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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Go (game)</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Go_(game)" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Go_(game)" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Go+%28game%29" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(board_game)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Go (board game)">Go (board game)</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the board game. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Go_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Go (disambiguation)">Go (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Go is an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_strategy_game" title="Abstract strategy game">abstract strategy</a> <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a> for two players in which the aim is to fence off more territory than the opponent. The game was invented in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> more than 2,500 years ago and is believed to be the oldest board game continuously played to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> A 2016 survey by the <a href="/wiki/International_Go_Federation" title="International Go Federation">International Go Federation</a>'s 75 member nations found that there are over 46 million people worldwide who know how to play Go, and over 20 million current players, the majority of whom live in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Go</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:FloorGoban.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FloorGoban.JPG/300px-FloorGoban.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FloorGoban.JPG/450px-FloorGoban.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FloorGoban.JPG/600px-FloorGoban.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1101"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Go is played on a grid (usually 19×19). Game pieces (stones) are placed on the grid line intersections.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">548 BCE (earliest record) to present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">Board game</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_strategy_game" title="Abstract strategy game">Abstract strategy game</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mind_sport" title="Mind sport">Mind sport</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Players</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Setup time</th><td class="infobox-data">Minimal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Playing time</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Casual: 20–90 minutes</li><li>Professional: 1–6 hours or more<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_note1">[a]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chance</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Skills</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tactic_(method)" title="Tactic (method)">tactics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic#Arithmetic_operations" title="Arithmetic">elementary arithmetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Synonyms</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0f\/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg\/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Weiqi"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Zh-w\u00e9iq\u00ed.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Weiqi</a><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg" title="File:Zh-wéiqí.ogg">ⓘ</a></li><li>Igo</li><li>Paduk / Baduk</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">a Some professional games exceed 16 hours and are played in sessions spread over two days.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Go</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8D%E6%A3%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:圍棋">圍棋</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%B4%E6%A3%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:围棋">围棋</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">'encirclement board game'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">wéiqí</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄨㄟˊ ㄑㄧˊ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">wei2-chʻi2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">wéi-cí</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[wěɪ.tɕʰǐ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0f\/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg\/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Zh-w\u00e9iq\u00ed.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg" title="File:Zh-wéiqí.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhounese">Suzhounese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">wé-jí</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">wàih-kèih</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">wai4 kei4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[wɐj˩ kʰej˩]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">uî-kî</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">hwigi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter%E2%80%93Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">*[ɢ]ʷə[j] [ɡ](r)ə</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Zhengzhang_(1981%E2%80%931995)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Zhengzhang</a></th><td class="infobox-data">*ɢʷɯl ɡɯ</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Tibetan name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style>མིག་མངས</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a></th><td class="infobox-data">mig mangs</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">cờ vây</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1n-N%C3%B4m" class="mw-redirect" title="Hán-Nôm">Hán-Nôm</a></th><td class="infobox-data">碁圍</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data">바둑</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">baduk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">paduk</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%B2%E7%A2%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:囲碁">囲碁</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A2%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:碁">碁</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">いご or ご</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">イゴ or ゴ</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">igo or go</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></ol> The <a href="/wiki/Game_piece_(board_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game piece (board game)">playing pieces</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Go_equipment#Stones" title="Go equipment">stones</a>. One player uses the white stones and the other black. The players take turns placing their stones on the vacant intersections (points) on the <a href="#Boards">board</a>. Once placed, stones may not be moved, but captured stones are immediately removed from the board. A single stone (or connected group of stones) is captured when surrounded by the opponent's stones on all <a href="/wiki/Orthogonality#Gaming" title="Orthogonality">orthogonally</a> adjacent points.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwamoto197722-7">[7]</a> The game proceeds until neither player wishes to make another move. When a game concludes, the winner is determined by counting each player's surrounded territory along with captured stones and <a href="/wiki/Komidashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Komidashi">komi</a> (points added to the <a href="/wiki/Score_(game)" title="Score (game)">score</a> of the player with the white stones as compensation for playing second).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwamoto197718-8">[8]</a> Games may also end by resignation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> The standard Go board has a 19×19 <a href="/wiki/Grid_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid graph">grid</a> of lines, containing 361 points. Beginners often play on smaller 9×9 or 13×13 boards,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews20041-10">[10]</a> and archaeological evidence shows that the game was played in earlier centuries on a board with a 17×17 grid. Boards with a 19×19 grid had become standard, however, by the time the game reached <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> in the 5th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in the 7th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun199718-11">[11]</a> Go was considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">four essential arts</a> of the cultured <a href="/wiki/Aristocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocratic">aristocratic</a> Chinese scholars in antiquity. The earliest written reference to the game is generally recognized as the historical annal <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Tso_Chuan_book-12">[12]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_13-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1995%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2014%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-13">[13]</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4th century BCE).<a href="#cite_note-chronology2-14">[14]</a> Despite its relatively <a href="#Rules">simple rules</a>, Go is extremely complex. Compared to <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, Go has both a larger board with more scope for play and longer games and, on average, many more alternatives to consider per move. The number of legal board positions in Go has been calculated to be approximately 2.1×10170,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[a]</a> which is far greater than the <a href="/wiki/Observable_Universe#Matter_content%E2%80%94number_of_atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Observable Universe">number of atoms in the observable universe</a>, which is estimated to be on the order of 1080.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Names_of_the_game">1 Names of the game</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Overview">2 Overview</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Basic_concepts">2.1 Basic concepts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Strategy">3 Strategy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Opening_strategy">3.1 Opening strategy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Middlegame_and_endgame">3.2 Middlegame and endgame</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Rules">4 Rules</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Basic_rules">4.1 Basic rules</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Liberties_and_capture">4.2 Liberties and capture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ko_rule">4.3 Ko rule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Suicide">4.4 Suicide</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Komi">4.5 Komi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Scoring_rules">4.6 Scoring rules</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Life_and_death">4.7 Life and death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Seki_(mutual_life)">4.8 Seki (mutual life)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Tactics">5 Tactics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Capturing_tactics">5.1 Capturing tactics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Reading_ahead">5.2 Reading ahead</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Ko_fighting">5.3 Ko fighting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#History">6 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Origin_in_China">6.1 Origin in China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Spread_to_Korea_and_Japan">6.2 Spread to Korea and Japan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Internationalization">6.3 Internationalization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Competitive_play">7 Competitive play</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Ranks_and_ratings">7.1 Ranks and ratings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Tournament_and_match_rules">7.2 Tournament and match rules</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Time_control">7.3 Time control</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Notation_and_recording_games">7.4 Notation and recording games</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Top_players_and_professional_Go">7.5 Top players and professional Go</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Equipment">8 Equipment</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Traditional_equipment">8.1 Traditional equipment</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Boards">8.1.1 Boards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Stones">8.1.2 Stones</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Bowls">8.1.3 Bowls</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Playing_technique_and_etiquette">8.2 Playing technique and etiquette</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Computers_and_Go">9 Computers and Go</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Software_players">9.1 Software players</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Software_assistance">9.2 Software assistance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#In_popular_culture">10 In popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Psychological_perspectives">11 Psychological perspectives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Analyses_of_the_game">12 Analyses of the game</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Comparisons_to_other_games">13 Comparisons to other games</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Notes">15 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#References">16 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Citations">16.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Sources">16.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Further_reading">17 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Introductory_books">17.1 Introductory books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Historical_interest">17.2 Historical interest</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Names_of_the_game">Names of the game</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names of the game" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name Go is a short form of the Japanese word igo (囲碁; いご), which derives from earlier wigo (ゐご), in turn from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> ɦʉi gi (圍棋, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>: wéiqí, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'encirclement board game' or 'board game of surrounding'). In English, the name Go when used for the game is often capitalized to differentiate it from the common word <a href="/wiki/Go_(verb)" title="Go (verb)">go</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> In events sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Ing_Chang-ki" title="Ing Chang-ki">Ing Chang-ki</a> Foundation, it is spelled goe.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The Korean name baduk (바둑) derives from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Korean" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a> word Badok, the origin of which is controversial; the more plausible etymologies include the suffix dok added to Ba to mean 'flat and wide board', or the joining of Bat, meaning 'field', and Dok, meaning 'stone'. Less plausible etymologies include a derivation of Badukdok, referring to the playing pieces of the game, or a derivation from Chinese páizi (排子), meaning 'to arrange pieces'.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fineart_vs_Golaxy.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fineart_vs_Golaxy.gif/220px-Fineart_vs_Golaxy.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="428"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fineart_vs_Golaxy.gif/220px-Fineart_vs_Golaxy.gif" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fineart_vs_Golaxy.gif/330px-Fineart_vs_Golaxy.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Fineart_vs_Golaxy.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The first 150 moves of a Go game animated. (Click on the board to restart the animation in a larger window.)</figcaption></figure> Go is an adversarial game between two players with the objective of capturing territory. That is, occupying and surrounding a larger total empty area of the board with one's stones than the opponent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews20042-22">[21]</a> As the game progresses, the players place stones on the board creating stone "formations" and enclosing spaces. Stones are never moved on the board, but when "captured" are removed from the board. Stones are linked together into a formation by being adjacent along the black lines, not on diagonals (of which there are none). Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formations and their enclosed empty spaces (called "eyes"). Another essential component of the game is control of the sente (that is, controlling the offense, so that one's opponent is forced into defensive moves); this usually changes several times during play. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golibs.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Golibs.png/220px-Golibs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="475"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Golibs.png/220px-Golibs.png" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Golibs.png/330px-Golibs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Golibs.png/440px-Golibs.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The illustration [A] displays the four "liberties" (adjacent empty points) of a single black stone. Illustrations [B], [C], and [D] show White reducing those liberties progressively by one. In [D], when Black has only one liberty left, that stone is under attack and about to be captured and eliminated (a state called atari).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb200212-23">[22]</a> White may capture that stone (remove it from the board) with a play on its last liberty (at D-1).</figcaption></figure> Initially the board is bare, and players alternate turns to place one stone per turn. As the game proceeds, players try to link their stones together into "living" formations (meaning that they are permanently safe from capture), as well as threaten to capture their opponent's stones and formations. Stones have both offensive and defensive characteristics, depending on the situation. An essential concept is that a formation of stones must have, or be capable of making, at least two enclosed open points known as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Eyes" title="List of Go terms">eyes</a> to preserve itself from being captured. A formation having at least two eyes cannot be captured, even after it is surrounded by the opponent on the outside,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwamoto197777-24">[23]</a> because each eye constitutes a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Liberty" title="List of Go terms">liberty</a> that must be filled by the opponent as the final step in capture. A formation having two or more eyes is said to be unconditionally <a href="#Life_and_death">alive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun199721-25">[24]</a> so it can evade capture indefinitely, and a group that cannot form two eyes is said to be dead and can be captured. The general strategy is to place stones to fence-off territory, attack the opponent's weak groups (trying to kill them so they will be removed), and always stay mindful of the <a href="/wiki/Life_and_death" title="Life and death">life status</a> of one's own groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun199728-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb200221-27">[26]</a> The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or <a href="/wiki/Capturing_race" title="Capturing race">semeai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun199769-28">[27]</a> In a capturing race, the group with more liberties will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun199769-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb200220-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[b]</a> Capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go. In the end game players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> The game ends when both players pass<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun199735-32">[30]</a> or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by the opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for handicapping called <a href="#Komi">komi</a>) wins the game. In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish groups of stones (or bases) near the corners and around the sides of the board, usually starting on the third or fourth line in from the board edge rather than at the very edge of the board. The edges and corners make it easier to develop groups which have better options for life (self-viability for a group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun1997107-33">[31]</a> Players usually start near the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwamoto197793-34">[32]</a> Established corner opening sequences are called <a href="/wiki/Joseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseki">joseki</a> and are often studied independently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun1997119-35">[33]</a> However, in the mid-game, stone groups must also reach in towards the large central area of the board to capture more territory. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Dame" title="List of Go terms">Dame</a> are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Seki" title="List of Go terms">Seki</a> are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. Ko (Chinese and Japanese: 劫) is a potentially indefinitely repeated stone-capture position. The rules do not allow a board position to be repeated. Therefore, any move which would restore the previous board position would not be allowed, and the next player would be forced to play somewhere else. If the play requires a strategic response by the first player, further changing the board, then the second player could "retake the ko," and the first player would be in the same situation of needing to change the board before trying to take the ko back. And so on. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun199733-36">[34]</a> Some of these ko fights may be important and decide the life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as picnic kos when only one side has a lot to lose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun199737-37">[35]</a> In Japanese, it is called a <a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">hanami</a> ko.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's <a href="/wiki/Go_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Go rank">rank</a> (increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by a handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwamoto1977109-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun199791-40">[38]</a> There are different rulesets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions and the method of scoring at the end. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_concepts">Basic concepts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic concepts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Go_(game)" title="Special:EditPage/Go (game)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Go_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Go terms">Go terms</a></div> Basic strategic aspects include the following: <ul><li>Connection: Keeping one's own stones connected means that fewer groups need to make living shape, and one has fewer groups to defend.</li> <li>Cut: Keeping opposing stones disconnected means that the opponent needs to defend and make living shape for more groups.</li> <li>Stay alive: The simplest way to stay alive is to establish a foothold in the corner or along one of the sides. At a minimum, a group must have two eyes (separate open points) to be alive.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> An opponent cannot fill in either eye, as any such move is suicidal and prohibited in the rules.</li> <li>Mutual life (seki) is better than dying: A situation in which neither player can play on a particular point without then allowing the other player to play at another point to capture. The most common example is that of adjacent groups that share their last few liberties—if either player plays in the shared liberties, they can reduce their own group to a single liberty (putting themselves in atari), allowing their opponent to capture it on the next move.</li> <li>Death: A group that lacks living shape is eventually removed from the board as captured.