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<span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Histoire</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Histoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Développement_aux_États-Unis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Développement_aux_États-Unis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Développement aux États-Unis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Développement_aux_États-Unis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Développement_international" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Développement_international"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Développement international</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Développement_international-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groupes_protopunk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groupes_protopunk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Groupes protopunk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Groupes_protopunk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Groupes protopunk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Groupes_protopunk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-États-Unis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#États-Unis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>États-Unis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-États-Unis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royaume-Uni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royaume-Uni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Royaume-Uni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royaume-Uni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allemagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allemagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Allemagne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allemagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Australie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pérou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pérou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Pérou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pérou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protopunk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 26 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proto-punk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Протапанк – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Протапанк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proto-punk" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prapunko" title="Prapunko – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prapunko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="پروتوپانک – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتوپانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proto-punk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%88%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="プロトパンク – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロトパンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Proto-punk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urpunk" title="Urpunk – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urpunk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Протопанк – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протопанк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopunk" title="Protopunk – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protopunk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="โพรโตพังก์ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โพรโตพังก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Прото-панк – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прото-панк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%8B%E5%85%8B" title="前朋克 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="前朋克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27190#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protopunk" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Protopunk" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protopunk"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protopunk"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Protopunk" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Protopunk" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&oldid=220836348" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large" style="width:22em"> <div class="entete icon musique" style="background-color: gainsboro;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r151886664">.mw-parser-output .entete.musique{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Picto_infobox_music.png")}</style> <div>Protopunk</div> </div><table><caption class="hidden" style="">Données clés</caption><tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:7em;">Origines stylistiques</th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pub_rock" title="Pub rock">pub rock</a></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:7em;">Origines culturelles</th> <td> Milieu des <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1960" title="Années 1960">années 1960</a>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="États unis"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"><img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a></span></span>, <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Royaume uni"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"><img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a></span></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:7em;">Instruments typiques</th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Guitare_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Guitare électrique">Guitare électrique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitare_basse" title="Guitare basse">basse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batterie_(instrument)" title="Batterie (instrument)">batterie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%AEte_%C3%A0_rythmes" title="Boîte à rythmes">boîte à rythmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clavier_(instrument)" title="Clavier (instrument)">claviers</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table><p class="bloc" style="background-color:gainsboro;">Sous-genres</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">Glam punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garage_punk" title="Garage punk">garage punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">punk blues</a></p> <p class="bloc" style="background-color:gainsboro;">Genres dérivés</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a></p> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:gainsboro;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Musique_(style)" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></p></div> <p>Le <b>protopunk</b> est un terme désignant un <a href="/wiki/Genre_musical" title="Genre musical">genre musical</a> du milieu des <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1960" title="Années 