CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Integrated pest management - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b58ac5f3-7894-48ad-94f7-da8773a37083","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Integrated_pest_management","wgTitle":"Integrated pest management","wgCurRevisionId":1253035596,"wgRevisionId":1253035596,"wgArticleId":420764,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013","Webarchive template wayback links","Agronomy","Biological pest control","Pest control techniques", "Phytopathology","Soil chemistry"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Integrated_pest_management","wgRelevantArticleId":420764,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q525309","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/IPMtrap4854.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="980"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/IPMtrap4854.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="653"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="523"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Integrated pest management - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_pest_management"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_pest_management"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Integrated_pest_management rootpage-Integrated_pest_management skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Integrated+pest+management" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Integrated+pest+management" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Integrated+pest+management" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Integrated+pest+management" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrated pest management</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9" title="إدارة الآفات المتكاملة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدارة الآفات المتكاملة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="সমন্বিত বালাই দমন ব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমন্বিত বালাই দমন ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneig_integrat_de_plagues" title="Maneig integrat de plagues – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maneig integrat de plagues" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrovan%C3%A1_ochrana_proti_%C5%A1k%C5%AFdc%C5%AFm" title="Integrovaná ochrana proti škůdcům – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Integrovaná ochrana proti škůdcům" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrierter_Pflanzenschutz" title="Integrierter Pflanzenschutz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Integrierter Pflanzenschutz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manejo_integrado_de_plagas" title="Manejo integrado de plagas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manejo integrado de plagas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrita_lukto_kontra%C5%AD_plagoj" title="Integrita lukto kontraŭ plagoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Integrita lukto kontraŭ plagoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مدیریت یکپارچه آفات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیریت یکپارچه آفات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutte_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9e" title="Lutte intégrée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lutte intégrée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%ED%95%A9%EC%A0%81_%EB%B3%91%ED%95%B4%EC%B6%A9_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC" title="종합적 병해충 관리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종합적 병해충 관리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="एकीकृत नाशीजीव प्रबंधन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकीकृत नाशीजीव प्रबंधन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manajemen_hama_terpadu" title="Manajemen hama terpadu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manajemen hama terpadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta_integrata" title="Lotta integrata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lotta integrata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengurusan_perosak_bersepadu" title="Pengurusan perosak bersepadu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengurusan perosak bersepadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%AFntegreerde_gewasbescherming" title="Geïntegreerde gewasbescherming – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geïntegreerde gewasbescherming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="एकीकृत शत्रु जीव व्यवस्थापन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एकीकृत शत्रु जीव व्यवस्थापन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E7%9A%84%E7%97%85%E5%AE%B3%E8%99%AB%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="総合的病害虫管理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="総合的病害虫管理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrowana_ochrona_ro%C5%9Blin" title="Integrowana ochrona roślin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Integrowana ochrona roślin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o_integrada" title="Proteção integrada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proteção integrada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Интегрированная защита растений – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интегрированная защита растений" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඒකාබද්ධ කෘමි පාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඒකාබද්ධ කෘමි පාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Integrated pest management" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrerat_v%C3%A4xtskydd" title="Integrerat växtskydd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Integrerat växtskydd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="ஒருங்கிணைந்த தீங்குயிர் மேலாண்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒருங்கிணைந்த தீங்குயிர் மேலாண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Інтегрований захист рослин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інтегрований захист рослин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q525309#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Integrated_pest_management" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Integrated_pest_management" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Integrated_pest_management" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&oldid=1253035596" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Integrated_pest_management&id=1253035596&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIntegrated_pest_management"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIntegrated_pest_management"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Integrated_pest_management&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Integrated_pest_management" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q525309" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Approach for economic control of pests</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPMtrap4854.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/IPMtrap4854.JPG/220px-IPMtrap4854.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/IPMtrap4854.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>An IPM <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a> <a href="/wiki/Insect_trap" title="Insect trap">trap</a> in a cotton field (<a href="/wiki/Manning,_South_Carolina" title="Manning, South Carolina">Manning, South Carolina</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Integrated pest management (IPM)</b>, also known as <b>integrated pest control (IPC)</b> that integrates both <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_pest_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural pest control">non-chemical</a> practices for economic <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">control of pests</a>. The UN's <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> defines IPM as "the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">Entomologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist">ecologists</a> have urged the adoption of IPM pest control since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-knipling_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knipling-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPM is a safer pest control framework than reliance on the use of chemical pesticides, mitigating risks such as: insecticide-induced <a href="/wiki/Resurgence_(pest)" title="Resurgence (pest)">resurgence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_resistance" title="Pesticide resistance">pesticide resistance</a> and (especially food) crop <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_residue" title="Pesticide residue">residues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RPU_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wright_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PerringsWilliamson2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerringsWilliamson2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clerq_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clerq-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after World War II, when synthetic <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a> were introduced, entomologists in California developed the concept of "supervised insect control".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith&Smith_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith&Smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, entomologists in the US <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Belt (region)">Cotton Belt</a> were advocating a similar approach. Under this scheme, insect control was "supervised" by qualified entomologists and insecticide applications were based on conclusions reached from periodic monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a> and natural-enemy populations. This was viewed as an alternative to calendar-based programs. Supervised control was based on knowledge of the ecology and analysis of projected trends in pest and natural-enemy populations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Supervised control formed much of the conceptual basis for the "integrated control" that University of California entomologists articulated in the 1950s. Integrated control sought to identify the best mix of chemical and biological controls for a given insect pest. Chemical insecticides were to be used in the manner least disruptive to biological control. The term "integrated" was thus synonymous with "compatible." Chemical controls were to be applied only after regular monitoring indicated that a pest population had reached a level that required treatment (the <a href="/wiki/Economic_threshold" title="Economic threshold">economic threshold</a>) to prevent the population from reaching a level at which economic losses would exceed the cost of the control measures (the economic injury level).