</li> <li>Invasion: Set up a new living group inside an area where the opponent has greater influence, means one reduces the opponent's score in proportion to the area one occupies.</li> <li>Reduction: Placing a stone far enough into the opponent's area of influence to reduce the amount of territory they eventually get, but not so far that it can be cut off from friendly stones outside.</li> <li>Sente: A play that forces one's opponent to respond (<a href="/wiki/Go_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Go terms">gote</a>). A player who can regularly play sente has the initiative and can control the flow of the game.</li> <li>Sacrifice: Allowing a group to die in order to carry out a play, or plan, in a more important area.</li></ul> The strategy involved can become very abstract and complex. High-level players spend years improving their understanding of strategy, and a novice may play many hundreds of games against opponents before being able to win regularly. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Strategy">Strategy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Strategy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Go_strategy_and_tactics" title="Go strategy and tactics">Go strategy and tactics</a></div> Strategy deals with global influence, the interaction between distant stones, keeping the whole board in mind during local fights, and other issues that involve the overall game. It is therefore possible to allow a tactical loss when it confers a strategic advantage. Novices often start by randomly placing stones on the board, as if it were a game of chance. An understanding of how stones connect for greater power develops, and then a few basic <a href="/wiki/Go_opening_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Go opening theory">common opening sequences</a> may be understood. Learning the ways of life and death helps in a fundamental way to develop one's strategic understanding of weak groups.<a href="#cite_note-41">[c]</a> A player who both plays aggressively and can handle adversity is said to display <a href="/wiki/Kiai" title="Kiai">kiai</a>, or fighting spirit, in the game. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_strategy">Opening strategy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opening strategy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Go_opening" title="Go opening">Go opening</a></div> In the opening of the game, players usually play and gain territory in the corners of the board first, as the presence of two edges makes it easier for them to surround territory and establish the eyes they need.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshigure20067%E2%80%938-42">[39]</a> From a secure position in a corner, it is possible to lay claim to more territory by extending along the side of the board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtake20022-43">[40]</a> The opening is the most theoretically difficult part of the game and takes a large proportion of professional players' thinking time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshigure20066-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2007153-45">[42]</a> The first stone played at a corner of the board is generally placed on the third or fourth line from the edge. Players tend to play on or near the 4–4 star point during the opening. Playing nearer to the edge does not produce enough territory to be efficient, and playing further from the edge does not safely secure the territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENihon_Kiin19737_(Vol._2)-46">[43]</a> In the opening, players often play established sequences called <a href="/wiki/Joseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseki">joseki</a>, which are locally balanced exchanges;<a href="#cite_note-Joseki-47">[44]</a> however, the joseki chosen should also produce a satisfactory result on a global scale. It is generally advisable to keep a balance between territory and influence. Which of these gets precedence is often a matter of individual taste. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middlegame_and_endgame">Middlegame and endgame</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middlegame and endgame" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The middle phase of the game is the most combative, and usually lasts for more than 100 moves. During the middlegame, the players invade each other's territories, and attack formations that lack the necessary two eyes for viability. Such groups may be saved or sacrificed for something more significant on the board.<a href="#cite_note-Think_Big_in_Go-48">[45]</a> It is possible that one player may succeed in capturing a large weak group of the opponent's, which often proves decisive and ends the game by a resignation. However, matters may be more complex yet, with major trade-offs, apparently dead groups reviving, and skillful play to attack in such a way as to construct territories rather than kill.<a href="#cite_note-Induction_in_Go-49">[46]</a> The end of the middlegame and transition to the endgame is marked by a few features. Near the end of a game, play becomes divided into localized fights that do not affect each other,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCllerGasser1996273-50">[47]</a> with the exception of ko fights, where before the central area of the board related to all parts of it. No large weak groups are still in serious danger. Moves can reasonably be attributed some definite value, such as 20 points or fewer, rather than simply being necessary to compete. Both players set limited objectives in their plans, in making or destroying territory, capturing or saving stones. These changing aspects of the game usually occur at much the same time, for strong players. In brief, the middlegame switches into the endgame when the concepts of strategy and influence need reassessment in terms of concrete final results on the board. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rules" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Go" title="Rules of Go">Rules of Go</a></div> Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go: <ul><li>Liberty rule states that every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open point (a liberty) directly orthogonally adjacent (up, down, left, or right), or must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point (liberty) next to it. Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board.</li> <li>Repetition Rule (<a href="/wiki/Rules_of_go#Ko_and_Superko" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of go">the ko rule</a>) states that a stone on the board must never immediately repeat a previous position of a captured stone, thus only a move elsewhere on the board is permitted that turn. Since without this rule such a pattern of the two players repeating their prior moves (capturing stones in same places) could continue indefinitely, this rule prevents a stalemate.</li></ul> Almost all other information about how the game is played is heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the patterns of the stones on the board function, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rulesets, but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game. Although there are some minor differences between rulesets used in different countries,<a href="#cite_note-RulesComparison-51">[48]</a> most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules,<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> these differences do not greatly affect the tactics and strategy of the game. Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately. <a href="/wiki/Go_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Go terms">Go terms</a> for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_rules">Basic rules</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Basic rules" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Go_adjacent_stones.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Go_adjacent_stones.png/220px-Go_adjacent_stones.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="229"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Go_adjacent_stones.png/220px-Go_adjacent_stones.png" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Go_adjacent_stones.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One black chain and two white chains, with their liberties marked with dots. Liberties are shared among all stones of a chain and can be counted. Here the black group has 5 liberties, while the two white chains have 4 liberties each.</figcaption></figure> The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their color on the intersections of the board, one stone at a time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid, but for beginners or for playing quick games,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong19973%E2%80%934-53">[50]</a> the smaller board sizes of 13×13<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENihon_Kiin197322_(Vol._1)-54">[51]</a> and 9×9 are also popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoskowitz201314-55">[52]</a> The board is empty to begin with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasker19602-56">[53]</a> Black plays first unless given a handicap of two or more stones, in which case White plays first. The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on except for those forbidden by the <a href="#Ko_rule">ko</a> and <a href="#Suicide">suicide</a> rules (see below). Once played, a stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is <a href="#capture">captured</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENihon_Kiin197323_(Vol._1)-57">[54]</a> A player may pass their turn, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn200412-58">[55]</a> and is then <a href="#Scoring_rules">scored</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberties_and_capture">Liberties and capture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Liberties and capture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Go_capturing.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Go_capturing.png/220px-Go_capturing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="218"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Go_capturing.png/220px-Go_capturing.png" data-width="220" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Go_capturing.png/330px-Go_capturing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Go_capturing.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Black stone group has only one liberty (at point A), so it is very vulnerable to capture. If Black plays at A, the chain would then have 3 liberties, and so is much safer. However, if White plays at A first, the Black chain loses its last liberty, and thus it is captured and immediately removed from the board, leaving White's stones as shown to the right.</figcaption></figure> Vertically and horizontally adjacent stones of the same color form a chain (also called a string or group),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn20047-59">[56]</a> forming a discrete unit that cannot then be divided.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Only stones connected to one another by the lines on the board create a chain; stones that are diagonally adjacent are not connected. Chains may be expanded by placing additional stones on adjacent intersections, and they can be connected together by placing a stone on an intersection that is adjacent to two or more chains of the same color.<a href="#cite_note-Go_Board_Game_pdf-61">[58]</a> A vacant point adjacent to a stone, along one of the grid lines of the board, is called a liberty for that stone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong199712-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn20046-63">[60]</a> Stones in a chain share their liberties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn20047-59">[56]</a> A chain of stones must have at least one liberty to remain on the board. When a chain is surrounded by opposing stones so that it has no liberties, it is captured and removed from the board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl2001206-64">[61]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ko_rule">Ko rule</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ko rule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ko_fight" title="Ko fight">Ko fight</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:161px; font-size: 100%;"> <table role="presentation" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:0;border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;font-size:1px"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;border:none"> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Go_ul.svg/32px-Go_ul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 32px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Go_ul.svg/32px-Go_ul.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="32" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Go_ul.svg/48px-Go_ul.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Go_ul.svg/64px-Go_ul.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Go_u.svg/32px-Go_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 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<td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Go_dl.svg/32px-Go_dl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 32px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Go_dl.svg/32px-Go_dl.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="32" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Go_dl.svg/48px-Go_dl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Go_dl.svg/64px-Go_dl.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/32px-Go_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 32px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/32px-Go_d.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="32" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/48px-Go_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/64px-Go_d.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/32px-Go_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 32px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/32px-Go_d.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="32" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/48px-Go_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/64px-Go_d.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/32px-Go_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 32px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/32px-Go_d.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="32" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/48px-Go_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Go_d.svg/64px-Go_d.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Go_dr.svg/32px-Go_dr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 32px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Go_dr.svg/32px-Go_dr.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="32" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Go_dr.svg/48px-Go_dr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Go_dr.svg/64px-Go_dr.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 88%;"> An example of a situation in which the ko rule applies </div> </div> </div> Players are not allowed to make a move that returns the game to the immediately prior position. This rule, called the <a href="/wiki/Ko_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Ko rule">ko rule</a>, prevents unending repetition (a stalemate).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong199748%E2%80%9349-65">[62]</a> As shown in the example pictured: White had a stone where the red circle was, and Black has just captured it by playing a stone at 1 (so the White stone has been removed). However, it is readily apparent that now Black's stone at 1 is immediately threatened by the three surrounding White stones. If White were allowed to play again on the red circle, it would return the situation to the original one, but the ko rule forbids that kind of endless repetition. Thus, White is forced to move elsewhere, or pass. If White wants to recapture Black's stone at 1, White must attack Black somewhere else on the board so forcefully that Black moves elsewhere to counter that, giving White that chance. If White's forcing move is successful, it is termed "gaining the sente"; if Black responds elsewhere on the board, then White can retake Black's stone at 1, and the ko continues, but this time Black must move elsewhere. A repetition of such exchanges is called a ko fight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong1997144%E2%80%93147-66">[63]</a> To stop the potential for ko fights, two stones of the same color would need to be added to the group, making either a group of 5 Black or 5 White stones. While the various rulesets agree on the ko rule prohibiting returning the board to an immediately previous position, they deal in different ways with the relatively uncommon situation in which a player might recreate a past position that is further removed. See <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Go#Repetition" title="Rules of Go">Rules of Go § Repetition</a> for further information. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide">Suicide</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Suicide" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gochsurule.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Gochsurule.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="183"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Gochsurule.png" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Under normal rules, White cannot play at A because that point has no liberties. Under the Ing<a href="#cite_note-ing_rules-67">[64]</a> and New Zealand rules,<a href="#cite_note-AGA_rules-68">[65]</a> White may play A, a suicide stone that kills itself and the two neighboring white stones, leaving an empty three-space eye. Black naturally answers by playing at A, creating two eyes to live.</figcaption></figure> A player may not place a stone such that it or its group immediately has no liberties unless doing so immediately deprives an enemy group of its final liberty. In the second case, the enemy group is captured, leaving the new stone with at least one liberty, so the new stone can be placed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong199730-69">[66]</a> This rule is responsible for the all-important difference between one and two eyes: if a group with only one eye is fully surrounded on the outside, it can be killed with a stone placed in its single eye. (An <a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms" title="List of Go terms">eye</a> is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones). The <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_go#Ing_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of go">Ing</a> and New Zealand rules do not have this rule,<a href="#cite_note-Suicide_in_different_rules.-70">[67]</a> and there a player might destroy one of its own groups (commit suicide). This play would only be useful in limited sets of situations involving a small interior space or planning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong199728-71">[68]</a> In the example at right, it may be useful as a <a href="#Ko_fighting">ko threat</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komi">Komi</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Komi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Komi_(Go)" title="Komi (Go)">Komi (Go)</a></div> Because Black has the advantage of playing the first move, the idea of awarding White some compensation came into being during the 20th century. This is called <a href="/wiki/Komidashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Komidashi">komi</a>, which gives white a 5.5-point compensation under Japanese rules, 6.5-point under Korean rules, and 15/4 stones, or 7.5-point under Chinese rules (number of points varies by rule set).<a href="#cite_note-Komi_Change-72">[69]</a> Under handicap play, White receives only a 0.5-point komi, to break a possible tie (jigo). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scoring_rules">Scoring rules</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scoring rules" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gofin.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gofin.png/220px-Gofin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="477"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gofin.png/220px-Gofin.png" data-width="220" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gofin.png/330px-Gofin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gofin.png/440px-Gofin.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A simplified game at its end. Black's territory (A) + (C) and prisoners (D) is counted and compared to White's territory (B) only (no prisoners). In this example, both Black and White attempted to invade and live (C and D groups) to reduce the other's total territory. Only Black's invading group (C) was successful in living, as White's group (D) was killed with a black stone at (E). The points in the middle (F) are dame, meaning they belong to neither player.</figcaption></figure> Two general types of scoring procedures are used, and players determine which to use before play. Both procedures almost always give the same winner. <ul><li>Area scoring procedure (including Chinese): counts the number of points a player's stones occupy and surround. It is associated with contemporary Chinese play and was probably established there during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in the 15th or 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Beginner-friendly, but takes longer to count. A player's score is the number of stones that the player has on the board, plus the number of empty intersections surrounded by that player's stones. If there is disagreement about which stones are dead, then under area scoring rules, the players simply resume play to resolve the matter. The score is computed using the position after the next time the players pass consecutively.</li> <li>Territory scoring procedure (including Japanese and Korean): counts the number of empty points a player's stones surround, together with the number of stones the player captured. In the course of the game, each player retains the stones they capture, termed prisoners. Any dead stones removed at the end of the game become prisoners. The score is the number of empty points enclosed by a player's stones, plus the number of prisoners captured by that player.<a href="#cite_note-74">[d]</a> Under territory scoring there can be an extra penalty for playing inside ones' territory, so if there is a disagreement extra play to resolve it would, in tournament settings, happen on a separate board, where the player claiming a group is dead would play first, and would demonstrate how to capture those stones. For further information, see <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Go" title="Rules of Go">Rules of Go</a>.</li></ul> Both procedures are counted after both players have passed consecutively, the stones that are still on the board but unable to avoid capture, called dead stones, are removed. Given that the number of stones a player has on the board is directly related to the number of prisoners their opponent has taken, the resulting net score, that is, the difference between Black's and White's scores is identical under both rulesets (unless the players have passed different numbers of times during the course of the game). Thus, the net result given by the two scoring systems rarely differs by more than a point.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_and_death">Life and death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Life and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Life_and_death" title="Life and death">Life and death</a></div> While not actually mentioned in the rules of Go (at least in simpler rule sets, such as those of New Zealand and the U.S.), the concept of a living group of stones is necessary for a practical understanding of the game.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_76-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2002%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2014%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-76">[72]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px; font-size: 100%;"> <table role="presentation" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:0;border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;font-size:1px"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;border:none"> <td><noscript><img alt="" 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data-class="mw-file-element">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 88%;"> Examples of eyes (marked). The black groups at the top of the board are alive, as they have at least two eyes. The black groups at the bottom are dead as they only have one eye. The point marked a is a false eye, thus the black group with false eye a can be killed by white in two turns. </div> </div> </div> When a group of stones is mostly surrounded and has no options to connect with friendly stones elsewhere, the status of the group is either alive, dead or unsettled. A group of stones is said to be alive if it cannot be captured, even if the opponent is allowed to move first. Conversely, a group of stones is said to be dead if it cannot avoid capture, even if the owner of the group is allowed the first move. Otherwise, the group is said to be unsettled: the defending player can make it alive or the opponent can kill it, depending on who gets to play first.