1960">années 1960</a> et du début des <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1970" title="Années 1970">années 1970</a>, considéré comme étant du <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> avant l'heure ou, du moins, un précurseur du punk. On y retrouve tout ou partie des éléments constitutifs du punk (une musique rapide et rude, des chansons courtes, une instrumentation simplifiée, des guitares saturées, et des paroles souvent provocantes, revendicatives ou nihilistes) et parfois, aussi, une attitude ou un look emblématique du <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_punk" title="Mouvement punk">mouvement punk</a>. </p><p>Par extension, ce terme est employé pour désigner les <a href="/wiki/Groupe_musical" title="Groupe musical">groupes</a> ou musiciens jouant cette musique, ou ayant eu une influence, affirmée ou supposée, sur les artistes punk. D'une manière typique, tous les musiciens de protopunk ne se considèrent pas comme punk. En effet, le protopunk n'est pas un genre musical bien défini, puisqu'il a été créé a posteriori<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il embrasse une large palette de styles et éléments musicaux, en particulier le <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a> ou le <a href="/wiki/Pub_rock" title="Pub rock">pub rock</a>. </p><p>Des groupes comme <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">The Kinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sonics" title="The Sonics">The Sonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Kingsmen" title="The Kingsmen">The Kingsmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/MC5" title="MC5">MC5</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">The Stooges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_(groupe_de_protopunk)" title="Death (groupe de protopunk)">Death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawkwind" title="Hawkwind">Hawkwind</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide_(groupe)" title="Suicide (groupe)">Suicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Lovers" title="The Modern Lovers">The Modern Lovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dictators" title="The Dictators">The Dictators</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Rocket_from_the_Tombs" title="Rocket from the Tombs">Rocket from the Tombs</a>, entre autres, font partie de ceux qui influenceront de manière significative le punk<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origines">Origines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Origines" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origines"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La musique punk, au départ un sous-genre musical, puise certains de ses éléments dans les premières chansons de <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> et chez les musiciens de <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>. La chanson <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Love Me</span></i> de <a href="/wiki/The_Phantom" title="The Phantom">The Phantom</a> (pseudonyme de Jerry Lott), sortie en 1958, peut être considérée comme précurseur du son punk. </p><p>Au début et au milieu des <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1960" title="Années 1960">années 1960</a>, les groupes de <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a>, par la suite reconnus comme les fondateurs du punk rock, sont localisés dans différents endroits d'<a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord" title="Amérique du Nord">Amérique du Nord</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kingsmen" title="The Kingsmen">The Kingsmen</a>, un groupe garage originaire de <a href="/wiki/Portland_(Oregon)" title="Portland (Oregon)">Portland</a>, dans l'<a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, se fait connaître en 1963 grâce à une reprise de <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Louie_Louie" title="Louie Louie">Louie Louie</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sonics" title="The Sonics">The Sonics</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Tacoma" title="Tacoma">Tacoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(%C3%89tat)" title="Washington (État)">Washington</a>, avec des chansons comme <i><a href="/wiki/Have_Love,_Will_Travel" title="Have Love, Will Travel">Have Love, Will Travel</a></i>, <i>Strychnine</i> et <i>Psycho</i>, est l'un des premiers groupes protopunk. </p><p>Le <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf rock</a>, popularisé et développé par <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> et, surtout, par <a href="/wiki/Dick_Dale" title="Dick Dale">Dick Dale</a> and his Deltones, inspire le garage et, plus tard, le punk rock<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sabin1999259_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabin1999259-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. C'est le cas notamment pour <a href="/wiki/The_Trashmen" title="The Trashmen">The Trashmen</a> avec <i><a href="/wiki/Surfin%27_Bird" title="Surfin' Bird">Surfin' Bird</a></i>. </p><p>Le son minimaliste de la plupart des groupes de garage rock s'inspire de la <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a>. Les singles des <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">Kinks</a>, <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/You_Really_Got_Me" title="You Really Got Me">You Really Got Me</a></span></i> et <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/All_Day_and_All_of_the_Night" title="All Day and All of the Night">All Day and All of the Night</a></span></i>, sont considérés comme les <span class="citation">« prédécesseurs »</span> du genre<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En 1965, <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a> se popularisent rapidement avec leur single <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/I_Can%27t_Explain" title="I Can't Explain">I Can't Explain</a></span></i>, un clone virtuel des Kinks. En 1966, la popularité des groupes de garage rock décline pendant quelques années, mais le son agressif et l'attitude rebelle de groupes de <span class="citation">« garage <a href="/wiki/Rock_psych%C3%A9d%C3%A9lique" title="Rock psychédélique">psych</a> »</span> comme <a href="/wiki/The_Seeds" title="The Seeds">The Seeds</a> préservent le style de ces groupes qui deviendront plus tard les figures archétypes du protopunk<sup id="cite_ref-Sabin1999259_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabin1999259-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En 1971, l'écrivain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dave_Marsh_(critique_musical)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dave Marsh (critique musical) (page inexistante)">Dave Marsh</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Marsh" class="extiw" title="en:Dave Marsh"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Dave Marsh »">(en)</span></a> utilise pour la première fois le terme de « punk-rock » pour décrire la musique du groupe garage <a href="/wiki/Question_Mark_and_the_Mysterians" title="Question