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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Standardisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Afrikaans_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Afrikaans_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The Afrikaans Bible </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Afrikaans_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociolinguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociolinguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sociolinguistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociolinguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutual_intelligibility_with_Dutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_intelligibility_with_Dutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mutual intelligibility with Dutch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_intelligibility_with_Dutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Current status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Dialects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dialects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patagonian_Afrikaans_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patagonian_Afrikaans_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Patagonian Afrikaans dialect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patagonian_Afrikaans_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_Afrikaans_from_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_Afrikaans_from_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Influences on Afrikaans from other languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influences_on_Afrikaans_from_other_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influences on Afrikaans from other languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_Afrikaans_from_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Malay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Portuguese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khoisan_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khoisan_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Khoisan languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khoisan_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bantu_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bantu_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Bantu languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bantu_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_apostrophes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_apostrophes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Initial apostrophes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_apostrophes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Table of characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sample text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Afrikaans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 168 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-168" aria-hidden="true" > 168 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5" title="አፍሪካንስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አፍሪካንስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ्रीकी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अफ्रीकी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricanisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Affricanisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Affricanisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأفريقانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأفريقانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_afrikaans" title="Idioma afrikaans – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%90%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܐܦܪܝܩܐܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܐܦܪܝܩܐܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik%C3%A1ans" title="Afrikáans – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Afrikáans" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آفریکانس دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آفریکانس دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আফ্রিকান্স ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফ্রিকান্স ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans-g%C3%AD" title="Afrikaans-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Afrikaans-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Афрыкаанс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Афрыкаанс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Афрыкаанс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Афрыкаанс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Африкаанс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Африкаанс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaneg" title="Afrikaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Afrikaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Африкаанс – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Африкаанс" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Африкаанс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Африкаанс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Afrikánština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Afrikánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibhunu" title="Chibhunu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chibhunu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricaneg" title="Affricaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Affricaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik%C3%A1nsagiella" title="Afrikánsagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Afrikánsagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaani_keel" title="Afrikaani keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Afrikaani keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%82" title="Γλώσσα Αφρικάανς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Αφρικάανς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik%C3%A1ans" title="Afrikáans – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Afrikáans" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanso" title="Afrikanso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afrikanso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="آفریکانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آفریکانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_bhasa" title="Afrikaans bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Afrikaans bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_m%C3%A1l" title="Afrikaans mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Afrikaans mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaansk" title="Afrikaansk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Afrikaansk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Afrac%C3%A1inis" title="An Afracáinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Afracáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraganais" title="Afraganais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Afraganais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_afrikaans" title="Lingua afrikaans – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0m-f%C3%AE_H%C3%B2-l%C3%A0n-ng%C3%AE" title="Nàm-fî Hò-làn-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nàm-fî Hò-làn-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B8%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="아프리칸스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아프리칸스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD" title="Աֆրիկաանս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աֆրիկաանս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ़्रीकान्स भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफ़्रीकान्स भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaan%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Afrikaanšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Afrikaanšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikansa_linguo" title="Afrikansa linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Afrikansa linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_language" title="Afrikaans language – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Afrikaans language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Afrikaans" title="Bahasa Afrikaans – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Африкаанс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Африкаанс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiBhulu" title="IsiBhulu – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiBhulu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiBhunu" title="IsiBhunu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiBhunu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%ADkanska" title="Afríkanska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afríkanska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_afrikaans" title="Lingua afrikaans – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="אפריקאנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפריקאנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Afrikaans" title="Basa Afrikaans – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Afrikaans" title="Amanung Afrikaans – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Африкаанс тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Африкаанс тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="აფრიკაანსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აფრიკაანსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Африкаанс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Африкаанс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikinyafurikansi" title="Ikinyafurikansi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikinyafurikansi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiafrikana" title="Kiafrikana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiafrikana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Африкаанс (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Африкаанс (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_afrikaans" title="Lingua afrikaans – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Batava_Capitensis" title="Lingua Batava Capitensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Batava Capitensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikandu_valoda" title="Afrikandu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Afrikandu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Африкаанс чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Африкаанс чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikan%C5%B3_kalba" title="Afrikanų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Afrikanų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8ngoa_afrikaans" title="Lèngoa afrikaans – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lèngoa afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikansi" title="Afrikansi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Afrikansi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africans_(lingua)" title="Africans (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Africans (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_nyelv" title="Afrikaans nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Afrikaans nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ्रिकी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अफ्रिकी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Африканс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Африканс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_afrikansa" title="Fiteny afrikansa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny afrikansa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ആഫ്രികാൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഫ്രികാൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आफ्रिकान्स भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आफ्रिकान्स भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="აფრიკაანსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აფრიკაანსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="لغه افريكانس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه افريكانس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="آفریکانس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آفریکانس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Afrikaans" title="Bahasa Afrikaans – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F)" title="ꯑꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯥꯟꯁ (ꯂꯣꯟ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯥꯟꯁ (ꯂꯣꯟ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Afrikaans" title="Bahaso Afrikaans – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng-h%C4%AD_H%C3%B2%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Nàng-hĭ Hò̤-làng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nàng-hĭ Hò̤-làng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ्रिकी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अफ्रिकी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ्रिकांस भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अफ्रिकांस भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="アフリカーンス語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフリカーンス語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_spriak" title="Afrikaans spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Afrikaans spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikansum" title="Afrikansum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Afrikansum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾਂਸ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾਂਸ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="افریقان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="افریقان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="افريکانس ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="افريکانس ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_afrikaans" title="Lenga afrikaans – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_afrikaans" title="Język afrikaans – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_afric%C3%A2ner" title="Língua africâner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua africâner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_afrikaans" title="Limba afrikaans – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikans_simi" title="Afrikans simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Afrikans simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Африцькый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Африцькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Африкаанс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Африкаанс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Afelika" title="Faʻa Afelika – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Afelika" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_afrikaans" title="Limba afrikaans – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_leid" title="Afrikaans leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Afrikaans leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikoansk" title="Afrikoansk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Afrikoansk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seburu" title="Seburu – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Seburu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seburu" title="Seburu – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Seburu" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_afrikane" title="Gjuha afrikane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha afrikane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik%C3%A1n%C4%8Dina" title="Afrikánčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Afrikánčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Afrikanščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Afrikanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godka_afrikaans" title="Godka afrikaans – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Godka afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ئەفریقایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەفریقایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Африканс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Африканс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Afrikaans" title="Wikang Afrikaans – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆபிரிக்கான மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆபிரிக்கான மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Африкаанс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Африкаанс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาอาฟรีกานส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาฟรีกานส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Африкаанс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Африкаанс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Африкаанс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Африкаанс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="افریکانز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افریکانز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%95" title="ئاڧرىقانچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاڧرىقانچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_afrikaans" title="Łéngua afrikaans – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Afrikaans" title="Tiếng Afrikaans – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frikop%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Frikopänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Frikopänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaani_kiil" title="Afrikaani kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Afrikaani kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanse" title="Africanse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Africanse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikoans" title="Afrikoans – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Afrikoans" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%AF%AD" title="南非语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南非语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xibhunu" title="Xibhunu – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Xibhunu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_%C3%81fr%C3%ADk%C3%A1%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Èdè Áfríkáánì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Áfríkáánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87" title="南非荷蘭文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南非荷蘭文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanki" title="Afrikaanki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Afrikaanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaons" title="Afrikaons – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Afrikaons" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C4%97kanu_kalba" title="Afrėkanu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Afrėkanu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="阿非利卡语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿非利卡语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Aprikan" title="Basa Aprikan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Aprikan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Afrikaans" title="Jaku Afrikaans – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Afrikaans" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaani" title="Afrikaani – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Afrikaani" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14196#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans language</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">West Germanic language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For white Afrikaans speakers, see <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Africans">Africans</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Afrikaans</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">[afriˈkɑːns]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>South Africa</li> <li>Namibia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Southern Africa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">7.2 million (2016) 10.3 million L2 speakers in South Africa (2011)<a href="#cite_note-e19-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic" title="Weser–Rhine Germanic">Weser–Rhine Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a> and Hottentot Dutch<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Afrikaans</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Dutch language">Old Dutch</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Dutch" title="Modern Dutch">Modern Dutch</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a></li> <li>Boeraans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_(Eastern_Cape_dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans (Eastern Cape dialect)">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_(Northern_Cape_dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans (Northern Cape dialect)">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Afrikaans" title="Patagonian Afrikaans">Patagonian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Latin script (Afrikaans alphabet), <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Arabic script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Signed_Afrikaans" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed Afrikaans">Signed Afrikaans</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Die_Taalkommissie" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Taalkommissie">Die Taalkommissie</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=af">af</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=9">afr</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/afr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:afr">afr</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/afri1274">afri1274</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ACB-ba">52-ACB-ba</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_afrik%C3%A1ans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Idioma_afrik%C3%A1ans.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="234" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">   spoken by a majority</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   spoken by a minority</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/220px--Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="23311" data-mwtitle="Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm/Colin_speaks_Afrikaans.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Colin speaking Afrikaans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="501" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Alaric speaking Afrikaans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="186" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Roussow_speaking_Afrikaans.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Rossouw speaking Afrikaans</figcaption></figure> Afrikaans (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌæfrɪˈkɑːns/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AF-rih-KAHNSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɑːf-, -ˈkɑːnz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AHF-, -⁠KAHNZ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic language</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and (to a lesser extent) <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. It evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch vernacular</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heese1971-6">[6]</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic dialect</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heeringade_Wet2015-8">[8]</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Burghers" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Burghers">predominantly Dutch settlers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa#Dutch_rule" title="Slavery in South Africa">enslaved population</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a>, where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the 17th and 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-coetzee-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfrikaanseTaalmonumentObelisks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/AfrikaanseTaalmonumentObelisks.jpg/220px-AfrikaanseTaalmonumentObelisks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/AfrikaanseTaalmonumentObelisks.jpg/330px-AfrikaanseTaalmonumentObelisks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/AfrikaanseTaalmonumentObelisks.jpg/440px-AfrikaanseTaalmonumentObelisks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Obelisks of the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_Language_Monument" title="Afrikaans Language Monument">Afrikaans Language Monument</a> near <a href="/wiki/Paarl" title="Paarl">Paarl</a></figcaption></figure> Although Afrikaans has adopted words from other languages, including German and the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan languages</a>, an estimated 90 to 95% of the vocabulary of Afrikaans is of Dutch origin.<a href="#cite_note-10">[n 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Differences_between_Afrikaans_and_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch">Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch</a> often lie in the more <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and grammar of Afrikaans, and different spellings.<a href="#cite_note-11">[n 2]</a> There is a large degree of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> between the two languages, especially in <a href="#Orthography">written form</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name of the language comes directly from the Dutch word Afrikaansch (now spelled Afrikaans)<a href="#cite_note-14">[n 3]</a> meaning 'African'.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> It was previously referred to as 'Cape Dutch' (Kaap-Hollands or Kaap-Nederlands), a term also used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">early Cape settlers</a> collectively, or the derogatory 'kitchen Dutch' (kombuistaal) from its use by slaves of colonial settlers "in the kitchen". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> The Afrikaans language arose in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a>, through a gradual divergence from European <a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialects">Dutch dialects</a>, during the course of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-omniglot.com-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> As early as the mid-18th century and as recently as the mid-20th century, Afrikaans was known in standard Dutch as a 'kitchen language' (Dutch: kombuistaal), lacking the prestige accorded, for example, even by the educational system in Africa, to languages spoken outside Africa. Other early epithets setting apart Kaaps Hollands ('<a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a>', i.e. Afrikaans) as putatively beneath official Dutch standards included geradbraakt, gebroken and onbeschaafd Hollands ('mutilated, broken, or uncivilised Dutch'), as well as verkeerd Nederlands ('incorrect Dutch').<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Hottentot Dutch</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Dutch-based <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hott1234">hott1234</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236303919"> Historical linguist Hans den Besten theorises that modern Standard Afrikaans derives from two sources:<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a>, a direct transplantation of European Dutch to Southern Africa, and</li> <li>'Hottentot Dutch',<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> that descended from 'Foreigner Talk' and ultimately from the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> spoken by slaves, via hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Dutch-based_creole_languages" title="Dutch-based creole languages">Dutch-based creole languages</a>.</li></ul> So Afrikaans, in his view, is neither a creole nor a direct descendant of Dutch, but a fusion of two transmission pathways. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg/220px-Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg/330px-Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg/440px-Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Standard_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Dutch">Standard Dutch</a> used in a 1916 South African newspaper before Afrikaans replaced it for use in media</figcaption></figure> Most of the first <a href="/wiki/Free_Burghers" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Burghers">settlers</a> whose descendants today are the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</a> were from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands">United Provinces</a> (now Netherlands),<a href="#cite_note-zastudy-22">[19]</a> with up to one-sixth of the community of French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> origin, and a seventh from Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica1933-23">[20]</a> African and Asian workers, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloured</a> children of European settlers and <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoikhoi</a> women,<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> and slaves contributed to the development of Afrikaans. The slave population was made up of people from East Africa, West Africa, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (modern Indonesia).<a href="#cite_note-Worden-25">[22]</a> A number were also indigenous <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> people, who were valued as interpreters, domestic servants, and labourers. Many free and enslaved women married or cohabited with the male Dutch settlers. M. F. Valkhoff argued that 75% of children born to female slaves in the Dutch Cape Colony between 1652 and 1672 had a Dutch father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasonKaufman1988252–254-26">[23]</a> Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman argue that Afrikaans' development as a separate language was "heavily conditioned by nonwhites who learned Dutch imperfectly as a second language."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasonKaufman1988256-27">[24]</a> Beginning in about 1815, Afrikaans started to replace <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> as the language of instruction in <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Muslim schools</a> in South Africa, written with the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>: see <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Arabic Afrikaans</a>. Later, Afrikaans, now written with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, started to appear in newspapers and political and religious works in around 1850 (alongside the already established Dutch).<a href="#cite_note-omniglot.com-16">[13]</a> In 1875 a group of Afrikaans-speakers from the Cape formed the <a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap vir Regte Afrikaaners</a> ('Society for Real Afrikaners'),<a href="#cite_note-omniglot.com-16">[13]</a> and published a number of books in Afrikaans including grammars, dictionaries, religious materials and histories. Until the early 20th century Afrikaans was considered a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialect">Dutch dialect</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Standard_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Dutch">Standard Dutch</a>, which it eventually replaced as an official language.<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[10]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Boer_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer wars">Boer wars</a>, "and indeed for some time afterwards, Afrikaans was regarded as inappropriate for educated discourse. Rather, Afrikaans was described derogatorily as 'a kitchen language' or 'a bastard jargon', suitable for communication mainly between the Boers and their servants."<a href="#cite_note-:0-28">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition">Recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recognition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Afrikaans_Language_Monument_23.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Afrikaans_Language_Monument_23.JPG/260px-The_Afrikaans_Language_Monument_23.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Afrikaans_Language_Monument_23.JPG/390px-The_Afrikaans_Language_Monument_23.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Afrikaans_Language_Monument_23.JPG/520px-The_Afrikaans_Language_Monument_23.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2202" /></a><figcaption>"Dit is ons erns" ("This is our passion"), at the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_Language_Monument" title="Afrikaans Language Monument">Afrikaans Language Monument</a></figcaption></figure> In 1925 Afrikaans was recognised by the South African government as a distinct language, rather than simply a vernacular of Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-omniglot.com-16">[13]</a> On 8 May 1925, that is 23 years after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> ended,<a href="#cite_note-:0-28">[25]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_of_the_Union_Act,_1925" title="Official Languages of the Union Act, 1925">Official Languages of the Union Act, 1925</a> was passed—mostly due to the efforts of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans-language_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrikaans-language movement (page does not exist)">Afrikaans-language movement</a>—at a joint sitting of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(South_Africa)" title="House of Assembly (South Africa)">House of Assembly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa" title="Senate of South Africa">Senate</a>, in which the Afrikaans language was declared a variety of Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1961" title="South African Constitution of 1961">Constitution of 1961</a> reversed the position of Afrikaans and Dutch, so that English and Afrikaans were the official languages, and Afrikaans was deemed to include Dutch. The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1983" title="South African Constitution of 1983">Constitution of 1983</a> removed any mention of Dutch altogether. The <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_Language_Monument" title="Afrikaans Language Monument">Afrikaans Language Monument</a> is on a hill overlooking <a href="/wiki/Paarl" title="Paarl">Paarl</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Cape Province">Western Cape Province</a>. Officially opened on 10 October 1975,<a href="#cite_note-Botha-speech-30">[27]</a> it was erected on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Real_Afrikaners" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Real Afrikaners">Society of Real Afrikaners</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> and the 50th anniversary of Afrikaans being declared an official language of South Africa in distinction to Dutch. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardisation">Standardisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standardisation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pretoriase_kunsmuseum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pretoriase_kunsmuseum_1.jpg/220px-Pretoriase_kunsmuseum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pretoriase_kunsmuseum_1.jpg/330px-Pretoriase_kunsmuseum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pretoriase_kunsmuseum_1.jpg/440px-Pretoriase_kunsmuseum_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>The side view of the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Art_Museum" title="Pretoria Art Museum">Pretoria Art Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_Pretoria" title="Arcadia, Pretoria">Arcadia, Pretoria</a>, with its name written in Afrikaans, Xhosa and Southern Ndebele.</figcaption></figure> The earliest Afrikaans texts were some <a href="/wiki/Doggerel" title="Doggerel">doggerel verse</a> from 1795 and a dialogue transcribed by a Dutch traveller in 1825. Afrikaans used the Latin alphabet around this time, although the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Muslim</a> community used the Arabic script. In 1861, L.H. Meurant published his Zamenspraak tusschen Klaas Waarzegger en Jan Twyfelaar (Conversation between Nicholas Truthsayer and John Doubter), which is considered to be the first book published in Afrikaans.<a href="#cite_note-:2-32">[29]</a> The first grammar book was published in 1876; a bilingual dictionary was later published in 1902. The main modern Afrikaans dictionary in use is the <a href="/wiki/Verklarende_Handwoordeboek_van_die_Afrikaanse_Taal" class="mw-redirect" title="Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal">Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal</a> (HAT). A new authoritative dictionary, called <a href="/wiki/Woordeboek_van_die_Afrikaanse_Taal" title="Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal">Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal</a> (WAT), was under development As of 2018.