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>IPM extended the concept of integrated control to all classes of pests and was expanded to include all tactics. Controls such as pesticides were to be applied as in integrated control, but these now had to be compatible with tactics for all classes of pests. Other tactics, such as host-plant resistance and cultural manipulations, became part of the IPM framework. IPM combined entomologists, <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant pathologist">plant pathologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematologist">nematologists</a> and weed scientists. </p><p>In the United States, IPM was formulated into national policy in February 1972 as directed by President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>. In 1979, President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> established an interagency IPM Coordinating Committee to ensure development and implementation of IPM practices.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perry_Adkisson" title="Perry Adkisson">Perry Adkisson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_F._Smith" title="Ray F. Smith">Ray F. Smith</a> received the 1997 <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Prize" title="World Food Prize">World Food Prize</a> for encouraging the use of IPM.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IPM is used in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, human habitations, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property#Preventive_conservation" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural property">preventive conservation of cultural property</a> and general pest control, including structural pest management, turf pest management and ornamental pest management. IPM practices help to prevent and slow the development of resistance, known as <a href="/wiki/Resistance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance management">resistance management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UC-IPM-flowers_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UC-IPM-flowers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NETF_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NETF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CropLife_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CropLife-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An American IPM system is designed around six basic components:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Acceptable pest levels</b>—The emphasis is on <i>control</i>, not <i>eradication</i>. IPM holds that wiping out an entire pest population is often impossible, and the attempt can be expensive and unsafe. IPM programmes first work to establish acceptable pest levels, called action thresholds, and apply controls if those thresholds are crossed. These thresholds are pest and site specific, meaning that it may be acceptable at one site to have a weed such as <a href="/wiki/White_clover" class="mw-redirect" title="White clover">white clover</a>, but not at another site. Allowing a pest population to survive at a reasonable threshold reduces selection pressure. This lowers the rate at which a pest develops resistance to a control, because if almost all pests are killed then those that have <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_resistance" title="Pesticide resistance">resistance</a> will provide the genetic basis of the future population. Retaining a significant number of unresistant specimens dilutes the prevalence of any resistant genes that appear. Similarly, the repeated use of a single class of controls will create pest populations that are more resistant to that class, whereas alternating among classes helps prevent this.<sup id="cite_ref-Resistance:_The_Facts_-_History_&_overview_of_resistance_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resistance:_The_Facts_-_History_&_overview_of_resistance-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Preventive cultural practices</b>—Selecting varieties best for local growing conditions and maintaining healthy crops is the first line of defense. Plant <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> and 'cultural techniques' such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_sanitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crop sanitation (page does not exist)">crop sanitation</a> are next, e.g., removal of diseased plants, and cleaning pruning shears to prevent spread of <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a>. Beneficial <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> are added to the potting media of <a href="/wiki/Horticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticultural">horticultural</a> crops vulnerable to root diseases, greatly reducing the need for <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>Monitoring</b>—Regular observation is critically important. Observation is broken into inspection and identification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettOwensCorrigan2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettOwensCorrigan2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visual inspection, insect and spore traps, and other methods are used to monitor pest levels. Record-keeping is essential, as is a thorough knowledge of target pest behavior and reproductive cycles. Since insects are cold-blooded, their physical development is dependent on area temperatures. Many insects have had their development cycles modeled in terms of <a href="/wiki/Growing_degree-day" title="Growing degree-day">degree-days</a>. The degree days of an environment determines the optimal time for a specific insect outbreak. Plant pathogens follow similar patterns of response to weather and season. Automated systems based on AI have been developed to identify and monitor flies using e-trapping devices.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Mechanical controls</b>—Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical methods are the first options. They include simple hand-picking, barriers, traps, vacuuming and <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">tillage</a> to disrupt breeding.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological controls</a></b>—Natural biological processes and materials can provide control, with acceptable environmental impact, and often at lower cost. The main approach is to promote <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficial insects">beneficial insects</a> that eat or parasitize target pests. <a href="/wiki/Biological_insecticide" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological insecticide">Biological insecticides</a>, derived from naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> (<i>e.g.</i>—<a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis"><i>Bt</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Entomopathogenic_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomopathogenic fungi">entomopathogenic fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entomopathogenic_nematode" title="Entomopathogenic nematode">entomopathogenic nematodes</a>), also fall in this category. Further 'biology-based' or '<a href="/wiki/Ecologic_pesticides_and_herbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologic pesticides and herbicides">ecological</a>' techniques are under evaluation.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_application" title="Pesticide application">Responsible use</a></b>—Synthetic <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a> are used as required and often only at specific times in a pest's life cycle. Many newer pesticides are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (<i>e.g.</i>—<a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrethrum" title="Pyrethrum">pyrethrum</a> and insect <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_hormone" title="Juvenile hormone">juvenile hormone</a> analogues), but the <a href="/wiki/Toxophore" title="Toxophore">toxophore</a> or active component may be altered to provide increased biological activity or stability. Applications of pesticides must reach their intended targets. Matching the application technique to the crop, the pest, and the pesticide is critical, for example, the use of <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_volume" title="Ultra-low volume">low-volume spray equipment</a> can considerably reduce overall pesticide use and operational costs.<sup id="cite_ref-RPU_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Although originally developed for agricultural pest management,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPM programmes now encompass diseases, weeds and other pests that interfere with management objectives for sites such as residential and commercial structures, <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">turf</a> areas, and home and <a href="/wiki/Community_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Community garden">community gardens</a>. Predictive models have proved to be suitable tools supporting the implementation of IPM programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_710_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi_710-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IPM is the selection and<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_710_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi_710-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use of pest control actions that will ensure favourable economic condition, ecological and social consequences<sup id="cite_ref-Sandler_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandler-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is applicable to most agricultural, public health and amenity pest management situations. The IPM process starts with monitoring, which includes inspection and identification, followed by the establishment of economic injury levels. The economic injury levels set the economic threshold level. Economic Injury level is the pest population level at which crop damage exceeds the cost of treatment of pest.