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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins of the book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_book_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_book_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early book formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_book_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Introduction of paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_book_binding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_book_binding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Forms of book binding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_book_binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_commercial_binding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_commercial_binding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern commercial binding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_commercial_binding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern commercial binding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_commercial_binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardcover_binding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardcover_binding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hardcover binding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardcover_binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punch_and_bind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punch_and_bind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Punch and bind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punch_and_bind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermally_activated_binding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermally_activated_binding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Thermally activated binding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermally_activated_binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stitched_or_sewn_binding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stitched_or_sewn_binding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Stitched or sewn binding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stitched_or_sewn_binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_hand_binding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_hand_binding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern hand binding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_hand_binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conservation and restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_and_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_and_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Terms and techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terms_and_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terms and techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terms_and_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paperback_binding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paperback_binding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Paperback binding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paperback_binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Spine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Titling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bookbinding</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boekbindery" title="Boekbindery – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boekbindery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="تجليد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجليد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enquadernaci%C3%B3" title="Enquadernació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enquadernació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Knihařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Knihařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchbinden" title="Buchbinden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buchbinden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6itmine" title="Köitmine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Köitmine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βιβλιοδεσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιβλιοδεσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encuadernaci%C3%B3n" title="Encuadernación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encuadernación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librobindado" title="Librobindado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Librobindado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koadernaketa" title="Koadernaketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koadernaketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="صحافی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صحافی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliure" title="Reliure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reliure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabharcheangal" title="Leabharcheangal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabharcheangal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%B3%B8" title="제본 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제본" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Կազմող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կազմող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="जिल्दसाज़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जिल्दसाज़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjilidan" title="Penjilidan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penjilidan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kband" title="Bókband – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bókband" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatoria" title="Legatoria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legatoria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="כריכת ספרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כריכת ספרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knygri%C5%A1yst%C4%97" title="Knygrišystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Knygrišystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nyvk%C3%B6t%C3%A9szet" title="Könyvkötészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Könyvkötészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Повез – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Повез" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ബുക്ക് ബൈൻഡിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബുക്ക് ബൈൻഡിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boekbinden" title="Boekbinden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boekbinden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%BD%E6%9C%AC" title="製本 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="製本" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਿਲਦਬੰਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਿਲਦਬੰਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introligatorstwo" title="Introligatorstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Introligatorstwo" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calf-binding&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Calf-binding">Calf-binding</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of assembling a book</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bookbinder" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bookbinder_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bookbinder (disambiguation)">Bookbinder (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relieur_JPG01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Relieur_JPG01.jpg/220px-Relieur_JPG01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Relieur_JPG01.jpg/330px-Relieur_JPG01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Relieur_JPG01.jpg/440px-Relieur_JPG01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2446" /></a><figcaption>A traditional bookbinder at work</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookbinders_type_holder_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg/220px-Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg/330px-Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg/440px-Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Bookbinder's type holder</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bookbinding</b> is the process of building a <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a>, usually in <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> format, from an ordered stack of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> sheets with one's hands and tools, or in modern publishing, by a series of automated processes. Firstly, one binds the sheets of papers along an edge with a thick needle and strong thread. One can also use loose-leaf rings, binding posts, twin-loop spine coils, plastic spiral coils, and plastic spine combs, but they last for a shorter time. Next, one encloses the bound stack of paper in a cover. Finally, one places an attractive cover onto the boards, and features the publisher's information and artistic decorations. </p><p>The trade of binding books is in two parts: the first is <a href="/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">stationery</a> binding (<a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>) for books planned to be written in. These include: accounting ledgers, business journals, blank-page books, guest logbooks, <a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">notebooks</a>, manifold books, day books, diaries, and portfolios. The second is <a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">letterpress printing</a> and binding deals with books planned to be read. This comprises: the <a href="/wiki/Library_binding" title="Library binding">library binding</a> fine binding, edition binding and publisher's bindings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan1950xi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1950xi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Bookbinding</b> is a skilled trade that requires measuring, cutting, and gluing. A finished book requires many steps to complete. This is usually determined by the materials needed and the layout of the book. Bookbinding combines skills from the trades of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper making</a>, textile and leather-working crafts, model making, and <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a> in order to create a book. For instances, these design and cut pages, assemble pages into paper sheets, et cetera. The trade of bookbinding is both a craft done out of creativity and passion and a process happening in a factory. But each type of bookbinding always resolves three problems in making a book: (i) how to bind the paper sheets into a book block; (ii) how to cover and protect the bound pages; and (iii) how to label and decorate the book covers that protect the pages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19689_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19689-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_book">Origins of the book</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins of the book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writers in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_novel" title="Ancient Greek novel">Hellenistic-Roman</a> culture wrote longer texts as <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scrolls</a>; these were stored in boxes or shelving with small cubbyholes, similar to a modern wine rack. Court records and notes were written on <a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">wax tablets</a>, while important documents were written on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>. The modern English word "book" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*bokiz</i>, referring to the beechwood on which early written works were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book was not needed in ancient times, as many early Greek texts—scrolls—were 30 pages long, which were customarily folded accordion-fashion to fit into the hand. Roman works were often longer, running to hundreds of pages. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word for book was <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tome</i></span>, meaning "to cut". The Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a> was a massive 200 pages long and was used in funerary services for the deceased. <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> scrolls, editions of first five books of the Old Testament, known as the Israelite (or Hebrew) Bible, were—and still are—also held in special holders when read. </p><p>Scrolls can be rolled in one of two ways. The first method is to wrap the scroll around a single core, similar to a modern roll of paper towels. While simple to construct, a single core scroll has a major disadvantage: in order to read text at the end of the scroll, the entire scroll must be unwound. This is partially overcome in the second method, which is to wrap the scroll around two cores, as in a Torah. With a double scroll, the text can be accessed from both beginning and end, and the portions of the scroll not being read can remain wound. This still leaves the scroll a sequential-access medium: to reach a given page, one generally has to unroll and re-roll many other pages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_book_formats">Early book formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early book formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg/220px-Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg/330px-Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg/440px-Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption>Early medieval <a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcase</a> containing about ten codices depicted in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a></i></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the scroll, <a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">wax tablets</a> were commonly used in Antiquity as a writing surface. <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">Diptychs</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Polyptych" title="Polyptych">polyptych</a> formats were often hinged together along one edge, analogous to the spine of modern books, as well as a folding concertina format. Such a set of simple wooden boards sewn together was called by the Romans a <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> (pl. codices)—from the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caudex</i></span>, meaning "the trunk" of a tree, around the first century AD. Two ancient polyptychs, a pentaptych and octoptych, excavated at <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> employed a unique connecting system that presages later sewing on thongs or cords.