<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit">[update]</a> The official <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> of Afrikaans is the Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls, compiled by <a href="/wiki/Die_Taalkommissie" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Taalkommissie">Die Taalkommissie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-32">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Afrikaans_Bible">The Afrikaans Bible</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Afrikaans Bible">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Afrikaans" title="Special:EditPage/Afrikaans">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Afrikaans%22">"Afrikaans"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Afrikaans%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Afrikaans%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Afrikaans%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Afrikaans%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Afrikaans%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Afrikaans" title="Bible translations into Afrikaans">Bible translations into Afrikaans</a></div> The Afrikaners primarily were Protestants, of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> of the 17th century. Their religious practices were later influenced in South Africa by British ministries during the 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> A landmark in the development of the language was the translation of the whole Bible into Afrikaans. While significant advances had been made in the <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> of the Bible, especially the Greek <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the 1933 translation followed the <a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a> and was closely akin to the <a href="/wiki/Statenbijbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Statenbijbel">Statenbijbel</a>. Before this, most Cape Dutch-Afrikaans speakers had to rely on the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Statenbijbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Statenbijbel">Statenbijbel</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Statenvertaling" title="Statenvertaling">Statenvertaling</a> had its origins with the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dordrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Dordrecht">Synod of Dordrecht</a> of 1618 and was thus in an <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaic</a> form of Dutch. This was hard for Dutch speakers to understand, and increasingly unintelligible for Afrikaans speakers. C. P. Hoogehout, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnoldus_Pannevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnoldus Pannevis (page does not exist)">Arnoldus Pannevis</a> [<a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldus_Pannevis" class="extiw" title="af:Arnoldus Pannevis">af</a>], and <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_Jacobus_du_Toit" title="Stephanus Jacobus du Toit">Stephanus Jacobus du Toit</a> were the first <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_(Afrikaans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translations (Afrikaans)">Afrikaans Bible</a> translators. Important landmarks in the translation of the Scriptures were in 1878 with C. P. Hoogehout's translation of the Evangelie volgens Markus (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, lit. 'Gospel according to Mark'); however, this translation was never published. The manuscript is to be found in the South African National Library, Cape Town. The first official translation of the entire Bible into Afrikaans was in 1933 by <a href="/wiki/Totius_(poet)" title="Totius (poet)">J. D. du Toit</a>, E. E. van Rooyen, J. D. Kestell, H. C. M. Fourie, and <a href="/wiki/BB_Keet" class="mw-redirect" title="BB Keet">BB Keet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> This monumental work established Afrikaans as 'n suiwer en ordentlike taal, that is "a pure and proper language" for religious purposes, especially among the deeply <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> Afrikaans religious community that previously had been sceptical of a <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> that varied from the Dutch version that they were used to. In 1983 a fresh translation marked the 50th anniversary of the 1933 version. The final editing of this edition was done by E. P. Groenewald, A. H. van Zyl, P. A. Verhoef, J. L. Helberg and W. Kempen. This translation was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Nida" title="Eugene Nida">Eugene Nida</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic and formal equivalence">dynamic equivalence</a> which focused on finding the nearest equivalent in the receptor language to the idea that the Greek, Hebrew or Aramaic wanted to convey. A new translation, Die Bybel: 'n Direkte Vertaling was released in November 2020. It is the first truly <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical</a> translation of the Bible in Afrikaans as translators from various churches, including the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> Churches, were involved.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <ul><li>Afrikaans</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Afrikaans descended from Dutch dialects in the 17th century. It belongs to a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> sub-group, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> Other West Germanic languages related to Afrikaans are German, English, the <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, and the unstandardised language <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg/260px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg/390px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg/520px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks Afrikaans at home. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0–20%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  20–40%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  40–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80–100%</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Speakers</th> <th>Percentage of speakers</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> South Africa</td> <td>6,855,082</td> <td>94.71%</td> <td>2011</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Namibia</td> <td>219,760</td> <td>3.04%</td> <td>2011</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> Australia</td> <td>49,375</td> <td>0.68%</td> <td>2021</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-undata-38">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> New Zealand</td> <td>36,966</td> <td>0.51%</td> <td>2018</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canada</td> <td>29,670</td> <td>0.41%</td> <td>2021</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> United States </td> <td>28,406 </td> <td>0.39% </td> <td>2016 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ACS20162-41">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Botswana</td> <td>8,082</td> <td>0.11%</td> <td>2011</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom</td> <td>7,489</td> <td>0.10%</td> <td>2021</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Pakistan</td> <td>2,228</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> Argentina </td> <td>650 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> Finland</td> <td>150</td> <td>0.002%</td> <td>2023</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Mauritius</td> <td>36</td> <td>0.0005%</td> <td>2011</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>7,237,894 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_density_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_density_map.svg/260px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_density_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_density_map.svg/390px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_density_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_density_map.svg/520px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_density_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa: density of Afrikaans home-language speakers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <1 /km2</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1–3 /km2</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  3–10 /km2</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10–30 /km2</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  30–100 /km2</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  100–300 /km2</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  300–1000 /km2</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1000–3000 /km2</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  >3000 /km2</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Afrikaans_in_Namibia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Distribution_of_Afrikaans_in_Namibia.png/220px-Distribution_of_Afrikaans_in_Namibia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Distribution_of_Afrikaans_in_Namibia.png/330px-Distribution_of_Afrikaans_in_Namibia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Distribution_of_Afrikaans_in_Namibia.png/440px-Distribution_of_Afrikaans_in_Namibia.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in Namibia.</figcaption></figure> Afrikaans is also widely spoken in Namibia. Before independence, Afrikaans had equal status with German as an official language. Since independence in 1990, Afrikaans has had constitutional recognition as a national, but not official, language.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> There is a much smaller number of Afrikaans speakers among Zimbabwe's white minority, as most have left the country since 1980. Afrikaans was also a medium of instruction for schools in <a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a>, an Apartheid-era <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eldoret" title="Eldoret">Eldoret</a> in Kenya was founded by Afrikaners.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> There are also around 30.000 <a href="/wiki/South_Africans_in_the_Netherlands" title="South Africans in the Netherlands">South-Africans in the Netherlands</a>, of which the majority are of Afrikaans-speaking Afrikaner and Coloured South-African descent.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> A much smaller and unknown number of speakers also reside in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>. Contrary to popular belief, the majority of Afrikaans speakers today are not <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> In 1976, secondary-school pupils in <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a> began <a href="/wiki/Soweto_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Soweto riots">a rebellion</a> in response to the government's decision that Afrikaans be used as the language of instruction for half the subjects taught in non-White schools (with English continuing for the other half). Although <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a> is the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> of only 8.2% of the population, it is the language most widely understood, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> of a majority of South Africans.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Afrikaans is more widely spoken than English in the Northern and Western Cape provinces, several hundred kilometres from Soweto. The Black community's opposition to Afrikaans and preference for continuing English instruction was underlined when the government rescinded the policy one month after the uprising: 96% of Black schools chose English (over Afrikaans or native languages) as the language of instruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhaswana2003120-53">[50]</a> Afrikaans-medium schools were also accused of using language policy to deter Black African parents.<a href="#cite_note-lafon1-54">[51]</a> Some of these parents, in part supported by provincial departments of education, initiated litigation which enabled enrolment with English as language of instruction. By 2006 there were 300 single-medium Afrikaans schools, compared to 2,500 in 1994, after most converted to dual-medium education.<a href="#cite_note-lafon1-54">[51]</a> Due to Afrikaans being viewed as the "language of the white oppressor" by some, pressure has been increased to remove Afrikaans as a teaching language in South African universities, resulting in bloody student protests in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">South Africa's Constitution</a> of 1996, Afrikaans remains an <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">official language</a>, and has equal status to English and nine other languages. The new policy means that the use of Afrikaans is now often reduced in favour of English, or to accommodate the other official languages. In 1996, for example, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Broadcasting Corporation">South African Broadcasting Corporation</a> reduced the amount of television airtime in Afrikaans, while <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a> dropped its Afrikaans name Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens from its <a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">livery</a>. Similarly, South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic missions</a> overseas now display the name of the country only in English and their host country's language, and not in Afrikaans. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Constitution of the Western Cape">constitution of the Western Cape</a>, which went into effect in 1998, declares Afrikaans to be an official language of the province alongside English and <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> The Afrikaans-language general-interest family magazine <a href="/wiki/Huisgenoot" title="Huisgenoot">Huisgenoot</a> has the largest readership of any magazine in the country.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> When the British design magazine <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_(magazine)" title="Wallpaper (magazine)">Wallpaper</a> described Afrikaans as "one of the world's ugliest languages" in its September 2005 article about the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_Language_Monument" title="Afrikaans Language Monument">monument</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> South African billionaire <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rupert" title="Johann Rupert">Johann Rupert</a> (chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Richemont" title="Richemont">Richemont Group</a>), responded by withdrawing advertising for brands such as <a href="/wiki/Cartier_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartier SA">Cartier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Cleef_%26_Arpels" title="Van Cleef & Arpels">Van Cleef & Arpels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montblanc_(pens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montblanc (pens)">Montblanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dunhill" title="Alfred Dunhill">Alfred Dunhill</a> from the magazine.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> The author of the article, Bronwyn Davies, was an <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a>-speaking South African. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutual_intelligibility_with_Dutch">Mutual intelligibility with Dutch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mutual intelligibility with Dutch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Afrikaans_and_Dutch" title="Comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch">Comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch</a></div> An estimated 90 to 95 percent of the Afrikaans lexicon is ultimately of Dutch origin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesthrie1995214-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrachinVincent1985132-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesthrie2002205-64">[61]</a> and there are few lexical differences between the two languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebba1997161-65">[62]</a> Afrikaans has a considerably more regular morphology,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm1989338-66">[63]</a> grammar, and spelling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebba1997-67">[64]</a> There is a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> between the two languages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPrys_Jones1997302-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgil_BreivikHåkon_Jahr1987232-69">[66]</a> particularly in written form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebba1997-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebba2007-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooskens2007445–467-71">[68]</a> Afrikaans acquired some lexical and syntactical borrowings from other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan languages</a>, Portuguese,<a href="#cite_note-deumert-72">[69]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENieslerLouwRoux2005459–474-73">[70]</a> and Afrikaans has also been significantly influenced by <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> Dutch speakers are confronted with fewer non-cognates when listening to Afrikaans than the other way round.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooskens2007460-75">[72]</a> Mutual intelligibility thus tends to be asymmetrical, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooskens2007464-76">[73]</a> In general, mutual intelligibility between Dutch and Afrikaans is far better than between Dutch and <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Frisian</a><a href="#cite_note-thije-77">[74]</a> or <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages#Mutual_intelligibility" title="North Germanic languages">between</a> Danish and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooskens2007463-78">[75]</a> The South African poet writer <a href="/wiki/Breyten_Breytenbach" title="Breyten Breytenbach">Breyten Breytenbach</a>, attempting to visualise the language distance for <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">Anglophones</a> once remarked that the differences between (Standard) Dutch and Afrikaans are comparable to those between the <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Current status">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float: left;"> <caption>Use of Afrikaans as a first language by province </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Province</th> <th>1996<a href="#cite_note-wdat-80">[77]</a></th> <th>2001<a href="#cite_note-wdat-80">[77]</a></th> <th>2011<a href="#cite_note-wdat-80">[77]</a></th> <th>2022<a href="#cite_note-:52-81">[78]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></td> <td>58.5%</td> <td>55.3%</td> <td>49.7%</td> <td>41.