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_76-1' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2002%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2014%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-76">[72]</a> An <a href="/wiki/List_of_Go_terms" title="List of Go terms">eye</a> is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones. If the eye is surrounded by Black stones, White cannot play there unless such a play would take Black's last liberty and capture the Black stones. (Such a move is forbidden according to the suicide rule in most rule sets, but even if not forbidden, such a move would be a useless suicide of a White stone.) If a Black group has two eyes, White can never capture it because White cannot remove both liberties simultaneously. If Black has only one eye, White can capture the Black group by playing in the single eye, removing Black's last liberty. Such a move is not suicide because the Black stones are removed first. In the "Examples of eyes" diagram, all the circled points are eyes. The two black groups in the upper corners are alive, as both have at least two eyes. The groups in the lower corners are dead, as both have only one eye. The group in the lower left may seem to have two eyes, but the surrounded empty point marked a is not actually an eye. White can play there and take a black stone. Such a point is often called a false eye.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_76-2' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2002%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2014%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-76">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seki_(mutual_life)">Seki (mutual life)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Seki (mutual life)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goseki.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Goseki.png/220px-Goseki.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Goseki.png/220px-Goseki.png" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Goseki.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Example of seki (mutual life). Neither Black nor White can play on the marked points without reducing their own liberties for those groups to one (self-atari).</figcaption></figure> There is an exception to the requirement that a group must have two eyes to be alive, a situation called seki (or mutual life). Where different colored groups are adjacent and share liberties, the situation may reach a position when neither player wants to move first because doing so would allow the opponent to capture; in such situations therefore both players' stones remain on the board (in seki). Neither player receives any points for those groups, but at least those groups themselves remain living, as opposed to being captured.<a href="#cite_note-77">[e]</a> Seki can occur in many ways. The simplest are: <ol><li>each player has a group without eyes and they share two liberties, and</li> <li>each player has a group with one eye and they share one more liberty.</li></ol> In the "Example of seki (mutual life)" diagram, the two circled points are liberties shared by both a black and a white group. Both of these interior groups are at risk, and neither player wants to play on a circled point, because doing so would allow the opponent to capture their group on the next move. The outer groups in this example, both black and white, are alive. Seki can result from an attempt by one player to invade and kill a nearly settled group of the other player.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_76-3' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2002%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2014%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-76">[72]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tactics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Go_strategy_and_tactics" title="Go strategy and tactics">Go strategy and tactics</a></div> Tactics deal with immediate fighting between stones, capturing and saving stones, life, death and other issues localized to a specific part of the board. Larger issues which encompass the territory of the entire board and planning stone-group connections are referred to as Strategy and are covered in the Strategy section above. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capturing_tactics">Capturing tactics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Capturing tactics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are several tactical constructs aimed at capturing stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong199780%E2%80%9398-78">[73]</a> These are among the first things a player learns after understanding the rules. 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class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 88%;"> A ladder. Black cannot escape unless the ladder connects to black stones further down the board that will intercept with the ladder or if one of white's pieces has only one liberty. </div> </div> </div> The most basic technique is the ladder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong199788%E2%80%9390-79">[74]</a> This is also sometimes called a "running attack", since it unfolds as one player trying to outrun the other's attack. To capture stones in a ladder, a player uses a constant series of capture threats (atari), giving the opponent only one place to place his stone to keep his group alive. This forces the opponent to move into a zigzag pattern (surrounding the ladder on the outside) as shown in the adjacent diagram to keep the attack coming. Unless the pattern runs into friendly stones along the way, the stones in the ladder cannot avoid capture. However, if the ladder can run into other black stones, thus saving them, then experienced players recognize the futility of continuing the attack. These stones can also be saved if a suitably strong threat can be forced elsewhere on the board, so that two Black stones can be placed here to save the group. <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px; font-size: 100%;"> <table role="presentation" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:0;border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;font-size:1px"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;border:none"> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Go_ul.svg/22px-Go_ul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Go_ul.svg/22px-Go_ul.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Go_ul.svg/33px-Go_ul.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 88%;"> A net. The chain of three marked Black stones cannot escape in any direction, since each Black stone attempting to extend the chain outward (on the red circles) can be easily blocked by one White stone. </div> </div> </div> Another technique to capture stones is the so-called net,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong199791%E2%80%9392-80">[75]</a> also known by its Japanese name, geta. This refers to a move that loosely surrounds some stones, preventing their escape in all directions. An example is given in the adjacent diagram. It is often better to capture stones in a net than in a ladder, because a net does not depend on the condition that there are no opposing stones in the way, nor does it allow the opponent to play a strategic ladder breaker. However, the ladder only requires one turn to kill all the opponent's stones, whereas a net requires more turns to do the same. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px; font-size: 100%;"> <table role="presentation" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:0;border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;font-size:1px"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;border:none"> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Go_ul.svg/22px-Go_ul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Go_ul.svg/22px-Go_ul.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Go_ul.svg/33px-Go_ul.svg.png 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/44px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/22px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/22px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/33px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/44px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Go_b.svg/22px-Go_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Go_b.svg/22px-Go_b.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Go_b.svg/33px-Go_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Go_b.svg/44px-Go_b.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/22px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/22px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/33px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/44px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/22px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/22px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/33px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/44px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/22px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/22px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/33px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/44px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/22px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/22px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/33px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Go_board_diagram_image.svg/44px-Go_board_diagram_image.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 88%;"> A snapback. Although Black can capture the white stone by playing at the circled point, the resulting shape for Black has only one liberty (at 1), thus White can then capture the three black stones by playing at 1 again (snapback). </div> </div> </div> A third technique to capture stones is the snapback.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong199793%E2%80%9394-81">[76]</a> In a snapback, one player allows a single stone to be captured, then immediately plays on the point formerly occupied by that stone; by so doing, the player captures a larger group of their opponent's stones, in effect snapping back at those stones. An example can be seen on the right. As with the ladder, an experienced player does not play out such a sequence, recognizing the futility of capturing only to be captured back immediately. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_ahead">Reading ahead</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reading ahead" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One of the most important skills required for strong tactical play is the ability to read ahead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies19955-82">[77]</a> Reading ahead includes considering available moves to play, the possible responses to each move, and the subsequent possibilities after each of those responses. Some of the strongest players of the game can read up to 40 moves ahead even in complicated positions.<a href="#cite_note-TreasureChest-83">[78]</a> As explained in the scoring rules, some stone formations can never be captured and are said to be alive, while other stones may be in a position where they cannot avoid being captured and are said to be dead. Much of the practice material available to players of the game comes in the form of life and death problems, also known as <a href="/wiki/Tsumego" title="Tsumego">tsumego</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tsumego-84">[79]</a> In such problems, players are challenged to find the vital move sequence that kills a group of the opponent or saves a group of their own. Tsumego are considered an excellent way to train a player's ability at reading ahead,<a href="#cite_note-Tsumego-84">[79]</a> and are available for all skill levels, some posing a challenge even to top players. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ko_fighting">Ko fighting</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ko fighting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gokof.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gokof.png/220px-Gokof.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="561"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gokof.png/220px-Gokof.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gokof.png/330px-Gokof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gokof.png/440px-Gokof.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A simplified ko fight on a 9×9 board. The ko is at the point marked with a square—Black has "taken the ko" first. The ko fight determines the life of the A and B groups—only one survives and the other is captured. White may play C as a ko threat, and Black properly answers at D. White can then take the ko by playing at the square-marked point (capturing the one black stone). E is a possible ko threat for Black.</figcaption></figure> In situations when the <a href="/wiki/Ko_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Ko rule">Ko rule</a> applies, a ko fight may occur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong1997144%E2%80%93147-66">[63]</a> If the player who is prohibited from capture is of the opinion that the capture is important because it prevents a large group of stones from being captured for instance, the player may play a ko threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong1997144%E2%80%93147-66">[63]</a> This is a move elsewhere on the board that threatens to make a large profit if the opponent does not respond. If the opponent does respond to the ko threat, the situation on the board has changed, and the prohibition on capturing the ko no longer applies. Thus the player who made the ko threat may now recapture the ko. Their opponent is then in the same situation and can either play a ko threat as well or concede the ko by simply playing elsewhere. If a player concedes the ko, either because they do not think it important or because there are no moves left that could function as a ko threat, they have lost the ko, and their opponent may connect the ko. Instead of responding to a ko threat, a player may also choose to ignore the threat and connect the ko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong1997144%E2%80%93147-66">[63]</a> They thereby win the ko, but at a cost. The choice of when to respond to a threat and when to ignore it is a subtle one, which requires a player to consider many factors, including how much is gained by connecting, how much is lost by not responding, how many possible ko threats both players have remaining, what the optimal order of playing them is, and what the size—points lost or gained—of each of the remaining threats is.<a href="#cite_note-Tavernier-85">[80]</a> Frequently, the winner of the ko fight does not connect the ko but instead captures one of the chains that constituted their opponent's side of the ko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimJeong1997144%E2%80%93147-66">[63]</a> In some cases, this leads to another ko fight at a neighboring location. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Go" title="History of Go">History of Go</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_in_China">Origin in China</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Origin in China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The earliest written reference to the game is generally recognized as the historical annal <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Tso_Chuan_book-12">[12]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_13-1' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1995%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2014%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-13">[13]</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4th century BCE),<a href="#cite_note-chronology2-14">[14]</a> referring to a historical event of 548 BCE. It is also mentioned in Book XVII of the <a href="/wiki/Analects_of_Confucius" class="mw-redirect" title="Analects of Confucius">Analects of Confucius</a><a href="#cite_note-chronology2-14">[14]</a> and in two books written by <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_13-2' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1995%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2014%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3rd century BCE).<a href="#cite_note-chronology2-14">[14]</a> In all of these works, the game is referred to as yì (弈). Today, in China, it is known as weiqi (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 围棋; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 圍棋; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0f\/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg\/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"w\u00e9iq\u00ed"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Zh-w\u00e9iq\u00ed.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg/Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">wéiqí</a><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-w%C3%A9iq%C3%AD.ogg" title="File:Zh-wéiqí.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: wei ch'i), <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'encirclement board game'. Go was originally played on a 17×17 line grid, but a 19×19 grid became standard by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907 CE).&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_13-3' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1995%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2014%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-13">[13]</a> Legends trace the origin of the game to the mythical <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Chinese emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Yao</a> (2337–2258 BCE), who was said to have had his counselor <a href="/wiki/Shun_(Chinese_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shun (Chinese leader)">Shun</a> design it for his unruly son, <a href="/wiki/Danzhu" title="Danzhu">Danzhu</a>, to favorably influence him.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> Other theories suggest that the game was derived from Chinese tribal warlords and generals, who used pieces of stone to map out attacking positions.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_89-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasayoshi2005%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2014%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-89">[84]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_90-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasker1960%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2014%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-90">[85]</a> In China, Go had an important status among elites and was associated with ideas of self-cultivation, wisdom, and gentlemanly ideals.<a href="#cite_note-Berge-Becker-91">[86]</a>: 23 It was considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Arts_of_the_Chinese_Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Arts of the Chinese Scholar">four cultivated arts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Junzi" title="Junzi">Chinese scholar gentleman</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">painting</a> and playing the musical instrument <a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">guqin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> In ancient times the rules of Go were passed on verbally, rather than being written down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20111-93">[88]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_Dynasty_Go_Board.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of a 19×19 Go board, from a tomb of the Sui dynasty (581–618 CE)"><noscript><img alt="Model of a 19×19 Go board, from a tomb of the Sui dynasty (581–618 CE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sui_Dynasty_Go_Board.jpg/240px-Sui_Dynasty_Go_Board.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="2018"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sui_Dynasty_Go_Board.jpg/240px-Sui_Dynasty_Go_Board.jpg" data-alt="Model of a 19×19 Go board, from a tomb of the Sui dynasty (581–618 CE)" data-width="240" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sui_Dynasty_Go_Board.jpg/360px-Sui_Dynasty_Go_Board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sui_Dynasty_Go_Board.jpg/480px-Sui_Dynasty_Go_Board.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of a 19×19 Go board, from a tomb of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (581–618 CE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous-Astana_Graves_Wei_Qi_Player.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of a woman playing Go, from the Astana Graves. Tang dynasty, c. 744 CE."><noscript><img alt="Painting of a woman playing Go, from the Astana Graves. Tang dynasty, c. 744 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anonymous-Astana_Graves_Wei_Qi_Player.jpg/149px-Anonymous-Astana_Graves_Wei_Qi_Player.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1919"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 149px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anonymous-Astana_Graves_Wei_Qi_Player.jpg/149px-Anonymous-Astana_Graves_Wei_Qi_Player.jpg" data-alt="Painting of a woman playing Go, from the Astana Graves. Tang dynasty, c. 744 CE." data-width="149" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anonymous-Astana_Graves_Wei_Qi_Player.jpg/224px-Anonymous-Astana_Graves_Wei_Qi_Player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anonymous-Astana_Graves_Wei_Qi_Player.jpg/298px-Anonymous-Astana_Graves_Wei_Qi_Player.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of a woman playing Go, from the <a href="/wiki/Astana_Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana Graves">Astana Graves</a>. Tang dynasty, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 744 CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum,_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Li Jing playing Go with his brothers. Detail from a painting by Zhou Wenju (fl. 942–961 CE), Southern Tang dynasty."><noscript><img alt="Li Jing playing Go with his brothers. Detail from a painting by Zhou Wenju (fl. 942–961 CE), Southern Tang dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg/224px-Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1020"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 224px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg/224px-Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg" data-alt="Li Jing playing Go with his brothers. Detail from a painting by Zhou Wenju (fl. 942–961 CE), Southern Tang dynasty." data-width="224" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg/335px-Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg/447px-Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Jing (Southern Tang)">Li Jing</a> playing Go with his brothers. Detail from a painting by <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Wenju" title="Zhou Wenju">Zhou Wenju</a> (fl. 942–961 CE), <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a> dynasty.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_to_Korea_and_Japan">Spread to Korea and Japan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spread to Korea and Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Go was introduced to Korea sometime between the 5th and 7th centuries CE, and was popular among the higher classes. In Korea, the game is called baduk (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 바둑), and a variant of the game called <a href="/wiki/Sunjang_baduk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunjang baduk">Sunjang baduk</a> was developed by the 16th century. Sunjang baduk became the main variant played in Korea until the end of the 19th century, when the current version was reintroduced from Japan.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_95-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn2000%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2014%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2014)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-95">[90]</a> The game reached Japan in the 7th century CE—where it is called go (碁) or igo (囲碁). It became popular at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto" title="Imperial Court in Kyoto">Japanese imperial court</a> in the 8th century,<a href="#cite_note-HistJapan2-96">[91]</a> and among the general public by the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-HistJapan3-97">[92]</a> The game was further formalized in the 15th century. In 1603, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> re-established Japan's unified national government. In the same year, he assigned the then-best player in Japan, a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> monk named Nikkai (né Kanō Yosaburo, 1559), to the post of <a href="/wiki/Godokoro" title="Godokoro">Godokoro</a> (Minister of Go).