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the first century, a kind of folded parchment notebook called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pugillares membranei</i></span> in Latin, became commonly used for writing throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsSkeat198715–22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsSkeat198715–22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term was used by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman literature">Roman poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>. Martial used the term with reference to gifts of literature exchanged by Romans during the festival of <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>. According to T. C. Skeat, "in at least three cases and probably in all, in the form of codices" and he theorized that this form of notebook was invented in Rome and then "must have spread rapidly to the Near East".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeat200445_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeat200445-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his discussion of one of the earliest pagan parchment codices to survive from <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a> in Egypt, Eric Turner seems to challenge Skeat's notion when stating "its mere existence is evidence that this book form had a prehistory" and that "early experiments with this book form may well have taken place outside of Egypt".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early intact codices were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi" title="Nag Hammadi">Nag Hammadi</a> in Egypt. Consisting of primarily Gnostic texts in Coptic, the books were mostly written on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>, and while many are single-<a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity#Quire" title="Units of paper quantity">quire</a>, a few are multi-quire. Codices were a significant improvement over papyrus or vellum scrolls in that they were easier to handle. However, despite allowing writing on both sides of the leaves, they were still foliated—numbered on the leaves, like the Indian books. The idea spread quickly through the early churches, and the word "Bible" comes from the town where the Byzantine monks established their first <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, in modern Lebanon. The idea of numbering each side of the page—Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pagina</i></span>, "to fasten"—appeared when the text of the individual testaments of the Bible were combined and text had to be searched through more quickly. This book format became the preferred way of preserving manuscript or printed material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quran_rzabasi1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/220px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/330px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/440px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="2394" /></a><figcaption>9th-century Qur'an in <a href="/wiki/Reza_Abbasi_Museum" title="Reza Abbasi Museum">Reza Abbasi Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a>-style book, using sheets of either <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> (before the spread of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">papermaking</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>), was invented in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> during the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First described by the poet <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a> from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Spain">Roman Spain</a>, it largely replaced earlier writing mediums such as <a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">wax tablets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scrolls</a> by the year 300 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxf_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxf-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 6th century AD, the scroll and wax tablet had been completely replaced by the codex in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeat200445_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeat200445-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western books from the fifth century onwards<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> were bound between hard covers, with pages made from parchment folded and sewn onto strong cords or ligaments that were attached to wooden boards and covered with leather. Since early books were exclusively handwritten on handmade materials, sizes and styles varied considerably, and there was no standard of uniformity. Early and medieval codices were bound with flat spines, and it was not until the fifteenth century that books began to have the rounded spines associated with hardcovers today.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the vellum of early books would react to humidity by swelling, causing the book to take on a characteristic wedge shape, the wooden covers of medieval books were often secured with straps or clasps. These straps, along with metal bosses on the book's covers to keep it raised off the surface that it rests on, are collectively known as furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liber_Landavensis_binding.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Liber_Landavensis_binding.png/220px-Liber_Landavensis_binding.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Liber_Landavensis_binding.png/330px-Liber_Landavensis_binding.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Liber_Landavensis_binding.png/440px-Liber_Landavensis_binding.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Decorative binding with figurehead of the 12th century manuscript <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Liber_Landavensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Landavensis">Liber Landavensis</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest surviving European bookbinding is the <a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert_Gospel" title="St Cuthbert Gospel">St Cuthbert Gospel</a> of about 700, in red goatskin, now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, whose decoration includes raised patterns and coloured tooled designs. Very grand manuscripts for liturgical rather than library use had covers in <a href="/wiki/Metalwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalwork">metalwork</a> called <a href="/wiki/Treasure_binding" title="Treasure binding">treasure bindings</a>, often studded with gems and incorporating <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> relief panels or enamel elements. Very few of these have survived intact, as they have been broken up for their precious materials, but a fair number of the ivory panels have survived, as they were hard to recycle; the divided panels from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Aureus_of_Lorsch" title="Codex Aureus of Lorsch">Codex Aureus of Lorsch</a> are among the most notable. The 8th century <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Coronation_Gospels" title="Vienna Coronation Gospels">Vienna Coronation Gospels</a> were given a new gold relief cover in about 1500, and the <a href="/wiki/Lindau_Gospels" title="Lindau Gospels">Lindau Gospels</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Library">Morgan Library</a>, New York) have their original cover from around 800.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508–9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508–9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg/220px-Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg/330px-Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg/440px-Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Sammelband of three alchemical treatises, bound in Strasbourg by Samuel Emmel <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1568</span>, showing metal clasps and leather covering of boards</figcaption></figure> <p>Luxury medieval books for the library had leather covers decorated, often all over, with tooling (incised lines or patterns), <a href="/wiki/Blind_stamp" title="Blind stamp">blind stamps</a>, and often small metal pieces of furniture. Medieval stamps showed animals and figures as well as the vegetal and geometric designs that would later dominate book cover decoration. Until the end of the period books were not usually stood up on shelves in the modern way. The most functional books were bound in plain white <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> over boards, and had a brief title hand-written on the spine. Techniques for fixing <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> under the tooling and stamps were imported from the Islamic world in the 15th century, and thereafter the gold-tooled leather binding has remained the conventional choice for high quality bindings for collectors, though cheaper bindings that only used gold for the title on the spine, or not at all, were always more common. Although the arrival of the printed book vastly increased the number of books produced in Europe, it did not in itself change the various styles of binding used, except that vellum became much less used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508–11_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508–11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_paper">Introduction of paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Introduction of paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although early, coarse <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hempen</a> paper had existed in China during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> period (202 BC – 9 AD), the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Eastern-Han</a> Chinese court eunuch <a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50</span> – 121 AD) introduced the first significant improvement and standardization of papermaking by adding essential new materials into its composition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien198538–41_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien198538–41-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_board_marbling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Book_board_marbling.jpg/220px-Book_board_marbling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Book_board_marbling.jpg/330px-Book_board_marbling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Book_board_marbling.jpg/440px-Book_board_marbling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbled</a> book board from a book published in London in 1872</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_bookbinding" title="Traditional Chinese bookbinding">Bookbinding in medieval China</a> replaced traditional Chinese writing supports such as <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips" title="Bamboo and wooden slips">bamboo and wooden slips</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">silk</a> and paper scrolls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien1985227_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien1985227-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolution of the codex in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a> began with folded-leaf <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlets</a> in the 9th century AD, during the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907), improved by the 'butterfly' bindings of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279), the wrapped back binding of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), the stitched binding of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> (1368–1644) and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties (1644–1912), and finally the adoption of Western-style bookbinding in the 20th century (coupled with the European <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> that replaced <a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">traditional Chinese printing methods</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien1985227–229_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien1985227–229-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial phase of this evolution, the accordion-folded palm-leaf-style book, most likely came from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and was introduced to China via <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist missionaries and scriptures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien1985227–229_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien1985227–229-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the arrival (from the East) of <a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">rag paper</a> manufacturing in Europe in the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the use of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> beginning in the mid-15th century, bookbinding began to standardize somewhat, but page sizes still varied considerably.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Paper leaves also meant that heavy wooden boards and metal furniture were no longer necessary to keep books closed, allowing for much lighter pasteboard covers. The practice of rounding and backing the spines of books to create a solid, smooth surface and "shoulders" supporting the textblock against its covers facilitated the upright storage of books and titling on spine. This became common practice by the close of the 16th century but was consistently practiced in Rome as early as the 1520s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early sixteenth century, the Italian printer <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a> realized that personal books would need to fit in saddle bags and thus produced books in the smaller formats of <i><a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quartos</a></i> (one-quarter-size pages) and <i><a href="/wiki/Octavo" title="Octavo">octavos</a></i> (one-eighth-size pages).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, a prominent centre of the German book-trade, in 1739 had 20 bookshops, 15 printing establishments, 22 book-binders and three type-foundries in a population of 28,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittmann2011269_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2011269-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the German book-distribution system of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the end-user buyers of books "generally made separate arrangements with either the publisher or a bookbinder to have printed sheets bound according to their wishes and their budget".