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can also be an action threshold level for determining an unacceptable level that is not tied to economic injury. Action thresholds are more common in structural pest management and economic injury levels in classic agricultural pest management. An example of an action threshold is one fly in a hospital operating room is not acceptable, but one fly in a pet kennel would be acceptable. Once a threshold has been crossed by the pest population action steps need to be taken to reduce and control the pest. Integrated pest management employs a variety of actions including cultural controls such as physical barriers, biological controls such as adding and conserving natural predators and enemies of the pest, and finally chemical controls or pesticides. Reliance on knowledge, experience, observation and integration of multiple techniques makes IPM appropriate for <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a> (excluding synthetic pesticides). These may or may not include materials listed on the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the pesticides and particularly insecticides used in organic farming and <a href="/wiki/Organic_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic gardening">organic gardening</a> are generally safer than synthetic pesticides, they are not always more safe or <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> than synthetic pesticides and can cause harm.<sup id="cite_ref-pot_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pot-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For conventional farms IPM can reduce human and environmental exposure to <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazardous</a> chemicals, and potentially lower overall costs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a> usually includes four issues: 1) characterization of biological control agents, 2) health risks, 3) <a href="/wiki/Environmental_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental risk">environmental risks</a> and 4) efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-consoli_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consoli-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mistaken identification of a pest may result in ineffective actions. E.g., plant damage due to over-watering could be mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Fungal_infection" title="Fungal infection">fungal infection</a>, since many fungal and viral infections arise under moist conditions. </p><p>Monitoring begins immediately, before the pest's activity becomes significant. Monitoring of agricultural pests includes tracking <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil</a>/planting media fertility and <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>. Overall plant health and resistance to pests is greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkalinity</a>, of dissolved mineral and oxygen reduction potential. Many diseases are waterborne, spread directly by <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water and indirectly by splashing. </p><p>Once the pest is known, knowledge of its lifecycle provides the optimal intervention points.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, weeds reproducing from last year's seed can be prevented with mulches and pre-emergent herbicide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pest-tolerant crops such as <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a> may not warrant interventions unless the pests are numerous or rapidly increasing. Intervention is warranted if the expected cost of damage by the pest is more than the cost of control. Health hazards may require intervention that is not warranted by economic considerations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Specific sites may also have varying requirements. E.g., white clover may be acceptable on the sides of a tee box on a <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf course</a>, but unacceptable in the <a href="/wiki/Fairway_(golf)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairway (golf)">fairway</a> where it could confuse the field of play.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possible interventions include mechanical/physical, cultural, biological and chemical. Mechanical/physical controls include picking pests off plants, or using netting or other material to exclude pests such as <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> from <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> from structures. Cultural controls include keeping an area free of conducive conditions by removing waste or diseased plants, flooding, sanding, and the use of disease-resistant crop varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandler_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandler-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biological controls are numerous. They include: conservation of natural predators or augmentation of natural predators, <a href="/wiki/Sterile_insect_technique" title="Sterile insect technique">sterile insect technique</a> (SIT).<sup id="cite_ref-Klassen_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klassen-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Augmentation, inoculative release and inundative release are different methods of biological control that affect the target pest in different ways. Augmentative control includes the periodic introduction of predators.<sup id="cite_ref-linda_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linda-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mills_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mills-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-up_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-knuston_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knuston-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With inundative release, predators are collected, mass-reared and periodically released in large numbers into the pest area.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cook_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is used for an immediate reduction in host populations, generally for annual crops, but is not suitable for long run use.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With inoculative release a limited number of beneficial organisms are introduced at the start of the growing season. This strategy offers long term control as the organism's progeny affect pest populations throughout the season and is common in orchards.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanlet_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanlet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With seasonal inoculative release the beneficials are collected, mass-reared and released seasonally to maintain the beneficial population. This is commonly used in greenhouses.<sup id="cite_ref-vanlet_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanlet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In America and other western countries, inundative releases are predominant, while Asia and the eastern Europe more commonly use inoculation and occasional introductions.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an area-wide IPM program that introduces sterile male pests into the pest population to trick females into (unsuccessful) breeding encounters, providing a form of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> and reducing reproduction rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Klassen_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klassen-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biological controls mentioned above only appropriate in extreme cases, because in the introduction of new species, or supplementation of naturally occurring species can have detrimental ecosystem effects. Biological controls can be used to stop invasive species or pests, but they can become an introduction path for new pests.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chemical controls include <a href="/wiki/Horticultural_oil" title="Horticultural oil">horticultural oils</a> or the application of insecticides and herbicides. A <a href="/wiki/Green_pest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Green pest management">green pest management</a> IPM program uses pesticides derived from plants, such as botanicals, or other naturally occurring materials. </p><p>Pesticides can be classified by their modes of action. Rotating among materials with diverse modes of action minimizes pest resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandler_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandler-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evaluation is the process of assessing whether the intervention was effective, whether it produced unacceptable side effects, whether to continue, revise or abandon the program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettOwensCorrigan201012_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettOwensCorrigan201012-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> of the 1960s and '70s introduced sturdier plants that could support the heavier grain loads resulting from intensive fertilizer use. Pesticide imports by 11 <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries grew nearly sevenfold in value between 1990 and 2010, according to FAO statistics, with disastrous results. Rice farmers become accustomed to spraying soon after planting, triggered by signs of the leaf folder moth, which appears early in the growing season. It causes only superficial damage and doesn't reduce yields. In 1986, Indonesia banned 57 pesticides and completely stopped subsidizing their use. Progress was reversed in the 2000s, when growing production capacity, particularly in China, reduced prices. Rice production in Asia more than doubled. But it left farmers believing more is better—whether it's seed, fertilizer, or pesticides.