Mark and the Mysterians">? and the Mysterians</a>. </p><p>Les deux premiers albums du groupe <a href="/wiki/Love_(groupe)" title="Love (groupe)">Love</a>, <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Love_(album_de_Love)" title="Love (album de Love)">Love</a></span></i> (1966) et en particulier <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Da Capo</span></i> (1967), commencent à explorer un son protopunk avec des chansons comme <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">7 and 7 Is</span></i>, leur seule chanson ayant obtenu le succès<sup id="cite_ref-SchinderSchwartz2008263_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchinderSchwartz2008263-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee_(musicien)" title="Arthur Lee (musicien)">Arthur Lee</a> de Love est considéré comme le <span class="citation">« premier rockeur punk »</span>. Mais Lee le prend mal, croyant que cette phrase le définissait comme <span class="citation">« l'esclave de quelqu'un ou un truc comme ça »</span><sup id="cite_ref-Einarson2010241_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einarson2010241-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Développement_aux_États-Unis"><span id="D.C3.A9veloppement_aux_.C3.89tats-Unis"></span>Développement aux États-Unis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Développement aux États-Unis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Développement aux États-Unis"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="1969-01" data-sort-value="1969-01">janvier 1969</time>, <a href="/wiki/MC5" title="MC5">MC5</a>, un groupe originaire de <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9troit_(Michigan)" title="Détroit (Michigan)">Détroit</a>, fait paraître <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Kick_Out_the_Jams" title="Kick Out the Jams">Kick Out the Jams</a></span></i>. <span class="citation">« Musicalement parlant, le groupe est intentionnellement agressif »</span>, d'après <a href="/wiki/Lester_Bangs" title="Lester Bangs">Lester Bangs</a> du magazine <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En août de la même année, <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">The Stooges</a>, originaires d'<a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_(Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Arbor (Michigan)">Ann Arbor</a>, font paraître leur <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges_(album)" title="The Stooges (album)">album <i>The Stooges</i></a>. Selon l'auteur <a href="/wiki/Greil_Marcus" title="Greil Marcus">Greil Marcus</a>, le groupe, mené par le chanteur <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a>, reproduit le <span class="citation">« son de la chanson <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Airmobile</span></i> de <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> »</span> (dont le vrai titre est en réalité <i>You can't catch me</i>) <sup id="cite_ref-Marcus1979294_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus1979294-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'album est produit par <a href="/wiki/John_Cale" title="John Cale">John Cale</a>, un ancien membre du groupe expérimental <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor200349_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor200349-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Plus globalement, tous les acteurs de la bruyante <a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A8ne_rock_de_D%C3%A9troit" title="Scène rock de Détroit">scène rock de Détroit</a>, comme <a href="/wiki/Grand_Funk_Railroad" title="Grand Funk Railroad">Grand Funk Railroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brownsville_Station" title="Brownsville Station">Brownsville Station</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Death_(groupe_de_protopunk)" title="Death (groupe de protopunk)">Death</a>, jouent un rôle plus ou moins grand dans le développement du punk ou du <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a>. </p><p>Au début des <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1970" title="Années 1970">années 1970</a>, les <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a> décident de faire passer leur style <a href="/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_roll" title="Rock 'n' roll">rock 'n' roll</a> des années 1950 à un autre niveau, qui sera plus tard connu sous le nom de <a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">glam punk</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Au même moment, le mythique duo <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">new-yorkais</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide_(groupe)" title="Suicide (groupe)">Suicide</a>, qui réunit <a href="/wiki/Alan_Vega" title="Alan Vega">Alan Vega</a> et <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rev" title="Martin Rev">Martin Rev</a>, joue une musique expérimentale et minimaliste, souvent teintée de rockabilly, définissable comme une sorte d'électro-punk avant l'heure. Dans le <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dictators" title="The Dictators">The Dictators</a> jouent du rock humoristique et font des reprises pleines d'énergie rageuse<sup id="cite_ref-Bessman19939–10_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bessman19939–10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. À <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Lovers" title="The Modern Lovers">The Modern Lovers</a> menés par <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Richman" title="Jonathan Richman">Jonathan Richman</a> sont popularisés grâce à leur style minimaliste. En 1974, une scène garage rock commence à se regrouper autour du club Rathskeller au <a href="/wiki/Kenmore_Square" title="Kenmore Square">Kenmore Square</a>. Y participent des groupes tels que <a href="/wiki/Real_Kids" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Kids">Real Kids</a>, fondé par l'ancien membre des Modern Lovers John Felice ; <a href="/wiki/Willie_Alexander" title="Willie Alexander">Willie Alexander and the Boom Boom Band</a>, dont le chanteur est un ancien membre du Velvet Underground où il officia pendant quelques mois en 1971 ; et Mickey Clean and the Mezz<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dans l'<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, une petite scène underground émerge, menée par <a href="/wiki/Devo" title="Devo">Devo</a> originaire d'<a href="/wiki/Akron_(Ohio)" title="Akron (Ohio)">Akron</a> et <a href="/wiki/Kent_(Ohio)" title="Kent (Ohio)">Kent</a>, et par <a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Eels" class="mw-redirect" title="The Electric Eels">The Electric Eels</a>, Mirrors et <a href="/wiki/Rocket_from_the_Tombs" title="Rocket from the Tombs">Rocket from the Tombs</a>. Lorsque The Electric Eels et Mirrors se disloquent, The Styrenes émergent de ces séparations<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Développement_international"><span id="D.C3.A9veloppement_international"></span>Développement international</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Développement international" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Développement international"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ces groupes américains créent des émules un peu partout dans le monde. À la fin des <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1960" title="Années 1960">années 1960</a>, le groupe britannique <a href="/wiki/The_Deviants_(groupe)" title="The Deviants (groupe)">The Deviants</a> joue dans un style psychédélique<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En 1970, le groupe évolue en <a href="/wiki/Pink_Fairies" title="Pink Fairies">Pink Fairies</a>, jouant dans une veine similaire<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger199886–91_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger199886–91-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Au <a href="/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a>, la vague <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a> du début des années 1970, incarnée par <a href="/wiki/T._Rex" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Rex">T. Rex</a> et <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, revient à l'urgence des premiers temps du rock 'n' roll. Dans les années qui suivent, la scène <a href="/wiki/Pub_rock" title="Pub rock">pub rock</a>, où l'on trouve <a href="/wiki/Dr._Feelgood_(groupe)" title="Dr. Feelgood (groupe)"><abbr class="abbr" title="Docteur">D<sup>r</sup></abbr>. Feelgood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_and_the_Hot_Rods" title="Eddie and the Hot Rods">Eddie and the Hot Rods</a> ou les <a href="/wiki/The_101%27ers" title="The 101'ers">The 101'ers</a>, ouvre la voie aux futurs groupes punks anglais. En Allemagne, ce sont les groupes <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a>, plus expérimentaux, qui jouent ce rôle, tels <a href="/wiki/Can_(groupe)" title="Can (groupe)">Can</a> et <a href="/wiki/Neu!" title="Neu!">Neu!</a>. En France, les <a href="/wiki/Dogs_(groupe)" title="Dogs (groupe)">Dogs</a> et <a href="/wiki/Bijou_(groupe)" title="Bijou (groupe)">Bijou</a> s'inspirent des Velvet Undeground, MC5 et autres Stooges. En Australie, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Birdman" title="Radio Birdman">Radio Birdman</a> et <a href="/wiki/The_Saints" title="The Saints">The Saints</a> émergent au même moment que les <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> aux États-Unis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groupes_protopunk">Groupes protopunk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Groupes protopunk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Groupes protopunk"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liste de groupes considérés comme protopunk, ou ayant eu une influence, plus ou moins grande, sur le punk-rock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="États-Unis"><span id=".C3.89tats-Unis"></span>États-Unis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : États-Unis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : États-Unis"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Star" title="Big Star">Big Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville_Station" title="Brownsville Station">Brownsville Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Beefheart" title="Captain Beefheart">Captain Beefheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Five" title="Count Five">Count Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_(groupe_de_protopunk)" title="Death (groupe de protopunk)">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dictators" title="The Dictators">The Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flamin%27_Groovies" title="The Flamin' Groovies">The Flamin' Groovies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fugs" title="The Fugs">The Fugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hell" title="Richard Hell">Richard Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingsmen" title="The Kingsmen">The Kingsmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_(groupe)" title="Love (groupe)">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MC5" title="MC5">MC5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Lovers" title="The Modern Lovers">The Modern Lovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Monks" title="The Monks">The Monks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_Boys" title="Neon Boys">Neon Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_Mark_and_the_Mysterians" title="Question Mark and the Mysterians">Question Mark and the Mysterians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Kids" title="The Real Kids">The Real Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_and_the_Raiders" title="Paul Revere and the Raiders">Paul Revere and the Raiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_from_the_Tombs" title="Rocket from the Tombs">Rocket from the Tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seeds" title="The Seeds">The Seeds</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">The Stooges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadows of Knight">Shadows of Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Standells" title="The Standells">The Standells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_(groupe)" title="Suicide (groupe)">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sonics" title="The Sonics">The Sonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_(groupe)" title="Television (groupe)">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trashmen" title="The Trashmen">The Trashmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Royaume-Uni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Royaume-Uni"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_101%27ers" title="The 101'ers">The 101'ers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals" title="The Animals">The Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinsley_Schwarz_(groupe)" title="Brinsley Schwarz (groupe)">Brinsley Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_Sparrer" title="Cock Sparrer">Cock Sparrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Deviants_(groupe)" title="The Deviants (groupe)">The Deviants (groupe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Feelgood_(groupe)" title="Dr. Feelgood (groupe)"><abbr class="abbr" title="Docteur">D<sup>r</sup></abbr> Feelgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_and_the_Hot_Rods" title="Eddie and the Hot Rods">Eddie and the Hot Rods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faces_(groupe)" title="Faces (groupe)">Faces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkwind" title="Hawkwind">Hawkwind</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">The Kinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_the_Hoople" title="Mott the Hoople">Mott the Hoople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Move" title="The Move">The Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Fairies" title="Pink Fairies">Pink Fairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxy_Music" title="Roxy Music">Roxy Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stranglers" title="The Stranglers">The Stranglers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Them" title="Them">Them</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troggs" title="The Troggs">The Troggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Rex" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Rex">T. Rex</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allemagne">Allemagne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Allemagne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Allemagne"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Can_(groupe)" title="Can (groupe)">Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neu!" title="Neu!">Neu!