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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Restoration years – 1660–79</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_years_–_1660–79-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_and_reaction_–_1679–85" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_and_reaction_–_1679–85"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Crisis and reaction – 1679–85</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_and_reaction_–_1679–85-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English pamphleteer and author, and staunch defender of royalist claims (1616–1704)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the similarly named 13th-century nobleman, see <a href="/wiki/Roger_Lestrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Lestrange">Roger Lestrange</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sir Roger L'Estrange</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Roger_L%27Estrange_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sir_Roger_L%27Estrange_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg/220px-Sir_Roger_L%27Estrange_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sir_Roger_L%27Estrange_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg/330px-Sir_Roger_L%27Estrange_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sir_Roger_L%27Estrange_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg/440px-Sir_Roger_L%27Estrange_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2991" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of L'Estrange by <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Wright" title="John Michael Wright">John Michael Wright</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1680</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Winchester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Winchester (UK Parliament constituency)">Winchester</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1685–1689</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1616-12-17</span>)</span>17 December 1616<br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Hunstanton" title="Old Hunstanton">Old Hunstanton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1704<span style="display:none">(1704-12-11)</span> (aged 87)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tory_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory (British political party)">Tory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamon_le_Strange" title="Hamon le Strange">Hamon le Strange</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(father)</span> <a href="/wiki/Hamon_L%27Estrange" title="Hamon L'Estrange">Hamon L'Estrange</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(brother)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sussex_College,_Cambridge" title="Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge">Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li>Author</li><li>Pamphleteer</li><li>Translator</li></ul></div> Newspaper publisher</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">English Royalist</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #98285c;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0 0.2em;background:#98285c;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Toryism</span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism"><img alt="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/190px-Royal_Oak.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/285px-Royal_Oak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/380px-Royal_Oak.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Characteristics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">General topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">People </span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roger L'Estrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">1st Earl of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Related topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Tory" title="Pink Tory">Pink Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Spanish American royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Tory socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendéens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toryism" title="Template:Toryism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toryism" title="Template talk:Toryism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Roger L'Estrange</b> (17 December 1616 – 11 December 1704<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1893-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an English <a href="/wiki/Pamphleteer" title="Pamphleteer">pamphleteer</a>, author, <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtier</a> and press censor. Throughout his life L'Estrange was frequently mired in controversy and acted as a staunch ideological defender of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>'s regime during the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a> era. His works played a key role in the emergence of a distinct 'Tory' bloc during the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a> of 1679–81. Perhaps his best known polemical pamphlet was <i>An Account of the Growth of Knavery</i>, which ruthlessly attacked the parliamentary opposition to Charles II and his successor <a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of York">James, Duke of York</a> (later King James II), placing them as fanatics who misused contemporary popular <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">anti-Catholic sentiment</a> to attack the Restoration court and the existing social order in order to pursue their own political ends.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Exclusion Crisis and the failure of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> faction to disinherit James, Duke of York in favour of Charles II's illegitimate son <a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">James, 1st Duke of Monmouth</a>, L'Estrange used his newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observator" title="The Observator">The Observator</a></i> to harangue his opponents and act as a voice for a popular provincial Toryism during the 'Tory Reaction' of 1681–85. Despite serving as an MP from 1685 to 1689 his stock fell under James II's reign as his staunch hostility to religious <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformism</a> conflicted with James's goals of religious tolerance for both Catholics and Nonconformists. The <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 and the collapse of the Restoration political order heralded the end of L'Estrange's career in public life, although his greatest translation work, that of <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a>, saw publication in 1692.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <p>Roger L'Estrange was born at <a href="/wiki/Hunstanton_Hall" title="Hunstanton Hall">Hunstanton Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Hunstanton" title="Old Hunstanton">Hunstanton</a>, Norfolk, the youngest son of <a href="/wiki/Alice_L%27Estrange" title="Alice L'Estrange">Alice L'Estrange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamon_le_Strange" title="Hamon le Strange">Sir Hamon L'Estrange</a>. His mother ran the estate and his father served as <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Norfolk" title="High Sheriff of Norfolk">Sheriff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Lieutenant">Deputy Lieutenant</a> of Norfolk, and was allied to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Duke of Norfolk">dukes of Norfolk</a>, serving as a Member of Parliament in a seat under their control.