<sup id="cite_ref-s1308_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1308-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brown_planthopper" title="Brown planthopper">brown planthopper</a>, <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>, the farmers' main target, has become increasingly resistant. Since 2008, outbreaks have devastated rice harvests throughout Asia, but not in the Mekong Delta. Reduced spraying allowed natural predators to neutralize planthoppers in Vietnam. In 2010 and 2011, massive planthopper outbreaks hit 400,000 hectares of Thai rice fields, causing losses of about $64 million. The Thai government is now pushing the "no spray in the first 40 days" approach.<sup id="cite_ref-s1308_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1308-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast early spraying kills frogs, spiders, wasps and dragonflies that prey on the later-arriving and dangerous planthopper and produced resistant strains. Planthoppers now require pesticide doses 500 times greater than originally. Overuse indiscriminately kills beneficial insects and decimates bird and amphibian populations. Pesticides are suspected of harming human health and became a common means for rural Asians to commit suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-s1308_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1308-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, 950 Vietnamese farmers tried IPM. In one plot, each farmer grew rice using their usual amounts of seed and fertilizer, applying pesticide as they chose. In a nearby plot, less seed and fertilizer were used and no pesticides were applied for 40 days after planting. Yields from the experimental plots were as good or better and costs were lower, generating 8% to 10% more net income. The experiment led to the "three reductions, three gains" campaign, claiming that cutting the use of seed, fertilizer and pesticide would boost yield, quality and income. Posters, leaflets, TV commercials and a 2004 radio soap opera that featured a rice farmer who gradually accepted the changes. It didn't hurt that a 2006 planthopper outbreak hit farmers using insecticides harder than those who didn't. <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> farmers cut insecticide spraying from five times per crop cycle to zero to one.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Plant Protection Center and the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a> (IRRI) have been encouraging farmers to grow flowers, <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, and beans on <a href="/wiki/Rice_paddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice paddy">rice paddy</a> banks, instead of stripping vegetation, as was typical. The plants attract bees and wasps that eat planthopper eggs, while the vegetables diversify farm incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-s1308_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1308-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture companies offer bundles of pesticides with seeds and fertilizer, with incentives for volume purchases. A proposed law in Vietnam requires licensing pesticide dealers and government approval of advertisements to prevent exaggerated claims. Insecticides that target other pests, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Scirpophaga_incertulas" title="Scirpophaga incertulas">Scirpophaga incertulas</a></i> (stem borer), the larvae of moth species that feed on rice plants allegedly yield gains of 21% with proper use.<sup id="cite_ref-s1308_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1308-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_arthropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered arthropod">Endangered arthropod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">Forest integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management_(cultural_property)" title="Integrated pest management (cultural property)">Integrated pest management (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAV-IQ" title="UAV-IQ">UAV-IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Biological_Control" title="International Organization for Biological Control">International Organization for Biological Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_application" title="Pesticide application">Pesticide application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_pest_control" title="Physical pest control">Physical pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Landcare_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional Landcare Network">Professional Landcare Network</a> (PLANET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-pull_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Push-pull technology">Push-pull technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodentology" title="Rodentology">Rodentology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/ipm/en/">"AGP - Integrated Pest Management"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AGP+-+Integrated+Pest+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fagriculture%2Fcrops%2Fcore-themes%2Ftheme%2Fpests%2Fipm%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knipling-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knipling_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnipling1972" class="citation journal cs1">Knipling, EF (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-6055.1972.tb01618.x">"Entomology and the Management of Man's Environment"</a>. <i>Australian Journal of Entomology</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 153–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-6055.1972.tb01618.x">10.1111/j.1440-6055.1972.tb01618.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Entomology+and+the+Management+of+Man%27s+Environment&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=153-167&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1440-6055.1972.tb01618.x&rft.aulast=Knipling&rft.aufirst=EF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1440-6055.1972.tb01618.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RPU-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RPU_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RPU_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bateman RP (2003) Rational Pesticide Use: spatially and temporally targeted application of specific products. In: <i>Optimising Pesticide Use</i> Ed. M. Wilson, Publ. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK; pp. 129-157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wright-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wright_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightHoffmannKuharGardner2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, M. G.; Hoffmann, M. P.; Kuhar, T. P.; Gardner, J.; Pitcher, S. A. (2005). "Evaluating risks of biological control introductions: A probabilistic risk-assessment approach". <i>Biological Control</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 338–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocontrol.2005.02.002">10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.02.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Control&rft.atitle=Evaluating+risks+of+biological+control+introductions%3A+A+probabilistic+risk-assessment+approach&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=338-347&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocontrol.2005.02.002&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=M.+G.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+M.+P.&rft.au=Kuhar%2C+T.+P.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+J.&rft.au=Pitcher%2C+S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PerringsWilliamson2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PerringsWilliamson2000_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_PerringsMark_Herbert_WilliamsonSilvana_Dalmazzone2000" class="citation book cs1">Charles Perrings; Mark Herbert Williamson; Silvana Dalmazzone (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afaQmFLomWEC"><i>The Economics of Biological Invasions</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84064-378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84064-378-7"><bdi>978-1-84064-378-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Biological+Invasions&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84064-378-7&rft.au=Charles+Perrings&rft.au=Mark+Herbert+Williamson&rft.au=Silvana+Dalmazzone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafaQmFLomWEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clerq-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clerq_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClercqMasonBabendreier2011" class="citation journal cs1">Clercq, P.; Mason, P. G.; Babendreier, D. (2011). "Benefits and risks of exotic biological control agents". <i>BioControl</i>. <b>56</b> (4): 681–698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10526-011-9372-8">10.1007/s10526-011-9372-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39820823">39820823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioControl&rft.atitle=Benefits+and+risks+of+exotic+biological+control+agents&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=681-698&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10526-011-9372-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39820823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clercq&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Mason%2C+P.+G.&rft.au=Babendreier%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith&Smith-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith&Smith_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithSmith,_G.L.1949" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, R.F.; Smith, G.L. (May 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.megabeepestcontrol.