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ton_Steine_Scherben" title="Ton Steine Scherben">Ton Steine Scherben</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : France" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : France"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starshooter (1er album) </p><p>Edith Nylon </p><p>Little Bob Story </p><p>Metal Urbain </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australie">Australie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Australie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Australie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Birdman" title="Radio Birdman">Radio Birdman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Saints" title="The Saints">The Saints</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pérou"><span id="P.C3.A9rou"></span>Pérou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Pérou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Pérou"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Saicos" title="Los Saicos">Los Saicos</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histoiredurock.fr.gd/Proto_Punk.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Le Proto-punk</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">histoiredurock.fr.gd</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-10-14" data-sort-value="2021-10-14">14 octobre 2021</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2698#">"Proto-Punk"</a>, All Music Guides, consulté le 24 septembre 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hebdige1979"><span class="ouvrage" id="D._Hebdige1979"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> D. <span class="nom_auteur">Hebdige</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Subculture, the meaning of style</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>, Taylor & Francis, <time>1979</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 25<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subculture%2C+the+meaning+of+style&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.aulast=Hebdige&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.date=1979&rft.pages=25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Moore1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jack_B._Moore1993"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jack B. <span class="nom_auteur">Moore</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Skinheads shaved for battle : a cultural history of American skinheads</cite>, Popular Press, <time>1993</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 41<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skinheads+shaved+for+battle&rft.pub=Popular+Press&rft.stitle=a+cultural+history+of+American+skinheads&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Jack+B.&rft.date=1993&rft.pages=41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sabin1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="R._Sabin1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> R. <span class="nom_auteur">Sabin</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Punk rock: so what? : the cultural legacy of punk</cite>, Routledge, <time>1999</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 157<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punk+rock%3A+so+what%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.stitle=the+cultural+legacy+of+punk&rft.aulast=Sabin&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/explore/metastyle/surf-d389"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Surf music</cite></a> », <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-04-23" data-sort-value="2011-04-23">23 avril 2011</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabin1999259-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sabin1999259_7-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Sabin1999259_7-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sabin1999">Sabin 1999</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 259. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Harrington (2002), p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchinderSchwartz2008263-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SchinderSchwartz2008263_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#SchinderSchwartz2008">Schinder et Schwartz 2008</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 263. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r11981#">"Da Capo"</a> <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>, consulté le 5 août 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einarson2010241-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Einarson2010241_11-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Einarson2010">Einarson 2010</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 241. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bangs1969"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lester_Bangs1969"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Lester_Bangs" title="Lester Bangs">Lester Bangs</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/mc5/albums/album/105316/review/5941601/kick_out_the_jams%20MC5:"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Kick Out the Jams - Review</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1969-04-05" data-sort-value="1969-04-05">5 avril 1969</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-01-27" data-sort-value="2007-01-27">27 janvier 2007</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcus1979294-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marcus1979294_13-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Marcus1979">Marcus 1979</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 294. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor200349-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor200349_14-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Taylor2003">Taylor 2003</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 49. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Harrington (2002), p. 538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bessman19939–10-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bessman19939–10_16-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bessman1993">Bessman 1993</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 9–10. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Andersen and Jenkins (2001), p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Vaughan2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robin_Vaughan2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Robin <span class="nom_auteur">Vaughan</span>, <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/music/cellars/documents/02927794.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">Reality Bites</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/music/cellars/documents/02927794.htm">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/music/cellars/documents/02927794.htm">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/music/cellars/documents/02927794.htm">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&q=cache:http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/music/cellars/documents/02927794.htm">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J'ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, <span class="italique">Boston Phoenix</span>, 6-12 juin 2003 <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-11-27" data-sort-value="2007-11-27">27 novembre 2007</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Harvard"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joe_Harvard"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Joe <span class="nom_auteur">Harvard</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockinboston.com/themezz.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Mickey Clean and the Mezz</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Boston Rock Storybook</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-11-07" data-sort-value="2007-11-07">7 novembre 2007</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robbins"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ira_Robbins"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ira <span class="nom_auteur">Robbins</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=willie_alexander_and_the_boom_boom_band"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Wille Alexander</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Trouser Press Guide</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-11-27" data-sort-value="2007-11-27">27 novembre 2007</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Klimek"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jamie_Klimek"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jamie Klimek, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jilmar.com/mirrors/story.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Mirrors</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Jilmar Music</span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jäger"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rolf_Jäger"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Rolf Jäger, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rent-a-dog.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16%3Athe-styrenes-city-of-women&catid=2%3Akatalogarchiv&Itemid=4&lang=en"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Styrenes—A Brief History</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Rent a Dog</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-11-27" data-sort-value="2007-11-27">27 novembre 2007</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Toshikazu Ohtaka et Yukiko Akagawa, <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508000420/http://www.thanatosoft.freeserve.co.uk/supermarketfiles/strangedays.htm">Soundwise, we wanted to be incredibly loud and violent! That says it all. The hippies wanted to be nice and gentle, but our style was the opposite of that peaceful, natural attitude.</a> »</span>, '<b>Strange Days<i> (Japon)</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-05-08" data-sort-value="2008-05-08">8 mai 2008</time> <small>(version du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-05-08" data-sort-value="2008-05-08">8 mai 2008</time> sur <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</small>.</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unterberger199886–91-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger199886–91_24-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Unterberger1998">Unterberger 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 86–91. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="#refBuckley2003">Buckley 2003</a>, p. 403, <i>The addition of <a href="/wiki/Simon_House" title="Simon House">Simon House</a> (violin/keyboards) in 1974 mellowed the musical assault without damaging the fabric, but with proto-punk <a href="/wiki/Lemmy_Kilmister" title="Lemmy Kilmister">Lemmy</a> on the bass the demands of heavy rock would always be satisfied.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="WattsCollyns2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jonathan_WattsDan_Collyns2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jonathan Watts et Dan Collyns, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/sep/14/where-punk-begin-cinema-peru"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Where did punk begin? A cinema in Peru</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-09-14" data-sort-value="2012-09-14">14 septembre 2012</time></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Buckley2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peter_Buckley2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Peter <span class="nom_auteur">Buckley</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Rough Guide to Rock</cite>, Londres, Rough Guides, <time>2003</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1-85828-201-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1-85828-201-2"><span class="nowrap">1-85828-201-2</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Rock&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85828-201-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Einarson2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_Einarson2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> John <span class="nom_auteur">Einarson</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Forever Changes : Arthur Lee and the Book of Love</cite>, Jawbone, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-05-01" data-sort-value="2010-05-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mai 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1-906002-31-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1-906002-31-2"><span class="nowrap">1-906002-31-2</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forever+Changes&rft.pub=Jawbone&rft.stitle=Arthur+Lee+and+the+Book+of+Love&rft.aulast=Einarson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.isbn=1-906002-31-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="SchinderSchwartz2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Scott_SchinderAndy_Schwartz2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Scott <span class="nom_auteur">Schinder</span> et Andy <span class="nom_auteur">Schwartz</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Icons of Rock : Elvis Presley ; Ray Charles; Chuck Berry ; Buddy Holly ; The Beach Boys ; James Brown ; The Beatles ; Bob Dylan ; The Rolling Stones ; The Who ; The Byrds ; Jimi