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reduced cost of books facilitated cheap lightweight Bibles, made from tissue-thin oxford paper, with floppy covers, that resembled the early <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurans</a>, enabling missionaries to take portable books with them around the world, and modern wood glues enabled the addition of paperback covers to simple glue bindings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_of_book_binding">Forms of book binding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Forms of book binding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of book-binding methods features:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_binding" title="Coptic binding">Coptic binding</a>: a method of sewing leaves/pages together</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_binding" title="Ethiopian binding">Ethiopian binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-stitch_bookbinding" title="Long-stitch bookbinding">Long-stitch bookbinding</a></li> <li>Islamic bookcover features a with a flap on the back cover that encloses the front when the book is closed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wooden-board binding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limp_vellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Limp vellum">Limp vellum</a> binding</li> <li>Calf binding ("leather-bound")</li> <li>Paper case binding</li> <li>In-board cloth binding</li> <li>Cased cloth binding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidered_binding" title="Embroidered binding">Embroidered binding</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradel_binding" title="Bradel binding">Bradel binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_bookbinding" title="Traditional Chinese bookbinding">Traditional Chinese and Korean bookbinding and Japanese stab binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girdle_book" title="Girdle book">Girdle binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropodermic_bibliopegy" title="Anthropodermic bibliopegy">Anthropodermic bibliopegy</a> (rare) bookbinding in <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">human skin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Belgian_binding" title="Secret Belgian binding">Secret Belgian binding</a> (or "crisscross binding"), invented in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_commercial_binding">Modern commercial binding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern commercial binding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For several hundred years, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Middleton" title="Bernard Middleton">Bernard Middleton</a> reminds us, most newly published books were sold with customised or temporary bindings.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various commercial techniques in use today. Today, most commercially produced books belong to one of four categories: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardcover_binding">Hardcover binding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hardcover binding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_Conservators,_Mitchell_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg/220px-Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg/330px-Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg/440px-Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1586" /></a><figcaption>Book conservators at the State Library of New South Wales, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a>, hardbound or hardback book has rigid covers and is stitched in the spine. Looking from the top of the spine, the book can be seen to consist of a number of <a href="#Terms_and_techniques">signatures</a> bound together. When the book is opened in the middle of a signature, the binding threads are visible. Signatures of hardcover books are typically <a href="/wiki/Octavo_(text)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavo (text)">octavo</a> (a single sheet folded three times), though they may also be folio, quarto, or 16mo (see <a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Book size</a>). Unusually large and heavy books are sometimes bound with wire. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Leighton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald Leighton (page does not exist)">Archibald Leighton</a> is generally credited with having introduced cotton-based book cloth to wholesale bookbinding, which was of great importance to the economy and global expansion of book sales in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new material was much longer lasting than paper "boards" and significantly cheaper than the more elegant leather bindings. As the century progressed, fine quality mass produced covers emerged, often with bright colours and textures, introduced by <a href="/wiki/George_Harold_Winterbottom#Business_magnate" title="George Harold Winterbottom">Archibald Winterbottom & Sons</a>, which dominated bookbinding for a century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the mid-20th century, covers of mass-produced books were laid with bookcloth, but from that period onward, most publishers adopted clothette, a kind of textured paper which vaguely resembles cloth but is easily differentiated on close inspection. Most cloth-bound books are now half-and-half covers with cloth covering only the spine. In that case, the cover has a paper overlap. The covers of modern hardback books are made of thick cardboard. </p><p>Some books that appeared in the mid-20th century signature-bound appear in reprinted editions in glued-together editions. Copies of such books stitched together in their original format are often difficult to find and are much sought after for both aesthetic and practical reasons. </p><p>A variation of the hardcover which is more durable is the calf-binding, where the cover is either half or fully clad in <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, usually from a <a href="/wiki/Calf_(animal)" title="Calf (animal)">calf</a>. This is also called full-bound or, simply, leather bound. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Library_binding" title="Library binding">Library binding</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a> binding of books intended for the rigors of <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> use and are largely <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> publications. Though many publishers have started to provide "library binding" editions, many libraries elect to purchase paperbacks and have them rebound in hard covers for longer life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methods">Methods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of methods used to bind hardcover books. Those still in use include: </p> <ol><li>Case binding is the most common type of hardcover binding for books. The pages are arranged in signatures and glued together into a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_block&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Book block (page does not exist)">textblock</a>". The textblock is then attached to the cover or "case" which is made of cardboard covered with paper, cloth, vinyl or leather. This is also known as cloth binding, or edition binding.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversewn_binding" title="Oversewn binding">Oversewing</a>, where the signatures of the book start off as loose pages which are then clamped together. Small vertical holes are punched through the far left-hand edge of each signature, and then the signatures are sewn together with lockstitches to form the text block. Oversewing is a very strong method of binding and can be done on books up to five inches thick. However, the margins of oversewn books are reduced, and the pages will not lie flat when opened.</li> <li>Sewing through the fold (also called Smyth Sewing), where the signatures of the book are folded and stitched through the fold, has been called the "gold standard" for binding.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signatures are then sewn and <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">glued</a> together at the spine to form a text block. In contrast to oversewing, through-the-fold books have wide margins and can open completely flat. Pages cannot fall out unless they are ripped. Many varieties of sewing stitches exist, from basic links to the often-used Kettle Stitch. While Western books are generally sewn through punched holes or sawed notches along the fold, some Asian bindings, such as the Retchoso or Butterfly Stitch of Japan, use small slits instead of punched holes.</li> <li>Double-fan adhesive binding starts off with a stack of loose pages, which is run over a roller, "fanning" the pages, to apply a thin layer of glue to each page edge. Then the pages are perfectly aligned to form a text block, and the glued edges of the text block are attached to a piece of cloth lining to form the spine. Double-fan adhesive bound books can open completely flat and have a wide margin. However, certain types of paper do not hold adhesive well, and, with wear and tear, the pages can come loose.<sup id="cite_ref-Parisi_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parisi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg/220px-Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg/330px-Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg/440px-Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="1713" /></a><figcaption>Modern <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> spines</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punch_and_bind"><span class="anchor" id="Square_bind"></span>Punch and bind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Punch and bind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different types of the <i>punch and bind</i> binding include: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_binding" title="Wire binding">Double wire, twin loop, or Wire-O binding</a> is a type of binding that is used for books that will be viewed or read in an office or home type environment. The binding involves the use of a C-shaped wire spine that is squeezed into a round shape using a wire closing device. Double wire binding allows books to have smooth crossover and is affordable in many colors. This binding is great for annual reports, owners' manuals and software manuals. Wire bound books are made of individual sheets, each punched with a line of round or square holes on the binding edge.<br />This type of binding uses either a 3:1 pitch hole pattern with three holes per inch or a 2:1 pitch hole pattern with two holes per inch. The three to one hole pattern is used for smaller books that are up to 9/16" in diameter while the 2:1 pattern is normally used for thicker books as the holes are slightly bigger to accommodate slightly thicker, stronger wire. Once punched, the back cover is then placed on to the front cover ready for the wire binding elements (double loop wire) to be inserted. The wire is then placed through the holes. The next step involves the binder holding the book by its pages and inserting the wire into a "closer" which is basically a vise that crimps the wire closed and into its round shape. The back page can then be turned back to its correct position, thus hiding the spine of the book.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comb_binding" title="Comb binding">Comb binding</a> uses a 9/16" pitch rectangular hole pattern punched near the bound edge. A curled plastic "comb" is fed through the slits to hold the sheets together. Comb binding allows a book to be disassembled and reassembled by hand without damage. Comb supplies are typically available in a wide range of colors and diameters. The supplies themselves can be re-used or recycled. In the United States, comb binding is often referred to as 19-ring binding because it uses a total of 19 holes along the 11-inch side of a sheet of paper.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VeloBind" title="VeloBind">VeloBind</a> is used to permanently rivet pages together using a plastic strip on the front and back of the document. Sheets for the document are punched with a line of holes near the bound edge. A series of pins attached to a plastic strip called a Comb feeds through the holes to the other side and then goes through another plastic strip called the receiving strip. The excess portion of the pins is cut off and the plastic heat-sealed to create a relatively flat bind method. VeloBind provides a more permanent bind than comb-binding but is primarily used for business and legal presentations and small publications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil_binding" title="Coil binding">Spiral binding</a> is the most economical form of mechanical binding when using plastic or metal. It is commonly used for atlases<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and other publications where it is necessary or desirable for the publication to be opened back onto itself without breaking or damaging the spine. A number of different varieties exist, though all are produced through the basic principle of a wire <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helix</a> being wound through a number of holes punched along the spine of the book, providing a hinge with a greater degree of flexibility.<br />Spiral coil binding uses a number of different hole patterns for binding documents. The most common hole pattern used is 4:1 pitch (4 holes per inch). However, spiral coil spines are also available for use with 3:1 pitch, 5:1 pitch and 0.400-hole patterns.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermally_activated_binding">Thermally activated binding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Thermally activated binding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the different types of thermally activated binding include: </p> <ol><li><i>Perfect binding</i> is often used for <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> books. It is also used for <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i> is one example of this type. Perfect bound books usually consist of various sections with a cover made from heavier paper, glued together at the spine with a strong glue. The sections are milled in the back and notches are applied into the spine to allow hot glue to penetrate into the spine of the book. The other three sides are then face trimmed, allowing the magazine or paperback book to be opened. <a href="/wiki/Mass-market_paperback" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass-market paperback">Mass-market paperbacks</a> (pulp paperbacks) are small (<i><a href="/wiki/Duodecimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Duodecimo">16mo</a></i> size), cheaply made with each sheet fully cut and glued at the spine; these are likely to fall apart or lose sheets after much handling or several years. <a href="/wiki/Paperback#Trade" title="Paperback">Trade paperbacks</a> are more sturdily made, with traditional gatherings or sections of bifolios, usually larger, and more expensive. The difference between the two can usually easily be seen by looking for the sections in the top or bottom sides of the book.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Thermal binding</i> uses a one-piece cover with glue applied to its spine to quickly and easily bind documents without the need for punching. Individuals usually purchase "thermal covers" or "therm-a-bind covers", which are usually made to fit a standard-size sheet of paper and come with a glue channel down the spine. The paper is placed in the cover, heated in a machine (resembling a <a href="/wiki/Griddle" title="Griddle">griddle</a>), and when the glue cools, it adheres the paper to the spine. Thermal glue strips can also be purchased separately for individuals that wish to use customized or original covers. However, creating documents using thermal binding glue strips can be a tedious process, requiring a scoring device and a large-format printer.