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/ca305p3-71369.pdf">"Supervised control of insects: Utilizes parasites and predators and makes chemical control more efficient"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>California Agriculture</i>. <b>3</b> (5): 3–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Supervised+control+of+insects%3A+Utilizes+parasites+and+predators+and+makes+chemical+control+more+efficient&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=1949-05&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.megabeepestcontrol.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F03%2Fca305p3-71369.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcosta1995–2006" class="citation web cs1">Acosta, EW (1995–2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807131454/http://www.biconet.com/reference/IPMhistory.html">"The History of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)"</a>. BioControl Reference Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biconet.com/reference/IPMhistory.html">the original</a> on 2008-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Integrated+Pest+Management+%28IPM%29&rft.pub=BioControl+Reference+Center&rft.date=1995%2F2006&rft.aulast=Acosta&rft.aufirst=EW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biconet.com%2Freference%2FIPMhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905140803/https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1997_smith_and_adkisson/">"1997: Smith and Adkisson"</a>. The World Food Prize Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1997_smith_and_adkisson/">the original</a> on 5 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1997%3A+Smith+and+Adkisson&rft.pub=The+World+Food+Prize+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldfoodprize.org%2Fen%2Flaureates%2F19871999_laureates%2F1997_smith_and_adkisson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UC-IPM-flowers-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UC-IPM-flowers_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/floriculture-and-ornamental-nurseries/Managing-Pesticide-Resistance/">"Floriculture and Ornamental Nurseries Pest Management Guidelines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Integrated_Pest_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Integrated Pest Management">UC Integrated Pest Management</a> (UC IPM)</i>. UC Agriculture (UC ANR). March 2009. 3392<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Integrated+Pest+Management+%28UC+IPM%29&rft.atitle=Floriculture+and+Ornamental+Nurseries+Pest+Management+Guidelines&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ipm.ucanr.edu%2Fagriculture%2Ffloriculture-and-ornamental-nurseries%2FManaging-Pesticide-Resistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NETF-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NETF_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netreefruit.org/ipm/resistance-management">"Resistance Management"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Tree_Fruit_Management_Guide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New England Tree Fruit Management Guide (page does not exist)">New England Tree Fruit Management Guide</a></i>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+England+Tree+Fruit+Management+Guide&rft.atitle=Resistance+Management&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetreefruit.org%2Fipm%2Fresistance-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CropLife-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CropLife_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926134704/https://croplife.org/crop-protection/stewardship/resistance-mangement/">"Resistance Management"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CropLife_International" title="CropLife International">CropLife International</a></i>. 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://croplife.org/crop-protection/stewardship/resistance-mangement/">the original</a> on 2022-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CropLife+International&rft.atitle=Resistance+Management&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcroplife.org%2Fcrop-protection%2Fstewardship%2Fresistance-mangement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/ipm.htm">"Integrated Pest Management (IMP) Principles"</a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Integrated+Pest+Management+%28IMP%29+Principles&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fpesticides%2Ffactsheets%2Fipm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Resistance:_The_Facts_-_History_&_overview_of_resistance-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Resistance:_The_Facts_-_History_&_overview_of_resistance_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debugpestcontrol.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Resistance-The-Facts.pdf">"Resistance: The Facts - History & overview of resistance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IRAC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resistance%3A+The+Facts+-+History+%26+overview+of+resistance&rft.pub=IRAC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.debugpestcontrol.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F03%2FResistance-The-Facts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettOwensCorrigan2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettOwensCorrigan2010_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennettOwensCorrigan2010">Bennett, Owens & Corrigan 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillerShamsianShakedAltman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Diller, Yoshua; Shamsian, Aviv; Shaked, Ben; Altman, Yam; Danziger, Bat-Chen; Manrakhan, Aruna; Serfontein, Leani; Bali, Elma; Wernicke, Matthias; Egartner, Alois; Colacci, Marco; Sciarretta, Andrea; Chechik, Gal; Alchanatis, Victor; Papadopoulos, Nikos T. (2023-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10340-022-01528-x">"A real-time remote surveillance system for fruit flies of economic importance: sensitivity and image analysis"</a>. <i>Journal of Pest Science</i>. <b>96</b> (2): 611–622. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10340-022-01528-x">10.1007/s10340-022-01528-x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-4766">1612-4766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pest+Science&rft.atitle=A+real-time+remote+surveillance+system+for+fruit+flies+of+economic+importance%3A+sensitivity+and+image+analysis&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=611-622&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10340-022-01528-x&rft.issn=1612-4766&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=Yoshua&rft.au=Shamsian%2C+Aviv&rft.au=Shaked%2C+Ben&rft.au=Altman%2C+Yam&rft.au=Danziger%2C+Bat-Chen&rft.au=Manrakhan%2C+Aruna&rft.au=Serfontein%2C+Leani&rft.au=Bali%2C+Elma&rft.au=Wernicke%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Egartner%2C+Alois&rft.au=Colacci%2C+Marco&rft.au=Sciarretta%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Chechik%2C+Gal&rft.au=Alchanatis%2C+Victor&rft.au=Papadopoulos%2C+Nikos+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10340-022-01528-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312110559/http://www.umass.edu/umext/ipm/publications/guidelines/index.html">"IPM Guidelines"</a>. UMassAmherst—Integrated Pest Management, Agriculture and Landscape Program. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umass.edu/umext/ipm/publications/guidelines/index.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPM+Guidelines&rft.pub=UMassAmherst%E2%80%94Integrated+Pest+Management%2C+Agriculture+and+Landscape+Program&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Fumext%2Fipm%2Fpublications%2Fguidelines%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossi_710-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rossi_710_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rossi_710_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossiSperandioCaffiSimonetto2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rossi, Vittorio; Sperandio, Giorgio; Caffi, Tito; Simonetto, Anna; Gilioli, Gianni (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagronomy9110710">"Critical Success Factors for the Adoption of Decision Tools in IPM"</a>. <i>Agronomy</i>. <b>9</b> (11): 710. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagronomy9110710">10.3390/agronomy9110710</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10807%2F143842">10807/143842</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agronomy&rft.atitle=Critical+Success+Factors+for+the+Adoption+of+Decision+Tools+in+IPM&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=710&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10807%2F143842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fagronomy9110710&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rft.au=Sperandio%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Caffi%2C+Tito&rft.au=Simonetto%2C+Anna&rft.au=Gilioli%2C+Gianni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fagronomy9110710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandler-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sandler_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandler_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandler_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sandler, Hilary A. (2010). "Integrated Pest Management". <i>Cranberry Station Best Management Practices</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 12–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cranberry+Station+Best+Management+Practices&rft.atitle=Integrated+Pest+Management&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-15&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sandler&rft.aufirst=Hilary+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbook of Pest Control, Mallis, Arnold, 10th edition, Hedges, Stoy, Editor. pp.1499-1500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Organic Materials Review Institute, "The OMRI Product List," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.omri.org/OMRI_about_list.html">http://www.omri.org/OMRI_about_list.html</a> approved product list.