly (2020). "Renaissance Gorillas". <i>Criticism</i>. <b>62</b> (3). Wayne State University Press: 387–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13110%2Fcriticism.62.3.0387">10.13110/criticism.62.3.0387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241956006">241956006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criticism&rft.atitle=Renaissance+Gorillas&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=387-410&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13110%2Fcriticism.62.3.0387&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241956006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Holly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarden1963" class="citation book cs1">Harden, Donald Benjamin (1963) [1962]. Daniel, Glyn (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phoenicians00hard"><i>The Phoenicians</i></a></span>. Ancient Peoples and Places (2nd ed.). New York: Frederick A. Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Ancient+Peoples+and+Places&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Harden&rft.aufirst=Donald+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphoenicians00hard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyos2010" class="citation book cs1">Hoyos, Dexter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tx7GBQAAQBAJ"><i>The Carthaginians</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43645-8"><bdi>978-0-415-43645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carthaginians&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43645-8&rft.aulast=Hoyos&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtx7GBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuss1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huss, Werner (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geschichtederkar0000huss/"><i>Geschichte der Karthager</i></a></span> [<i>History of the Carthaginians</i>]. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-30654-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-30654-9"><bdi>978-3-406-30654-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Karthager&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Handbuch+der+Altertumswissenschaft&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-406-30654-9&rft.aulast=Huss&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeschichtederkar0000huss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroupa2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kroupa, Sebestian (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/135176651/Humanists_and_Travellers_Gorgons_KROUPA_Epub16May2018_GREEN_AAM_.pdf">"Humanists and Travellers, Gorgons and Gorillas: Hanno the Navigator's 'Periplus' and Early Modern Geography (1530–1630)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International History Review</i>. <b>41</b> (4). Routledge: 793–820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2018.1464044">10.1080/07075332.2018.1464044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213655423">213655423</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2248796890">2248796890</a> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Humanists+and+Travellers%2C+Gorgons+and+Gorillas%3A+Hanno+the+Navigator%27s+%27Periplus%27+and+Early+Modern+Geography+%281530%E2%80%931630%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=793-820&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2018.1464044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213655423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kroupa&rft.aufirst=Sebestian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkclpure.kcl.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F135176651%2FHumanists_and_Travellers_Gorgons_KROUPA_Epub16May2018_GREEN_AAM_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw1978" class="citation book cs1">Law, R. C. C. (1978). "North Africa in the period of Phoenician and Greek colonization, c. 800 to 325 BC". In Fage, John Donnelly; Oliver, Roland Anthony (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory02fage"><i>The Cambridge History of Africa</i></a></span>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21592-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21592-3"><bdi>978-0-521-21592-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+Africa+in+the+period+of+Phoenician+and+Greek+colonization%2C+c.+800+to+325+BC&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.pages=87-147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21592-3&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=R.+C.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory02fage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendering2020" class="citation news cs1">Lendering, Jona (2020) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/hanno-1-the-navigator/">"Hanno the Navigator"</a>. <i>Livius</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Livius&rft.atitle=Hanno+the+Navigator&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fperson%2Fhanno-1-the-navigator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauny1955" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mauny, Raymond (1955). "La navigation sur les côtes du sahara pendant l'antiquité" [The Navigation on the Coasts of the Sahara during Antiquity]. <i>Revue des Études Anciennes</i> (in French). <b>57</b> (1). Bordeaux Montaigne University: 92–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frea.1955.3523">10.3406/rea.1955.3523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Anciennes&rft.atitle=La+navigation+sur+les+c%C3%B4tes+du+sahara+pendant+l%27antiquit%C3%A9&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92-101&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frea.1955.3523&rft.aulast=Mauny&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1844" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Hugh (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zpq6ZLE9toIC"><i>An Encyclopædia of Geography</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Geography&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZpq6ZLE9toIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOikonomides1977" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oikonomides, Al. N. (1977) [1974]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periplusorcircum0000hann/page/n11/mode/2up">"Introduction"</a></span>. In Oikonomides, Al. N. (ed.). <i>Periplus, or Circumnavigation (of Africa)</i> (2nd ed.). Chicago: Ares Publishers. pp. 9–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89005-217-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89005-217-4"><bdi>978-0-89005-217-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880515097">880515097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Periplus%2C+or+Circumnavigation+%28of+Africa%29&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=9-21&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ares+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880515097&rft.isbn=978-0-89005-217-4&rft.aulast=Oikonomides&rft.aufirst=Al.