</li> <li>A <i>cardboard article</i> is a publication that resembles a hardbound book, despite being a paperback with a hard cover. Many books sold as hardcover are actually of this type; the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a> series is an example. This type of document is usually bound with thermal adhesive glue using a perfect-binding machine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Tape binding</i> refers to a binding method that utilises thermal adhesive tape applied to the base of a document. A tape binding machine, such as the PLANAX COPY Binder or Powis Parker Fastback system, is then typically used to complete the binding process and to activate the thermal adhesive on the glue strip. However, some users also refer to tape binding as the process of adding a colored tape to the edge of a mechanically fastened (stapled or stitched) document.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stitched_or_sewn_binding">Stitched or sewn binding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stitched or sewn binding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>A <i>sewn book</i> is constructed in the same way as a hardbound book, except that it lacks the hard covers. The binding is as durable as that of a hardbound book.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stapling" class="mw-redirect" title="Stapling">Stapling</a></i> through the <a href="/wiki/Centerfold" title="Centerfold">centerfold</a>, also called <i>saddle-stitching</i>, joins a set of nested folios into a single magazine issue; most <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a> are well-known examples of this type.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></i> are considered more ephemeral than books, and less durable means of binding them are usual. In general, the cover papers of magazines will be the same as the inner pages (self-cover)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or only slightly heavier (plus cover). Most magazines are stapled or saddle-stitched; however, some are bound with perfect binding and use thermally activated adhesive.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_hand_binding">Modern hand binding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern hand binding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookinfo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/220px-Bookinfo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/330px-Bookinfo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/440px-Bookinfo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Scheme of common <a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">book design</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"><div><ol><li>Belly band</li><li>Flap</li><li><a href="/wiki/Endpapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Endpapers">Endpaper</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Book cover</a></li><li>Head</li><li>Fore edge</li><li>Tail</li><li>Right page, recto</li><li>Left page, verso</li><li>Gutter</li></ol></div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern bookbinding by hand can be seen as two closely allied fields: the creation of new bindings, and the repair of existing bindings. Bookbinders are often active in both fields. Bookbinders can learn the craft through <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a>; by attending specialized trade schools;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by taking classes in the course of university studies, or by a combination of those methods. Some European countries offer a <i>Master Bookbinder</i> certification, though no such certification exists in the United States. MFA programs that specialize in the 'Book Arts' (hand papermaking, printmaking and bookbinding) are available through certain colleges and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hand bookbinders create new bindings that run the gamut from historical book structures made with traditional materials to modern structures made with 21st-century materials, and from basic cloth-case bindings to valuable full-leather fine bindings. Repairs to existing books also encompass a broad range of techniques, from minimally invasive conservation of a historic book to the full restoration and rebinding of a text. </p><p>Though almost any existing book can be repaired to some extent, only books that were originally sewn can be rebound by resewing. Repairs or restorations are often done to emulate the style of the original binding. For new works, some publishers print unbound manuscripts which a binder can collate and bind, but often an existing commercially bound book is <i>pulled</i>, or taken apart, in order to be given a new binding. Once the text block of the book has been pulled, it can be rebound in almost any structure; a modern suspense novel, for instance, could be rebound to look like a 16th-century manuscript. Bookbinders may bind several copies of the same text, giving each copy a unique appearance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg/260px-Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg/390px-Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg/520px-Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>Hardbound book spine stitching</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_book_flat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Side_book_flat.jpg/260px-Side_book_flat.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Side_book_flat.jpg/390px-Side_book_flat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Side_book_flat.jpg/520px-Side_book_flat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="169" /></a><figcaption>Traditionally sewn book opened flat</figcaption></figure> <p>Hand bookbinders use a variety of specialized hand tools, the most emblematic of which is the <a href="/wiki/Bonefolder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonefolder">bonefolder</a>, a flat, tapered, polished piece of bone used to crease paper and apply pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional tools common to hand bookbinding include a variety of knives and hammers, as well as brass tools used during <a href="/wiki/Finishing_(bookbinding)" title="Finishing (bookbinding)">finishing</a> (as seen in the lead photograph for this article). </p><p>When creating new work, modern hand binders often work on commission, creating bindings for specific books or collections. Books can be bound in many different materials. Some of the more common materials for covers are <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, decorative <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">buckram</a>). Those bindings that are made with exceptionally high craftsmanship, and that are made of particularly high-quality materials (especially full leather bindings), are known as <i>fine</i> or <i>extra</i> bindings. Also, when creating a new work, modern binders may wish to select a book that has already been printed and create what is known as a 'design binding'. "In a typical design binding, the binder selects an already printed book, disassembles it, and rebinds it in a style of fine binding—rounded and backed spine, laced-in boards, sewn headbands, decorative end sheets, leather cover etc."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hardbound book with half leather binding (spine and corners) and marbled boards"><img alt="Hardbound book with half leather binding (spine and corners) and marbled boards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg/300px-Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg/450px-Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg/600px-Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hardbound book with half leather binding (spine and corners) and marbled boards</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilnolihi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cloth book cover with attached paper panel, mimicking half leather binding"><img alt="Cloth book cover with attached paper panel, mimicking half leather binding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ilnolihi.jpg/244px-Ilnolihi.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ilnolihi.jpg/366px-Ilnolihi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ilnolihi.jpg/487px-Ilnolihi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cloth book cover with attached paper panel, mimicking half leather binding</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_and_restoration">Conservation and restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conservation and restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera</a></div> <p>Conservation and restoration are practices intended to repair damage to an existing book. While they share methods, their goals differ. The goal of conservation is to slow the book's decay and restore it to a usable state while altering its physical properties as little as possible. Conservation methods have been developed in the course of taking care of large collections of books. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">archival</a></i> comes from taking care of the institution's archive of books. The goal of restoration is to return the book to a previous state as envisioned by the restorer, often imagined as the original state of the book. The methods of restoration have been developed by bookbinders with private clients mostly interested in improving their collections. </p><p>In either case, one of the modern standards for conservation and restoration is "reversibility". That is, any repair should be done in such a way that it can be undone if and when a better technique is developed in the future. Bookbinders echo the physician's creed, "<a href="/wiki/Primum_non_nocere" title="Primum non nocere">First, do no harm</a>". While reversibility is one standard, longevity of the functioning of the book is also very important and sometimes takes precedence over reversibility especially in areas that are invisible to the reader such as the spine lining. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Restore.jpg/220px-Restore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Restore.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Rebacking saving original spine, showing one volume finished and one untouched</figcaption></figure> <p>Books requiring restoration or conservation treatment run the gamut from the very earliest of texts to books with modern bindings that have undergone heavy usage. For each book, a course of treatment must be chosen that takes into account the book's value, whether it comes from the binding, the text, the <a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">provenance</a>, or some combination of the three. Many people choose to rebind books, from amateurs who restore old paperbacks on internet instructions to many professional book and paper conservators and restorationists, who often in the United States are members of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC). </p><p>Many times, books that need to be restored are hundreds of years old, and the handling of the pages and binding has to be undertaken with great care and a delicate hand. The archival process of restoration and conservation can extend a book's life for many decades and is necessary to preserve books that sometimes are limited to a small handful of remaining copies worldwide. </p><p>Typically, the first step in saving and preserving a book is its deconstruction. The text pages need to be separated from the covers and, if necessary, the stitching removed. This is done as delicately as possible. All page restoration is done at this point, be it the removal of <a href="/wiki/Foxing" title="Foxing">foxing</a>, ink stains, page tears, etc. Various techniques are employed to repair the various types of page damage that might have occurred during the life of the book. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg/220px-Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg/330px-Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg/440px-Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1947" /></a><figcaption> Example of blind tooling a book binding with exquisite detail</figcaption></figure> <p>The preparation of the "foundations" of the book could mean the difference between a beautiful work of art and a useless stack of paper and leather. </p><p>The sections are then hand-sewn in the style of its period, back into book form, or the original sewing is strengthened with new lining on the text-spine. New hinges must be accounted for in either case both with text-spine lining and some sort of end-sheet restoration. </p><p>The next step is the restoration of the book cover. This can be as complicated as completely re-creating a period binding to match the original using whatever is appropriate for that time it was originally created. Sometimes this means a new full leather binding with vegetable tanned leather, dyed with <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dyes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">hand-marbled</a> papers may be used for the sides or end-sheets. Finally, the cover is hand-tooled in gold leaf. The design of the book cover involves such hand-tooling, where an extremely thin layer of gold is applied to the cover. Such designs can be lettering, symbols, or floral designs, depending on the nature of any particular project. </p><p>Sometimes the restoration of the cover is a matter of surgically strengthening the original cover by lifting the original materials and applying new materials for strength. This is perhaps a more common method for covers made with book-cloth although leather books can be approached this way as well. Materials such as Japanese tissues of various weights may be used. Colors may be matched using acrylic paints or simple colored pencils. </p><p>It is usually harder to restore leather books because of the fragility of the materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_and_techniques">Terms and techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Terms and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In U.S. publishing the terms are: </p> <ul><li>In a finished book, a <i>leaf</i> (folio) has two pages of text or images, front and back, therefore, "on the folium" usually is followed by an alphanumeric designation that distinguishes <i>recto</i> from <i>verso</i>, thus "folio 5r" means "On the recto of the leaf numbered 5": <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Recto" class="mw-redirect" title="Recto">recto</a></i> side of a leaf faces left when the leaf is held upright from the spine (usually an odd-numbered page in a book).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Verso" class="mw-redirect" title="Verso">verso</a></i> side of a leaf faces right when the leaf is held upright from the spine (usually an even-numbered page in a book).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>A <i>bifolium</i> is a single sheet of paper folded in half to make two leaves; the plural is "bifolia".</li> <li>A <i><a href="/wiki/Section_(bookbinding)" title="Section (bookbinding)">section</a></i> (also a <i>gathering</i> and <i>quire</i> if unprinted)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a group of bifolia organized as a <i>section</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a finished book, each section is sewn through the fold. The number of bifolia determine the name of the section:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i>duernion</i> — two bifolia, producing four leaves;</li> <li><i>ternion</i> — three bifolia, producing six leaves;</li> <li><i>quaternion</i> — four bifolia, producing eight leaves;</li> <li><i>quinternion</i> — five bifolia, producing ten leaves;</li> <li><i>sexternion</i> (also <i>sextern</i>) — six bifolia, producing twelve leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>A <i><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></i> is a series of quires sewn and bound through the folds.