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pot-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pot_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pottorff LP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colostate.edu/Dept/CoopExt/4DMG/VegFruit/organic.htm">Some Pesticides Permitted in Organic Gardening</a>. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-consoli-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-consoli_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsoliParraZucchi2010" class="citation book cs1">Consoli, Fernando L.; Parra, José Roberto Postali; Zucchi, Roberto Antônio (28 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtlhlYFH9RgC"><i>Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on </i>Trichogramma<i><span></span></i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9110-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-9110-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egg+Parasitoids+in+Agroecosystems+with+Emphasis+on+Trichogramma&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9110-0&rft.aulast=Consoli&rft.aufirst=Fernando+L.&rft.au=Parra%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Roberto+Postali&rft.au=Zucchi%2C+Roberto+Ant%C3%B4nio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjtlhlYFH9RgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfLuckmann1994" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Robert Lee; Luckmann, William Henry (1994). <i>Introduction to Insect Pest Management</i>. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Insect+Pest+Management&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lee&rft.au=Luckmann%2C+William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Purdue University Turf Pest Management Correspondence Course, Introduction, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klassen-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klassen_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klassen_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._KlassenC.F._Curtis2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Sterile_Insect_Technique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Sterile Insect Technique (page does not exist)">W. Klassen</a>; C.F. Curtis (2005). "1.1". In V.A. Dyck; J. Hendrichs; A.S. Robinson (eds.). <i>Sterile Insect Technique: Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management</i>. Netherlands: Springer. pp. 4–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.1&rft.btitle=Sterile+Insect+Technique%3A+Principles+and+Practice+in+Area-Wide+Integrated+Pest+Management&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pages=4-28&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.au=W.+Klassen&rft.au=C.F.+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linda-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linda_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonBennettGlennHoffman2003" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Linda; Bennett, David; Glenn, DeAnn; Hoffman, Ary (2 September 2003). "Chapter 4: Developing Trichogramma as a Pest Management Tool". In Opender Koul; G. S. Dhaliwal (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=94PQj47SEVsC"><i>Predators and Parasitoids</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-30256-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-30256-9"><bdi>978-0-203-30256-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Developing+Trichogramma+as+a+Pest+Management+Tool&rft.btitle=Predators+and+Parasitoids&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=978-0-203-30256-9&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Bennett%2C+David&rft.au=Glenn%2C+DeAnn&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Ary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D94PQj47SEVsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mills-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mills_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills NJ, Daane KM (2005) Biological and cultural controls . . . Nonpesticide alternatives can suppress crop pests. California Agriculture 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-up-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-up_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajeev_K._UpadhyayK.G._MukerjiB._P._Chamola2001" class="citation book cs1">Rajeev K. Upadhyay; K.G. Mukerji; B. P. Chamola (30 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7Nqhe_T_6EC&pg=PA261"><i>Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture: Volume 2: Insect Pests</i></a>. Springer. pp. 261–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46587-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46587-1"><bdi>978-0-306-46587-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biocontrol+Potential+and+its+Exploitation+in+Sustainable+Agriculture%3A+Volume+2%3A+Insect+Pests&rft.pages=261-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46587-1&rft.au=Rajeev+K.+Upadhyay&rft.au=K.G.+Mukerji&rft.au=B.+P.+Chamola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7Nqhe_T_6EC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knuston-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knuston_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knutson A (2005) 'The Trichogramma Manual: A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Biological Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension Service).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaman" class="citation web cs1">Seaman, Abby. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220121402/http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/veg/htms/ecbtrich.htm">"Integrated Pest Management"</a>. University of Connecticut. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/veg/htms/ecbtrich.htm">the original</a> on 20 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Integrated+Pest+Management&rft.pub=University+of+Connecticut&rft.aulast=Seaman&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.uconn.edu%2Fipm%2Fveg%2Fhtms%2Fecbtrich.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thepestgenius.com/understanding-integrated-insect-management-method">"Understanding Integrated Insect Management Method"</a>. James Giner<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Integrated+Insect+Management+Method&rft.pub=James+Giner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthepestgenius.com%2Funderstanding-integrated-insect-management-method&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cook_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookWilliam_L._BruckartJack_R._CoulsonMark_S._Goettel1996" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, R. James; William L. Bruckart; Jack R. Coulson; Mark S. Goettel; Richard A. Humber; Robert D. Lumsden; Joseph V. Maddox; Michael L. McManus; Larry Moore; Susan F. Meyer; Paul C. Quimby Jr; James P. Stack; James L. Vaughn (1996). "Safety of Microorganisms Intended for Pest and Plant Disease Control: A Framework for Scientific Evaluation". <i>Biological Control</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 333–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbcon.1996.0102">10.1006/bcon.1996.0102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84340306">84340306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Control&rft.atitle=Safety+of+Microorganisms+Intended+for+Pest+and+Plant+Disease+Control%3A+A+Framework+for+Scientific+Evaluation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-351&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fbcon.1996.0102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84340306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=R.+James&rft.au=William+L.+Bruckart&rft.au=Jack+R.+Coulson&rft.au=Mark+S.+Goettel&rft.au=Richard+A.+Humber&rft.au=Robert+D.+Lumsden&rft.au=Joseph+V.+Maddox&rft.au=Michael+L.+McManus&rft.au=Larry+Moore&rft.au=Susan+F.+Meyer&rft.au=Paul+C.+Quimby+Jr&rft.au=James+P.+Stack&rft.au=James+L.+Vaughn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-van_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._C._van_Lenteren2003" class="citation book cs1">J. C. van Lenteren (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qm4Z8uuTowUC"><i>Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents: Theory and Testing Procedures</i></a>. CABI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-836-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-836-7"><bdi>978-0-85199-836-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quality+Control+and+Production+of+Biological+Control+Agents%3A+Theory+and+Testing+Procedures&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-836-7&rft.au=J.+C.+van+Lenteren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqm4Z8uuTowUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, S.M. (1 January 1996). Thomas E. Mittler (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUCJMgEACAAJ">"Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and potential of their use"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Entomology: 1996</i>: 375–406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8243-0141-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8243-0141-5"><bdi>978-0-8243-0141-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology%3A+1996&rft.atitle=Biological+control+with+Trichogramma%3A+advances%2C+successes%2C+and+potential+of+their+use&rft.pages=375-406&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8243-0141-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=S.