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiplusorcircum0000hann%2Fpage%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavageWyman1847" class="citation journal cs1">Savage, Thomas Staughton; Wyman, Jeffries (December 1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crgrAAAAYAAJ">"Notice of the External Characters and Habits of <i>Troglodytes gorilla</i>, a New Species of Orang from the Gaboon River"</a>. <i>Boston Journal of Natural History</i>. <b>5</b> (4). Boston Society of Natural History: 417–442.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Journal+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Notice+of+the+External+Characters+and+Habits+of+Troglodytes+gorilla%2C+a+New+Species+of+Orang+from+the+Gaboon+River&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=417-442&rft.date=1847-12&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Staughton&rft.au=Wyman%2C+Jeffries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrgrAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1867" class="citation book cs1">Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Hanno". In Smith, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3ntJ2dI1Z0C"><i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i></a>. Vol. 2. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. pp. 346–347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hanno&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=346-347&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Leonhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3ntJ2dI1Z0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorenben_KhaderSlim1991" class="citation book cs1">Soren, David; ben Khader, Aicha ben Abed; Slim, Hedi (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carthageuncoveri0000sore"><i>Carthage</i></a></span>. Touchstone Books. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-73289-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-73289-9"><bdi>978-0-671-73289-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage&rft.series=Touchstone+Books&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-671-73289-9&rft.aulast=Soren&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=ben+Khader%2C+Aicha+ben+Abed&rft.au=Slim%2C+Hedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarthageuncoveri0000sore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2013" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, James Oliver (2013) [1948]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GpP0wKQ1lksC"><i>History of Ancient Geography</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-68992-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-68992-3"><bdi>978-1-107-68992-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Geography&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-68992-3&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=James+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGpP0wKQ1lksC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarmington1960" class="citation book cs1">Warmington, Brian Herbert (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carthage0000warm"><i>Carthage</i></a></span>. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Warmington&rft.aufirst=Brian+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarthage0000warm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrian2013" class="citation book cs1">Arrian (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatan0000arri"><i>Alexander the Great: The </i>Anabasis<i> and the </i>Indica<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Translated by Hammond, Martin. Oxford World's Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958724-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958724-7"><bdi>978-0-19-958724-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+The+Anabasis+and+the+Indica&rft.pub=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958724-7&rft.au=Arrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandergreatan0000arri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanno1977" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hanno (1977) [1974]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periplusorcircum0000hann/page/n27/mode/2up">"Periplus"</a></span>. In Oikonomides, Al. N. (ed.). <i>Periplus, or Circumnavigation (of Africa)</i>. Translated by Oikonomides, Al. N. (2nd ed.). Chicago: Ares Publishers. pp. 24–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89005-217-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89005-217-4"><bdi>978-0-89005-217-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880515097">880515097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Periplus&rft.btitle=Periplus%2C+or+Circumnavigation+%28of+Africa%29&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=24-29&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ares+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880515097&rft.isbn=978-0-89005-217-4&rft.au=Hanno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiplusorcircum0000hann%2Fpage%2Fn27%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus1920" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126"><i>The Histories</i></a>. Translated by Godley, Alfred Denis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press – via Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1855" class="citation book cs1">Pliny the Elder (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137"><i>The Natural History</i></a>. Translated by Bostock, John; Riley, Henry Thomas. London: Taylor and Francis – via Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=1855&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1947" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, Walter Woodburn (1947). <i>Ancient Greek Mariners</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/729151140">729151140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Mariners&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F729151140&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Walter+Woodburn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaeppel1936" class="citation book cs1">Kaeppel, Carl (1936). <i>Off the Beaten Track in the Classics</i>. New