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></td> <td>9.8%</td> <td>9.6%</td> <td>10.6%</td> <td>9.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></td> <td>57.2%</td> <td>56.6%</td> <td>53.8%</td> <td>54.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a></td> <td>14.4%</td> <td>11.9%</td> <td>12.7%</td> <td>10.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a></td> <td>8.8%</td> <td>8.8%</td> <td>9.0%</td> <td>5.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td> <td>15.6%</td> <td>13.6%</td> <td>12.4%</td> <td>7.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></td> <td>7.1%</td> <td>5.5%</td> <td>7.2%</td> <td>3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a></td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> South Africa</th> <th>14.4%<a href="#cite_note-ssa96-82">[79]</a></th> <th>13.3%<a href="#cite_note-cib2001-83">[80]</a></th> <th>13.5%<a href="#cite_note-cib11-84">[81]</a></th> <th>10.6%<a href="#cite_note-:52-81">[78]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Afrikaans is an official language of the Republic of South Africa and a recognised national language of the Republic of Namibia. <a href="/wiki/Post-apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-apartheid South Africa">Post-apartheid South Africa</a> has seen a loss of preferential treatment by the government for Afrikaans, in terms of education, social events, <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Africa" title="Mass media in South Africa">media</a> (TV and radio), and general status throughout the country, given that it now shares its place as official language with ten other languages. Nevertheless, Afrikaans remains more prevalent in the media – radio, newspapers and television<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> – than any of the other official languages, except English. More than 300 book titles in Afrikaans are published annually.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> South African census figures suggest a decreasing number of first language Afrikaans speakers in South Africa from 13.5% in 2011 to 10.6% in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:52-81">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Institute_of_Race_Relations" title="South African Institute of Race Relations">South African Institute of Race Relations</a> (SAIRR) projects that a growing majority of Afrikaans speakers will be <a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rapport-2013-87">[84]</a> Afrikaans speakers experience higher employment rates than other South African language groups, though as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit">[update]</a> half a million were unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-Beeld-2012-88">[85]</a> Despite the challenges of demotion and emigration that it faces in South Africa, the Afrikaans vernacular remains competitive, being popular in <a href="/wiki/DSTV" class="mw-redirect" title="DSTV">DSTV</a> pay channels and several internet sites, while generating high newspaper and music CD sales. A resurgence in Afrikaans popular music since the late 1990s has invigorated the language, especially among a younger generation of South Africans. A recent trend is the increased availability of pre-school educational CDs and DVDs. Such media also prove popular with the extensive Afrikaans-speaking emigrant communities who seek to retain language proficiency in a household context. Afrikaans-language cinema showed signs of new vigour in the early 21st century. The 2007 film Ouma se slim kind, the first full-length Afrikaans movie since <a href="/wiki/Paljas" title="Paljas">Paljas</a> in 1998, is seen as the dawn of a new era in Afrikaans cinema. Several short films have been created and more feature-length movies, such as <a href="/wiki/Poena_Is_Koning" title="Poena Is Koning">Poena Is Koning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakgat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakgat">Bakgat</a> (both in 2008) have been produced, besides the 2011 Afrikaans-language film <a href="/wiki/Skoonheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Skoonheid">Skoonheid</a>, which was the first Afrikaans film to screen at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>. The film Platteland was also released in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> The Afrikaans film industry started gaining international recognition via the likes of big Afrikaans Hollywood film stars, like <a href="/wiki/Charlize_Theron" title="Charlize Theron">Charlize Theron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monster_(2003_film)" title="Monster (2003 film)">Monster</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sharlto_Copley" title="Sharlto Copley">Sharlto Copley</a> (<a href="/wiki/District_9" title="District 9">District 9</a>) promoting their mother tongue. <a href="/wiki/SABC_3" title="SABC 3">SABC 3</a> announced early in 2009 that it would increase Afrikaans programming due to the "growing Afrikaans-language market and [their] need for working capital as Afrikaans advertising is the only advertising that sells in the current <a href="/wiki/Television_in_South_Africa" title="Television in South Africa">South African television</a> market". In April 2009, SABC3 started screening several Afrikaans-language programmes.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> There is a groundswell movement within Afrikaans to be inclusive, and to promote itself along with the indigenous official languages. In Namibia, the percentage of Afrikaans speakers declined from 11.4% (2001 Census) to 10.4% (2011 Census). The major concentrations are in <a href="/wiki/Hardap_Region" title="Hardap Region">Hardap</a> (41.0%), <a href="/wiki/%C7%81Karas_Region" title="ǁKaras Region">ǁKaras</a> (36.1%), <a href="/wiki/Erongo_Region" title="Erongo Region">Erongo</a> (20.5%), <a href="/wiki/Khomas_Region" title="Khomas Region">Khomas</a> (18.5%), <a href="/wiki/Omaheke_Region" title="Omaheke Region">Omaheke</a> (10.0%), <a href="/wiki/Otjozondjupa_Region" title="Otjozondjupa Region">Otjozondjupa</a> (9.4%), <a href="/wiki/Kunene_Region" title="Kunene Region">Kunene</a> (4.2%), and <a href="/wiki/Oshikoto_Region" title="Oshikoto Region">Oshikoto</a> (2.3%).<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Some native speakers of Bantu languages and <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a> also speak Afrikaans as a second language. It is widely taught in South African schools, with about 10.3 million second-language students.<a href="#cite_note-e19-1">[1]</a> Afrikaans is offered at many universities outside South Africa, including in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Russia and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar" title="Afrikaans grammar">Afrikaans grammar</a></div> In Afrikaans grammar, there is no distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> and present forms of verbs, with the exception of the verbs 'to be' and 'to have'.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ffdead;"> <th>infinitive form </th> <th>present indicative form </th> <th>Dutch </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>wees</td> <td>is</td> <td>zijn or wezen</td> <td>be </td></tr> <tr> <td>hê</td> <td>het</td> <td>hebben</td> <td>have </td></tr></tbody></table> In addition, verbs do not <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugate</a> differently depending on the subject. For example, <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ffdead;"> <th>Afrikaans</th> <th>Dutch</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>ek is</td> <td>ik ben</td> <td>I am </td></tr> <tr> <td>jy/u is</td> <td>jij/u bent</td> <td>you are (sing.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>hy/sy/dit is</td> <td>hij/zij/het is</td> <td>he/she/it is </td></tr> <tr> <td>ons is</td> <td>wij zijn</td> <td>we are </td></tr> <tr> <td>julle is</td> <td>jullie zijn</td> <td>you are (plur.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>hulle is</td> <td>zij zijn</td> <td>they are </td></tr></tbody></table> Only a handful of Afrikaans verbs have a <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a>, namely the auxiliary wees ('to be'), the <a href="/wiki/Modal_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal verbs">modal verbs</a>, and the verb dink ('to think').<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> The preterite of mag ('may') is rare in contemporary Afrikaans. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ffdead;"> <th colspan="2">Afrikaans </th> <th colspan="2">Dutch </th> <th colspan="2">English </th></tr> <tr> <th>present </th> <th>past </th> <th>present </th> <th>past </th> <th>present </th> <th>past </th></tr> <tr> <td>ek is</td> <td>ek was</td> <td>ik ben</td> <td>ik was</td> <td>I am</td> <td>I was </td></tr> <tr> <td>ek kan</td> <td>ek kon</td> <td>ik kan</td> <td>ik kon</td> <td>I can</td> <td>I could </td></tr> <tr> <td>ek moet</td> <td>ek moes</td> <td>ik moet</td> <td>ik moest</td> <td>I must</td> <td>(I had to) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ek wil</td> <td>ek wou</td> <td>ik wil</td> <td>ik wilde/wou</td> <td>I want to</td> <td>I wanted to </td></tr> <tr> <td>ek sal</td> <td>ek sou</td> <td>ik zal</td> <td>ik zou</td> <td>I shall</td> <td>I should </td></tr> <tr> <td>ek mag</td> <td>(ek mog)</td> <td>ik mag</td> <td>ik mocht</td> <td>I may</td> <td>I might </td></tr> <tr> <td>ek dink</td> <td>ek dog</td> <td>ik denk</td> <td>ik dacht</td> <td>I think</td> <td>I thought </td></tr></tbody></table> All other verbs use the perfect tense, het + past participle (ge-), for the past. Therefore, there is no distinction in Afrikaans between I drank and I have drunk. (In colloquial German, the past tense is also often replaced with the perfect.) <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ffdead;"> <th>Afrikaans</th> <th>Dutch</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ek het gedrink</td> <td>ik dronk</td> <td>I drank </td></tr> <tr> <td>ik heb gedronken</td> <td>I have drunk </td></tr></tbody></table> When telling a longer story, Afrikaans speakers usually avoid the perfect and simply use the present tense, or <a href="/wiki/Historical_present_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical present tense">historical present tense</a> instead (as is possible, but less common, in English as well). A particular feature of Afrikaans is its use of the <a href="/wiki/Double_negative" title="Double negative">double negative</a>; it is classified in Afrikaans as ontkennende vorm and is something that is absent from the other West Germanic standard languages. For example: <dl><dd>Afrikaans: Hy kan nie Afrikaans praat nie, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'He can not Afrikaans speak not'</dd> <dd>Dutch: Hij spreekt geen Afrikaans.</dd> <dd>English: He can not speak Afrikaans. / He can't speak Afrikaans.</dd></dl> Both French and San origins have been suggested for double negation in Afrikaans. While double negation is still found in <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian dialects</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a> and in some "isolated" villages in the centre of the Netherlands (such as <a href="/wiki/Garderen" title="Garderen">Garderen</a>), it takes a different form, which is not found in Afrikaans. The following is an example: <dl><dd>Afrikaans: Ek wil nie dit doen nie.* (lit. I want not this do not.)</dd> <dd>Dutch: Ik wil dit niet doen.</dd> <dd>English: I do not want to do this.</dd></dl> * Compare with Ek wil dit nie doen nie, which changes the meaning to 'I want not to do this'. Whereas Ek wil nie dit doen nie emphasizes a lack of desire to act, Ek wil dit nie doen nie emphasizes the act itself. The -ne was the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> way to negate but it has been suggested that since -ne became highly non-voiced, nie or niet was needed to complement the -ne. With time the -ne disappeared in most Dutch dialects. The double negative construction has been fully grammaticalised in standard Afrikaans and its proper use follows a set of fairly complex rules as the examples below show: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Afrikaans </th> <th>Dutch (literally translated) </th> <th>More correct Dutch </th> <th>Literal English </th> <th>Idiomatic English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ek het (nie) geweet dat hy (nie) sou kom (nie). </td> <td>Ik heb (niet) geweten dat hij (niet) zou komen. </td> <td>Ik wist (niet) dat hij (niet) zou komen. </td> <td>I did (not) know that he would (not) come. </td> <td>I did (not) know that he was (not) going to come. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hy sal nie kom nie, want hy is siek.<a href="#cite_note-96">[n 4]</a> </td> <td>Hij zal niet komen, want hij is ziek. </td> <td>Hij komt niet, want hij is ziek. </td> <td>He will not come, as he is sick. </td> <td>He is sick and is not going to come. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dis (Dit is) nie so moeilik om Afrikaans te leer nie. </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">Het is niet zo moeilijk (om) Afrikaans te leren. </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">It is not so difficult to learn Afrikaans. </td></tr></tbody></table> A notable exception to this is the use of the negating grammar form that coincides with negating the English <a href="/wiki/Present_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Present participle">present participle</a>. In this case there is only a single negation. <dl><dd>Afrikaans: Hy is in die hospitaal, maar hy eet nie.</dd> <dd>Dutch: Hij is in het ziekenhuis, maar hij eet niet.</dd> <dd>English: He is in [the] hospital, though he doesn't eat.</dd></dl> Certain words in Afrikaans would be contracted. For example, moet nie, which literally means 'must not', usually becomes moenie; although one does not have to write or say it like this, virtually all Afrikaans speakers will change the two words to moenie in the same way as do not is contracted to don't in English. The Dutch word het ('it' in English) does not correspond to het in Afrikaans. The Dutch words corresponding to Afrikaans het are heb, hebt, heeft and hebben. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Afrikaans </th> <th>Dutch </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>het </td> <td>heb, hebt, heeft, hebben </td> <td>have, has </td></tr> <tr> <td>die </td> <td>de, het </td> <td>the </td></tr> <tr> <td>dit </td> <td>het </td> <td>it </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="109" data-mwtitle="Stem_van_Suid-Afrika.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Stem_van_Suid-Afrika.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Stem_van_Suid-Afrika.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Stem_van_Suid-Afrika.ogg/Stem_van_Suid-Afrika.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>A voice recording of <a href="/wiki/Die_Stem_van_Suid-Afrika" title="Die Stem van Suid-Afrika">Die Stem van Suid-Afrika</a> ('The Voice of South Africa'), the former national anthem, read in poetic form</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Monophthong phonemes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932–7-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016-98">[94]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> </th> <th colspan="2">unrounded </th> <th colspan="2">rounded </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">əː</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>As phonemes, /iː/ and /uː/ occur only in the words spieël /spiːl/ 'mirror' and koeël /kuːl/ 'bullet', which used to be pronounced with sequences /i.ə/ and /u.ə/, respectively. In other cases, [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>] occur as allophones of, respectively, /i/ and /u/ before /r/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934–6-99">[95]</a></li> <li>/y/ is phonetically long [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a>] before /r/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935–6-100">[96]</a></li> <li>/əː/ is always stressed and occurs only in the word wîe 'wedges'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934,_6–7-101">[97]</a></li> <li>The closest unrounded counterparts of /œ, œː/ are central /ə, əː/, rather than front /e, eː/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192738-102">[98]</a></li> <li>/œː, oː/ occur only in a few words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937-103">[99]</a></li> <li>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] occurs as an allophone of /e/ before /k, χ, l, r/, though this occurs primarily dialectally, most commonly in the former <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_State_(South_African_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State (South African province)">Free State</a> provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933,_7-104">[100]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthong</a> phonemes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932,_8–10-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119-106">[102]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Starting point </th> <th colspan="3">Ending point </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <th>unrounded </th> <td>ɪø, əi </td> <td>ɪə </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>rounded </th> <td>œi, ɔi </td> <td>ʊə </td> <td>œu </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <th>unrounded </th> <td>ai, ɑːi </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/ɔi, ai/ occur mainly in loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310-107">[103]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>All <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> at the ends of words are <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">devoiced</a>, so that e.g. a final /d/ is realized as [t].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–15-108">[104]</a></li> <li>/ɡ, dʒ, z/ occur only in loanwords. [ɡ] is also an allophone of /χ/ in some environments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–14,_20–22-109">[105]</a></li> <li>/χ/ is most often uvular [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDen_Besten2012-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-wells-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowerman2004939-112">[108]</a> Velar [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] occurs only in some speakers.