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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek explorer (sixth century BCE)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Euthymenes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Euthym%C3%A8nes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Euthym%C3%A8nes.jpg/220px-Euthym%C3%A8nes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Euthym%C3%A8nes.jpg/330px-Euthym%C3%A8nes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Euthym%C3%A8nes.jpg/440px-Euthym%C3%A8nes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2049" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The statue of Euthymenes (by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Ottin" title="Auguste Ottin">Auguste Ottin</a>) on the façade of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Bourse_(Marseille)" title="Palais de la Bourse (Marseille)">Palais de la Bourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Massilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Massilia">Massilia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Euthymenes of Massalia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Εὐθυμένης ὁ Μασσαλιώτης</span> <i>Euthymenēs ho Massaliōtēs</i>; fl. early sixth century BCE) was a Greek explorer from <a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">Massalia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>), who explored the coast of West Africa as far, apparently, as a great river, of which the outflow made the sea at its mouth fresh or brackish. His published accounts have not survived, but seem to have been known, at least at secondhand, by <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, who writes "Euthymenes the Massilian concludes that the Nile is filled by <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a> and that sea which is outward from it, the latter being naturally sweet."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Euthymenes thought that this river was the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, but the river in question may have been the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> also knew Euthymenes' account, which he reported in <i><a href="/wiki/Naturales_quaestiones" title="Naturales quaestiones">Naturales quaestiones</a></i> (iv.2.22) and refuted, for various reasons: </p> <dl><dd>Euthymenes of Massilia says by way of testimony, 'I have navigated' says he, 'the Atlantic sea. Now, the Nile flows, greatly, as long as the <a href="/wiki/Etesian" title="Etesian">Etesian Winds</a> endure; for the sea is constantly thrown back by the constant winds; as soon as they have abated and the sea becomes calm, the Nile descends with less force. For the rest, the seawater is fresh to the taste and has wildlife similar to that of the Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The statue of Euthymenes (by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Ottin" title="Auguste Ottin">Auguste Ottin</a>) is featured on the façade of the Marseille <i>bourse</i> along with the one of <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euthymenes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3052/3052-h/3052-h.htm">"Essays and Miscellanies, by Plutarch"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Essays+and+Miscellanies%2C+by+Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3052%2F3052-h%2F3052-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthymenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBranigan1994">Branigan 1994</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Euthymenes Massiliensis testimonium dicit: 'Nauigaui', inquit, <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Atlanticum mare: inde Nilus fluit, maior, quamdiu etesiae tempus obseruant; tunc enim eicitur mare instantibus uentis. Cum resederunt, et pelagus conquiescit minorque descendenti inde uis Nilo est. Ceterum dulcis mari sapor est et similes Niloticis beluae.<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euthymenes+Massiliensis+testimonium+dicit%3A+%27Nauigaui%27%2C+inquit%2C+%27Atlanticum+mare%3A+inde+Nilus+fluit%2C+maior%2C+quamdiu+etesiae+tempus+obseruant%3B+tunc+enim+eicitur+mare+instantibus+uentis.+Cum+resederunt%2C+et+pelagus+conquiescit+minorque+descendenti+inde+uis+Nilo+est.+Ceterum+dulcis+mari+sapor+est+et+similes+Niloticis+beluae.%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthymenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euthymenes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranigan1994" class="citation book cs1">Branigan, Ciaran (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/cai/classics-ireland/1994/Branigan94.html"><i>The Circumnavigation of Africa</i></a>. Classics Ireland. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Circumnavigation+of+Africa&rft.series=Classics+Ireland&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Branigan&rft.aufirst=Ciaran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucd.ie%2Fcai%2Fclassics-ireland%2F1994%2FBranigan94.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthymenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>W. W. Hyde, 1947. <i>Ancient Greek Mariners</i> (London)</li> <li>Seneca, <i>Quaestiones naturales</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neptune.fltr.ucl.ac.be/corpora/Concordances/seneque_qn/ligne05.php?numligne=234&mot=e">online text in Latin and French</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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