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZUCJMgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanlet-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanlet_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanlet_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Lenteren2009" class="citation journal cs1">Van Lenteren, J. C. (2009). "Implementation of biological control". <i>American Journal of Alternative Agriculture</i>. <b>3</b> (2–3): 102–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0889189300002265">10.1017/S0889189300002265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Alternative+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Implementation+of+biological+control&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=102-109&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0889189300002265&rft.aulast=Van+Lenteren&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabendreier2007" class="citation journal cs1">Babendreier, Dirk (2007). "Biological Invasion: Pros and Cons of Biological Control". <i>Ecological Studies</i>. <b>193</b> (7): 403–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-36920-2_23">10.1007/978-3-540-36920-2_23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Studies&rft.atitle=Biological+Invasion%3A+Pros+and+Cons+of+Biological+Control&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=403-414&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-36920-2_23&rft.aulast=Babendreier&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettOwensCorrigan201012-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettOwensCorrigan201012_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennettOwensCorrigan2010">Bennett, Owens & Corrigan 2010</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s1308-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s1308_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s1308_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s1308_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s1308_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s1308_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormile2013" class="citation journal cs1">Normile, D. (2013). "Vietnam Turns Back a 'Tsunami of Pesticides'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Science</i>. <b>341</b> (6147): 737–738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341..737N">2013Sci...341..737N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.341.6147.737">10.1126/science.341.6147.737</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23950527">23950527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Vietnam+Turns+Back+a+%27Tsunami+of+Pesticides%27&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6147&rft.pages=737-738&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23950527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.341.6147.737&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341..737N&rft.aulast=Normile&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_H._Dreistadt2004" class="citation book cs1">Steve H. Dreistadt (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEOLaUHPVdwC"><i>Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide</i></a>. UCANR Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879906-61-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-879906-61-7"><bdi>978-1-879906-61-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pests+of+Landscape+Trees+and+Shrubs%3A+An+Integrated+Pest+Management+Guide&rft.pub=UCANR+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-879906-61-7&rft.au=Steve+H.+Dreistadt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNEOLaUHPVdwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span> photos, reference tables, diagrams.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettOwensCorrigan2010" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Gary W.; Owens, John M.; Corrigan, Robert M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fv9jtwAACAAJ"><i>Truman's Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations</i></a>. Purdue University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9793986-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9793986-1-2"><bdi>978-0-9793986-1-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman%27s+Scientific+Guide+to+Pest+Management+Operations&rft.pub=Purdue+University&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9793986-1-2&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft.au=Owens%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Corrigan%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFv9jtwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jahn, GC, PG Cox., E Rubia-Sanchez, and M Cohen 2001. The quest for connections: developing a research agenda for integrated pest and nutrient management. pp. 413–430, In S. Peng and B. Hardy [eds.] "Rice Research for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation." Proceedings of the International Rice Research Conference, 31 March – 3 April 2000, Los Baños, Philippines. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 692 p.</li> <li>Jahn, GC, B. Khiev, C Pol, N. Chhorn and V Preap 2001. Sustainable pest management for rice in Cambodia. In P. Cox and R Chhay [eds.] "The Impact of Agricultural Research for Development in Southeast Asia" Proceedings of an International Conference held at the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 24-26 Oct. 2000, Phnom Penh (Cambodia): CARDI.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahnLitsingerChenBarrion2007" class="citation book cs1">Jahn, GC; Litsinger, JA; Chen, Y; Barrion, A (8 January 2007). "Integrated Pest Management of Rice: Ecological Concepts". In Opender Koul; Gerrit W. Cuperus (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEb4KVBTe9IC"><i>Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management</i></a>. CABI. pp. 315–366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-163-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-163-6"><bdi>978-1-84593-163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Integrated+Pest+Management+of+Rice%3A+Ecological+Concepts&rft.btitle=Ecologically+Based+Integrated+Pest+Management&rft.pages=315-366&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2007-01-08&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-163-6&rft.aulast=Jahn&rft.aufirst=GC&rft.au=Litsinger%2C+JA&rft.au=Chen%2C+Y&rft.au=Barrion%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEEb4KVBTe9IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKogan1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kogan, M. (1998). "Integrated Pest Management: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Developments". <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i>. <b>43</b>: 243–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.43.1.243">10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.243</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9444752">9444752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Integrated+Pest+Management%3A+Historical+Perspectives+and+Contemporary+Developments&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=243-270&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.43.1.243&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9444752&rft.aulast=Kogan&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nonveiller, Guido 1984. Catalogue commenté et illustré des insectes du Cameroun d'intérêt agricole : (apparitions, répartition, importance) / University of Belgrade/Institut pour la protection des plantes</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_F._NorrisEdward_P._Caswell-ChenMarcos_Kogan2003" class="citation book cs1">Robert F. Norris; Edward P. Caswell-Chen; Marcos Kogan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yAUpAQAAMAAJ"><i>Concepts in integrated pest management</i></a>. Prentice Hall PTR. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-087016-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-087016-2"><bdi>978-0-13-087016-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+in+integrated+pest+management&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+PTR&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-087016-2&rft.au=Robert+F.+Norris&rft.au=Edward+P.+Caswell-Chen&rft.au=Marcos+Kogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyAUpAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassanaliHerrenKhanPickett2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hassanali, A.; Herren, H.; Khan, Z. R.; Pickett, J. A.; Woodcock, C. M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610173">"Integrated pest management: the push-pull approach for controlling insect pests and weeds of cereals, and its potential for other agricultural systems including animal husbandry"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>363</b> (1491): 611–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2173">10.1098/rstb.2007.2173</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610173">2610173</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17652071">17652071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Integrated+pest+management%3A+the+push-pull+approach+for+controlling+insect+pests+and+weeds+of+cereals%2C+and+its+potential+for+other+agricultural+systems+including+animal+husbandry&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=1491&rft.pages=611-21&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2610173%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17652071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2173&rft.aulast=Hassanali&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Herren%2C+H.&rft.au=Khan%2C+Z.+R.&rft.au=Pickett%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Woodcock%2C+C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2610173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Arnold_DyckJorge_HendrichsA._S._Robinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Victor Arnold Dyck; Jorge Hendrichs; A. S. Robinson (23 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-vOLhFewchoC"><i>Sterile Insect Technique: Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4051-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4051-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-4051-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sterile+Insect+Technique%3A+Principles+and+Practice+in+Area-Wide+Integrated+Pest+Management&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006-02-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4051-1&rft.au=Victor+Arnold+Dyck&rft.au=Jorge+Hendrichs&rft.au=A.+S.+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-vOLhFewchoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+pest+management" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Regnault-Roger, Catherine; Philogene, Bernard JR (2008) Past and Current Prospects for the use of Botanicals and Plant allelochemicals in Integrated Pest Management. Pharm. Bio. 46(1–2): 41–52</li> <li>Acosta, EW (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biconet.com/reference/IPMhistory.html">The History of Integrated Pest Management</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807131454/http://www.biconet.com/reference/IPMhistory.html">Archived</a> 2008-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (IPM). Biocontrol Reference Center.