<a href="#cite_note-timeline-98">[93]</a> Nikkai took the name <a href="/wiki/Hon%27inb%C5%8D_Sansa" title="Hon'inbō Sansa">Hon'inbō Sansa</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Hon%27inb%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hon'inbō">Hon'inbō</a> Go school.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-98">[93]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Four_go_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Four go houses">competing schools</a> were founded soon after.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-98">[93]</a> These officially recognized and subsidized Go schools greatly developed the level of play and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Go_ranks_and_ratings" title="Go ranks and ratings">dan/kyu style system</a> of ranking players.<a href="#cite_note-ranks-99">[94]</a> Players from the four schools (Hon'inbō, Yasui, Inoue and Hayashi) competed in the annual <a href="/wiki/Castle_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle game">castle games</a>, played in the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-castlegames-100">[95]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GO_Tale_Genji_Takekawa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail from a Japanese illustrated handscroll of The Tale of Genji. Heian period, 12th century CE."><noscript><img alt="Detail from a Japanese illustrated handscroll of The Tale of Genji. Heian period, 12th century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/GO_Tale_Genji_Takekawa.JPG/149px-GO_Tale_Genji_Takekawa.JPG" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="913"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 149px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/GO_Tale_Genji_Takekawa.JPG/149px-GO_Tale_Genji_Takekawa.JPG" data-alt="Detail from a Japanese illustrated handscroll of The Tale of Genji. Heian period, 12th century CE." data-width="149" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/GO_Tale_Genji_Takekawa.JPG/224px-GO_Tale_Genji_Takekawa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/GO_Tale_Genji_Takekawa.JPG/299px-GO_Tale_Genji_Takekawa.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail from a Japanese illustrated <a href="/wiki/Handscroll" title="Handscroll">handscroll</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, 12th century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_Game_from_the_Carpenter_Collection,_ca._1910-1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Korean couple playing Go in traditional dress. Photographed between 1910 and 1920."><noscript><img alt="A Korean couple playing Go in traditional dress. Photographed between 1910 and 1920." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Korean_Game_from_the_Carpenter_Collection%2C_ca._1910-1920.jpg/240px-Korean_Game_from_the_Carpenter_Collection%2C_ca._1910-1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1023"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Korean_Game_from_the_Carpenter_Collection%2C_ca._1910-1920.jpg/240px-Korean_Game_from_the_Carpenter_Collection%2C_ca._1910-1920.jpg" data-alt="A Korean couple playing Go in traditional dress. Photographed between 1910 and 1920." data-width="240" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Korean_Game_from_the_Carpenter_Collection%2C_ca._1910-1920.jpg/360px-Korean_Game_from_the_Carpenter_Collection%2C_ca._1910-1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Korean_Game_from_the_Carpenter_Collection%2C_ca._1910-1920.jpg/480px-Korean_Game_from_the_Carpenter_Collection%2C_ca._1910-1920.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Korean couple playing Go in traditional dress. Photographed between 1910 and 1920.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internationalization">Internationalization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Internationalization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Despite its widespread popularity in East Asia, Go has been slow to spread to the rest of the world. Although there are some mentions of the game in western literature from the 16th century forward, Go did not start to become popular in the West until the end of the 19th century, when German scientist <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Korschelt" title="Oskar Korschelt">Oskar Korschelt</a> wrote a treatise on the game.<a href="#cite_note-GoHistEU-101">[96]</a> By the early 20th century, Go had spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> empires. In 1905, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lasker" title="Edward Lasker">Edward Lasker</a> learned the game while in Berlin. When he moved to New York, Lasker founded the New York Go Club together with (amongst others) Arthur Smith, who had learned of the game in Japan while touring the East and had published the book The Game of Go in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-agahbk95-102">[97]</a> Lasker's book Go and Go-moku (1934) helped spread the game throughout the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-agahbk95-102">[97]</a> and in 1935, the <a href="/wiki/American_Go_Association" title="American Go Association">American Go Association</a> was formed. Two years later, in 1937, the German Go Association was founded. World War II put a stop to most Go activity, since it was a popular game in Japan, but after the war, Go continued to spread.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> For most of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Ki-in" title="Nihon Ki-in">Japan Go Association (Nihon Ki-in)</a> played a leading role in spreading Go outside East Asia by publishing the English-language magazine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Go Review (page does not exist)">Go Review</a> in the 1960s, establishing <a href="/wiki/Go_centers" title="Go centers">Go centers</a> in the U.S., Europe and South America, and often sending professional teachers on tour to Western nations.<a href="#cite_note-ProVisits-104">[99]</a> Internationally, the game had been commonly known since the start of the twentieth century by its shortened Japanese name, and <a href="/wiki/Go_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Go terms">terms for common Go concepts</a> are derived from their Japanese pronunciation. In 1996, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._Barry" title="Daniel T. Barry">Daniel Barry</a> and Japanese astronaut <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a> became the first people to play Go in space. They used a special Go set, which was named Go Space, designed by Wai-Cheung Willson Chow. Both astronauts were awarded honorary <a href="/wiki/Dan_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan rank">dan ranks</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Ki-in" title="Nihon Ki-in">Nihon Ki-in</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPengHall1996-105">[100]</a> As of December 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Go_Federation" title="International Go Federation">International Go Federation</a> has 75 member countries, with 67 member countries outside East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-igf-members-106">[101]</a> Chinese cultural centres across the world are promoting Go, and cooperating with local Go associations, for example the seminars held by the Chinese cultural centre in Tel Aviv, Israel, together with the Israeli Go association.<a href="#cite_note-Ambassador_Go_%E5%9B%B4%E6%A3%8B_Cup_2018-107">[102]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Competitive_play">Competitive play</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Competitive play" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranks_and_ratings">Ranks and ratings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ranks and ratings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Go_ranks_and_ratings" title="Go ranks and ratings">Go ranks and ratings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Go_pros_and_amateurs.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Go_pros_and_amateurs.jpeg/220px-Go_pros_and_amateurs.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Go_pros_and_amateurs.jpeg/220px-Go_pros_and_amateurs.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Go_pros_and_amateurs.jpeg/330px-Go_pros_and_amateurs.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Go_pros_and_amateurs.jpeg/440px-Go_pros_and_amateurs.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Three Japanese professional Go players observe some younger amateurs as they dissect a <a href="/wiki/Life_and_death" title="Life and death">life and death</a> problem in the corner of the board, at the <a href="/wiki/US_Go_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Go Congress">US Go Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, 2003.</figcaption></figure> In Go, rank indicates a player's skill in the game. Traditionally, ranks are measured using kyu and dan grades,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENihon_Kiin1973188-108">[103]</a> a system also adopted by many <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>. More recently, mathematical rating systems similar to the <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a> have been introduced.<a href="#cite_note-EGFRating-109">[104]</a> Such rating systems often provide a mechanism for converting a rating to a kyu or dan grade.<a href="#cite_note-EGFRating-109">[104]</a> Kyu grades (abbreviated k) are considered student grades and decrease as playing level increases, meaning 1st kyu is the strongest available kyu grade. Dan grades (abbreviated d) are considered master grades, and increase from 1st dan to 7th dan. <a href="/wiki/Shodan_(rank)" title="Shodan (rank)">First dan</a> equals a <a href="/wiki/Black_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Black belt (martial arts)">black belt</a> in eastern martial arts using this system. The difference among each amateur rank is one handicap stone. For example, if a 5k plays a game with a 1k, the 5k would need a handicap of four stones to even the odds. Top-level amateur players sometimes defeat professionals in tournament play.<a href="#cite_note-EGFDatabase-110">[105]</a> Professional players have <a href="/wiki/Go_professional" title="Go professional">professional dan ranks</a> (abbreviated p). These ranks are separate from amateur ranks. The rank system comprises, from the lowest to highest ranks: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank Type </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Stage </th></tr> <tr> <td>Double-digit kyu </td> <td>30–21k </td> <td>Beginner </td></tr> <tr> <td>Double-digit kyu </td> <td>20–10k </td> <td>Casual player </td></tr> <tr> <td>Single-digit kyu </td> <td>9–1k </td> <td>Intermediate/club player </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amateur dan </td> <td>1–7d (where 8d is a special title) </td> <td>Advanced player </td></tr> <tr> <td>Professional dan </td> <td>1–9p (where 10p is a special title) </td> <td>Professionals </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tournament_and_match_rules">Tournament and match rules</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tournament and match rules" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Go_competitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Go competitions">Go competitions</a></div> Tournament and match rules deal with factors that may influence the game but are not part of the actual rules of play. Such rules may differ between events. Rules that influence the game include: the setting of compensation points (<a href="/wiki/Komidashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Komidashi">komi</a>), handicap, and time control parameters. Rules that do not generally influence the game are the tournament system, pairing strategies, and placement criteria. Common tournament systems used in Go include the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_system_tournament#McMahon_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss system tournament">McMahon system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_system_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss system tournament">Swiss system</a>, <a href="/wiki/League_system" title="League system">league systems</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament" title="Single-elimination tournament">knockout system</a>. Tournaments may combine multiple systems; many <a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_Go_tournaments" title="List of professional Go tournaments">professional Go tournaments</a> use a combination of the league and knockout systems.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> Tournament rules may also set the following: <ul><li>compensation points, called komi, which compensate the second player for the first move advantage of their opponent; tournaments commonly use a compensation in the range of 5–8 points,<a href="#cite_note-histKomi-113">[108]</a> generally including a half-point to prevent draws;</li> <li>handicap stones placed on the board before alternate play, allowing players of different strengths to play competitively (see <a href="/wiki/Go_handicap" class="mw-redirect" title="Go handicap">Go handicap</a> for more information); and</li> <li>superko: Although the basic ko rule described above covers more than 95% of all cycles occurring in games,<a href="#cite_note-KoRules-114">[109]</a> there are some complex situations—<a href="/wiki/Ko_fight#Complex_situations_involving_ko" title="Ko fight">triple ko</a>, eternal life,<a href="#cite_note-115">[f]</a> etc.—that are not covered by it but would allow the game to cycle indefinitely. To prevent this, the ko rule is sometimes extended to forbid the repetition of any previous position. This extension is called superko.<a href="#cite_note-KoRules-114">[109]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_control">Time control</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Time control" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byoyomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Byoyomi">Byoyomi</a></div> A game of Go may be timed using a <a href="/wiki/Game_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Game clock">game clock</a>. Formal time controls were introduced into the professional game during the 1920s and were controversial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozulich200192%E2%80%9393-116">[110]</a> Adjournments and <a href="/wiki/Sealed_move" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealed move">sealed moves</a> began to be regulated in the 1930s. Go tournaments use a number of different time control systems. All common systems envisage a single main period of time for each player for the game, but they vary on the protocols for continuation (in overtime) after a player has finished that time allowance.<a href="#cite_note-117">[g]</a> The most widely used time control system is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Byoyomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Byoyomi">byoyomi</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[h]</a> system. The top professional Go matches have timekeepers so that the players do not have to press their own clocks. Two widely used variants of the byoyomi system are:<a href="#cite_note-Byoyomi-119">[111]</a> <ul><li>Standard byoyomi: After the main time is depleted, a player has a certain number of time periods (typically around thirty seconds). After each move, the number of full-time periods that the player took (often zero) is subtracted. For example, if a player has three thirty-second time periods and takes thirty or more (but less than sixty) seconds to make a move, they lose one time period. With 60–89 seconds, they lose two time periods, and so on. If, however, they take less than thirty seconds, the timer simply resets without subtracting any periods. Using up the last period means that the player has lost on time.</li> <li>Canadian byoyomi: After using all of their main time, a player must make a certain number of moves within a certain period of time, such as twenty moves within five minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Byoyomi-119">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[i]</a> If the time period expires without the required number of stones having been played, then the player has lost on time.<a href="#cite_note-121">[j]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notation_and_recording_games">Notation and recording games</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notation and recording games" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Go_game_record" title="Go game record">Go game record</a></div> Go games are recorded with a simple coordinate system. This is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic chess notation</a>, except that Go stones do not move and thus require only one coordinate per turn. Coordinate systems include purely numerical (4–4 point), hybrid (K3), and purely alphabetical.<a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Smart_Game_Format" title="Smart Game Format">Smart Game Format</a> uses alphabetical coordinates internally, but most editors represent the board with hybrid coordinates as this reduces confusion. Alternatively, the game record can also be noted by writing the successive moves on a diagram, where odd numbers mean black stones, even numbers mean white stones (or conversely when playing with a handicap), and a notation like "25=22" in the margin means that the 25th stone was played at the same location as the 22nd one, which had been captured in the meantime. The Japanese word <a href="/wiki/Kifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kifu">kifu</a> is sometimes used to refer to a game record. In Unicode, Go stones can be represented with black and white circles from the block <a href="/wiki/Geometric_Shapes_(Unicode_block)" title="Geometric Shapes (Unicode block)">Geometric Shapes</a>: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+25CB ○ WHITE CIRCLE (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&cir;)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+25CF ● BLACK CIRCLE</li></ul> The block <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols" title="Miscellaneous Symbols">Miscellaneous Symbols</a> includes "Go markers"<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> that were likely meant for mathematical research of Go:<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[115]</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2686 ⚆ WHITE CIRCLE WITH DOT RIGHT</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2687 ⚇ WHITE CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2688 ⚈ BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE DOT RIGHT</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2689 ⚉ BLACK CIRCLE WITH TWO WHITE DOTS</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_players_and_professional_Go">Top players and professional Go</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Top players and professional Go" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_top_title_holders_in_Go" title="List of top title holders in Go">List of top title holders in Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_players" class="mw-redirect" title="Go players">Go players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Female_Go_players" title="Female Go players">Female Go players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_professional" title="Go professional">Go professional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_Go_tournaments" title="List of professional Go tournaments">List of professional Go tournaments</a></div> A Go professional is a professional player of the game of Go. There are six areas with professional go associations, these are: China (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Weiqi_Association" title="Chinese Weiqi Association">Chinese Weiqi Association</a>), Japan (<a href="/wiki/Nihon_Ki-in" title="Nihon Ki-in">Nihon Ki-in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansai_Ki-in" title="Kansai Ki-in">Kansai Ki-in</a>), South Korea (<a href="/wiki/Korea_Baduk_Association" title="Korea Baduk Association">Korea Baduk Association</a>), Taiwan (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Chi_Yuan_Culture_Foundation" title="Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation">Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation</a>), the United States (<a href="/wiki/American_Go_Association#Professional_players" title="American Go Association">AGA Professional System</a>) and Europe (<a href="/wiki/European_Go_Federation" title="European Go Federation">European Professional System</a>). Although the game was developed in China, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Go_houses" title="Four Go houses">Four Go houses</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> at the start of the 17th century shifted the focus of the Go world to Japan. State sponsorship, allowing players to dedicate themselves full-time to study of the game, and fierce competition between individual houses resulted in a significant increase in the level of play. During this period, the best player of his generation was given the prestigious title <a href="/wiki/Meijin_(go)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meijin (go)">Meijin</a> (master) and the post of <a href="/wiki/Godokoro" title="Godokoro">Godokoro</a> (minister of Go). Of special note are the players who were dubbed <a href="/wiki/Kisei_(go)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisei (go)">Kisei</a> (Go Sage). The only three players to receive this honor were <a href="/wiki/Hon%27inb%C5%8D_D%C5%8Dsaku" title="Hon'inbō Dōsaku">Dōsaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hon%27inb%C5%8D_J%C5%8Dwa" title="Hon'inbō Jōwa">Jōwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hon%27inb%C5%8D_Sh%C5%ABsaku" title="Hon'inbō Shūsaku">Shūsaku</a>, all of the house <a href="/wiki/Hon%27inb%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hon'inbō">Hon'inbō</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jowa.html-126">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GovsShusai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/GovsShusai.jpg/220px-GovsShusai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/GovsShusai.jpg/220px-GovsShusai.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/GovsShusai.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Hon%27inb%C5%8D_Sh%C5%ABsai" title="Hon'inbō Shūsai">Hon'inbō Shūsai</a> (left), last head of house Hon'inbō, plays against then-up-and-coming <a href="/wiki/Go_Seigen" title="Go Seigen">Go Seigen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/The_game_of_the_century_(Go)" class="mw-redirect" title="The game of the century (Go)">game of the century</a>. </figcaption></figure> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> period, the Go houses slowly disappeared, and in 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Ki-in" title="Nihon Ki-in">Nihon Ki-in</a> (Japanese Go Association) was formed. Top players from this period often played newspaper-sponsored matches of 2–10 games.<a href="#cite_note-127">[117]</a> Of special note are the (Chinese-born) player <a href="/wiki/Go_Seigen" title="Go Seigen">Go Seigen</a> (Chinese: Wu Qingyuan), who scored 80% in these matches and beat down most of his opponents to inferior handicaps,<a href="#cite_note-128">[118]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minoru_Kitani" title="Minoru Kitani">Minoru Kitani</a>, who dominated matches in the early 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> These two players are also recognized for their groundbreaking work on new <a href="/wiki/Go_opening_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Go opening theory">opening theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shinfuseki" title="Shinfuseki">Shinfuseki</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ShinFuseki-130">[120]</a> For much of the 20th century, Go continued to be dominated by players trained in Japan. Notable names included <a href="/wiki/Eio_Sakata" title="Eio Sakata">Eio Sakata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rin_Kaiho" title="Rin Kaiho">Rin Kaiho</a> (born in Taiwan), <a href="/wiki/Masao_Kato" title="Masao Kato">Masao Kato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Kobayashi" title="Koichi Kobayashi">Koichi Kobayashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cho_Chikun" title="Cho Chikun">Cho Chikun</a> (born Cho Ch'i-hun, from South Korea).