Hendrix</cite>, ABC-CLIO, <time>2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-313-33846-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-313-33846-9"><span class="nowrap">0-313-33846-9</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Rock&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.stitle=Elvis+Presley+%3B+Ray+Charles%3B+Chuck+Berry+%3B+Buddy+Holly+%3B+The+Beach+Boys+%3B+James+Brown+%3B+The+Beatles+%3B+Bob+Dylan+%3B+The+Rolling+Stones+%3B+The+Who+%3B+The+Byrds+%3B+Jimi+Hendrix&rft.aulast=Schinder&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Andy&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-313-33846-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Unterberger1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richie_Unterberger1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Richie <span class="nom_auteur">Unterberger</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Music USA : The Rough Guide</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>, Rough Guides, <time>1999</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1-85828-421-X" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1-85828-421-X"><span class="nowrap">1-85828-421-X</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+USA&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.stitle=The+Rough+Guide&rft.aulast=Unterberger&rft.aufirst=Richie&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85828-421-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="UnterbergerBogdanovWoodstraThomas_Erlewine2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richie_UnterbergerVladimir_BogdanovChris_WoodstraStephen_Thomas_Erlewine2002"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Richie <span class="nom_auteur">Unterberger</span>, Vladimir Bogdanov (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), Chris Woodstra (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>) et <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine" title="Stephen Thomas Erlewine">Stephen Thomas Erlewine</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique" lang="en">All Music Guide to Rock : The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>, Backbeat, <time>2002</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-87930-653-X" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-87930-653-X"><span class="nowrap">0-87930-653-X</span></a>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « British Punk »</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+Rock&rft.atitle=British+Punk&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Backbeat&rft.edition=3&rft.stitle=The+Definitive+Guide+to+Rock%2C+Pop%2C+and+Soul&rft.aulast=Unterberger&rft.aufirst=Richie&rft.au=Vladimir+Bogdanov&rft.au=Chris+Woodstra&rft.au=Stephen+Thomas+Erlewine&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-87930-653-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Taylor2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Steven_Taylor2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Steven <span class="nom_auteur">Taylor</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">False Prophet : Field Notes from the Punk Underground</cite>, Middletown, Conn., Wesleyan University Press, <time>2003</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-8195-6668-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-8195-6668-3"><span class="nowrap">0-8195-6668-3</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=False+Prophet&rft.place=Middletown%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.stitle=Field+Notes+from+the+Punk+Underground&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8195-6668-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Taylor2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Steven_Taylor2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Steven <span class="nom_auteur">Taylor</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The A to X of Alternative Music</cite>, Londres et New York, Continuum, <time>2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-8264-8217-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-8264-8217-1"><span class="nowrap">0-8264-8217-1</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+X+of+Alternative+Music&rft.place=Londres+et+New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8264-8217-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Marcus1979"><span class="ouvrage" id="Greil_Marcus1979"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Greil_Marcus" title="Greil Marcus">Greil <span class="nom_auteur">Marcus</span></a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique" lang="en">Stranded : Rock and Roll for a Desert Island</cite>, New York, Knopf, <time>1979</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-394-73827-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-394-73827-6"><span class="nowrap">0-394-73827-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stranded&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.stitle=Rock+and+Roll+for+a+Desert+Island&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Greil&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-394-73827-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Marcus1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Greil_Marcus1989"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Greil <span class="nom_auteur">Marcus</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Lipstick Traces : A Secret History of the Twentieth Century</cite>, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, <time>1989</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-674-53581-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-674-53581-2"><span class="nowrap">0-674-53581-2</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lipstick+Traces&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.stitle=A+Secret+History+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Greil&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-674-53581-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : français">(fr)</abbr> <i><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_Traces_:_Une_histoire_secr%C3%A8te_du_vingti%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle" title="Lipstick Traces : Une histoire secrète du vingtième siècle">Lipstick Traces : Une histoire secrète du vingtième siècle</a></i>, 1998, Allia, trad. Guillaume Godard <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/979-10-304-0860-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/979-10-304-0860-7"><span class="nowrap">979-10-304-0860-7</span></a>)</small></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Reed2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_Reed2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> John <span class="nom_auteur">Reed</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Paul Weller : My Ever Changing Moods</cite>, London et al., Omnibus Press, <time>2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1-84449-491-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1-84449-491-8"><span class="nowrap">1-84449-491-8</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Weller&rft.place=London+et+al.