</li> <li>Surendra K Dara, The New Integrated Pest Management Paradigm for the Modern Age, Journal of Integrated Pest Management, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2019, 12, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmz010">The New Integrated Pest Management Paradigm for the Modern Age</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/managing-pests-schools/introduction-integrated-pest-management">Introducing to Integrated Pest Management</a> via <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pesticides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pesticides" title="Template talk:Pesticides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pesticides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pesticides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pesticides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaricide" title="Acaricide">Acaricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactericide" title="Bactericide">Bactericide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocide" title="Biocide">Biocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioherbicide" title="Bioherbicide">Bioherbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopesticide" title="Biopesticide">Biopesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defoliant" title="Defoliant">Defoliant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscicide" title="Molluscicide">Molluscicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematicide" title="Nematicide">Nematicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscicide" title="Piscicide">Piscicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodenticide" title="Rodenticide">Rodenticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slimicide" title="Slimicide">Slimicide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazardous-pesticide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hazardous-pesticide.jpg/140px-Hazardous-pesticide.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hazardous-pesticide.jpg/210px-Hazardous-pesticide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hazardous-pesticide.jpg/280px-Hazardous-pesticide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">Agrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_pesticides" title="Health effects of pesticides">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">Environmental effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumigation" title="Fumigation">Fumigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_spray_adjuvant" title="Agricultural spray adjuvant">Agricultural spray adjuvant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_silencing_pesticide" title="Gene silencing pesticide">Gene silencing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_residue_limit" title="Maximum residue limit">Maximum residue limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-pesticide_management" title="Non-pesticide management">Non-pesticide management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_application" title="Pesticide application">Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_drift" title="Pesticide drift">Drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_formulation" title="Pesticide formulation">Formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_degradation" title="Pesticide degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_misuse" title="Pesticide misuse">Misuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_pesticides" title="Paradox of the pesticides">Paradox of the pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_poisoning" title="Pesticide poisoning">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_research" title="Pesticide research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_residue" title="Pesticide residue">Residue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_resistance" title="Pesticide resistance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurgence_(pest)" title="Resurgence (pest)">Resurgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Bee toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_use_pesticide" title="Restricted use pesticide">Restricted use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_Action_Network" title="Pesticide Action Network">Pesticide Action Network</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pesticide_Question" title="The Pesticide Question">The Pesticide Question</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity_class" title="Toxicity class">Toxicity class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesticides_in_Canada" title="Pesticides in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticides_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides in the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticides_in_New_Zealand" title="Pesticides in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticides_in_the_United_States" title="Pesticides in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Pest_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Pest Management">Integrated Pest Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pesticides" title="Category:Pesticides">Pesticide categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525309#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129490-7">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&oldid=1253035596">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&oldid=1253035596</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agronomy" title="Category:Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biological_pest_control" title="Category:Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pest_control_techniques" title="Category:Pest control techniques">Pest control techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phytopathology" title="Category:Phytopathology">Phytopathology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soil_chemistry" title="Category:Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2023">Articles with dead external links from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 October 2024, at 01:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_pest_management&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-lzfqw","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.708","walltime":"0.872","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3995,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":105020,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7223,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":144259,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 781.932 1 -total"," 39.54% 309.140 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.71% 138.465 11 Template:Cite_web"," 15.00% 117.298 1 Template:Short_description"," 12.72% 99.428 1 Template:Pesticides"," 12.43% 97.162 1 Template:Navbox"," 12.14% 94.948 14 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.67% 83.456 7 Template:Citation_needed"," 9.65% 75.459 8 Template:Fix"," 8.41% 65.734 16 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.478","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7252291,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcosta1995–2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabendreier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennettOwensCorrigan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_PerringsMark_Herbert_WilliamsonSilvana_Dalmazzone2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClercqMasonBabendreier2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConsoliParraZucchi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookWilliam_L._BruckartJack_R._CoulsonMark_S._Goettel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillerShamsianShakedAltman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassanaliHerrenKhanPickett2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._C._van_Lenteren2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJahnLitsingerChenBarrion2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnipling1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKogan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfLuckmann1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNormile2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajeev_K._UpadhyayK.G._MukerjiB._P._Chamola2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_F._NorrisEdward_P._Caswell-ChenMarcos_Kogan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossiSperandioCaffiSimonetto2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeaman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithSmith,_G.L.1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteve_H._Dreistadt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomsonBennettGlennHoffman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Lenteren2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictor_Arnold_DyckJorge_HendrichsA._S._Robinson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._KlassenC.F._Curtis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightHoffmannKuharGardner2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Integrated Pest Management\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Pesticides\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-zw4f2","timestamp":"20241125133700","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Integrated pest management","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Integrated_pest_management","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q525309","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q525309","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-05T01:12:38Z","dateModified":"2024-10-24T01:42:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0f\/IPMtrap4854.JPG","headline":"approach for economic control of pests"}</script> </body> </html>