<a href="#cite_note-131">[121]</a> Top Chinese and Korean talents often moved to Japan, because the level of play there was high and funding was more lavish. One of the first Korean players to do so was <a href="/wiki/Cho_Namchul" class="mw-redirect" title="Cho Namchul">Cho Namchul</a>, who studied in the <a href="/wiki/Kitani_Dojo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitani Dojo">Kitani Dojo</a> 1937–1944. After his return to Korea, the <a href="/wiki/Hanguk_Kiwon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanguk Kiwon">Hanguk Kiwon</a> (Korea Baduk Association) was formed and caused the level of play in South Korea to rise significantly in the second half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> In China, the game declined during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) but quickly recovered in the last quarter of the 20th century, bringing Chinese players, such as <a href="/wiki/Nie_Weiping" title="Nie Weiping">Nie Weiping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiaochun" title="Ma Xiaochun">Ma Xiaochun</a>, on par with their Japanese and South Korean counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Weiqi_Association" title="Chinese Weiqi Association">Chinese Weiqi Association</a> (today part of the China Qiyuan) was established in 1962, and professional dan grades started being issued in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> Western professional Go began in 2012 with the American Go Association's Professional System.<a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> In 2014, the European Go Federation followed suit and started their professional system.<a href="#cite_note-136">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changho-Dinerchtein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Changho-Dinerchtein.jpg/220px-Changho-Dinerchtein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="357"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Changho-Dinerchtein.jpg/220px-Changho-Dinerchtein.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Changho-Dinerchtein.jpg/330px-Changho-Dinerchtein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Changho-Dinerchtein.jpg/440px-Changho-Dinerchtein.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>South Korean player <a href="/wiki/Lee_Chang-ho" title="Lee Chang-ho">Lee Chang-ho</a> plays against Russian player <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dinerchtein" title="Alexandre Dinerchtein">Alexandre Dinerchtein</a>, seven-time European Champion and one of the few non-East Asian players to reach <a href="/wiki/Go_professional" title="Go professional">professional</a> status.</figcaption></figure> With the advent of major international titles from 1989 onward, it became possible to compare the level of players from different countries more accurately. <a href="/wiki/Cho_Hunhyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cho Hunhyun">Cho Hunhyun</a> of South Korea won the first edition of the Quadrennial <a href="/wiki/Ing_Cup" title="Ing Cup">Ing Cup</a> in 1989. His disciple <a href="/wiki/Lee_Chang-ho" title="Lee Chang-ho">Lee Chang-ho</a> was the dominant player in international Go competitions for more than a decade spanning much of 1990s and early 2000s; he is also credited with groundbreaking works on the endgame. Cho, Lee and other South Korean players such as <a href="/wiki/Seo_Bong-soo" title="Seo Bong-soo">Seo Bong-soo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoo_Changhyuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoo Changhyuk">Yoo Changhyuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Sedol" title="Lee Sedol">Lee Sedol</a> between them won the majority of international titles in this period.<a href="#cite_note-137">[127]</a> Several Chinese players also rose to the top in international Go from 2000s, most notably <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiaochun" title="Ma Xiaochun">Ma Xiaochun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chang_Hao_(Go_player)" title="Chang Hao (Go player)">Chang Hao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gu_Li_(Go_player)" title="Gu Li (Go player)">Gu Li</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ke_Jie" title="Ke Jie">Ke Jie</a>. As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit">[update]</a>, Japan lags behind in the international Go scene. Historically, more men than women have played Go. Special tournaments for women exist, but until recently, men and women did not compete together at the highest levels; however, the creation of new, open tournaments and the rise of strong female players, most notably <a href="/wiki/Rui_Naiwei" title="Rui Naiwei">Rui Naiwei</a>, have in recent years highlighted the strength and competitiveness of emerging female players.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_138-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotwell2003%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2020%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2020)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-138">[128]</a> The level in other countries has traditionally been much lower, except for some players who had preparatory professional training in East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-139">[k]</a> Knowledge of the game has been scant elsewhere up until the 20th century. A famous player of the 1920s was <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lasker" title="Edward Lasker">Edward Lasker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[l]</a> It was not until the 1950s that more than a few Western players took up the game as other than a passing interest. In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Wimmer" title="Manfred Wimmer">Manfred Wimmer</a> became the first Westerner to receive a professional player's certificate from an East Asian professional Go association.<a href="#cite_note-wimmer-141">[129]</a> In 2000, American <a href="/wiki/Michael_Redmond_(Go_player)" title="Michael Redmond (Go player)">Michael Redmond</a> became the first Western player to achieve a 9 dan rank. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Equipment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Go_equipment" title="Go equipment">Go equipment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Arts_China_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Four_Arts_China_Japan.jpg/220px-Four_Arts_China_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Four_Arts_China_Japan.jpg/220px-Four_Arts_China_Japan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Four_Arts_China_Japan.jpg/330px-Four_Arts_China_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Four_Arts_China_Japan.jpg/440px-Four_Arts_China_Japan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Go portrayed as part of East-Asian culture. (The goblet in the middle is from the Nihon Ki-in.)</figcaption></figure> It is possible to play Go with a simple paper board and coins, plastic tokens, or white beans and coffee beans for the stones; or even by drawing the stones on the board and erasing them when captured. More popular midrange equipment includes cardstock, a <a href="/wiki/Laminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminate">laminated</a> <a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">particle board</a>, or wood boards with stones of plastic or glass. More expensive traditional materials are still used by many players. The most expensive Go sets have black stones carved from slate and white stones carved from translucent white shells (traditionally <a href="/wiki/Meretrix_lamarckii" title="Meretrix lamarckii">Meretrix lamarckii</a>), played on boards carved in a single piece from the trunk of a tree. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_equipment">Traditional equipment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Traditional equipment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Go-tisch.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Go-tisch.png/170px-Go-tisch.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="375"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Go-tisch.png/170px-Go-tisch.png" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Go-tisch.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A traditional Japanese set, with a solid wooden floor board (碁盤 goban), 2 bowls (碁笥 goke) and 361 stones (碁石 goishi)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boards">Boards</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Boards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Go_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Go board">Go board</a> (generally referred to by its Japanese name goban 碁盤) typically measures between 45 and 48 cm (18 and 19 in) in length (from one player's side to the other) and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>42 to 44 cm (16+1⁄2 to 17+1⁄4 in) in width. Chinese boards are slightly larger, as a traditional Chinese Go stone is slightly larger to match. The board is not square; there is a 15:14 ratio in length to width, because with a perfectly square board, from the player's viewing angle the perspective creates a foreshortening of the board. The added length compensates for this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1992142%E2%80%93143-142">[130]</a> There are two main types of boards: a table board similar in most respects to other gameboards like that used for chess, and a floor board, which is its own free-standing table and at which the players sit. The traditional Japanese goban is between 10 and 18 cm (3.9 and 7.1 in) thick and has legs; it sits on the floor (see picture).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1992142%E2%80%93143-142">[130]</a> It is preferably made from the rare golden-tinged <a href="/wiki/Torreya_nucifera" title="Torreya nucifera">Kaya</a> tree (Torreya nucifera), with the very best made from Kaya trees up to 700 years old. More recently, the related <a href="/wiki/Torreya_californica" title="Torreya californica">California Torreya</a> (Torreya californica) has been prized for its light color and pale rings as well as its reduced expense and more readily available stock. The natural resources of Japan have been unable to keep up with the enormous demand for the slow-growing Kaya trees; both T. nucifera and T. californica take many hundreds of years to grow to the necessary size, and they are now extremely rare, raising the price of such equipment tremendously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1992143%E2%80%93149-143">[131]</a> As Kaya trees are a protected species in Japan, they cannot be harvested until they have died. Thus, an old-growth, floor-standing Kaya goban can easily cost in excess of <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">$</a>10,000 with the highest-quality examples costing more than $60,000.<a href="#cite_note-144">[132]</a> Other, less expensive woods often used to make quality table boards in both Chinese and Japanese dimensions include <a href="/wiki/Thujopsis" title="Thujopsis">Hiba</a> (Thujopsis dolabrata), <a href="/wiki/Katsura_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsura tree">Katsura</a> (Cercidiphyllum japonicum), <a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a> (Agathis), and Shin Kaya (various varieties of <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, commonly from Alaska, Siberia and China's <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Province">Yunnan Province</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1992143%E2%80%93149-143">[131]</a> So-called Shin Kaya is a potentially confusing merchant's term: shin means 'new', and thus shin kaya is best translated 'faux kaya', because the woods so described are biologically unrelated to Kaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1992143%E2%80%93149-143">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stones">Stones</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Stones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A full set of Go stones (goishi) usually contains 181 black stones and 180 white ones; a 19×19 grid has 361 points, so there are enough stones to cover the board, and Black gets the extra odd stone because that player goes first. However it may happen, especially in beginners' games, that many back-and-forth captures empty the bowls before the end of the game: in that case an exchange of prisoners allows the game to continue. Traditional Japanese stones are double-convex, and made of <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clamshell</a> (white) and <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> (black).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1992150%E2%80%93153-145">[133]</a> The classic slate is nachiguro stone mined in <a href="/wiki/Wakayama_Prefecture" title="Wakayama Prefecture">Wakayama Prefecture</a> and the clamshell from the Hamaguri clam (<a href="/wiki/Meretrix_lusoria" title="Meretrix lusoria">Meretrix lusoria</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/Korean_hard_clam" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean hard clam">Korean hard clam</a>; however, due to a scarcity in the Japanese supply of these clams, the stones are most often made of shells harvested from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1992150%E2%80%93153-145">[133]</a> Historically, the most prized stones were made of <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, often given to the reigning emperor as a gift.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1992150%E2%80%93153-145">[133]</a> In China, the game is traditionally played with single-convex stones<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1992150%E2%80%93153-145">[133]</a> made of a composite called <a href="/wiki/Yunzi" title="Yunzi">Yunzi</a>. The material comes from Yunnan Province and is made by <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintering</a> a proprietary and trade-secret mixture of mineral compounds derived from the local stone. This process dates to the Tang dynasty and, after the knowledge was lost in the 1920s during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, was rediscovered in the 1960s by the now state-run Yunzi company. The material is praised for its colors, its pleasing sound as compared to glass or to synthetics such as <a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">melamine</a>, and its lower cost as opposed to other materials such as slate/shell. The term yunzi can also refer to a single-convex stone made of any material; however, most English-language Go suppliers specify Yunzi as a material and single-convex as a shape to avoid confusion, as stones made of Yunzi are also available in double-convex while synthetic stones can be either shape. Traditional stones are made so that black stones are slightly larger in diameter than white; this is to compensate for the optical illusion created by contrasting colors that would make equal-sized white stones appear larger on the board than black stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1992150%E2%80%93153-145">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[m]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowls_dwindsor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bowls_dwindsor.jpg/220px-Bowls_dwindsor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="502"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bowls_dwindsor.jpg/220px-Bowls_dwindsor.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bowls_dwindsor.jpg/330px-Bowls_dwindsor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bowls_dwindsor.jpg/440px-Bowls_dwindsor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An example of single-convex stones and Go Seigen bowls. These particular stones are made of <a href="/wiki/Yunzi" title="Yunzi">Yunzi</a> material, and the bowls of jujube wood.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bowls">Bowls</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bowls" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The bowls for the stones are shaped like a flattened sphere with a level underside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbairn1992153%E2%80%93155-147">[134]</a> The lid is loose fitting and upturned before play to receive stones captured during the game. Chinese bowls are slightly larger, and a little more rounded, a style known generally as Go Seigen; Japanese Kitani bowls tend to have a shape closer to that of the bowl of a <a href="/wiki/Snifter" title="Snifter">snifter</a> glass, such as for <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>. The bowls are usually made of turned wood. <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">Mulberry</a> is the traditional material for Japanese bowls, but is very expensive; wood from the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Jujube" title="Jujube">jujube</a> date tree, which has a lighter color (it is often stained) and slightly more visible grain pattern, is a common substitute for rosewood, and traditional for Go Seigen-style bowls. Other traditional materials used for making Chinese bowls include <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquered</a> wood, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, stone and woven straw or <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a>. The names of the bowl shapes, Go Seigen and Kitani, were introduced in the last quarter of the 20th century by the professional player <a href="/wiki/Janice_Kim" title="Janice Kim">Janice Kim</a> as homage to two 20th-century professional Go players by the same names, of Chinese and Japanese nationality, respectively, who are referred to as the "Fathers of modern Go".<a href="#cite_note-jowa.html-126">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Playing_technique_and_etiquette">Playing technique and etiquette</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Playing technique and etiquette" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Playing_weiqi_in_Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Playing_weiqi_in_Shanghai.jpg/220px-Playing_weiqi_in_Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Playing_weiqi_in_Shanghai.jpg/220px-Playing_weiqi_in_Shanghai.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Playing_weiqi_in_Shanghai.jpg/330px-Playing_weiqi_in_Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Playing_weiqi_in_Shanghai.jpg/440px-Playing_weiqi_in_Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Go players demonstrating the traditional technique of holding a stone</figcaption></figure> The traditional way to place a Go stone is to first take one from the bowl, gripping it between the index and middle fingers, with the middle finger on top, and then placing it directly on the desired intersection.<a href="#cite_note-style-148">[135]</a> One can also place a stone on the board and then slide it into position under appropriate circumstances (where it does not move any other stones). It is considered respectful towards White for Black to place the first stone of the game in the upper right-hand corner.<a href="#cite_note-149">[136]</a> (Because of symmetry, this has no effect on the game's outcome.) It is considered poor manners to run one's fingers through one's bowl of unplayed stones, as the sound, however soothing to the player doing this, can be disturbing to one's opponent. Similarly, clacking a stone against another stone, the board, or the table or floor is also discouraged. However, it is permissible to emphasize select moves by striking the board more firmly than normal, thus producing a sharp clack. Additionally, hovering one's arm over the board (usually when deciding where to play) is also considered rude as it obstructs the opponent's view of the board. Manners and etiquette are extensively discussed in 'The Classic of WeiQi in Thirteen Chapters', a <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> manual to the game. Apart from the points above it also points to the need to remain calm and honorable, in maintaining posture, and knowing the key specialised terms, such as titles of common formations. Generally speaking, much attention is paid to the etiquette of playing, as much as to winning or actual game technique. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Computers_and_Go">Computers and Go</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Computers and Go" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_Go" title="Computer Go">Computer Go</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_players">Software players</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Software players" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Go long posed a daunting challenge to <a href="/wiki/Computer_programmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer programmer">computer programmers</a>, putting forward "difficult decision-making tasks, an intractable search space, and an optimal solution so complex it appears infeasible to directly approximate using a policy or value function".<a href="#cite_note-AlphaGo-150">[137]</a> Prior to 2015,<a href="#cite_note-AlphaGo-150">[137]</a> the best Go programs only managed to reach <a href="/wiki/Go_ranks_and_ratings#Kyu_and_dan_ranks" title="Go ranks and ratings">amateur dan</a> level.<a href="#cite_note-humancomputermatchs-151">[138]</a> On smaller 9×9 and 13x13 boards, computer programs fared better, and were able to compare to professional players. Many in the field of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> consider Go to require more elements that mimic human thought than <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13_by_13_game_finished.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/13_by_13_game_finished.jpg/220px-13_by_13_game_finished.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/13_by_13_game_finished.jpg/220px-13_by_13_game_finished.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/13_by_13_game_finished.jpg/330px-13_by_13_game_finished.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/13_by_13_game_finished.jpg/440px-13_by_13_game_finished.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A finished beginner's game on a 13×13 board</figcaption></figure> The reasons why computer programs had not played Go at the <a href="/wiki/Go_ranks_and_ratings#Kyu_and_dan_ranks" title="Go ranks and ratings">professional dan</a> level prior to 2016 include:<a href="#cite_note-153">[140]</a> <ul><li>The number of spaces on the board is much larger (over five times the number of spaces on a chess board—361 vs. 64). On most turns there are many more possible moves in Go than in chess. Throughout most of the game, the number of legal moves stays at around 150–250 per turn, and rarely falls below 100 (in chess, the average number of moves is 37).<a href="#cite_note-154">[141]</a> Because an <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaustive search">exhaustive computer program</a> for Go must calculate and compare every possible legal move in each <a href="/wiki/Ply_(game_theory)" title="Ply (game theory)">ply</a> (player turn), its ability to calculate the best plays is sharply reduced when there are a large number of possible moves. Most computer game algorithms, such as those for chess, compute several moves in advance. Given an average of 200 available moves through most of the game, for a computer to calculate its next move by exhaustively anticipating the next four moves of each possible play (two of its own and two of its opponent's), it would have to consider more than 320 billion (3.2×1011) possible combinations. To exhaustively calculate the next eight moves, would require computing 512 quintillion (5.12×1020) possible combinations. As of March 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit">[update]</a>, the most powerful supercomputer in the world, <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Defense_Technology" title="National University of Defense Technology">NUDT</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Tianhe-2" title="Tianhe-2">Tianhe-2</a>", can sustain 33.86 <a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">petaflops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[142]</a> At this rate, even given an exceedingly low estimate of 10 operations required to assess the value of one play of a stone, Tianhe-2 would require four hours to assess all possible combinations of the next eight moves in order to make a single play.</li> <li>The placement of a single stone in the initial phase can affect the play of the game a hundred or more moves later. A computer would have to predict this influence, and it would be unworkable to attempt to exhaustively analyze the next hundred moves.</li> <li>In capture-based games (such as chess), a position can often be evaluated relatively easily, such as by calculating who has a material advantage or more active pieces.<a href="#cite_note-159">[n]</a> In Go, there is often no easy way to evaluate a position.<a href="#cite_note-research.microsoft.com-160">[146]</a> However a 6-kyu human can evaluate a position at a glance, to see which player has more territory, and even beginners can estimate the score within 10 points, given time to count it. The number of stones on the board (material advantage) is only a weak indicator of the strength of a position, and a territorial advantage (more empty points surrounded) for one player might be compensated by the opponent's strong positions and influence all over the board. Normally a 3-dan can easily judge most of these positions.</li></ul> It was not until August 2008 that a computer won a game against a professional level player at a handicap of 9 stones, the greatest handicap normally given to a weaker opponent. It was the Mogo program, which scored this first victory in an exhibition game played during the US Go Congress.