</li> <li>A <i><a href="/wiki/Section_(bookbinding)" title="Section (bookbinding)">signature</a></i> contains the text. Although <i>signature</i> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Signature_mark" title="Signature mark">signature mark</a>, usually, either a letter or a number printed on the first leaf of a section in order to facilitate collation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Folio</i> and <i>quarto</i> also refer to the size of the finished book, based on the sheet size that a paper maker could produce with a manual printing press: <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Folio_(printing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folio (printing)">folio</a> volume is typically 15 in (38 cm) or more in height, the largest book of regular dimensions.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a> volume (eight-page signature) is typically 9 by 12 in (23 by 30 cm), about the size of a modern magazine. A sheet folded <i>in quarto</i> (also 4to. and 4º) is twice folded in half at right angles to make four leaves.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Octavo" title="Octavo">octavo</a> volume (sixteen-page signature) is typically 5 to 6 in (13 to 15 cm) by 8 to 9 in (20 to 23 cm), the size of a <a href="/wiki/Digest_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Digest magazine">digest magazine</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Paperback#Trade_paperback" title="Paperback">trade paperback book</a>. A sheet folded <i>in octavo</i> (also 8vo. and 8º) is folded in half three times to make 8 leaves.</li> <li>A sextodecimo volume (thirty-two-page signature) is typically <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> by <span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in (11 by 17 cm), the dimensions of a mass-market paperback book. A sheet of paper folded <i>in sextodecimo</i> (also 16mo. and 16º) is folded in half four times to make 16 leaves.</li> <li><i>Duodecimo</i> (12mo), 24mo, 32mo, and 64mo are page sizes that allow printing between 24 and 128 pages on a single sheet of paper.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Trimming</i> separates the leaves of the bound book into pages. A sheet folded <i>in quarto</i> will have folds at the spine and at the top, which must be trimmed before the leaves can be turned. A <i>quire</i> folded <i>in octavo</i> might require trimming of the other two edges. Moreover, books with a <i><a href="/wiki/Deckle_edge" title="Deckle edge">Deckle edge</a></i> (uncut) are untrimmed and usually are special interest <i><a href="/wiki/Objet_d%27art" title="Objet d'art">objets d’art</a></i> to and for <a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">book collectors</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paperback_binding">Paperback binding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Paperback binding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regardless of whether a book is bound with a hardcover or bound with a paperback cover, the binding of the signatures determines the durability of the book-as-artefact. In the case of <i>perfect binding</i>, the pages are aligned, cut, and glued with a strong and flexible layer that holds the book together. In a paperback book, the visible portion of the spine is part of the flexible layer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spine">Spine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientation">Orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In languages written from left to right, such as English, books are bound on the left side of the cover; looking from on top, the pages increase counterclockwise. In right-to-left languages, books are bound on the right. In both cases, this is so the end of a page coincides with where it is turned. Many translations of <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Japanese comic books</a> retain the binding on the right, which allows the art, laid out to be read right-to-left, to be published without mirror-imaging it.</li></ul> <p>In China (only areas using Traditional Chinese), Japan, and Taiwan, literary books are written top-to-bottom, right-to-left, and thus are bound on the right, while textbooks are written left-to-right, top-to-bottom, and thus are bound on the left. In mainland China the direction of writing and binding for all books was changed to be like left to right languages in the mid-20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titling">Titling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Titling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg/130px-A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg/195px-A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg/260px-A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>Three books with different titling orientations:<br /> (left) ascending <br />(middle) descending <br />(right) upright</figcaption></figure> <p>Early books did not have <a href="/wiki/Title_(publishing)" title="Title (publishing)">titles</a> on their spines; rather they were shelved flat with their spines inward, and titles written with ink along their fore edges. Modern books display their titles on their spines. </p><p>In languages with Chinese-influenced writing systems, the title is written top-to-bottom, as is the language in general. In languages written from left to right, the spine text can be pillar (one letter per line), transverse (text line perpendicular to long edge of spine) and along spine. Conventions differ about the direction in which the title along the spine is rotated: </p> <ul><li><b>Top-to-bottom (descending):</b></li></ul> <p>In texts published or printed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the spine text, when the book is standing upright, runs from the top to the bottom. This means that when the book is lying flat with the front cover upwards, the title is oriented left-to-right on the spine. This practice is reflected in the industry standards ANSI/NISO Z39.41<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ISO 6357,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but "lack of agreement in the matter persisted among English-speaking countries as late as the middle of the twentieth century, when books bound in Britain still tended to have their titles read up the spine".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Bottom-to-top (ascending):</b></li></ul> <p>In most of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French Canada</a> the spine text, when the book is standing upright, runs from the bottom up, so the title can be read by tilting the head to the left. This allows the reader to read spines of books shelved in alphabetical order in accordance to the usual way: left-to-right and top-to-bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-Drösser_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drösser-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookspine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bookspine.jpg/220px-Bookspine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bookspine.jpg/330px-Bookspine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bookspine.jpg/440px-Bookspine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Modern book spine designs</figcaption></figure> <p>The spine of the book is an important aspect in book design, especially in cover design. When the books are stacked up or stored in a shelf, what is on the spine is the only visible information about the book. In a bookstore, the details on the spine are what initially attract attention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Bookbinders" title="Category:Bookbinders">Category:Bookbinders</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Women-Binders" title="Guild of Women-Binders">Guild of Women-Binders</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Winterbottom" title="Archibald Winterbottom">Archibald Winterbottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Adams" title="Katharine Adams">Katharine Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anthony_(bookbinder)" title="William Anthony (bookbinder)">William Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Baer" title="George A. Baer">George A. Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Cockerell" title="Douglas Cockerell">Douglas Cockerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Fein" title="Otto Fein">Otto Fein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Bissell_Grabhorn" title="Jane Bissell Grabhorn">Jane Bissell Grabhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hayday" title="James Hayday">James Hayday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Price_Horton" title="Carolyn Price Horton">Carolyn Price Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortino_Jaime" title="Fortino Jaime">Fortino Jaime</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kersten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Kersten (page does not exist)">Paul Kersten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kersten_(Buchbinder)" class="extiw" title="de:Paul Kersten (Buchbinder)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Lada-Mocarski" title="Polly Lada-Mocarski">Polly Lada-Mocarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gligorije_Vozarevi%C4%87" title="Gligorije Vozarević">Gligorije Vozarević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatz_Wiemeler" title="Ignatz Wiemeler">Ignatz Wiemeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zaehnsdorf" title="Joseph Zaehnsdorf">Joseph Zaehnsdorf</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bindery" title="Bindery">Bindery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_folding" title="Book folding">Book folding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_rebinding" title="Book rebinding">Book rebinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbindings_in_the_British_Library" title="Bookbindings in the British Library">Bookbindings in the British Library</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destinies_of_the_Soul" title="Destinies of the Soul">Destinies of the Soul</a></i> – a book bound in human skin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orihon" title="Orihon">Orihon</a> – Japanese historic precursor to modern books</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebound" title="Prebound">Prebound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_book" title="Prize book">Prize book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiffening" title="Stiffening">Stiffening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(bookbinding)" title="Swell (bookbinding)">Swell (bookbinding)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Wasōbon</a> – Japanese traditional bookbinding</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1950xi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan1950xi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan1950">Vaughan 1950</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19689-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19689_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1968">Robinson 1968</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=book">"book"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=book&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugliese_Carratelli1950" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pugliese Carratelli, Giovanni (1950). "L'Instrumentum Scriptorium nei Monumenti Pompeiani ed Ercolanesi". <i>Pompeiana: raccolta di studi per il secondo centenario degli di Pompei</i>. pp. 166–178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27Instrumentum+Scriptorium+nei+Monumenti+Pompeiani+ed+Ercolanesi&rft.btitle=Pompeiana%3A+raccolta+di+studi+per+il+secondo+centenario+degli+di+Pompei&rft.pages=166-178&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Pugliese+Carratelli&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsSkeat198715–22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsSkeat198715–22_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertsSkeat1987">Roberts & Skeat 1987</a>, pp. 15–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeat200445-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeat200445_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeat200445_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkeat2004">Skeat 2004</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1977" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Eric (1977). <i>The Typology of the Early Codex</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-7696-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-7696-5"><bdi>0-8122-7696-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Typology+of+the+Early+Codex&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8122-7696-5&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsSkeat1983" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Colin H; Skeat, TC (1983). <i>The Birth of the Codex</i>. London: British Academy. pp. 15–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-726061-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-726061-6"><bdi>0-19-726061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Codex&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15-22&rft.pub=British+Academy&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-19-726061-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Colin+H&rft.au=Skeat%2C+TC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxf-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxf_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Codex" in <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, New York & Oxford, 1991, p. 473. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195046528" title="Special:BookSources/0195046528">0195046528</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2002" class="citation book cs1">Greenfield, Jane (2002). <i>ABC of Bookbinding</i>. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press. pp. 79–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884718-41-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-884718-41-8"><bdi>1-884718-41-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC+of+Bookbinding&rft.place=New+Castle%2C+DE&rft.pages=79-117&rft.pub=Oak+Knoll+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-884718-41-8&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarthan1950">Harthan 1950</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508–9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508–9_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarthan1950">Harthan 1950</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508–11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarthan19508–11_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarthan1950">Harthan 1950</a>, pp. 8–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien198538–41-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien198538–41_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedhamTsien1985">Needham & Tsien 1985</a>, pp. 38–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien1985227-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien1985227_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedhamTsien1985">Needham & Tsien 1985</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien1985227–229-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien1985227–229_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedhamTsien1985227–229_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedhamTsien1985">Needham & Tsien 1985</a>, pp. 227–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boundlessbw.com/2/post/2020/02/the-book-on-two-legs-an-analysis-of-the-upright-book-and-its-humble-beginnings.html">"The Book on Two Legs"</a>. <i>Boundless Books and Writingware</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boundless+Books+and+Writingware&rft.atitle=The+Book+on+Two+Legs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boundlessbw.com%2F2%2Fpost%2F2020%2F02%2Fthe-book-on-two-legs-an-analysis-of-the-upright-book-and-its-humble-beginnings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiepenbring2015" class="citation news cs1">Piepenbring, Dan (12 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2015/11/12/a-brief-history-of-shelving-and-other-news/">"A brief history of shelving, and other news"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213154233/https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2015/11/12/a-brief-history-of-shelving-and-other-news/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+shelving%2C+and+other+news&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft.aulast=Piepenbring&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Fblog%2F2015%2F11%2F12%2Fa-brief-history-of-shelving-and-other-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/libraries-books-and-printing-biographies/aldus-manutius">"Aldus Manutius facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Aldus Manutius"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009185208/http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/libraries-books-and-printing-biographies/aldus-manutius">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Aldus+Manutius+facts%2C+information%2C+pictures+%7C+Encyclopedia.com+articles+about+Aldus+Manutius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fliterature-and-arts%2Flibraries-books-and-printing-biographies%2Faldus-manutius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2011269-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittmann2011269_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWittmann2011">Wittmann 2011</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlin2010" class="citation book cs1">Erlin, Matt (2010). "How to Think about Luxury Editions in Late Eighteenth- & Early Nineteenth-Century Germany". In Tatlock, Lynne (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-N0GxZg3EYEC"><i>Publishing Culture and the "Reading Nation": German Book History in the Long Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture Series. Vol. 76. <a href="/wiki/Camden_House_Publishing" title="Camden House Publishing">Camden House</a>. pp. 25–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571134028" title="Special:BookSources/9781571134028"><bdi>9781571134028</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2013</span>. <q>In most cases, questions related to book-binding did not figure into the discussions between authors and publishers about the formal aspects of editions of their works, because individual purchasers generally made separate arrangements with either the publisher or a bookbinder to have printed sheets bound according to their wishes and their budget.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+to+Think+about+Luxury+Editions+in+Late+Eighteenth-+%26+Early+Nineteenth-Century+Germany&rft.btitle=Publishing+Culture+and+the+%22Reading+Nation%22%3A+German+Book+History+in+the+Long+Nineteenth+Century&rft.series=Studies+in+German+Literature+Linguistics+and+Culture+Series&rft.pages=25-54&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781571134028&rft.aulast=Erlin&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-N0GxZg3EYEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See some examples at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philobiblon.com/bindorama13/">"Historic Cut-away Binding Structure Models"</a>. Book Arts Web. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627064401/http://www.philobiblon.com/bindorama13/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Cut-away+Binding+Structure+Models&rft.pub=Book+Arts+Web&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philobiblon.com%2Fbindorama13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/exhibitions/Islamic_book1.html">Yale University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106015807/http://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/exhibitions/Islamic_book1.html">Archived</a> 6 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> library exhibition "Islamic Books and Bookbinding"; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/50288/Bookbinding_with_Earthly_and_Mythical_Creatures">spread out example</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106015807/http://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/exhibitions/Islamic_book1.html">Archived</a> 6 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Brooklyn Museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyril_James,_Humphries_Davenport2006" class="citation book cs1">Cyril James, Humphries Davenport (23 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/17585/1.html#gsc.tab=0"><i>English Embroidered Bookbindings</i></a>. BookRags. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727020556/http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/17585/1.html#gsc.tab=0">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Embroidered+Bookbindings&rft.pub=BookRags&rft.date=2006-01-23&rft.au=Cyril+James%2C+Humphries+Davenport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Febooks%2F17585%2F1.html%23gsc.tab%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Rhonda "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myhandboundbooks.blogspot.ca/2011/06/secret-belgian-binding-not-secret.html">Secret Belgian Binding — not a secret anymore</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715062337/http://myhandboundbooks.blogspot.ca/2011/06/secret-belgian-binding-not-secret.html">Archived</a> 15 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" at My Handbound Books – Bookbinding Blog, 19 June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1995" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Bernard (1995). <i>Foreword to "Bookcloth 1823-1980"</i>. Stockport, Cheshire: Dorothy Tomlinson. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0952773600" title="Special:BookSources/0952773600"><bdi>0952773600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreword+to+%22Bookcloth+1823-1980%22&rft.place=Stockport%2C+Cheshire&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Dorothy+Tomlinson&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0952773600&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1963" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Bernard C. (1963). <i>A History of English Craft Bookbinding Technique</i>. New York & London: Hafner Publishing Company. p. 346.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+English+Craft+Bookbinding+Technique&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Hafner+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Bernard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinsonMasters1996" class="citation book cs1">Tomlinson, William; Masters, Richard (1996). <i>Bookcloth 1823-1980</i>. Stockport, Cheshire: Dorothy Tomlinson. pp. 1–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0952773600" title="Special:BookSources/0952773600"><bdi>0952773600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bookcloth+1823-1980&rft.place=Stockport%2C+Cheshire&rft.pages=1-143&rft.pub=Dorothy+Tomlinson&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0952773600&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Masters%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua P. Hochschild, Publishers' Bind, First Things (November 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2020/11/publishers-bind">https://www.firstthings.com/article/2020/11/publishers-bind</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113034316/https://www.firstthings.com/article/2020/11/publishers-bind">Archived</a> 13 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parisi-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parisi_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParisi1994" class="citation journal cs1">Parisi, Paul (February 1994). "Methods of Affixing Leaves: Options and Implications". <i>New Library Scene</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 8–11, 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Library+Scene&rft.atitle=Methods+of+Affixing+Leaves%3A+Options+and+Implications&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-11%2C+15&rft.date=1994-02&rft.aulast=Parisi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt3010.html">"A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology: self-cover"</a>. Stanford University Libraries and Academic Information Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616045536/http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt3010.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Descriptive+Terminology%3A+self-cover&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Libraries+and+Academic+Information+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcool.conservation-us.org%2Fdon%2Fdt%2Fdt3010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as the: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbl-ascona.ch/html/english.html">Centro del bel Libro</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826103021/http://www.cbl-ascona.ch/html/english.html">Archived</a> 26 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camberwell_College_of_Arts" title="Camberwell College of Arts">The Camberwell College of Arts</a>, The London College of Communication, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbss.org/">The North Bennet Street School</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516080416/http://nbss.org/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colum.edu/book_and_paper/">Columbia College Chicago</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512143659/http://www.colum.edu/Book_and_Paper/">Archived</a> 12 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookarts.ua.edu/">University of Alabama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212071852/http://www.bookarts.ua.edu/">Archived</a> 12 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nscad.ca">– Nova Scotia College of Art and Design</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205153646/http://www.nscad.ca/">Archived</a> 5 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uarts.edu/academics/cad/bookarts.html/">University of the Arts in Philadelphia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121024815/http://www.uarts.edu/academics/cad/bookarts.html">Archived</a> 21 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt1387.html">"Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—folder"</a>. US Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109054141/http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt1387.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etherington+%26+Roberts.+Dictionary%E2%80%94folder&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcool.conservation-us.org%2Fdon%2Fdt%2Fdt1387.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie2016" class="citation journal cs1">Leslie, W. (2016). "Bridging the Gap: Artist's Book and Design Bindings by Karen Hanmer". <i>Journal of Artists Books</i>. <b>39</b>: 47–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Artists+Books&rft.atitle=Bridging+the+Gap%3A+Artist%27s+Book+and+Design+Bindings+by+Karen+Hanmer.&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=47-49&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2002" class="citation book cs1">Greenfield, Jane (2002). <i>ABC of bookbinding: a unique glossary with over 700 illustrations for collectors and librarians</i>. New Castle (Del.) Nottingham (GB): Oak Knoll press The Plough press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884718-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884718-41-0"><bdi>978-1-884718-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC+of+bookbinding%3A+a+unique+glossary+with+over+700+illustrations+for+collectors+and+librarians&rft.place=New+Castle+%28Del.%29+Nottingham+%28GB%29&rft.pub=Oak+Knoll+press+The+Plough+press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-884718-41-0&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt2766.html">"Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—quire"</a>. US Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718035736/http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt2766.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etherington+%26+Roberts.+Dictionary%E2%80%94quire&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcool.conservation-us.org%2Fdon%2Fdt%2Fdt2766.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt3005.html">"Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—section"</a>. US Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718035751/http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt3005.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etherington+%26+Roberts.+Dictionary%E2%80%94section&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcool.conservation-us.org%2Fdon%2Fdt%2Fdt3005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/incunabula/e/chapter3/index.html">"Printing and Book Designs"</a>. National Diet Library, Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203063052/http://www.ndl.go.jp/incunabula/e/chapter3/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Printing+and+Book+Designs&rft.pub=National+Diet+Library%2C+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndl.go.jp%2Fincunabula%2Fe%2Fchapter3%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt2766.html">"Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—sexternion"</a>. US Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718035736/http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt2766.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etherington+%26+Roberts.+Dictionary%E2%80%94sexternion&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcool.conservation-us.org%2Fdon%2Fdt%2Fdt2766.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt3109.html">"Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—signature"</a>. US Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811075350/http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt3109.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etherington+%26+Roberts.+Dictionary%E2%80%94signature&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcool.conservation-us.org%2Fdon%2Fdt%2Fdt3109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niso.org/publications/ansiniso-z3941-1997-s2015">ANSI/NISO Z39.41-1997 Printed Information on Spines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081114105821/http://www.niso.org/kst/reports/standards?step=2&gid=None&project_key%3Austring%3Aiso-8859-1=adf940d30971d49c34abb475530b58b9cefd0ffa">Archived</a> 14 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/12665.html">"ISO 6357 <i>Spine titles on books and other publications</i>, 1985"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331160110/https://www.iso.org/standard/12665.