<a href="#cite_note-wells-111">[107]</a></li> <li>The rhotic is usually an alveolar trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] or tap [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117-113">[109]</a> In some parts of the former <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a>, it is realized uvularly, either as a trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>] or a fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199315-114">[110]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graham_Maclachlan_-_Gevaar_Slagysters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Graham_Maclachlan_-_Gevaar_Slagysters.jpg/220px-Graham_Maclachlan_-_Gevaar_Slagysters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Graham_Maclachlan_-_Gevaar_Slagysters.jpg/330px-Graham_Maclachlan_-_Gevaar_Slagysters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Graham_Maclachlan_-_Gevaar_Slagysters.jpg/440px-Graham_Maclachlan_-_Gevaar_Slagysters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>A warning sign in Afrikaans: Gevaar Slagysters or "Danger, Traps".</figcaption></figure> Following early dialectal studies of Afrikaans, it was theorised that three main historical dialects probably existed after the Great Trek in the 1830s. These dialects are the Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape dialects.<a href="#cite_note-115">[n 5]</a> Northern Cape dialect may have resulted from contact between Dutch settlers and the <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> people between the Great Karoo and the Kunene, and Eastern Cape dialect between the Dutch and the Xhosa. Remnants of these dialects still remain in present-day Afrikaans, although the standardising effect of Standard Afrikaans has contributed to a great levelling of differences in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[111]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] There is also a prison <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">cant</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Sabela" title="Sabela">Sabela</a>, which is based on Afrikaans, yet heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>. This language is used as a secret language in prison and is taught to initiates.<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patagonian_Afrikaans_dialect">Patagonian Afrikaans dialect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Patagonian Afrikaans dialect">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Afrikaans" title="Patagonian Afrikaans">Patagonian Afrikaans</a> is a distinct dialect of Afrikaans is spoken by the 650-strong <a href="/wiki/South_African_Argentines" title="South African Argentines">South African community</a> of Argentina, in the region of <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_on_Afrikaans_from_other_languages">Influences on Afrikaans from other languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Influences on Afrikaans from other languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malay">Malay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Malay">edit</a>]</div> Due to the early settlement of a <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Malay">Cape Malay</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, who are now known as <a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloureds</a>, numerous <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language#Classical_Malay" title="History of the Malay language">Classical Malay</a> words were brought into Afrikaans. Some of these words entered Dutch via people arriving from what is now known as Indonesia as part of their colonial heritage. Malay words in Afrikaans include:<a href="#cite_note-safariafrica.co.za-118">[113]</a> <ul><li>baie, which means 'very'/'much'/'many' (from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/banyak#Indonesian" class="extiw" title="wikt:banyak">banyak</a>) is a very commonly used Afrikaans word, different from its Dutch equivalent veel or erg.</li> <li>baadjie, Afrikaans for jacket (from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baju#Indonesian" class="extiw" title="wikt:baju">baju</a>, ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>), used where Dutch would use jas or vest. The word baadje in Dutch is now considered archaic and only used in written, literary texts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobotie" title="Bobotie">bobotie</a>, a traditional Cape-Malay dish, made from spiced <a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">minced meat</a> baked with an egg-based topping.</li> <li>piesang, which means banana. This is different from the common Dutch word banaan. The Indonesian word pisang is also used in Dutch, though usage is less common.</li> <li>piering, which means <a href="/wiki/Saucer" title="Saucer">saucer</a> (from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piring#Indonesian" class="extiw" title="wikt:piring">piring</a>, also from Persian).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Portuguese">edit</a>]</div> Some words originally came from Portuguese such as sambreel ('umbrella') from the Portuguese sombreiro, kraal ('pen/cattle enclosure') from the Portuguese curral and mielie ('corn', from milho). Some of these words also exist in Dutch, like sambreel 'parasol',<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> though usage is less common and meanings can slightly differ. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khoisan_languages">Khoisan languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Khoisan languages">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>dagga, meaning <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a><a href="#cite_note-safariafrica.co.za-118">[113]</a></li> <li>geitjie, meaning lizard, diminutive adapted from a <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> word<a href="#cite_note-austin-120">[115]</a></li> <li>gogga, meaning insect, from the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a> xo-xo</li> <li>karos, blanket of animal hides</li> <li>kierie, walking stick from <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a><a href="#cite_note-austin-120">[115]</a></li></ul> Some of these words also exist in Dutch, though with a more specific meaning: assegaai for example means 'South-African tribal javelin'<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> and karos means 'South-African tribal blanket of animal hides'.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bantu_languages">Bantu languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bantu languages">edit</a>]</div> Loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> in Afrikaans include the names of indigenous birds, such as mahem and sakaboela, and indigenous plants, such as maroela and tamboekie(gras).<a href="#cite_note-Potgieter-123">[118]</a> <ul><li>fundi, from the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> word umfundi meaning 'scholar' or 'student"',<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> but used to mean someone who is a student of/expert on a certain subject, i.e. He is a language fundi.</li> <li>lobola, meaning bride price, from (and referring to) <a href="/wiki/Lobolo" title="Lobolo">lobolo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni languages</a><a href="#cite_note-Ngcongwane-125">[120]</a></li> <li>mahem, the <a href="/wiki/Grey_crowned_crane" title="Grey crowned crane">grey crowned crane</a>, known in Latin as Balearica regulorum</li> <li>maroela, medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Dioecy" title="Dioecy">dioecious</a> tree known in Latin as <a href="/wiki/Sclerocarya_birrea" title="Sclerocarya birrea">Sclerocarya birrea</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a></li> <li>tamboekiegras, species of thatching grass known as <a href="/wiki/Hyparrhenia" title="Hyparrhenia">Hyparrhenia</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a></li> <li>tambotie, deciduous tree also known by its <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name, <a href="/wiki/Spirostachys_africana" title="Spirostachys africana">Spirostachys africana</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a></li> <li>tjaila / tjailatyd, an adaption of the word chaile, meaning "to go home" or "to knock off (from work)".<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: French">edit</a>]</div> The revoking of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> on 22 October 1685 was a milestone in the history of South Africa, for it marked the beginning of the great <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a> exodus from France. It is estimated that between 250,000 and 300,000 Protestants left France between 1685 and 1700; out of these, according to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois" title="François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois">Louvois</a>, 100,000 had received military training. A measure of the calibre of these immigrants and of their acceptance by host countries (in particular South Africa) is given by <a href="/wiki/H._V._Morton" title="H. V. Morton">H. V. Morton</a> in his book: In Search of South Africa (London, 1948). The Huguenots were responsible for a great linguistic contribution to Afrikaans, particularly in terms of military terminology as many of them fought on the battlefields during the wars of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a>. Most of the words in this list are descendants from Dutch borrowings from French, Old French or Latin, and are not direct influences from French on Afrikaans. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Afrikaans </th> <th>Dutch </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>advies </td> <td>advies </td> <td>avis </td> <td>advice </td></tr> <tr> <td>alarm </td> <td>alarm </td> <td>alarme </td> <td>alarm </td></tr> <tr> <td>ammunisie </td> <td>ammunitie, munitie </td> <td>munition </td> <td>ammunition </td></tr> <tr> <td>amusant </td> <td>amusant </td> <td>amusant </td> <td>funny </td></tr> <tr> <td>artillerie </td> <td>artillerie </td> <td>artillerie </td> <td>artillery </td></tr> <tr> <td>ateljee </td> <td>atelier </td> <td>atelier </td> <td>studio </td></tr> <tr> <td>bagasie </td> <td>bagage </td> <td>bagage </td> <td>luggage </td></tr> <tr> <td>bastion </td> <td>bastion </td> <td>bastion </td> <td>bastion </td></tr> <tr> <td>bataljon </td> <td>bataljon </td> <td>bataillon </td> <td>battalion </td></tr> <tr> <td>battery </td> <td>batterij </td> <td>batterie </td> <td>battery </td></tr> <tr> <td>biblioteek </td> <td>bibliotheek </td> <td>bibliothèque </td> <td>library </td></tr> <tr> <td>faktuur </td> <td>factuur </td> <td>facture </td> <td>invoice </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort </td> <td>fort </td> <td>fort </td> <td>fort </td></tr> <tr> <td>frikkadel </td> <td>frikandel </td> <td>fricadelle </td> <td>meatball </td></tr> <tr> <td>garnisoen </td> <td>garnizoen </td> <td>garnison </td> <td>garrison </td></tr> <tr> <td>generaal </td> <td>generaal </td> <td>général </td> <td>general </td></tr> <tr> <td>granaat </td> <td>granaat </td> <td>grenade </td> <td>grenade </td></tr> <tr> <td>infanterie </td> <td>infanterie </td> <td>infanterie </td> <td>infantry </td></tr> <tr> <td>interessant </td> <td>interessant </td> <td>intéressant </td> <td>interesting </td></tr> <tr> <td>kaliber </td> <td>kaliber </td> <td>calibre </td> <td>calibre </td></tr> <tr> <td>kanon </td> <td>kanon </td> <td>canon </td> <td>cannon </td></tr> <tr> <td>kanonnier </td> <td>kanonnier </td> <td>canonier </td> <td>gunner </td></tr> <tr> <td>kardoes </td> <td>kardoes, cartouche </td> <td>cartouche </td> <td>cartridge </td></tr> <tr> <td>kaptein </td> <td>kapitein </td> <td>capitaine </td> <td>captain </td></tr> <tr> <td>kolonel </td> <td>kolonel </td> <td>colonel </td> <td>colonel </td></tr> <tr> <td>kommandeur </td> <td>commandeur </td> <td>commandeur </td> <td>commander </td></tr> <tr> <td>kwartier </td> <td>kwartier </td> <td>quartier </td> <td>quarter </td></tr> <tr> <td>lieutenant </td> <td>lieutenant </td> <td>lieutenant </td> <td>lieutenant </td></tr> <tr> <td>magasyn </td> <td>magazijn </td> <td>magasin </td> <td>magazine </td></tr> <tr> <td>manier </td> <td>manier </td> <td>manière </td> <td>way </td></tr> <tr> <td>marsjeer </td> <td>marcheer, marcheren </td> <td>marcher </td> <td>(to) march </td></tr> <tr> <td>meubels </td> <td>meubels </td> <td>meubles </td> <td>furniture </td></tr> <tr> <td>militêr </td> <td>militair </td> <td>militaire </td> <td>militarily </td></tr> <tr> <td>morsel </td> <td>morzel </td> <td>morceau </td> <td>piece </td></tr> <tr> <td>mortier </td> <td>mortier </td> <td>mortier </td> <td>mortar </td></tr> <tr> <td>muit </td> <td>muit, muiten </td> <td>mutiner </td> <td>(to) mutiny </td></tr> <tr> <td>musket </td> <td>musket </td> <td>mousquet </td> <td>musket </td></tr> <tr> <td>muur </td> <td>muur </td> <td>mur </td> <td>wall </td></tr> <tr> <td>myn </td> <td>mijn </td> <td>mine </td> <td>mine </td></tr> <tr> <td>offisier </td> <td>officier </td> <td>officier </td> <td>officer </td></tr> <tr> <td>orde </td> <td>orde </td> <td>ordre </td> <td>order </td></tr> <tr> <td>papier </td> <td>papier </td> <td>papier </td> <td>paper </td></tr> <tr> <td>pionier </td> <td>pionier </td> <td>pionnier </td> <td>pioneer </td></tr> <tr> <td>plafon </td> <td>plafond </td> <td>plafond </td> <td>ceiling </td></tr> <tr> <td>plat </td> <td>plat </td> <td>plat </td> <td>flat </td></tr> <tr> <td>pont </td> <td>pont </td> <td>pont </td> <td>ferry </td></tr> <tr> <td>provoos </td> <td>provoost </td> <td>prévôt </td> <td>chief </td></tr> <tr> <td>rondte </td> <td>rondte, ronde </td> <td>ronde </td> <td>round </td></tr> <tr> <td>salvo </td> <td>salvo </td> <td>salve </td> <td>salvo </td></tr> <tr> <td>soldaat </td> <td>soldaat </td> <td>soldat </td> <td>soldier </td></tr> <tr> <td>tante </td> <td>tante </td> <td>tante </td> <td>aunt </td></tr> <tr> <td>tapyt </td> <td>tapijt </td> <td>tapis </td> <td>carpet </td></tr> <tr> <td>tros </td> <td>tros </td> <td>trousse </td> <td>bunch </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> The Afrikaans <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, using the 26 letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a>, plus 16 additional vowels with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> (e.g. in a compound like see-eend 'sea duck'), <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> (e.g. ma's 'mothers'), and a <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace character</a> (e.g. in multi-word units like Dooie See 'Dead Sea') is part of the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> of words, while the indefinite article <a href="/wiki/%CA%BCN" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼN">ŉ</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligature</a>. All the alphabet letters, including those with diacritics, have capital letters as <a href="/wiki/Allograph" title="Allograph">allographs</a>; the <a href="/wiki/%CA%BCN" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼN">ŉ</a> does not have a capital letter allograph. This means that Afrikaans has 88 <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> with allographs in total. <table style="table-layout: fixed; width: 50em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="43" style="background: #efefef; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Majuscule forms</a> (also called uppercase or capital letters) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">Á</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">É</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">È</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">Ê</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">Ë</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">Í</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">Î</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">Ï</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">Ó</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ô">Ô</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">Ú</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9B" title="Û">Û</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9D" title="Ý">Ý</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="43" style="background: #efefef; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Minuscule forms</a> (also called lowercase or small letters) </th></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>á </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a> </td> <td>b </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> </td> <td>d </td> <td>e </td> <td>é </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">ê</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">ë</a> </td> <td>f </td> <td>g </td> <td>h </td> <td>i </td> <td>í </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">î</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a> </td> <td>j </td> <td>k </td> <td>l </td> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCN" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼN">ŉ</a> </td> <td>o </td> <td>ó </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ô</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a> </td> <td>p </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td> <td>r </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td>u </td> <td>ú </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9B" title="Û">û</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a> </td> <td>v </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> </td> <td>x </td> <td>y </td> <td>ý </td> <td>z </td></tr></tbody></table> In Afrikaans, many consonants are dropped from the earlier Dutch spelling. For example, slechts ('only') in Dutch becomes slegs in Afrikaans. Also, Afrikaans and some Dutch dialects make no distinction between /s/ and /z/, having merged the latter into the former; while the word for "south" is written zuid in Dutch, it is spelled suid in Afrikaans (as well as dialectal Dutch writings) to represent this merger. Similarly, the Dutch digraph <a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">ĳ</a>, normally pronounced as /ɛi/, corresponds to Afrikaans y, except where it replaces the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">suffix</a> –lijk which is pronounced as /lək/, as in waarschijnlijk > waarskynlik. Another difference is the indefinite article, 'n in Afrikaans and een in Dutch. "A book" is 'n boek in Afrikaans, whereas it is either een boek or 'n boek in Dutch. This 'n is usually pronounced as just a <a href="/wiki/Weak_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak vowel">weak vowel</a>, [ə], just like English "a". The <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> suffix in Afrikaans is -tjie, -djie or -ie, whereas in Dutch it is -tje or dje, hence a "bit" is <a href="/wiki/%CA%BCN" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼN">ŉ</a> bietjie in Afrikaans and beetje in Dutch. The letters c, q, x, and z occur almost exclusively in borrowings from French, English, Greek and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>. This is usually because words that had c and ch in the original Dutch are spelled with k and g, respectively, in Afrikaans. Similarly original qu and x are most often spelt kw and ks, respectively. For example, ekwatoriaal instead of equatoriaal, and ekskuus instead of excuus. The vowels with diacritics in non-loanword Afrikaans are: á, ä, é, è, ê, ë, í, î, ï, ó, ô, ö, ú, û, ü, ý. Diacritics are ignored when alphabetising, though they are still important, even when typing the diacritic forms may be difficult. For example, geëet ("ate") instead of the 3 e's alongside each other: *geeet, which can never occur in Afrikaans, or sê, which translates to "say", whereas se is a possessive form. The acute's (á, é, í, ó, ú, ý) primary function is to place emphasis on a word (i.e. for emphatic reasons), by adding it to the emphasised syllable of the word. For example, sál ("will" (verb)), néé ('no'), móét ("must"), hý ("he"), gewéét ("knew"). The acute is only placed on the i if it is the only vowel in the emphasised word: wil ('want' (verb)) becomes wíl, but lui ('lazy') becomes lúi. Only a few non-loan words are spelled with acutes, e.g. dié ('this'), ná ('after'), óf ... óf ('either ... or'), nóg ... nóg ('neither ... nor'), etc. Only four non-loan words are spelled with the grave: nè ('yes?', 'right?', 'eh?'), dè ('here, take this!' or '[this is] yours!'), hè ('huh?', 'what?', 'eh?'), and appèl ('(formal) appeal' (noun)). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_apostrophes">Initial apostrophes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Initial apostrophes">edit</a>]</div> A few short words in Afrikaans take initial apostrophes. In modern Afrikaans, these words are always written in lower case (except if the entire line is uppercase), and if they occur at the beginning of a sentence, the next word is capitalised. Three examples of such apostrophed words are 'k, 't, 'n. The last (the indefinite article) is the only apostrophed word that is common in modern written Afrikaans, since the other examples are shortened versions of other words (ek and het, respectively) and are rarely found outside of a poetic context.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> Here are a few examples: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Apostrophed version </th> <th>Usual version </th> <th>Translation </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>'k 't Dit gesê </td> <td>Ek het dit gesê </td> <td>I said it </td> <td>Uncommon, more common: Ek't dit gesê </td></tr> <tr> <td>'t Jy dit geëet? </td> <td>Het jy dit geëet? </td> <td>Did you eat it? </td> <td>Extremely uncommon </td></tr> <tr> <td>'n Man loop daar </td> <td> </td> <td>A man walks there </td> <td>Standard Afrikaans pronounces 'n as a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> vowel. </td></tr></tbody></table> The apostrophe and the following letter are regarded as two separate characters, and are never written using a single glyph, although a single character variant of the indefinite article appears in Unicode, ŉ. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_characters">Table of characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Table of characters">edit</a>]</div> For more on the pronunciation of the letters below, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">Help:IPA/Afrikaans</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Afrikaans letters and pronunciation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Grapheme</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples and Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>/a/, /ɑː/ </td> <td>appel ('apple'; /a/), tale ('languages'; /ɑː/). Represents /a/ in closed syllables and /ɑː/ in stressed open syllables </td></tr> <tr> <td>á </td> <td>/a/, /ɑ:/ </td> <td>ná (after) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ä </td> <td>/a/, /ɑ:/ </td> <td>sebraägtig ('zebra-like'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable. </td></tr> <tr> <td>aa</td> <td>/ɑː/</td> <td>aap ('monkey', 'ape'). Only occurs in closed syllables. </td></tr> <tr> <td>aai</td> <td>/ɑːi/</td> <td>draai ('turn') </td></tr> <tr> <td>ae</td> <td>/ɑːə/</td> <td>vrae ('questions'); the vowels belong to two separate syllables </td></tr> <tr> <td>ai</td> <td>/ai/</td> <td>baie ('many', 'much' or 'very'), ai (expression of frustration or resignation) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>/b/, /p/</td> <td>boom ('tree') </td></tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td>/s/, /k/ </td> <td>Found only in borrowed words or proper nouns; the former pronunciation occurs before 'e', 'i', or 'y'; featured in the Latinate plural ending -ici (singular form -ikus) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td>/ʃ/, /x/, /k/ </td> <td>chirurg ('surgeon'; /ʃ/; typically sj is used instead), chemie ('chemistry'; /x/), chitien ('chitin'; /k/). Found only in recent loanwords and in proper nouns </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td>/d/, /t/</td> <td>dag ('day'), deel ('part', 'divide', 'share') </td></tr> <tr> <td>dj</td> <td>/d͡ʒ/, /k/</td> <td>djati ('teak'), broodjie ('sandwich'). Used to transcribe foreign words for the former pronunciation, and in the diminutive suffix -djie for the latter in words ending with d </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td>/e(ː)/, /æ(ː)/, /ɪə/, /ɪ/, /ə/ </td> <td>bed (/e/), mens ('person', /eː/) (lengthened before /n/) ete ('meal', /ɪə/ and /ə/ respectively), ek ('I', /æ/), berg ('mountain', /æː/) (lengthened before /r/). /ɪ/ is the unstressed allophone of /ɪə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>é </td> <td>/e(ː)/, /æ(ː)/, /ɪə/ </td> <td>dié ('this'), mét ('with', emphasised), ék ('I; me', emphasised), wéét ('know', emphasised) </td></tr> <tr> <td>è</td> <td>/e/</td> <td>Found in loanwords (like crèche) and proper nouns (like Eugène) where the spelling was maintained, and in four non-loanwords: nè ('yes?', 'right?', 'eh?'), dè ('here, take this!' or '[this is] yours!'), hè ('huh?', 'what?', 'eh?'), and appèl ('(formal) appeal' (noun)). </td></tr> <tr> <td>ê</td> <td>/eː/, /æː/</td> <td>sê ('to say'), wêreld ('world'), lêer ('file') (Allophonically /æː/ before /(ə)r/) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ë</td> <td>– </td> <td>Diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable, thus ë, ëe and ëi are pronounced like 'e', 'ee' and 'ei', respectively </td></tr> <tr> <td>ee</td> <td>/ɪə/</td> <td>weet ('to know'), een ('one') </td></tr> <tr> <td>eeu</td> <td>/ɪu/</td> <td>leeu ('lion'), eeu ('century', 'age') </td></tr> <tr> <td>ei</td> <td>/ei/</td> <td>lei ('to lead') </td></tr> <tr> <td>eu</td> <td>/ɪɵ/</td> <td>seun ('son' or 'lad') </td></tr> <tr> <td>f</td> <td>/f/</td> <td>fiets ('bicycle') </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td>/x/, /ɡ/</td> <td>/ɡ/ exists as the allophone of /x/ if at the end of a root word preceded by a stressed single vowel + /r/ and suffixed with a schwa, e.g. berg ('mountain') is pronounced as /bæːrx/, and berge is pronounced as /bæːrɡə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>gh</td> <td>/ɡ/ </td> <td>gholf ('golf'). Used for /ɡ/ when it is not an allophone of /x/; found only in borrowed words. If the h instead begins the next syllable, the two letters are pronounced separately. </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td>/ɦ/</td> <td>hael ('hail'), hond ('dog') </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>/i/, /ə/ </td> <td>kind ('child'; /ə/), ink ('ink'; /ə/), krisis ('crisis'; /i/ and /ə/ respectively), elektrisiteit ('electricity'; /i/ for all three; third 'i' is part of diphthong 'ei') </td></tr> <tr> <td>í </td> <td>/i/, /ə/ </td> <td>krísis ('crisis', emphasised), dít ('that', emphasised) </td></tr> <tr> <td>î</td> <td>/əː/</td> <td>wîe (plural of wig; 'wedges' or 'quoins') </td></tr> <tr> <td>ï</td> <td>/i/, /ə/ </td> <td>Found in words such as beïnvloed ('to influence'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ie</td> <td>/i(ː)/</td> <td>iets ('something'), vier ('four') </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td>/j/</td> <td>julle (plural 'you') </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td>/k/</td> <td>kat ('cat'), kan ('can' (verb) or 'jug') </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td>/l/</td> <td>lag ('laugh') </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td>/m/</td> <td>man ('man') </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td>/n/</td> <td>nael ('nail') </td></tr> <tr> <td>ŉ </td> <td>/ə/ </td> <td>indefinite article ŉ ('a'), styled as a ligature (Unicode character U+0149) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng</td> <td>/ŋ/</td> <td>sing ('to sing') </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>/o/, /ʊə/, /ʊ/</td> <td>op ('up(on)'; /o/), grote ('size'; /ʊə/), polisie ('police'; /ʊ/) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ó </td> <td>/o/, /ʊə/ </td> <td>óp ('done, finished', emphasised), gróót ('huge', emphasised) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ô</td> <td>/oː/</td> <td>môre (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/morrow" class="extiw" title="wikt:morrow">'tomorrow'</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ö</td> <td>/o/, /ʊə/ </td> <td>Found in words such as koöperasie ('co-operation'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable, thus ö is pronounced the same as 'o' based on the following remainder of the word. </td></tr> <tr> <td>oe</td> <td>/u(ː)/</td> <td>boek ('book'), koers ('course', 'direction') </td></tr> <tr> <td>oei</td> <td>/ui/</td> <td>koei ('cow') </td></tr> <tr> <td>oo</td> <td>/ʊə/</td> <td>oom ('uncle' or 'sir') </td></tr> <tr> <td>ooi</td> <td>/oːi/</td> <td>mooi ('pretty', 'beautiful'), nooi ('invite') </td></tr> <tr> <td>ou</td> <td>/ɵu/</td> <td>die ou ('the guy'), die ou skoen ('the old shoe'). Sometimes spelled ouw in loanwords and surnames, for example Louw. </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td>/p/</td> <td>pot ('pot'), pers ('purple' — or 'press' indicating the news media; the latter is often spelled with an <ê>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>q</td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>Found only in foreign words with original spelling maintained; typically k is used instead </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td>/r/</td> <td>rooi ('red') </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td>/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/</td> <td>ses ('six'), stem ('voice' or 'vote'), posisie ('position', /z/ for first 's', /s/ for second 's'), rasioneel ('rational', /ʃ/ (nonstandard; formally /s/ is used instead) visuëel ('visual', /ʒ/ (nonstandard; /z/ is more formal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>sj</td> <td>/ʃ/</td> <td>sjaal ('shawl'), sjokolade ('chocolate') </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td>/t/</td> <td>tafel ('table') </td></tr> <tr> <td>tj</td> <td>/tʃ/, /k/</td> <td>tjank ('whine like a dog' or 'to cry incessantly'). The latter pronunciation occurs in the common diminutive suffix "-(e)tjie" </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>/ɵ/, /y(ː)/</td> <td>stuk ('piece'), unie ('union'), muur ('wall') </td></tr> <tr> <td>ú </td> <td>/œ/, /y(:)/ </td> <td>búk ('bend over', emphasised), ú ('you', formal, emphasised) </td></tr> <tr> <td>û</td> <td>/ɵː/</td> <td>brûe ('bridges') </td></tr> <tr> <td>ü</td> <td>– </td> <td>Found in words such as reünie ('reunion'). The diaeresis indicates the start of a new syllable, thus ü is pronounced the same as u, except when found in proper nouns and surnames from German, like Müller. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ui</td> <td>/ɵi/</td> <td>uit ('out') </td></tr> <tr> <td>uu</td> <td>/y(ː)/</td> <td>uur ('hour') </td></tr> <tr> <td>v</td> <td>/f/, /v/</td> <td>vis ('fish'), visuëel ('visual') </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td>/v/, /w/</td> <td>water ('water'; /v/); allophonically /w/ after obstruents within a root; an example: kwas ('brush'; /w/) </td></tr> <tr> <td>x</td> <td>/z/, /ks/</td> <td>xifoïed ('xiphoid'; /z/), x-straal ('x-ray'; /ks/). </td></tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td>/əi/</td> <td>byt ('bite') </td></tr> <tr> <td>ý </td> <td>/əi/ </td> <td>hý ('he', emphasised) </td></tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td>/z/</td> <td>Zoeloe ('Zulu'). Found only in <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> and loanwords </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sample text">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Psalm_23" title="Psalm 23">Psalm 23</a> 1983 translation:<a href="#cite_note-verse_compare-131">[126]</a> <div style="margin-left: 1em; font-style: italic;" lang="af" class="poem"> Die Here is my Herder, ek kom niks kort nie. Hy laat my rus in groen weivelde. Hy bring my by waters waar daar vrede is. Hy gee my nuwe krag. Hy lei my op die regte paaie tot eer van Sy naam. Selfs al gaan ek deur donker dieptes, sal ek nie bang wees nie, want U is by my. In U hande is ek veilig. </div> <a href="/wiki/Psalm_23" title="Psalm 23">Psalm 23</a> 1953 translation:<a href="#cite_note-verse_compare-131">[126]</a> <div style="margin-left: 1em; font-style: italic;" lang="af" class="poem"> Die Here is my Herder, niks sal my ontbreek nie. Hy laat my neerlê in groen weivelde; na waters waar rus is, lei Hy my heen. Hy verkwik my siel; Hy lei my in die spore van geregtigheid, om sy Naam ontwil. Al gaan ek ook in 'n dal van doodskaduwee, ek sal geen onheil vrees nie; want U is met my: u stok en u staf die vertroos my. </div> <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> (Afrikaans New Living Version translation):<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> <div style="margin-left: 1em; font-style: italic;" lang="af" class="poem"> Ons Vader in die hemel, laat u Naam geheilig word. Laat u koninkryk kom. Laat u wil hier op aarde uitgevoer word soos in die hemel. Gee ons die porsie brood wat ons vir vandag nodig het. En vergeef ons ons sondeskuld soos ons ook óns skuldenaars vergewe het. Bewaar ons sodat ons nie aan verleiding sal toegee nie; maar bevry ons van die greep van die bose. Want aan U behoort die koningskap, en die krag, en die heerlikheid, vir altyd. Amen. </div> <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> (Original translation):[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div style="margin-left: 1em; font-style: italic;" lang="af" class="poem"> Onse Vader wat in die hemel is, laat U Naam geheilig word; laat U koninkryk kom; laat U wil geskied op die aarde, net soos in die hemel. Gee ons vandag ons daaglikse brood; en vergeef ons ons skulde soos ons ons skuldenaars vergewe en laat ons nie in die versoeking nie maar verlos ons van die bose Want aan U behoort die koninkryk en die krag en die heerlikheid tot in ewigheid. Amen </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" 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title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardklop" title="Aardklop">Aardklop</a> Arts Festival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_literature" title="Afrikaans literature">Afrikaans literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_speaking_population_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa">Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Arabic Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwoordeboek_van_die_Afrikaanse_Taal" title="Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal">Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal</a> (Afrikaans Dictionary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differences_between_Afrikaans_and_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch">Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">IPA/Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Karoo_Nasionale_Kunstefees" title="Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees">Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees</a> (Arts Festival)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe#Afrikaans" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Languages of Zimbabwe § Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Afrikaans_language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Afrikaans language poets">List of Afrikaans language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Afrikaans_singers" title="List of Afrikaans singers">List of Afrikaans singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Afrikaans_origin" title="List of English words of Afrikaans origin">List of English words of Afrikaans origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Translators%27_Institute" title="South African Translators' Institute">South African Translators' Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsotsitaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsotsitaal">Tsotsitaal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Afrikaans borrowed from other languages such as Portuguese, German, Malay, Bantu, and Khoisan languages; see <a href="#CITEREFSebba1997">Sebba 1997</a>, p. 160, <a href="#CITEREFNieslerLouwRoux2005">Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005</a>, p. 459.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Ninety to ninety-five percent of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin; see <a href="#CITEREFMesthrie1995">Mesthrie 1995</a>, p. 214, <a href="#CITEREFMesthrie2002">Mesthrie 2002</a>, p. 205, <a href="#CITEREFKamwangamalu2004">Kamwangamalu 2004</a>, p. 203, <a href="#CITEREFBerdichevsky2004">Berdichevsky 2004</a>, p. 131, <a href="#CITEREFBrachinVincent1985">Brachin & Vincent 1985</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> For morphology; see <a href="#CITEREFHolm1989">Holm 1989</a>, p. 338, <a href="#CITEREFGeertsClyne1992">Geerts & Clyne 1992</a>, p. 72. For grammar and spelling; see <a href="#CITEREFSebba1997">Sebba 1997</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The changed spelling rule was introduced in article 1, rule 3, of the Dutch "orthography law" of 14 February 1947. In 1954 the <a href="/wiki/Word_list_of_the_Dutch_language" title="Word list of the Dutch language">Word list of the Dutch language</a> which regulates the spelling of individual words including the word Afrikaans was first published.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> kan would be best used in this case because kan nie means cannot and since he is sick he is unable to come, whereas sal is 'will' in English and is thus not the best word choice. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> They were named before the establishment of the current <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, Eastern Cape, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> provinces, and are not dialects of those provinces per se. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e19-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e19_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e19_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/afr/">Afrikaans</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (19th ed., 2016) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Aarons & Reynolds, "South African Sign Language" in Monaghan (ed.), Many Ways to be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities (2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2011" class="citation book cs1">Roach, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci00dani">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2"><bdi>978-0-521-15253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15253-2&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishpronounci00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> K. Pithouse, C. Mitchell, R. Moletsane, Making Connections: Self-Study & Social Action, p.91 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heese1971-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Heese1971_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._Heese1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">J. A. Heese (1971). Die herkoms van die Afrikaner, 1657–1867 [The origin of the Afrikaner] (in Afrikaans). Cape Town: A. A. Balkema. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1821706">1821706</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5361614M">5361614M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+herkoms+van+die+Afrikaner%2C+1657%E2%80%931867&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=A.+A.+Balkema&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1821706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5361614M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=J.+A.+Heese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/kloe004herk01_01/kloe004herk01_01.pdf">Herkomst en groei van het Afrikaans – G.G. Kloeke (1950)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heeringade_Wet2015-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Heeringade_Wet2015_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeeringade_Wetvan_Huyssteen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Heeringa, Wilbert; de Wet, Febe; van Huyssteen, Gerhard B. (2015). "The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects". Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus. 47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5842%2F47-0-649">10.5842/47-0-649</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2224-3380">2224-3380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stellenbosch+Papers+in+Linguistics+Plus&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+Afrikaans+pronunciation%3A+a+comparison+to+west+Germanic+languages+and+Dutch+dialects&rft.volume=47&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5842%2F47-0-649&rft.issn=2224-3380&rft.aulast=Heeringa&rft.aufirst=Wilbert&rft.au=de+Wet%2C+Febe&rft.au=van+Huyssteen%2C+Gerhard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coetzee-9"><a href="#cite_ref-coetzee_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbel_Coetzee1948" class="citation book cs1">Abel Coetzee (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/arch/coet003stan01_01/pag/coet003stan01_01.pdf">Standaard Afrikaans</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/Census96/HTML/CIB/Population/28.htm">the original</a> on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2.8+Home+language+by+province+%28percentages%29&rft.pub=Statistics+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2Fcensus01%2FCensus96%2FHTML%2FCIB%2FPopulation%2F28.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cib2001-83"><a href="#cite_ref-cib2001_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050505140723/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/HTML/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf">"Table 2.6: Home language within provinces (percentages)"</a> (PDF). Census 2001 – Census in brief. Statistics South Africa. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 May 2005. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+2001+%E2%80%93+Census+in+brief&rft.atitle=Table+2.6%3A+Home+language+within+provinces+%28percentages%29&rft.pages=16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2Fcensus01%2Fhtml%2FCInBrief%2FCIB2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cib11-84"><a href="#cite_ref-cib11_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf">Census 2011: Census in brief</a> (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780621413885" title="Special:BookSources/9780621413885"><bdi>9780621413885</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+2011%3A+Census+in+brief&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Statistics+South+Africa&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780621413885&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2Fcensus%2Fcensus_2011%2Fcensus_products%2FCensus_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Oranje FM, Radio Sonder Grense, Jacaranda FM, Radio Pretoria, Rapport, Beeld, Die Burger, Die Son, Afrikaans news is run everyday; the PRAAG website is a web-based news service. On pay channels, it is provided as second language on all sports, Kyknet </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228004644/http://www.oulitnet.co.za/taaldebat/multilin.asp">"Hannes van Zyl"</a>. Oulitnet.co.za. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oulitnet.co.za/taaldebat/multilin.asp">the original</a> on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hannes+van+Zyl&rft.pub=Oulitnet.co.za&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oulitnet.co.za%2Ftaaldebat%2Fmultilin.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapport-2013-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Rapport-2013_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince2013" class="citation news cs1">Prince, Llewellyn (23 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130331034159/http://www.rapport.co.za/Suid-Afrika/Nuus/Afrikaans-se-more-is-bruin-20130323">"Afrikaans se môre is bruin (Afrikaans' tomorrow is coloured)"</a>. Rapport. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rapport.co.za/Suid-Afrika/Nuus/Afrikaans-se-more-is-bruin-20130323">the original</a> on 31 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rapport&rft.atitle=Afrikaans+se+m%C3%B4re+is+bruin+%28Afrikaans%27+tomorrow+is+coloured%29&rft.date=2013-03-23&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Llewellyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rapport.co.za%2FSuid-Afrika%2FNuus%2FAfrikaans-se-more-is-bruin-20130323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beeld-2012-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Beeld-2012_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPienaarOtto2012" class="citation news cs1">Pienaar, Antoinette; Otto, Hanti (30 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102235326/http://www.beeld.com/Suid-Afrika/Nuus/Afrikaans-bly-groei-se-sensus-20121030">"Afrikaans groei, sê sensus (Afrikaans growing according to census)"</a>. Beeld. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beeld.com/Suid-Afrika/Nuus/Afrikaans-bly-groei-se-sensus-20121030">the original</a> on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beeld&rft.atitle=Afrikaans+groei%2C+s%C3%AA+sensus+%28Afrikaans+growing+according+to+census%29&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft.aulast=Pienaar&rft.aufirst=Antoinette&rft.au=Otto%2C+Hanti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beeld.com%2FSuid-Afrika%2FNuus%2FAfrikaans-bly-groei-se-sensus-20121030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plattelanddiemovie.com/">"Platteland Film"</a>. www.plattelanddiemovie.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.plattelanddiemovie.com&rft.atitle=Platteland+Film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plattelanddiemovie.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenafrica.com/news/industry/997616.htm">SABC3 "tests" Afrikaans programming</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716024421/http://www.screenafrica.com/news/industry/997616.htm">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Screen Africa, 15 April 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002064316/http://www.nsa.org.na/files/downloads/Namibia%202011%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf">"Namibia 2011 Population & Housing Census Main Report"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsa.org.na/files/downloads/Namibia%202011%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namibia+2011+Population+%26+Housing+Census+Main+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.org.na%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2FNamibia%25202011%2520Population%2520and%2520Housing%2520Census%2520Main%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrikaans.com/news-headlines/het-jy.../afrikaans-floreer-in-die-buiteland">"Afrikaans floreer in die buiteland"</a> [Afrikaans is flourishing abroad]. Afrilaans.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afrilaans.com&rft.atitle=Afrikaans+floreer+in+die+buiteland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrikaans.com%2Fnews-headlines%2Fhet-jy...%2Fafrikaans-floreer-in-die-buiteland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdu_Plessis2020" class="citation web cs1">du Plessis, Jacques (27 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121053518/https://www.afrikaans.us/afrikaans/home-afrikaans/afrikaans-abroad-whos-who/">"Where outside of Southern Africa can you learn Afrikaans?"</a>. Afrikaans Abroad –Afrikaans.US. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afrikaans.us/afrikaans/home-afrikaans/afrikaans-abroad-whos-who/">the original</a> on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afrikaans+Abroad+%E2%80%93Afrikaans.US&rft.atitle=Where+outside+of+Southern+Africa+can+you+learn+Afrikaans%3F&rft.date=2020-12-27&rft.aulast=du+Plessis&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrikaans.us%2Fafrikaans%2Fhome-afrikaans%2Fafrikaans-abroad-whos-who%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson2011" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Bruce C. (12 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bP2elQCb7T8C">A Grammar of Afrikaans</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086315-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086315-4"><bdi>978-3-11-086315-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Afrikaans&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft.isbn=978-3-11-086315-4&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Bruce+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbP2elQCb7T8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConradie1999" class="citation journal cs1">Conradie, C. Jac (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.1999.33.1-2.19">"Preterite Loss in Early Afrikaans"</a>. Folia Linguistica. 33 (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fflin.1999.33.1-2.19">10.1515/flin.1999.33.1-2.19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-4004">0165-4004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Linguistica&rft.atitle=Preterite+Loss+in+Early+Afrikaans&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fflin.1999.33.1-2.19&rft.issn=0165-4004&rft.aulast=Conradie&rft.aufirst=C.+Jac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2Fflin.1999.33.1-2.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932–7-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932–7_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 2–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWissing2016">Wissing (2016)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934–6-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934–6_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 4–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935–6-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935–6_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934,_6–7-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934,_6–7_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 4, 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192738-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192738_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwanepoel1927">Swanepoel (1927)</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933,_7-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933,_7_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 3, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932,_8–10-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932,_8–10_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 2, 8–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass1987">Lass (1987)</a>, pp. 117–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–15-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–15_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 13–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–14,_20–22-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–14,_20–22_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 13–14, 20–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDen_Besten2012-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDen_Besten2012_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDen_Besten2012">Den Besten (2012)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-wells-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wells_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wells_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/12/velar-or-uvular.html">"John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?"</a>. 5 December 2011. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spuren+der+Kreolisierung+im+Lexikon+des+Afrikaans&rft.btitle=Von+Intentionalit%C3%A4t+zur+Bedeutung+konventionalisierter+Zeichen&rft.series=Studien+zur+Deutschen+Sprache&rft.pub=Gunter+Narr+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783823362289&rft.aulast=Proost&rft.aufirst=Kristel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntrXXGDGoK8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRéguer2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Réguer, Laurent Philippe (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAm0uHJGemQC">Si loin, si proche ...: Une langue européenne à découvrir : le néerlandais</a> (in French), <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Nouvelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne Nouvelle">Sorbonne Nouvelle</a>, 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href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312175719" title="Special:BookSources/9780312175719"><bdi>9780312175719</bdi></a>, retrieved 19 May 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contact+languages%3A+pidgins+and+creoles&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780312175719&rft.aulast=Sebba&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbRT_jZl39AMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebba2007" class="citation cs2">Sebba, Mark (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHgsfADZF9IC">Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139462020" title="Special:BookSources/9781139462020"><bdi>9781139462020</bdi></a>, retrieved 19 May 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spelling+and+society%3A+the+culture+and+politics+of+orthography+around+the+world&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781139462020&rft.aulast=Sebba&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHgsfADZF9IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2008" class="citation cs2">Simpson, Andrew (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7qsTVO4IK4C">Language and national identity in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199286751" title="Special:BookSources/9780199286751"><bdi>9780199286751</bdi></a>, retrieved 31 May 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+national+identity+in+Africa&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780199286751&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7qsTVO4IK4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStell2008–2011" class="citation cs2">Stell, Gerard (2008–2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchportal.be/en/project/mapping-linguistic-communication-across-colour-divides-black-afrikaans-in-central-south-africa-%28VUB_500000000019265%29/">Mapping linguistic communication across colour divides: Black Afrikaans in Central South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a>, retrieved 2 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+linguistic+communication+across+colour+divides%3A+Black+Afrikaans+in+Central+South+Africa&rft.pub=Vrije+Universiteit+Brussel&rft.date=2008%2F2011&rft.aulast=Stell&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchportal.be%2Fen%2Fproject%2Fmapping-linguistic-communication-across-colour-divides-black-afrikaans-in-central-south-africa-%2528VUB_500000000019265%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanepoel1927" class="citation cs2">Swanepoel, J. F. (1927), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/arch/swan020soun01_01/pag/swan020soun01_01.pdf">The sounds of Afrikaans. Their Dialectic Variations and the Difficulties They Present to an Englishman</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longmans, Green & Co</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dbnl.org/arch/swan020soun01_01/pag/swan020soun01_01.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sounds+of+Afrikaans.+Their+Dialectic+Variations+and+the+Difficulties+They+Present+to+an+Englishman&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Swanepoel&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Farch%2Fswan020soun01_01%2Fpag%2Fswan020soun01_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasonKaufman1988" class="citation cs2">Thomason, Sarah Grey; Kaufman, Terrence (1988), Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics, University of California Press (published 1991), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07893-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07893-4"><bdi>0-520-07893-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact%2C+Creolization%2C+and+Genetic+Linguistics&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-520-07893-4&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Grey&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2002" class="citation cs2">Webb, Victor N. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ujANkZqRALsC">Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development</a>, IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society, vol. 14, <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fimpact.14">10.1075/impact.14</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027297631" title="Special:BookSources/9789027297631"><bdi>9789027297631</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Africa%3A+the+role+of+language+in+national+transformation%2C+reconstruction+and+development&rft.series=IMPACT%3A+Studies+in+Language+and+Society&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fimpact.14&rft.isbn=9789027297631&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Victor+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DujANkZqRALsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2003" class="citation cs2">Webb, Victor N. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031209231442/http://www.up.ac.za/academic/libarts/crpl/language-dev-in-SA.pdf">"Language policy development in South Africa"</a> (PDF), Centre for Research in the Politics of Language, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.up.ac.za/academic/libarts/crpl/language-dev-in-SA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 December 2003</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+Research+in+the+Politics+of+Language&rft.atitle=Language+policy+development+in+South+Africa&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Victor+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.up.ac.za%2Facademic%2Flibarts%2Fcrpl%2Flanguage-dev-in-SA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamibian_Population_Census2001" class="citation cs2">Namibian Population Census (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100516114611/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/aboutnam.html">Languages Spoken in Namibia</a>, Government of Namibia, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grnnet.gov.na/aboutnam.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2010, retrieved 28 May 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+Spoken+in+Namibia&rft.pub=Government+of+Namibia&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Namibian+Population+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grnnet.gov.na%2Faboutnam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWissing2016" class="citation cs2">Wissing, Daan (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415194042/http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011">"Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory"</a>, Taalportaal, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011">the original</a> on 15 April 2017, retrieved 16 April 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taalportaal&rft.atitle=Afrikaans+phonology+%E2%80%93+segment+inventory&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wissing&rft.aufirst=Daan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taalportaal.org%2Ftaalportaal%2Ftopic%2Fpid%2Ftopic-14610909940908011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA2010" class="citation cs2">CIA (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/">The World Factbook (CIA) — Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, retrieved 28 May 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%28CIA%29+%E2%80%94+Namibia&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2010&rft.au=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnamibia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Grieshaber, Nicky. 2011. Diacs and Quirks in a Nutshell – Afrikaans spelling explained. Pietermaritzburg. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-620-51726-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-620-51726-3">978-0-620-51726-3</a>; e-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-620-51980-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-620-51980-9">978-0-620-51980-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberge2002" class="citation cs2">Roberge, P. T. (2002), "Afrikaans – considering origins", Language in South Africa, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53383-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-53383-X"><bdi>0-521-53383-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afrikaans+%E2%80%93+considering+origins&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-53383-X&rft.aulast=Roberge&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1899" class="citation cs2">Thomas, C. H. (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angloboerwar.com/books/60-thomas-origin-of-the-anglo-boer-war-revealed/1255-thomas-boer-language">"Boer language"</a>, Origin of the Anglo-Boer War revealed, London, England: Hodder and Stoughton</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boer+language&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+Anglo-Boer+War+revealed&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angloboerwar.com%2Fbooks%2F60-thomas-origin-of-the-anglo-boer-war-revealed%2F1255-thomas-boer-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="af:"> Afrikaans edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afrikaans_phrasebook#Q14196" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Afrikaans phrasebook">Afrikaans</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Afrikaans" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" 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href="http://www.majstro.com/dictionaries/Afrikaans-English/">Afrikaans-English Online Dictionary at majstro.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afrikaans.us/Afrikaans/">Learn Afrikaans Online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] (Open Learning Environment)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fak.org.za/">Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge (FAK)</a> – Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Associations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4326">Dutch Writers from South Africa: A Cultural-Historical Study, Part I</a> from the <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascleiden.nl/?q=content/webdossiers/afrikaans-literature-and-language">Afrikaans Literature and Language Web dossier African Studies 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aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Irish Middle English <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Weser <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li>Southern</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <ul><li>Old West Norse</li> <li>Old East Norse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Botswana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Botswana" title="Template:Languages of Botswana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Botswana" title="Template talk:Languages of Botswana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Botswana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Botswana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Botswana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Botswana" title="Languages of Botswana">Languages of Botswana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (official)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Birwa language">Birwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Ikalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalagadi_language" title="Kgalagadi language">Kgalagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhane_language" title="Kuhane language">Kuhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Mbukushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambya_language" title="Nambya language">Nambya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswapong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tswapong language">Tswapong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Yeyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Zezuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kxoe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kxoe language">ǁAni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C7%81ana_language" title="Gǁana language">Gǁana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C7%80wi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gǀwi language">Gǀwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Hoan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂHoan language">ǂHõã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_language" title="Juǀʼhoan language">Juǀʼhoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Khwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Kx%CA%BCau%C7%81%CA%BCein" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂKxʼauǁʼein">ǂKxʼauǁʼein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shwa language">Shua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taʼa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshwa_language" title="Tshwa language">Tshwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Namibia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Template:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Template talk:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Namibia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Languages of Namibia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshiwambo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshiwambo language">Oshiwambo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwanyama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwanyama language">Kwanyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndonga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndonga language">Ndonga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Other Bantu languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Otjiherero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangali_language" title="Kwangali language">Rukwangali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemba_language" title="Zemba language">Zemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fwe_language" title="Fwe language">Fwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhane_language" title="Kuhane language">Kuhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Thimbukushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Shiyeyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama/Damara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">ǃXóõ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_languages" title="ǃKung languages">Kung-Ekoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Kx%27ao-%C7%81%27ae" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂKx'ao-ǁ'ae">ǂKxʼauǁʼein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Kxoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Sign_Language" title="Namibian Sign Language">Namibian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Cultural,_Religious_and_Linguistic_Communities" title="Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities">Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arts_and_Culture_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Arts and Culture (South Africa)">Department of Arts and Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana_languages" title="Sotho–Tswana languages">Sotho–Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho (Sesotho sa Leboa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho (Sesotho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana (Setswana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele (isiNdebele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi (siSwati)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa (isiXhosa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu (isiZulu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tswa%E2%80%93Ronga_languages" title="Tswa–Ronga languages">Tswa–Ronga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga (Xitsonga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda (Tshivenḓa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised unofficial languages mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">1996 constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_language" title="Bhaca language">Bhaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_language_(South_Africa)" title="Lala language (South Africa)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhlangwini_language" title="Nhlangwini language">Nhlangwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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8.59% 261.400 162 Template:IPA"," 6.22% 189.197 24 Template:Cite_book"," 5.58% 169.857 47 Template:Cite_web"," 4.25% 129.430 5 Template:Refn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.821","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22989690,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbel_Coetzee1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdegbija1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlant2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlatisHamiltonTan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerPrys_Jones1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatibo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerdichevsky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogaards\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooij1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooij2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowerman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrachinVincent1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBromberSmieja2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrook_Napier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownOgilvie2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCIA2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkWilliam_H._Worger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConradie1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConradie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDen_Besten2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeumert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeumert2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDeumertVandenbussche2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomínguezLópez1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDöhne1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgil_BreivikHåkon_Jahr1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrydman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalasko2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeertsClyne1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGooskens2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammarströmForkeHaspelmathBank2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarbert2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeeringade_Wet2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeeringade_Wetvan_Huyssteen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrimanBurnaby1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiskensAuerKerswill2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolm1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._A._Heese1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Louis_Garvin1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansenSchreuderNeijt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonJohnson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamau2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamwangamalu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanBaldauf\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLafon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangerDavies2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLass1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLass1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinfield2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynsey_Chutel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeanMcCormick1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMennenLeveltGerrits2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesthrie1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesthrie2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers-Scotton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamibian_Population_Census2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNieslerLouwRoux2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhaswana2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPienaarOtto2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotgieter1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPressly2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrince2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProost2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoach2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRéguer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_Doggie_Ngcongwane1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebba1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebba2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStell2008–2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrohbachWalters2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanepoel1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzpiechW._CoetzeeGarcía-AmayaHenriksen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasonKaufman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomaszFinex2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillemyns2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWissing2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorden2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Swaan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFden_Besten1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdu_Plessis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFten_ThijeZeevaert2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Avoid wrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 57,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 47,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Colend\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Fcn\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 13,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Germanic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 10,\n [\"IPA\"] = 162,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 44,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 9,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAplink\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 2,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 483,\n [\"Languages of Botswana\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Namibia\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of South Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Swaziland\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Legend\"] = 16,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Refimprove\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-04T12:54:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T04:31:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b7\/Idioma_afrik%C3%A1ans.png","headline":"West Germanic language, spoken in South Africa and Namibia"}</script> </body> </html>