<a href="#cite_note-161">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[148]</a> By 2013, a win at the professional level of play was accomplished with a four-stone advantage.<a href="#cite_note-163">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[150]</a> In October 2015, <a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a>'s program <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a> beat <a href="/wiki/Fan_Hui" title="Fan Hui">Fan Hui</a>, the European Go champion and a <a href="/wiki/Go_ranks_and_ratings" title="Go ranks and ratings">2 dan</a> (out of 9 dan possible) professional, <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Fan_Hui" title="AlphaGo versus Fan Hui">five times out of five</a> with no handicap on a full size 19×19 board.<a href="#cite_note-AlphaGo-150">[137]</a> AlphaGo used a fundamentally different paradigm than earlier Go programs; it included very little direct instruction, and mostly used <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a> where AlphaGo played itself in hundreds of millions of games such that it could measure positions more intuitively. In March 2016, Google next challenged <a href="/wiki/Lee_Sedol" title="Lee Sedol">Lee Sedol</a>, a 9 dan considered the top player in the world in the early 21st century,<a href="#cite_note-165">[151]</a> to a <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">five-game match</a>. Leading up to the game, Lee Sedol and other top professionals were confident that he would win;<a href="#cite_note-166">[152]</a> however, AlphaGo defeated Lee in four of the five games.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_12_March_2016-167">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[154]</a> After having already lost the series by the third game, Lee won the fourth game, describing his win as "invaluable".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_13_March_2016-169">[155]</a> In May 2017, AlphaGo beat <a href="/wiki/Ke_Jie" title="Ke Jie">Ke Jie</a>, who at the time continuously held the world No. 1 ranking for two years,<a href="#cite_note-170">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[157]</a> winning each game in a <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Ke_Jie" title="AlphaGo versus Ke Jie">three-game match</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Future_of_Go_Summit" title="Future of Go Summit">Future of Go Summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wuzhensecond-172">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[159]</a> In October 2017, <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a> announced a significantly stronger version called <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_Zero" title="AlphaGo Zero">AlphaGo Zero</a> which beat the previous version by 100 games to 0.<a href="#cite_note-174">[160]</a> In February 2023, Kellin Pelrine, an amateur American Go player, won 14 out of 15 games against a top-ranked AI system in a significant victory over artificial intelligence. Pelrine took advantage of a previously unknown flaw in the Go computer program, which had been identified by another computer. He exploited this weakness by slowly encircling the opponent's stones and distracting the AI with moves in other parts of the board. The tactics used by Pelrine have highlighted a fundamental flaw in the deep learning systems that underpin many of today's advanced AI. Although the AI systems can "understand" specific situations, they lack the ability to generalize in a way that humans find easy.<a href="#cite_note-175">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_assistance">Software assistance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Software assistance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Go_software" title="Go software">Go software</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9_by_9_Go_game_with_maps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/9_by_9_Go_game_with_maps.jpg/220px-9_by_9_Go_game_with_maps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1054"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/9_by_9_Go_game_with_maps.jpg/220px-9_by_9_Go_game_with_maps.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/9_by_9_Go_game_with_maps.jpg/330px-9_by_9_Go_game_with_maps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/9_by_9_Go_game_with_maps.jpg/440px-9_by_9_Go_game_with_maps.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 9×9 game with graphical aids. Colors and markings show evaluations by the computer assistant.</figcaption></figure> An abundance of software is available to support players of the game. This includes programs that can be used to view or edit game records and diagrams, programs that allow the user to search for patterns in the games of strong players, and programs that allow users to play against each other over the Internet. Some web servers[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] provide graphical aids like maps, to aid learning during play. These graphical aids may suggest possible next moves, indicate areas of influence, highlight vital stones under attack and mark stones in atari or about to be captured. There are several file formats used to store game records, the most popular of which is SGF, short for <a href="/wiki/Smart_Game_Format" title="Smart Game Format">Smart Game Format</a>. Programs used for editing game records allow the user to record not only the moves, but also variations, commentary and further information on the game.<a href="#cite_note-178">[o]</a> Electronic databases can be used to study life and death situations, <a href="/wiki/Joseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseki">joseki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuseki" title="Fuseki">fuseki</a> and games by a particular player. Programs are available that give players pattern searching options, which allow players to research positions by searching for high-level games in which similar situations occur. Such software generally lists common follow-up moves that have been played by professionals and gives statistics on win–loss ratio in opening situations. Internet-based <a href="/wiki/Internet_Go_server" title="Internet Go server">Go servers</a> allow access to competition with players all over the world, for real-time and turn-based games.<a href="#cite_note-179">[p]</a> Such servers also allow easy access to professional teaching, with both teaching games and interactive game review being possible.<a href="#cite_note-180">[q]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minamotono_yoshiie.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Minamotono_yoshiie.png/220px-Minamotono_yoshiie.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="763"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 325px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Minamotono_yoshiie.png/220px-Minamotono_yoshiie.png" data-width="220" data-height="325" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Minamotono_yoshiie.png/330px-Minamotono_yoshiie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Minamotono_yoshiie.png/440px-Minamotono_yoshiie.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshiie" title="Minamoto no Yoshiie">Minamoto no Yoshiie</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi" title="Tsukioka Yoshitoshi">Tsukioka Yoshitoshi</a>, 1886. This popular woodblock print depicts the ancient legend of a husband who suspected his wife was having an affair with the samurai Minamoto no Yoshiie. To prevent his visits, the husband surrounded his house with brambles and placed a Go board on the balcony, hoping he would stumble over it. Instead, the samurai deftly cut the board as he leaped over the balcony railing, avoiding both obstacles.</figcaption></figure> Apart from technical literature and study material, Go and its strategies have been the subject of several works of fiction, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Master_of_Go" title="The Master of Go">The Master of Go</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel prize</a>-winning author <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[r]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Played_Go" title="The Girl Who Played Go">The Girl Who Played Go</a> by Shan Sa. Other books have used Go as a <a href="/wiki/Theme_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (literature)">theme</a> or minor plot device. For example, the novel <a href="/wiki/Shibumi_(novel)" title="Shibumi (novel)">Shibumi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Trevanian" title="Trevanian">Trevanian</a> centers around the game and uses Go metaphors.<a href="#cite_note-GoLit-182">[164]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotwell2003176-183">[165]</a> Go features prominently in the <a href="/wiki/Chung_Kuo_(novel_series)" title="Chung Kuo (novel series)">Chung Kuo</a> series of novels by <a href="/wiki/David_Wingrove" title="David Wingrove">David Wingrove</a>, being the favourite game of the main villain.<a href="#cite_note-184">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> (Japanese comic book) and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series <a href="/wiki/Hikaru_no_Go" title="Hikaru no Go">Hikaru no Go</a>, released in Japan in 1998, had a large impact in popularizing Go among young players, both in Japan and—as translations were released—abroad.<a href="#cite_note-185">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[168]</a> Similarly, Go has been used as a subject or plot device in film, such as <a href="/wiki/Pi_(film)" title="Pi (film)">Pi (π)</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Beautiful_Mind_(film)" title="A Beautiful Mind (film)">A Beautiful Mind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tron:_Legacy" title="Tron: Legacy">Tron: Legacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knives_Out" title="Knives Out">Knives Out</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Go_Master" title="The Go Master">The Go Master</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Biopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopic">biopic</a> of Go professional <a href="/wiki/Go_Seigen" title="Go Seigen">Go Seigen</a>).<a href="#cite_note-187">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[s]</a> 2013's Tôkyô ni kita bakari or Tokyo Newcomer portrays a Chinese foreigner Go player moving to Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-189">[170]</a> In <a href="/wiki/King_Hu" title="King Hu">King Hu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">wuxia</a> film <a href="/wiki/The_Valiant_Ones" title="The Valiant Ones">The Valiant Ones</a>, the characters are color-coded as Go stones (black or other dark shades for the Chinese, white for the Japanese invaders), Go boards and stones are used by the characters to keep track of soldiers prior to battle, and the battles themselves are structured like a game of Go.<a href="#cite_note-190">[171]</a> Go has also been featured as a plot device in a number of television series. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Starz" title="Starz">Starz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thriller</a> <a href="/wiki/Counterpart_(TV_series)" title="Counterpart (TV series)">Counterpart</a>, which is rich in references (the opening itself featuring developments on a Go board), and includes Go matches, accurately played, relevant to the plot.<a href="#cite_note-BritGoSeries-191">[172]</a> Also, in 2024 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> released the historical-fictional Korean series <a href="/wiki/Captivating_the_King" title="Captivating the King">Captivating the King</a>. The corporation and brand <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> was named after the <a href="/wiki/Go_terms#Atari" class="mw-redirect" title="Go terms">Go term</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atari_and_Go-192">[173]</a> Hedge fund manager <a href="/wiki/Mark_Spitznagel" title="Mark Spitznagel">Mark Spitznagel</a> used Go as his main investing metaphor in his investing book The Dao of Capital.<a href="#cite_note-193">[174]</a> The Way of Go: 8 Ancient Strategy Secrets for Success in Business and Life by Troy Anderson applies Go strategy to business.<a href="#cite_note-WayOfGo-194">[175]</a> GO: An Asian Paradigm for Business Strategy<a href="#cite_note-195">[176]</a> by Miura Yasuyuki, a manager with Japan Airlines,<a href="#cite_note-196">[177]</a> uses Go to describe the thinking and behavior of business men. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Psychological_perspectives">Psychological perspectives</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Psychological perspectives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> A 2004 review of literature by <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Gobet" title="Fernand Gobet">Fernand Gobet</a>, de Voogt and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Retschitzki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Retschitzki (page does not exist)">Jean Retschitzki</a> shows that relatively little scientific research has been carried out on the <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> of Go, compared with other traditional board games such as <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moves_in_mind-197">[178]</a> Computer Go research has shown that given the large search tree, knowledge and pattern recognition are more important in Go than in other strategy games, such as chess.<a href="#cite_note-Moves_in_mind-197">[178]</a> A study of the effects of age on Go-playing<a href="#cite_note-198">[179]</a> has shown that mental decline is milder with strong players than with weaker players. According to the review of Gobet and colleagues, the pattern of brain activity observed with techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">fMRI</a> does not show large differences between Go and chess. On the other hand, a study by Xiangchuan Chen et al.<a href="#cite_note-199">[180]</a> showed greater activation in the right hemisphere among Go players than among chess players, but the research was inconclusive because strong players from Go were hired while very weak chess players were hired in the original study.<a href="#cite_note-200">[181]</a> There is some evidence to suggest a correlation between playing board games and reduced risk of <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[182]</a> Arthur Mary, a French researcher in clinical <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathology</a>, reports on his psychotherapeutic approaches using the game of Go with patients in private practice and in a psychiatric ward.<a href="#cite_note-202">[183]</a> Drawing on <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> research and employing a <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalytic">psychoanalytic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lacanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacanian">Lacanian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)" title="Phenomenology (psychology)">phenomenological</a> approach, he demonstrates how <a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">drives</a> are expressed on the goban.<a href="#cite_note-203">[184]</a> He offers some suggestions to therapists for defining ways of playing go that lead to therapeutic effects.<a href="#cite_note-204">[185]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Analyses_of_the_game">Analyses of the game</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Analyses of the game" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Go_and_mathematics" title="Go and mathematics">Go and mathematics</a></div> In formal <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> terms, Go is a non-chance, <a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Combinatorial game">combinatorial game</a> with <a href="/wiki/Perfect_information" title="Perfect information">perfect information</a>. Informally that means there are no dice used (and decisions or moves create discrete outcome vectors rather than probability distributions), the underlying math is combinatorial, and all moves (via single vertex analysis) are visible to both players (unlike some card games where some information is hidden). Perfect information also implies sequence—players can theoretically know about all past moves. Other game theoretical taxonomy elements include the facts <ul><li>Go is bounded by a finite number of moves and every game must end with a victor or a tie (although ties are very rare);</li> <li>the strategy is associative because every strategy is a function of board position;</li> <li>the format is non-cooperative (that is, it's not a team sport);</li> <li>positions are extensible, and so can be represented by board position trees;</li> <li>the game is <a href="/wiki/Zero-sum" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-sum">zero-sum</a> because player choices do not increase resources available, the rewards in the game are fixed and if one player wins, the other loses, and the utility function is restricted (in the sense of win/lose);</li> <li>however, ratings, monetary rewards, national and personal pride and other factors can extend utility functions, but generally not to the extent of removing the win/lose restriction, although <a href="/wiki/Affine_transformation" title="Affine transformation">Affine transformations</a> can theoretically add non-zero and complex utility aspects even to two player games.<a href="#cite_note-205">[186]</a></li></ul> In the endgame, it can often happen that the state of the board consists of several subpositions that do not interact with the others. The whole board position can then be considered as a mathematical sum, or composition, of the individual subpositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoews1996259-206">[187]</a> It is this property of Go endgames that led <a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Conway" title="John Horton Conway">John Horton Conway</a> to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Surreal_number" title="Surreal number">surreal numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O'Connor_Robertson_Conway-207">[188]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_game_theory" title="Combinatorial game theory">combinatorial game theory</a> terms, Go is a <a href="/wiki/Zero-sum_game" title="Zero-sum game">zero-sum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perfect_information" title="Perfect information">perfect-information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partisan_game" title="Partisan game">partisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deterministic_system_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterministic system (mathematics)">deterministic</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategy_game" title="Strategy game">strategy game</a>, putting it in the same class as chess, <a href="/wiki/Draughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Draughts">draughts</a> (checkers), and <a href="/wiki/Reversi" title="Reversi">Reversi</a> (Othello). The game emphasizes the importance of balance on multiple levels: to secure an area of the board, it is good to play moves close together; however, to cover the largest area, one needs to spread out, perhaps leaving weaknesses that can be exploited. Playing too low (close to the edge) secures insufficient territory and influence, yet playing too high (far from the edge) allows the opponent to invade. Decisions in one part of the board may be influenced by an apparently unrelated situation in a distant part of the board (for example, ladders can be broken by stones at an arbitrary distance away). Plays made early in the game can shape the nature of conflict a hundred moves later. The <a href="/wiki/Game_complexity" title="Game complexity">game complexity</a> of Go is such that describing even elementary strategy fills many introductory books. In fact, numerical estimates show that the number of possible games of Go far exceeds <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe#Matter_content" title="Observable universe">the number of atoms in the observable universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[t]</a> Go also contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_game_theory" title="Combinatorial game theory">combinatorial game theory</a> (with Go infinitesimals<a href="#cite_note-209">[189]</a> being a specific example of its use in Go). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Comparisons_to_other_games">Comparisons to other games</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Comparisons to other games" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> Go begins with an empty board. It is focused on building from the ground up (nothing to something) with multiple, simultaneous battles leading to a point-based win. Chess is tactical rather than strategic, as the predetermined strategy is to trap one individual piece (the king). This comparison has also been applied to military and political history, with <a href="/wiki/Scott_Boorman" title="Scott Boorman">Scott Boorman</a>'s book The Protracted Game (1969) and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Greene_(American_author)" title="Robert Greene (American author)">Robert Greene</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_48_Laws_of_Power" title="The 48 Laws of Power">The 48 Laws of Power</a> (1998) exploring the strategy of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> through the lens of Go.<a href="#cite_note-210">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[191]</a> A similar comparison has been drawn among Go, <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a>, perhaps the three oldest games that enjoy worldwide popularity.<a href="#cite_note-WPinc-212">[192]</a> Backgammon is a "man vs. fate" contest, with chance playing a strong role in determining the outcome. Chess, with rows of soldiers marching forward to capture each other, embodies the conflict of "man vs. man". Because the handicap system tells Go players where they stand relative to other players, an honestly ranked player can expect to lose about half of their games; therefore, Go can be seen as embodying the quest for self-improvement, "man vs. self".<a href="#cite_note-WPinc-212">[192]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:GO_game.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GO_game.png/28px-GO_game.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="61" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GO_game.png/28px-GO_game.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GO_game.png/42px-GO_game.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GO_game.png/56px-GO_game.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Go">Go portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Games_played_with_Go_equipment" title="Games played with Go equipment">Games played with Go equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Go" title="List of books about Go">List of books about Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_top_title_holders_in_Go" title="List of top title holders in Go">List of top title holders in Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensei%27s_Library" title="Sensei's Library">Sensei's Library</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Game complexity can be difficult to estimate. The number of legal positions (<a href="/wiki/State-space_complexity" class="mw-redirect" title="State-space complexity">state-space complexity</a>) for chess has been estimated at anywhere between 1043 and 1050; in 2016 the number of legal positions for 19x19 Go was calculated by Tromp and Farneback at ~2.08×10170. Alternately, a measure of all the alternatives to be considered at each stage of the game (<a href="/wiki/Game-tree_complexity" class="mw-redirect" title="Game-tree complexity">game-tree complexity</a>) can be estimated with bd, where b is the game's breadth (number of legal moves per position) and d is its depth (number of moves or <a href="/wiki/Ply_(game_theory)" title="Ply (game theory)">plies</a> per game). For chess and Go the comparison is very rough, ~3580 ≪ ~250150, or ~10123 ≪ ~10360<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllis1994158%E2%80%93161,_171,_174-16">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Eyes and other complications may need to be considered when counting liberties </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Whether or not a group is weak or strong refers to the ease with which it can be killed or made to live. See this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senseis.xmp.net/?BenjaminTeuber%2FGuideToBecomeStrong:v52">article</a> by Benjamin Teuber, amateur 6 dan, for some views on how important this is felt to be. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Exceptionally, in Japanese and Korean rules, empty points, even those surrounded by stones of a single color, may count as neutral territory if some of them are alive by seki. See the section below on <a href="#Seki_(mutual_life)">seki</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> In game theoretical terms, seki positions are an example of a <a href="/wiki/Nash_equilibrium" title="Nash equilibrium">Nash equilibrium</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> A full explanation of the eternal life position can be found on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senseis.xmp.net/?EternalLife">Sensei's Library</a>, it also appears in the official text for Japanese Rules, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~wjh/go/rules/Japanese.html">translation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Roughly, one has the time to play the game and then a little time to finish it off. Time-wasting tactics are possible in Go, so that sudden death systems, in which time runs out at a predetermined point however many plays are in the game, are relatively unpopular (in the West). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Literally in Japanese byōyomi means 'reading of seconds'. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Typically, players stop the clock, and the player in overtime sets his/her clock for the desired interval, counts out the required number of stones and sets the remaining stones out of reach, so as not to become confused. If twenty moves are made in time, the timer is reset to five minutes again. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> In other words, Canadian byoyomi is essentially a standard chess-style time control, based on N moves in a time period T, imposed after a main period is used up. It is possible to decrease T, or increase N, as each overtime period expires; but systems with constant T and N, for example 20 plays in 5 minutes, are widely used. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaku_Takagawa" title="Kaku Takagawa">Kaku Takagawa</a> toured Europe around 1970, and reported (Go Review) a general standard of amateur 4 dan. This is a good amateur level but no more than might be found in ordinary East Asian clubs. Published current European ratings would suggest around 100 players stronger than that, with very few European 7 dans. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> European Go has been documented by Franco Pratesi, Eurogo (Florence 2003) in three volumes, up to 1920, 1920–1950, and 1950 and later. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(typography)" title="Overshoot (typography)">Overshoot</a> in Western typography for similar subtle adjustment to create a uniform appearance. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> While chess position evaluation is simpler than Go position evaluation, it is still more complicated than simply calculating material advantage or piece activity; pawn structure and king safety matter, as do the possibilities in further play. The complexity of the algorithm differs per engine.<a href="#cite_note-156">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[145]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Lists of such programs may be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senseis.xmp.net/?GoEditingPrograms">Sensei's Library</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gobase.org/software/editors/">GoBase</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Lists of Go servers are kept at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senseis.xmp.net/?GoServers">Sensei's Library</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgo.org/resources/servers.html">the AGA website</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> The British Go Association provides a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britgo.org/teaching/teaching.html">list of teaching services</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> A list of books can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senseis.xmp.net/?Literature">Sensei's Library</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> A list of films can be found at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurogofed.org/history/filmography.htm">EGF Internet Go Filmography</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> It has been said that the number of board positions is at most 3361 (about 10172) since each position can be white, black, or vacant. Ignoring (illegal) suicide moves, there are at least 361! games (about 10768) since every permutation of the 361 points corresponds to a game. See <a href="/wiki/Go_and_mathematics" title="Go and mathematics">Go and mathematics</a> for more details, which includes much larger estimates. This estimate, however, is inexact for two reasons: first, both contestants usually agree to end the game long before every point has been played; second, after a capture it may happen that an already played point is played again, even repetitively so in the case of a kō-battle. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgo-archive.org/brief-history-go">"A Brief History of Go"</a>. American Go Association. Retrieved March 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Go&rft.pub=American+Go+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgo-archive.org%2Fbrief-history-go&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShotwell2008" class="citation cs2">Shotwell, Peter (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgo-archive.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf">The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China</a> (PDF), American Go Association, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516100351/http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Game+of+Go%3A+Speculations+on+its+Origins+and+Symbolism+in+Ancient+China&rft.pub=American+Go+Association&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Shotwell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgo-archive.org%2Ffiles%2Fbh_library%2Foriginsofgo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gobase.org/reading/history/china/?sec=part-2">"The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination"</a>. GoBase.org. Retrieved May 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legends+of+the+Sage+Kings+and+Divination&rft.pub=GoBase.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgobase.org%2Freading%2Fhistory%2Fchina%2F%3Fsec%3Dpart-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britgo.org/intro/history">"A Brief History of Go | British Go Association"</a>. www.britgo.org. Retrieved 2023-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britgo.org&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Go+%7C+British+Go+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britgo.org%2Fintro%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/131298.htm">"The Ancient Chinese Game of Go"</a>. www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 2023-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.china.org.cn&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Chinese+Game+of+Go&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2FArchaeology%2F131298.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_International_Go_Federation2016" class="citation web cs1">The International Go Federation (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf">"Go Population Survey"</a> (PDF). intergofed.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013354/http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=intergofed.org&rft.atitle=Go+Population+Survey&rft.date=2016-02&rft.au=The+International+Go+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intergofed.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2F2016_Go_population_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwamoto197722-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwamoto197722_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIwamoto1977">Iwamoto 1977</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwamoto197718-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwamoto197718_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIwamoto1977">Iwamoto 1977</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2008" class="citation cs2">Baker, Karl (2008) [1986], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgo-archive.org/files/pdf/W2Go4E-book.pdf">The Way to Go: How to Play the Asian Game of Go</a> (PDF) (7th ed.), New York, NY: American Go Association, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203014424/http://www.usgo.org/files/pdf/W2Go4E-book.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+to+Go%3A+How+to+Play+the+Asian+Game+of+Go&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=American+Go+Association&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgo-archive.org%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2FW2Go4E-book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews20041-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews20041_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthews2004">Matthews 2004</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun199718-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho_Chikun199718_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCho_Chikun1997">Cho Chikun 1997</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Tso_Chuan_book-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Tso_Chuan_book_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Tso_Chuan_book_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1992" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Watson (April 15, 1992). 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[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-chronology2-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chronology2_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronology2_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronology2_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronology2_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219225436/http://www.umass.edu/wsp/project/introductions/chronology2.html">"Warring States Project Chronology #2"</a>. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umass.edu/wsp/project/introductions/chronology2.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-19. Retrieved 2007-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warring+States+Project+Chronology+%232&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Amherst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Fwsp%2Fproject%2Fintroductions%2Fchronology2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrompFarnebäck2016" class="citation web cs1">Tromp, John; Farnebäck, Gunnar (January 31, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tromp.github.io/go/gostate.pdf">"Combinatorics of Go"</a> (PDF). tromp.github.io. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125182938/https://tromp.github.io/go/gostate.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tromp.github.io&rft.atitle=Combinatorics+of+Go&rft.date=2016-01-31&rft.aulast=Tromp&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Farneb%C3%A4ck%2C+Gunnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftromp.github.io%2Fgo%2Fgostate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllis1994158–161,_171,_174-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllis1994158%E2%80%93161,_171,_174_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllis1994">Allis 1994</a>, pp. 158–161, 171, 174, §§6.2.4, 6.3.9, 6.3.12 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kai-Fu_Lee" title="Kai-Fu Lee">Lee, Kai-Fu</a> (September 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb9wDwAAQBAJ">AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781328546395" title="Special:BookSources/9781328546395"><bdi>9781328546395</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AI+Superpowers%3A+China%2C+Silicon+Valley%2C+and+the+New+World+Order&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft.isbn=9781328546395&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kai-Fu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXb9wDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, Pat (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122131232/http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=24319&CtNode=1360">"Getting the Go-ahead"</a>. Taiwan Review. 57. Los Angeles, CA: Kwang Hwa Publishing: 55. 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(1969), The Protracted Game: A Wei Ch'i Interpretation of Maoist Revolutionary Strategy, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500490-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500490-8"><bdi>978-0-19-500490-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Protracted+Game%3A+A+Wei+Ch%27i+Interpretation+of+Maoist+Revolutionary+Strategy&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-19-500490-8&rft.aulast=Boorman&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1998" class="citation cs2">Greene, Robert (1998), "Law 48: Assume Formlessness", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670881468">The 48 Laws of Power</a>, New York, NY: Viking Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88146-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88146-8"><bdi>978-0-670-88146-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law+48%3A+Assume+Formlessness&rft.btitle=The+48+Laws+of+Power&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-670-88146-8&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780670881468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPinc-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPinc_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPinc_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinckardn.d." class="citation book cs1">Pinckard, William (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905135104/http://www.kiseido.com/three.htm">"Go and the Three Games"</a>. In Bozulich, Richard (ed.). The Go Player's Almanac (2nd ed.). Kiseido Publishing Company (published 2001). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-906574-40-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-906574-40-7"><bdi>978-4-906574-40-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiseido.com/three.htm">the original</a> on 2019-09-05. Retrieved 2008-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Go+and+the+Three+Games&rft.btitle=The+Go+Player%27s+Almanac&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Kiseido+Publishing+Company&rft.isbn=978-4-906574-40-7&rft.aulast=Pinckard&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiseido.com%2Fthree.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllis1994" class="citation cs2">Allis, Louis Victor (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fragrieu.free.fr/SearchingForSolutions.pdf">Searching for solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence</a> (PDF), Maastricht: Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-9007488-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-9007488-7"><bdi>978-90-9007488-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307024938/http://fragrieu.free.fr/SearchingForSolutions.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+solutions+in+Games+and+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.place=Maastricht&rft.pub=Proefschrift+Rijksuniversiteit+Limburg&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-9007488-7&rft.aulast=Allis&rft.aufirst=Louis+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffragrieu.free.fr%2FSearchingForSolutions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozulich2001" class="citation book cs1">Bozulich, Richard, ed. (2001). The Go Player's Almanac (2nd ed.). Kiseido Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-906574-40-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-906574-40-7"><bdi>978-4-906574-40-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Go+Player%27s+Almanac&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Kiseido+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-4-906574-40-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2011" class="citation cs2">Chen, Zuyuan (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/Historyofgorules.pdf">The History of Go Rules</a> (PDF), American Go Association, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515112132/http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/historyofgorules.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2013, retrieved May 7, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Go+Rules&rft.pub=American+Go+Association&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Zuyuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgo.org%2Ffiles%2Fbh_library%2FHistoryofgorules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCho_Chikun1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cho_Chikun" title="Cho Chikun">Cho Chikun</a> (1997). Go: A Complete Introduction to the Game. Tokyo: Kiseido Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-906574-50-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-906574-50-6"><bdi>978-4-906574-50-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go%3A+A+Complete+Introduction+to+the+Game&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kiseido+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-4-906574-50-6&rft.au=Cho+Chikun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2002" class="citation book cs1">Cobb, William (2002). The Book of Go. <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing" title="Sterling Publishing">Sterling Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-2729-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-2729-9"><bdi>978-0-8069-2729-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Go&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8069-2729-9&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2001" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Fredrik A. (2001). "Honte, a Go-Playing Program Using Neural Nets". In Fürnkranz, Johannes; Kubat, Miroslav (eds.). Machines That Learn To Play Games. 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Tesuji. Elementary Go Series. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Japan: Kiseido Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-906574-12-2" title="Special:BookSources/4-906574-12-2"><bdi>4-906574-12-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tesuji&rft.place=Japan&rft.series=Elementary+Go+Series&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Kiseido+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=4-906574-12-2&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbairn1992" class="citation book cs1">Fairbairn, John (1992). "A Survey of the best in Go Equipment". In Bozulich, Richard (ed.). The Go Player's Almanac (2nd ed.). 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Mark (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gogodonline.co.uk/">The GoGoD Encyclopaedia</a>, Games of Go on Disc (GoGoD)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+GoGoD+Encyclopaedia&rft.pub=Games+of+Go+on+Disc+%28GoGoD%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fairbairn&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hall%2C+T.+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgogodonline.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshigure2006" class="citation book cs1">Ishigure, Ikuro (2006). In the Beginning: the Opening in the game of Go. Elementary Go Series. Vol. 1 (8th ed.). Japan: Kiseido Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-906574-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-906574-10-6"><bdi>4-906574-10-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Beginning%3A+the+Opening+in+the+game+of+Go&rft.place=Japan&rft.series=Elementary+Go+Series&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Kiseido+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=4-906574-10-6&rft.aulast=Ishigure&rft.aufirst=Ikuro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwamoto1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_Iwamoto" title="Kaoru Iwamoto">Iwamoto, Kaoru</a> (1977). Go for Beginners. New York: Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-73331-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-73331-9"><bdi>978-0-394-73331-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go+for+Beginners&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-394-73331-9&rft.aulast=Iwamoto&rft.aufirst=Kaoru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKageyama2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toshiro_Kageyama" title="Toshiro Kageyama">Kageyama, Toshiro</a> (2007). Lessons in the Fundamentals of Go (3rd ed.). Japan: Kiseido Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-906574-28-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-906574-28-5"><bdi>978-4-906574-28-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+in+the+Fundamentals+of+Go&rft.place=Japan&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Kiseido+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-4-906574-28-5&rft.aulast=Kageyama&rft.aufirst=Toshiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimJeong1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janice_Kim" title="Janice Kim">Kim, Janice</a>; Jeong, Soo-hyun (1997). Learn to Play Go. Five volumes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Good Move Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9644796-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9644796-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9644796-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+to+Play+Go&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Five+volumes&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Good+Move+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-9644796-1-6&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Soo-hyun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasker1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lasker" title="Edward Lasker">Lasker, Edward</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gogomokuoriental00lask">Go and Go-Moku: the Oriental Board Games</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486-20613-0" title="Special:BookSources/0486-20613-0"><bdi>0486-20613-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60050074">60050074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go+and+Go-Moku%3A+the+Oriental+Board+Games&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F60050074&rft.isbn=0486-20613-0&rft.aulast=Lasker&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgogomokuoriental00lask&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasayoshi2005" class="citation cs2">Masayoshi, Shirakawa (2005), A Journey In Search of the Origins of Go, Yutopian Enterprises, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889554-98-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889554-98-3"><bdi>978-1-889554-98-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+In+Search+of+the+Origins+of+Go&rft.pub=Yutopian+Enterprises&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-889554-98-3&rft.aulast=Masayoshi&rft.aufirst=Shirakawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2002" class="citation cs2">Matthews, Charles (September 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrich.maths.org/public/viewer.php?obj_id=1452">Sufficient but Not Necessary: Two Eyes and Seki in Go</a>, University of Cambridge, retrieved 2007-12-31</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufficient+but+Not+Necessary%3A+Two+Eyes+and+Seki+in+Go&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2002-09&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrich.maths.org%2Fpublic%2Fviewer.php%3Fobj_id%3D1452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2004" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Charles (2004). Teach Yourself Go. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142977-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142977-1"><bdi>978-0-07-142977-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Go&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-07-142977-1&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoews1996" class="citation cs2">Moews, David (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/files/moloopy.pdf">"Loopy Games and Go"</a> (PDF), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/contents.html">Games of No Chance</a>, MRSI Publications, vol. 29, pp. 259–272, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410143450/http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/files/moloopy.