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+6357+Spine+titles+on+books+and+other+publications%2C+1985.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F12665.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetroski1999" class="citation book cs1">Petroski, Henry (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookonbookshelf00petr_0"><i>The Book on the Bookshelf</i></a></span>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40649-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40649-2"><bdi>0-375-40649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+on+the+Bookshelf&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-375-40649-2&rft.aulast=Petroski&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookonbookshelf00petr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drösser-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drösser_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrösser2011" class="citation news cs1">Drösser, Christoph (9 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/2011/15/Stimmts">"Linksdrehende Bücher"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407224935/https://www.zeit.de/2011/15/Stimmts">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Linksdrehende+B%C3%BCcher&rft.date=2011-04-09&rft.aulast=Dr%C3%B6sser&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2011%2F15%2FStimmts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurdett1975" class="citation book cs1">Burdett, Eric (1975). <i>The Craft of Bookbinding: A Practical Handbook</i>. Vancouver, BC: David & Charles Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-071536656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-071536656-1"><bdi>978-071536656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Craft+of+Bookbinding%3A+A+Practical+Handbook&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+BC&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles+Limited&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-071536656-1&rft.aulast=Burdett&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarthan1950" class="citation book cs1">Harthan, John P. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RNJ-CSIssAUC"><i>Bookbindings</i></a>. H.M. Stationery Office – via <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bookbindings&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Harthan&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRNJ-CSIssAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamTsien1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin</a> (1985). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1: Paper and Printing</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-08690-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-08690-6"><bdi>0-521-08690-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China%3A+Volume+5%3A+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Part+1%3A+Paper+and+Printing&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-08690-6&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Tsien%2C+Tsuen-Hsuin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsSkeat1987" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Colin H.; Skeat, T. C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U8hVSQAACAAJ"><i>The Birth of the Codex</i></a>. OUP/British Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726061-6"><bdi>978-0-19-726061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Codex&rft.pub=OUP%2FBritish+Academy&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726061-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Colin+H.&rft.au=Skeat%2C+T.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU8hVSQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1968" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Ivor (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingbookb00robi"><i>Introducing Bookbinding</i></a></span>. Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Bookbinding&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroducingbookb00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeat2004" class="citation book cs1">Skeat, Theodore Cressy (2004). Elliot, J. K. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=td_OLXo4RvkC"><i>The Collected Biblical Writings of T. C. Skeat</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13920-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13920-6"><bdi>90-04-13920-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Biblical+Writings+of+T.+C.+Skeat&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13920-6&rft.aulast=Skeat&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Cressy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtd_OLXo4RvkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1950" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Alex J. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMEVAQAAIAAJ"><i>Modern Bookbinding: A Treatise Covering Both Letterpress and Stationery Branches of the Trade, with a Section on Finishing and Design</i></a>. Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7090-5820-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7090-5820-5"><bdi>978-0-7090-5820-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Bookbinding%3A+A+Treatise+Covering+Both+Letterpress+and+Stationery+Branches+of+the+Trade%2C+with+a+Section+on+Finishing+and+Design&rft.pub=Hale&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-7090-5820-5&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMEVAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittmann2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wittmann, Reinhard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Lozy93opzIC"><i>Geschichte des deutschen Buchhandels</i></a> [<i>History of the German Book Trade</i>] (in German). C.H.Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-61760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-61760-7"><bdi>978-3-406-61760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+deutschen+Buchhandels&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-406-61760-7&rft.aulast=Wittmann&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Lozy93opzIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brenni, Vito J., compiler. <i>Bookbinding: A Guide to the Literature</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-23718-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-23718-2">0-313-23718-2</a></li> <li>Diehl, Edith. <i>Bookbinding: Its Background and Technique</i>. New York: Dover Publications, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24020-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-24020-7">0-486-24020-7</a>. (Originally published by Rinehart & Company, 1946 in two volumes.)</li> <li>Foot, Mirjam Michaela (ed.). <i>Eloquent witnesses: bookbindings and their history ; a volume of essays dedicated to the memory of Dr Phiroze Randeria</i>. London: The Bibliographical Society, The British Library, 2004.</li> <li>Foot, Mirjam M. (2022)."Who Planted the Trees? Pioneers in the development of Bookbinding History." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_Collector" title="The Book Collector">The Book Collector</a></i> 71 no.3 (Autumn): 417–424.</li> <li>Gross, Henry. <i>Simplified Bookbinding</i>. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-22898-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-22898-8">0-442-22898-8</a></li> <li>Harrop, Dorothy J. 1975. "Craft Binders at Work V: H. J. Desmond Yardley, 1905-72." <i>The Book Collector</i> 24 (no 2) Summer: 245-250.</li> <li>Ikegami, Kojiro. <i>Japanese Bookbinding: Instructions from a Master Craftsman / adapted by Barbara Stephan</i>. New York: Weatherhill, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8348-0196-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8348-0196-5">0-8348-0196-5</a>. (Originally published as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hon no tsukuriikata</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">本のつくり方</span></span>)</span>.)</li> <li>Johnson, Arthur W. <i>Manual of Bookbinding</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-15332-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-15332-7">0-684-15332-7</a></li> <li>Johnson, Arthur W. <i>The Practical Guide to Craft Bookbinding</i>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27360-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27360-X">0-500-27360-X</a></li> <li>Klepikov, S.A. (1961). "Russian Bookbinding from the 11th to the Middle of the 17th Century.<i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_Collector" title="The Book Collector">The Book Collector</a></i> 10 4 (autumn): 408–422.</li> <li>Lewis, A. W. <i>Basic Bookbinding</i>. New York: Dover Publications, 1957. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20169-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20169-4">0-486-20169-4</a>. (Originally published by B.T. Batsford, 1952)</li> <li>Middleton, B.C. 1963 "A History of English Craft Bookbinding Technique" New York & London</li> <li>Pearson, David. 2020. "Bookbinding History and Sacred Cows." <i>Library</i> 21 (4): 498–517.</li> <li>Oldham, J. Basil, 1952. <i>English Blind-Stamped Bindings.</i> Cambridge: University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossen_Petkov" title="Rossen Petkov">Petkov, Rossen</a>, Licheva, Elitsa and others, <i>Binding design and paper conservation of antique books, albums and documents</i>, (BBinding), Sofia, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-92311-8-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-92311-8-2">978-954-92311-8-2</a></li> <li>Romme, Mirjam M. (1969). "The Henry Davis Collection I: The British Museum Gift." <i>The Book Collector</i> 18 no 1 (spring): 23–44.</li> <li>Smith, Keith A. <i>Non-adhesive Binding: Books Without Paste or Glue</i>. Fairport, NY: Sigma Foundation, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-927159-04-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-927159-04-X">0-927159-04-X</a></li> <li>Tomlinson, W and Master, R (1996 "Bookcloth 1823-1980", Stockport, Cheshire <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0952773600" title="Special:BookSources/0952773600">0952773600</a></li> <li>Waller, Ainslie C. "The Guild of Women-Binders", in <i>The Private Library</i> Autumn 1983, published by the <a href="/wiki/Private_Libraries_Association" title="Private Libraries Association">Private Libraries Association</a></li> <li>Zeier, Franz. <i>Books, Boxes and Portfolios: Binding Construction, and Design Step-by-Step</i>. New York: Design Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8306-3483-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8306-3483-5">0-8306-3483-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bookbinding" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bookbinding" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131235135/http://link.library.utoronto.ca/exhibitions/greatandmanifold/cases6-7.cfm">Fine Printing & Binding of the English Bible</a> – <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201002532/http://link.library.utoronto.ca/exhibitions/greatandmanifold/index.cfm">Great and Manifold: A Celebration of the Bible in English</a></i> digital collection, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/25300312@N08/collections/72157624849157725/">Book bindings through the ages on Flickr</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Sweden" title="National Library of Sweden">National Library of Sweden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookbinding.com/sitemap/">Several free books on Bookbinding, Gilding, Box construction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209204929/http://www.library.rochester.edu/index.cfm?page=3886">Online exhibit of publishers' bookbinding, 1830–1910 from the University of Rochester</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17585">English Embroidered Bookbindings</a>, by Cyril James Humphries Davenport, from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/Links.aspx">British Library Database of Bookbindings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226203745/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/Links.aspx">Archived</a> 26 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bindings.lib.ua.edu/">Publishers Bindings Online, 1815–1930: The Art of Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm4/index_binding.php?CISOROOT=/binding">University of Iowa Libraries Bookbinding Models Digital Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112215709/http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm4/index_binding.php?CISOROOT=%2Fbinding">Archived</a> 12 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/dorothyburn">Dorothy Burnett's bookbinding tools</a> – A rich set of tools, ranging in age from 60 years old to 100 years old, used by the first independent craft binder to set up shop in Vancouver, British Columbia, from the UBC Library Digital Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526215702/http://anno1900.nl/boekbanden1/">Dutch art nouveau and art deco bookbindings on Anno1900.nl</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/tb1">UNCG Digital Collections: American Publishers' Trade Bindings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbinding.org">BBinding project, resources and manuals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaton1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Paton_(museologist)" title="James Paton (museologist)">Paton, James</a> (1878). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bookbinding"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Bookbinding">"Bookbinding" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. IV (9th ed.). pp. 41–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bookbinding&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=41-44&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Joseph William Zaehnsdorf, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Bookbinding" class="extiw" title="s:The Art of Bookbinding">The Art of Bookbinding</a></i>, 1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Cobden-Sanderson" title="T. J. Cobden-Sanderson">T. J. Cobden-Sanderson</a>, "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Essays/Bookbinding" class="extiw" title="s:Arts and Crafts Essays/Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a>" in <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Essays" class="extiw" title="s:Arts and Crafts Essays">Arts and Crafts Essays</a></i>, 1893</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobden-Sanderson1895" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._J._Cobden-Sanderson" title="T. J. Cobden-Sanderson">Cobden-Sanderson, T. J.</a> (March 1895). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_46/March_1895/Bookbinding:_Its_Processes_and_Ideal" class="extiw" title="s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 46/March 1895/Bookbinding: Its Processes and Ideal">Bookbinding: Its Processes and Ideal</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i>. Vol. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Bookbinding%3A+Its+Processes+and+Ideal&rft.volume=46&rft.date=1895-03&rft.aulast=Cobden-Sanderson&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davenport, Cyril J. H. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bookbinding" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bookbinding&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Cyril+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseum_Libraries" class="citation web cs1">Museum Libraries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16028coll2">"Bookbinding and Book Collecting"</a>. <i>Digital Collections</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Collections&rft.atitle=Bookbinding+and+Book+Collecting&rft.au=Museum+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Flandingpage%2Fcollection%2Fp16028coll2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABookbinding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookbindersmuseum.org/">American Bookbinding Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Note_(typography)" title="Note (typography)">Footnote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">Gloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">Marginal note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">Scholia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction" title="Canons of page construction">Canons of page construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchword" title="Catchword">Catchword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_footer" title="Page footer">Footer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_header" title="Page header">Header</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headpiece_(book_illustration)" title="Headpiece (book illustration)">Headpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiated_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiated initial">Historiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhabited_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhabited initial">Inhabited</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">Rubric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubrication" title="Rubrication">Rubrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/120px-Liji.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/180px-Liji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/240px-Liji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Front and <br />back covers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropodermic_bibliopegy" title="Anthropodermic bibliopegy">Anthropodermic bibliopegy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">Dust jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">Hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather#Book_binding" title="Leather">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_cover" title="Picture cover">Picture cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_binding" title="Treasure binding">Treasure binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endpaper" title="Endpaper">Endpapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Front_matter" title="Book design">Front matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-title" title="Half-title">Half-title</a> <ul><li>bastard title</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_page" title="Title page">Title page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edition_notice" title="Edition notice">Edition notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimi_potest" title="Imprimi potest">Imprimi potest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihil_obstat" title="Nihil obstat">Nihil obstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Imprimatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedication_(publishing)" title="Dedication (publishing)">Dedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">Epigraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">Table of contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreword" title="Foreword">Foreword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">Preface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_(creative_arts_and_sciences)" title="Acknowledgment (creative arts and sciences)">Acknowledgments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_(writing)" title="Introduction (writing)">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prologue" title="Prologue">Prologue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_mark" title="Printer's mark">Printer's mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Body_matter" title="Book design">Body matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_text" title="Body text">Body text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustrations</a></li> <li>Parts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_(typography)" title="Section (typography)">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipped-in_page" title="Tipped-in page">Tipped-in pages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Back_matter_(end_matter)" title="Book design">Back matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterword" title="Afterword">Afterword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conclusion_(book)" title="Conclusion (book)">Conclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilogue" title="Epilogue">Epilogue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilogue" title="Epilogue">Outro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postscript" title="Postscript">Postscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addendum#In_books" title="Addendum">Addendum/Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Endnote">Endnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Errata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">Colophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postface" title="Postface">Postface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_page" title="Author page">Author page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ex-librīs</i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_rhyme" title="Book rhyme">Book rhyme</a></li> <li>Die-cutting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endband" title="Endband">Endband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-illustration" title="Extra-illustration">Extra-illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-edge_painting" title="Fore-edge painting">Fore-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">Pop-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipcase" title="Slipcase">Slipcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb_index" title="Thumb index">Thumb index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_publishing_process" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book-publishing_process" title="Template:Book-publishing process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book-publishing_process" title="Template talk:Book-publishing process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book-publishing_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book-publishing process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_publishing_process" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Book publishing process</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copy_(publishing)" title="Copy (publishing)">Copy</a> preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Submission</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Literary_agent" title="Literary agent">Literary agent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Publisher%27s_reader" title="Publisher's reader">Publisher's reader</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Contract negotiation</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalty</a> rates, format, etc.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Literary_editor" title="Literary editor">Literary editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_editor" title="Commissioning editor">Commissioning editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Developmental_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental editor">Developmental editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Authors%27_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Authors' editor">Authors' editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Book editor">Book editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editing</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prepress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">Indexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">Proof-reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proofreader%27s_marks" title="List of proofreader's marks">List of proofreader's marks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Book production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_folding" title="Book folding">Folding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_trimming" title="Book trimming">Trimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Decorative_arts_and_handicraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decorative_arts" title="Template:Decorative arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decorative_arts" title="Template talk:Decorative arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decorative_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decorative arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decorative_arts_and_handicraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decorative_arts" title="History of decorative arts">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner-making" title="Banner-making">Banner-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Canvas work">Canvas work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crocheting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stitch" title="Cross-stitch">Cross-stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_bracelet" title="Friendship bracelet">Friendship bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucet" title="Lucet">Lucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macrame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">Millinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlepoint" title="Needlepoint">Needlepoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">Needlework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Ribbon embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rug_hooking" title="Rug hooking">Rug hooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning (textiles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">Tatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altered_book" title="Altered book">Altered book</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardmaking" title="Cardmaking">Cardmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_paper" title="Cast paper">Cast paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoupage" title="Decoupage">Decoupage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier_coll%C3%A9" title="Papier collé">Papier collé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">Photomontage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decal" title="Decal">Decal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_folding" title="Iris folding">Iris folding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianzhi">Jianzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikiri_(papercutting)" title="Kamikiri (papercutting)">Kamikiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirigami" title="Kirigami">Kirigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moneygami" title="Moneygami">Moneygami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">Embossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_model" title="Paper model">Papercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papercutting" title="Papercutting">Papercutting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_paper_cutting" title="Jewish paper cutting">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycinanki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycinanki">Slavic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">Pop-up book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrapbooking" title="Scrapbooking">Scrapbooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">Stamping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentwood" title="Bentwood">Bentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Wood burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_china" title="Bone china">Bone china</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">Stoneware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_glass" title="Cameo glass">Cameo glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_work" title="Chip work">Chip work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">Glass etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glassware" title="List of glassware">Glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andiron" title="Andiron">Andiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_milling" title="Chemical milling">Chemical milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">Etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_brass_ornamental_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze and brass ornamental work">Bronze and brass ornamental work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">Ironwork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_modelling" title="Balloon modelling">Balloon modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_carving" title="Bone carving">Bone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll" title="Doll">Doll making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollhouse" title="Dollhouse">Dollhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">Egg decorating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraved gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faux_painting" title="Faux painting">Faux painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">Grotesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">Inro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath_art" title="Lath art">Lath art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">Leatherworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">Miniatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromosaic" title="Micromosaic">Micromosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_mosaic" title="Glass mosaic">Glass mosaic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">Netsuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_painting_in_H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Decorative painting in Hälsingland">Painting in Hälsingland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargeting" title="Pargeting">Pargeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">Pietra dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_press" title="Private press">Private press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressed_flower_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressed flower craft">Pressed flower craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrimshaw" title="Scrimshaw">Scrimshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_marquetry" title="Straw marquetry">Straw marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_decal" title="Wall decal">Wall decal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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