York: Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/251153057">251153057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Off+the+Beaten+Track+in+the+Classics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F251153057&rft.aulast=Kaeppel&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanno+the+Navigator" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_the_Navigator&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/periplus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:periplus">periplus</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="el" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" class="extiw" title="s:el:Άννωνος Περίπλους">Periplus of Hanno</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9522">Works by Hanno the Navigator</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128012418/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/small/3.html">"Hanno's <i>Periplus</i> on the Web"</a>—a 2003 directory of links about Hanno</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616150015/http://www.metrum.org/mapping/hanno.htm">"The Voyage of Hanno"</a>—an article by classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Livio_Catullo_Stecchini" class="mw-redirect" title="Livio Catullo Stecchini">Livio Catullo Stecchini</a> that analyzes parts of Hanno's <i>periplus</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Notable_Carthaginians" title="Template:Notable Carthaginians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Notable_Carthaginians" title="Template talk:Notable Carthaginians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Notable_Carthaginians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Notable Carthaginians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Notable_Carthaginians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Carthaginians" title="List of Carthaginians">Notable Carthaginians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89n%C3%A9e_et_Didon,_Gu%C3%A9rin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%C3%89n%C3%A9e_et_Didon%2C_Gu%C3%A9rin.jpg/130px-%C3%89n%C3%A9e_et_Didon%2C_Gu%C3%A9rin.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%C3%89n%C3%A9e_et_Didon%2C_Gu%C3%A9rin.jpg/195px-%C3%89n%C3%A9e_et_Didon%2C_Gu%C3%A9rin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%C3%89n%C3%A9e_et_Didon%2C_Gu%C3%A9rin.jpg/260px-%C3%89n%C3%A9e_et_Didon%2C_Gu%C3%A9rin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3869" data-file-height="2920" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adherbal_(admiral)" title="Adherbal (admiral)">Adherbal (admiral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adherbal_(governor)" title="Adherbal (governor)">Adherbal (governor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcids" title="Barcids">Barcids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca" title="Hamilcar Barca">Hamilcar Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_Barca" title="Hasdrubal Barca">Hasdrubal Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_the_Fair" title="Hasdrubal the Fair">Hasdrubal the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mago_Barca" title="Mago Barca">Mago Barca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthalo" title="Carthalo">Carthalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilcar_(fortifier_of_Drepanum)" title="Hamilcar (fortifier of Drepanum)">Hamilcar (Drepanum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Gisco" title="Hannibal Gisco">Hannibal Gisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Monomachus" title="Hannibal Monomachus">Hannibal Monomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_the_Rhodian" title="Hannibal the Rhodian">Hannibal the Rhodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Elder" title="Hanno the Elder">Hanno the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_II_the_Great" title="Hanno II the Great">Hanno the Great</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno,_son_of_Bomilcar" title="Hanno, son of Bomilcar">Hanno, son of Bomilcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_Gisco" title="Hasdrubal Gisco">Hasdrubal Gisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_the_Boetharch" title="Hasdrubal the Boetharch">Hasdrubal the Boetharch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_(quartermaster)" title="Hasdrubal (quartermaster)">Hasdrubal (quartermaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco_(commander_of_Lilybaeum)" title="Himilco (commander of Lilybaeum)">Himilco (commander of Lilybaeum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco_(fl._3rd_century_BC)" title="Himilco (fl. 3rd century BC)">Himilco (fl. 3rd century BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mago_(agricultural_writer)" title="Mago (agricultural writer)">Mago (agricultural writer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonids" title="Magonids">Magonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharbal" title="Maharbal">Maharbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phameas" title="Phameas">Phameas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophonisba" title="Sophonisba">Sophonisba</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mommsen_p265.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mommsen_p265.jpg/70px-Mommsen_p265.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mommsen_p265.jpg/105px-Mommsen_p265.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mommsen_p265.jpg/140px-Mommsen_p265.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1994" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296478#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296478#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296478#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/264174405">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/264604569">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29675181">6</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/50742/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkdqVJTWVGymgDkDqpByd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118720236">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80023034">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131979312">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131979312">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1356125">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072259418">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/95002998">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftx2dx15vb918n">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810634238705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585604205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14581144">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118720236.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118720236">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hannon (05..-04..? av. 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