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Loopy+Games+and+Go&rft.btitle=Games+of+No+Chance&rft.series=MRSI+Publications&rft.pages=259-272&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Moews&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.msri.org%2Fbooks%2FBook29%2Ffiles%2Fmoloopy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitz2013" class="citation cs2">Moskowitz, Marc L. (2013), "Weiqi Legends, then and now: Cultural Paradigms in the Game of Go", in Lent, John; Fitzsimmons, Lorna (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OixuQqUWHbIC">Asian Popular Culture</a>, United Kingdom: Lexington Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7961-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7961-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-7961-1</bdi></a>, retrieved May 9, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weiqi+Legends%2C+then+and+now%3A+Cultural+Paradigms+in+the+Game+of+Go&rft.btitle=Asian+Popular+Culture&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7961-1&rft.aulast=Moskowitz&rft.aufirst=Marc+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOixuQqUWHbIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerGasser1996" class="citation cs2">Müller, Martin & Gasser, Ralph (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/files/muller.pdf">"Experiments in Computer Go Endgames"</a> (PDF), in Nowakowski, Richard J. (ed.), Games of No Chance: Combinatorial Games at MSRI, 1994, Cambridge University Press, pp. 273–284, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64652-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64652-9"><bdi>0-521-64652-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410143455/http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/files/muller.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Experiments+in+Computer+Go+Endgames&rft.btitle=Games+of+No+Chance%3A+Combinatorial+Games+at+MSRI%2C+1994&rft.pages=273-284&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-64652-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Gasser%2C+Ralph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.msri.org%2Fbooks%2FBook29%2Ffiles%2Fmuller.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNihon_Kiin1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Ki-in" title="Nihon Ki-in">Nihon Kiin</a> (1973). Go: the World's most Fascinating Game (1st ed.). Tokyo, Japan: Nihon Kiin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go%3A+the+World%27s+most+Fascinating+Game&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Nihon+Kiin&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Nihon+Kiin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Vol. 1: Introduction <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/926865835">926865835</a></li> <li>Vol. 2: Basic techniques <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59692609">59692609</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtake2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Otake" title="Hideo Otake">Otake, Hideo</a> (2002). Opening Theory Made Easy: Twenty Strategic Principles to Improve Your Opening Game (6th ed.). Tokyo: Kiseido Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-906574-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-906574-36-0"><bdi>978-4-906574-36-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opening+Theory+Made+Easy%3A+Twenty+Strategic+Principles+to+Improve+Your+Opening+Game&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Kiseido+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-4-906574-36-0&rft.aulast=Otake&rft.aufirst=Hideo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengHall1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Peng, Mike; Hall, Mark (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304121705/http://homepage.mac.com/bjornwendsjo/go/2-96.pdf">"One Giant Leap For Go, or Astronauts Find Life In Space"</a> (PDF). Svenks Go Tidning. Vol. 96, no. 2. pp. 7–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.mac.com/bjornwendsjo/go/2-96.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2007-11-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenks+Go+Tidning&rft.atitle=One+Giant+Leap+For+Go%2C+or+Astronauts+Find+Life+In+Space&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Hall%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.mac.com%2Fbjornwendsjo%2Fgo%2F2-96.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShotwell2003" class="citation cs2">Shotwell, Peter (2003), Go! More Than a Game (1st ed.), Tuttle Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3475-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3475-9"><bdi>978-0-8048-3475-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go%21+More+Than+a+Game&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-3475-9&rft.aulast=Shotwell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductory_books">Introductory books</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Introductory books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bradley, Milton N. Go for Kids, Yutopian Enterprises, Santa Monica, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889554-74-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889554-74-7">978-1-889554-74-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ogawa, Tomoko; Davies, James (2000). The Endgame. Elementary Go Series. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Tokyo: Kiseido Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-906574-15-7" title="Special:BookSources/4-906574-15-7"><bdi>4-906574-15-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Endgame&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.series=Elementary+Go+Series&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Kiseido+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=4-906574-15-7&rft.aulast=Ogawa&rft.aufirst=Tomoko&rft.au=Davies%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Seckiner, Sancar. Chinese Go Players, 6th article of the main book Budaha, Efil Yayinevi, Ankara, Feb. 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4160-62-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4160-62-4">978-605-4160-62-4</a>.</li> <li>Shotwell, Peter. Go! More than a Game, <a href="/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing" title="Tuttle Publishing">Tuttle Publishing</a>, 4th ed. 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3475-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3475-9">978-0-8048-3475-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_interest">Historical interest</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Historical interest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Augustus_de_Havilland" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Augustus de Havilland">De Havilland, Walter Augustus</a> (1910), The ABC of Go: The National War Game of Japan, Yokohama, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_%26_Walsh" title="Kelly & Walsh">Kelly & Walsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4800147">4800147</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ABC+of+Go%3A+The+National+War+Game+of+Japan&rft.pub=Yokohama%2C+Kelly+%26+Walsh&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4800147&rft.aulast=De+Havilland&rft.aufirst=Walter+Augustus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Korschelt" title="Oskar Korschelt">Korschelt, Oscar</a> (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theorypracticeof0000kors">The Theory and Practice of Go</a>, C.E. Tuttle Co, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-0572-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-0572-8"><bdi>978-0-8048-0572-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Go&rft.pub=C.E.+Tuttle+Co&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-0572-8&rft.aulast=Korschelt&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheorypracticeof0000kors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Smith, Arthur (1956) [1908], The Game of Go: The National Game of Japan, C.E. Tuttle Co, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/912228">912228</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Game+of+Go%3A+The+National+Game+of+Japan&rft.pub=C.E.+Tuttle+Co&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F912228&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+%28game%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Go (game) at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/go" class="extiw" title="wikt:go">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)" class="extiw" title="c:Go (board game)">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Go_(game)" class="extiw" title="q:Go (game)">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Go" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Go">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Go" class="extiw" title="b:Go">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Go" class="extiw" title="voy:Go">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11413" class="extiw" title="d:Q11413">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&oldid=1259332127">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&oldid=1259332127</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(game)&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 16:12 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(Spiel)" title="Go (Spiel) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Go (Spiel)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8E" title="ጎ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጎ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88" title="غو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95" title="बदूक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बदूक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo" title="Qo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88_(%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86)" title="قو (اویون) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قو (اویون)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_(%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE)" title="গো (খেলা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গো (খেলা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Bi-k%C3%AE" title="Ûi-kî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ûi-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="མིག་མངས་སྒོར་སྒོར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིག་མངས་སྒོར་སྒོར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(c%27hoari)" title="Go (c'hoari) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Go (c'hoari)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(deskov%C3%A1_hra)" title="Go (desková hra) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Go (desková hra)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(g%C3%AAm)" title="Go (gêm) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Go (gêm)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(Spiel)" title="Go (Spiel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Go (Spiel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(gra%C5%9Be)" title="Go (graśe) – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Go (graśe)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Γκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goo" title="Goo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Goo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88_(%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C)" title="گو (بازی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گو (بازی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)" title="Go (board game) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Go (board game)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(jeu)" title="Go (jeu) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Go (jeu)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3_(bordchluiche)" title="Gó (bordchluiche) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gó (bordchluiche)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8D%E6%A3%8B" title="圍棋 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="圍棋" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%91%91" title="바둑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바둑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8" title="Գո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2)" title="गो (खेल) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गो (खेल)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(igra)" title="Go (igra) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Go (igra)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igo" title="Igo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Igo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3" title="Gó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(gioco)" title="Go (gioco) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Go (gioco)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95_(%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7)" title="גו (משחק) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גו (משחק)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="გო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(gwari_bordh)" title="Go (gwari bordh) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Go (gwari bordh)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(mchezo)" title="Go (mchezo) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Go (mchezo)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(j%C3%A9)" title="Go (jé) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Go (jé)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igo" title="Igo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Igo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(sp%C4%93le)" title="Go (spēle) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Go (spēle)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gos" title="gos – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gos" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(j%C3%A1t%C3%A9k)" title="Go (játék) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Go (játék)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="വെയ്ക്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെയ്ക്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99i-g%C3%AC" title="Ùi-gì – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ùi-gì" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_(%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2)" title="ဂို (ကစားပွဲ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂို (ကစားပွဲ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(bordspel)" title="Go (bordspel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Go (bordspel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%B2%E7%A2%81" title="囲碁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="囲碁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE)" title="ਗੋ (ਗੇਮ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੋ (ਗੇਮ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88" title="گو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(Speel)" title="Go (Speel) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Go (Speel)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(joc)" title="Go (joc) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Go (joc)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Ґо (бавка) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґо (бавка)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(gemme)" title="Go (gemme) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Go (gemme)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)" title="Go (board game) – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Go (board game)" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(loj%C3%AB)" title="Go (lojë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Go (lojë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)" title="Go (board game) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Go (board game)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(strate%C5%A1ka_igra)" title="Go (strateška igra) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Go (strateška igra)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%88_(%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95)" title="گەو (کایە) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەو (کایە)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE" title="Го – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Го" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(br%C3%A4dspel)" title="Go (brädspel) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Go (brädspel)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(laro)" title="Go (laro) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Go (laro)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="வெய்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெய்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE_(%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD)" title="Го (уен) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Го (уен)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="หมากล้อม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมากล้อม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%BE_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Ґо (гра) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґо (гра)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%DB%81" title="گو، لعبہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گو، لعبہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%9D_v%C3%A2y" title="Cờ vây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cờ vây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%88" title="弈 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="弈" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%B4%E6%A3%8B" title="围棋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="围棋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90" title="גא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8D%E6%A3%8B" title="圍棋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="圍棋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Go" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%B4%E6%A3%8B" title="围棋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="围棋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 16:12 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-rjp4n","wgBackendResponseTime":391,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.481","walltime":"3.986","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28643,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":479039,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":32778,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":35,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":646319,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3381.758 1 -total"," 30.82% 1042.182 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.06% 543.216 81 Template:Sfn"," 10.76% 363.992 70 Template:Citation"," 9.29% 314.241 44 Template:Cite_web"," 9.13% 308.693 18 Template:Page_needed"," 8.36% 282.827 19 Template:Fix"," 7.88% 266.597 1 Template:Infobox_game"," 7.74% 261.616 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.71% 260.565 37 Template:Delink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.082","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24102826,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAthertonZhuangBartHu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeeton,_BarbaraAvtalion,_Ori2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerge-Becker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoorman1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozulich\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBozulich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Go_Association\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBurton1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChina_Cultural_Centre_in_Tel_Aviv\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCho_Chikun1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCieply\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobb2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahl2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavey_Alba2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDürst2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbairn\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFFairbairn1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbairn1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbairn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbairn2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbairn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbairnHall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGao2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGobetde_VoogtRetschitzki2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Go_Federation2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshida1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshigure2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwamoto1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasiek2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshua_Wolens2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKageyama2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeneLevy1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimJeong1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasker1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinovitz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasayoshi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaschler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasunagaHorn2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoews1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoskowitz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüllerGasser1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNRICH_Team\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakayama1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNg_Ho1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNihon_Kiin1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;ConnorRobertson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtake2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPengHall1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinckard1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinckard1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinckard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinckardn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScanlon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShannon1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShimatsuka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShotwell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShotwell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverHuangMaddisonGuez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverSchrittwieserSimonyanAntonoglou2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpitznagel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStas_Bekman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavernier1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_International_Go_Federation2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurn1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrompFarnebäck2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVergheseLiptonKatzHall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWedd\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangAn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangAnTurner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasuyuki1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Zeijst\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF朱宝训2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF조2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Audio\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 70,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 44,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Closed access\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"E\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 20,\n [\"Go (game)\"] = 1,\n [\"Go board 5x5\"] = 1,\n [\"GoBoardGame\"] = 1,\n [\"Goban 9x9\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox game\"] = 1,\n [\"Korean\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 4,\n [\"Lit\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 2,\n [\"Nihongo2\"] = 4,\n [\"Note label\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 18,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 81,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone superscript\"] = 2,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 16,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Unichar\"] = 6,\n [\"Val\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wg-apos\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","17.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","17.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","120","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","4.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","2.7"],["[others]","480","21.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-4pzp8","timestamp":"20241125142837","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Go (game)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Go_(game)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11413","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11413","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-10T00:30:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T16:12:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2a\/FloorGoban.JPG","headline":"board game for two players that originated in China more than 2,500 years ago"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>