&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.stitle=My+Ever+Changing+Moods&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=John&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84449-491-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bessman1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jim_Bessman1993"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jim <span class="nom_auteur">Bessman</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Ramones : An American Band</cite>, New York, St. Martin's, <time>1993</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-312-09369-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-312-09369-1"><span class="nowrap">0-312-09369-1</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramones&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s&rft.stitle=An+American+Band&rft.aulast=Bessman&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-312-09369-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProtopunk"></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopunk&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Genres_de_punk_rock" title="Modèle:Palette Genres de punk rock"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Genres_de_punk_rock&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Précurseurs</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rock" title="Acid rock">Acid rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock" title="Pub rock">Pub rock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protopunk</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Sous-genres/genres fusion</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_tone_(musique)" title="2 tone (musique)">2 tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_punk" title="Chicano punk">Chicano punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">Cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rock" title="Death rock">Death rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_punk" title="Egg punk">Egg punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun-punk" title="Fun-punk">Fun-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_punk" title="Garage punk">Garage punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">Glam punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_punk" title="Gypsy punk">Gypsy punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_punk" title="Jazz punk">Jazz punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_punk" title="Nazi punk">Nazi punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_punk" title="Pop punk">Pop punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">Psychobilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">Punk blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_celtique" title="Punk celtique">Punk celtique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Punk chrétien">Punk chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_folk" title="Punk folk">Punk folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ga%C3%A9lique" title="Punk gaélique">Punk gaélique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_hardcore" title="Punk hardcore">Punk hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapcore" title="Rapcore">Rapcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropunk" title="Electropunk">Synthpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwacore" title="Taqwacore">Taqwacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trallpunk" title="Trallpunk">Trallpunk</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Genres liés</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave" title="New wave">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_alternatif" title="Rock alternatif">Rock alternatif</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Par pays</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_allemand" title="Punk allemand">Allemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_argentin" title="Punk argentin">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_br%C3%A9silien" title="Punk brésilien">Brésil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_belge" title="Punk belge">Belgique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_canadien" title="Punk canadien">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_des_%C3%89tats-Unis#Rock,_metal_et_punk" title="Musique des États-Unis">États-Unis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A8ne_punk_de_Californie" title="Scène punk de Californie">Californie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_espagnol" title="Punk espagnol">Espagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Punk français">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punk_%C3%A0_Paris" title="Punk à Paris">Paris</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_italien" title="Punk italien">Italie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-punk" title="J-punk">Japon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_n%C3%A9erlandais" title="Punk néerlandais">Pays-Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_su%C3%A9dois" title="Punk suédois">Suède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_yougoslave" title="Punk yougoslave">Yougoslavie</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Articles liés</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_visuels_punk" title="Arts visuels punk">Arts visuels punk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CBGB%27s_and_the_Birth_of_U.S._Punk" title="CBGB's and the Birth of U.S. Punk">CBGB's and the Birth of U.S. Punk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_punk" title="Mouvement punk">Culture punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronologie_du_punk_rock" title="Chronologie du punk rock">Chronologie du punk rock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_films_punk" title="Liste de films punk">Films punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id%C3%A9ologie_punk" title="Idéologie punk">Idéologie punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_punk" title="Mode punk">Mode punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosh" title="Mosh">Mosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_punk" title="Mouvement punk">Mouvement punk</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Punk" title="Portail du punk"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Crest.svg/20px-Crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Crest.svg/40px-Crest.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="164" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Punk" title="Portail:Punk">Portail du punk</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Rock" title="Portail du rock"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Crystal_Clear_app_kguitar.png/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kguitar.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Crystal_Clear_app_kguitar.png/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kguitar.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Rock" title="Portail:Rock">Portail du rock</a></span> </span></li> </ul>  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