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonSell2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonSell2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was probably home-schooled for a time before attending <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sussex_College,_Cambridge" title="Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge">Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge</a>, with his time spent being home-schooled acting as a major formative influence which generated his interest in <a href="/wiki/Humanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic">Humanistic</a> literature and his lifelong passion for playing the <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a>. </p><p>In 1639, both father and son fought in the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a> against the Scots. They later fought for the Royalist side in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">First English Civil War</a>. In 1643, the two led a failed conspiracy whose purpose was place the town of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a> under Royalist control. Roger L'Estrange's subsequent activities as a Royalist conspirator lead to him spending time in prison under sentence of death. He later played a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maidstone" title="Battle of Maidstone">1648 Royalist uprising in Kent</a>. This was defeated by parliamentarian troops and he fled to the Continent, finding refuge in Holland.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonSell2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonSell2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1653, he returned to England, with a pardon from <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> and lived quietly in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> until Cromwell died in 1658. By 1659, he was already making his presence as a Royalist known. He printed several pamphlets supporting a return of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> and attacked various Commonwealth writers, including <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> in a 1660 pamphlet titled <i>No Blinde Guides</i> for his role in philosophically justifying the <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a> of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration_years_–_1660–79"><span id="Restoration_years_.E2.80.93_1660.E2.80.9379"></span>Restoration years – 1660–79</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Observator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Observator.jpg/220px-Observator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Observator.jpg/330px-Observator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Observator.jpg/440px-Observator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>L'Estrange's <i>The Observator</i> of 11 May 1681</figcaption></figure> <p>L'Estrange spent the first two years of the Restoration settling old scores against figures associated with the previous regime and bolstering his credentials as a Royalist writer and courtier. A typical pamphlet of this phase in his career was <i>A Rope for Pol,</i> a lengthy diatribe attacking <a href="/wiki/Marchamont_Nedham" title="Marchamont Nedham">Marchamont Nedham</a>, who had edited the official <a href="/wiki/Newsbook" title="Newsbook">newsbook</a> from 1655 under Cromwell's <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also waged a struggle for official titles and courtly influence with the journalist Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Birkenhead" title="John Birkenhead">John Berkenhead</a> during this period. They acted as proxies for a wider courtly struggle between <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bennet,_1st_Earl_of_Arlington" title="Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington">Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholas" title="Edward Nicholas">Edward Nicholas</a> who contended for influence in the regime under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_3rd_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon">Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with L'Estrange coming under Bennet's patronage. The failure of Berkenhead to stem the tide of Nonconformist printing after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Ejection" title="Great Ejection">Great Ejection</a> of 1662 which purged the Church of England of its Presbyterian ministers led to Berkenhead's downfall to L'Estrange's benefit. Likewise, Nicholas was subject to an involuntary early retirement at the expense of Bennet who became a favoured statesman of Charles II. </p><p>As a reward for his propaganda and his alignment with Bennet's rising star, L'Estrange was granted a warrant to seize seditious books or pamphlets in 1662 and in recognition of his <i>Considerations and Proposals in Order to the Regulation of the Press</i> he was appointed Surveyor of the Press<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, also appointed Licenser of the Press, he retained both positions until the lapse of the <a href="/wiki/Licensing_of_the_Press_Act_1662" title="Licensing of the Press Act 1662">Licensing of the Press Act</a> in 1679.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunan-Page_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunan-Page-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Licenser and Surveyor, L'Estrange was charged with the prevention of the publication of dissenting writings, and authorised to search the premises of printers and booksellers on the merest suspicion of dissension.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunan-Page_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunan-Page-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'Estrange excelled at this, hunting down hidden presses and enlisting peace officers and soldiers to suppress their activities. He soon came to be known as the "Bloodhound of the Press."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194135_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194135-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His careful monitoring and control of nonconformist ideas and opinions succeeded not only in checking seditious publications,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194144_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194144-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also in limiting political controversy and reducing debate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were, however, notable excesses. Under L'Estrange, the antennae of state censorship prickled at the very mention of the monarch and he famously objected to the following lines from <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>'s <i>Paradise Lost</i>, Book I: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>As when the Sun new ris'n</dd> <dd>Looks through the Horizontal misty Air</dd> <dd>Shorn of his Beams, or from behind the Moon</dd> <dd>In dim Eclips disastrous twilight sheds</dd> <dd>On half the Nations, and with fear of change</dd> <dd>Perplexes Monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In 1668, <a href="/wiki/William_Lilly" title="William Lilly">William Lilly</a>, the astrologer and occultist, had commented on the connection between comets and the death of princes in a draft to his 1670 almanac: comets indicated, wrote Lilly, "some dreadful matter at hand," and were "a prediction of the fall of kings and tyrants." The latter comment was removed from the draft by L'Estrange.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these duties as press censor, L'Estrange began his journalistic career in earnest in 1663, when he was granted control over the official periodicals <i>The Public Intelligencer</i> and <i>The News.</i> L'Estrange lacked Berkenhead's independence and owed his position to Bennet's patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the periodicals he acted in favour of the Court's increasingly intolerant policy towards Nonconformity, with frequent and lengthy attacks on Nonconformist writers coupled with demands for information with regards to 'libellous' printing. His diatribes gave free publicity to Nonconformist printers, but he also achieved some success in suppressing the prints after around 1664, particularly after the Nonconformist publishers Thomas Brewster and Nathan Dover died in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> led to a huge increase in demand for accurate and detailed news reporting from the literate public, which L'Estrange failed to satisfy. His publications were dominated by anti-Nonconformist rants and advertising, with readers believing his use of a large typeface covered up a lack of substance. This left him vulnerable to an intrigue by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Williamson_(English_politician)" title="Joseph Williamson (English politician)">Joseph Williamson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Muddiman" title="Henry Muddiman">Henry Muddiman</a>, who wrested him from this lucrative post. Muddiman had worked under L'Estrange and used his free use of the postal service to send copies of his unofficial newsletters alongside the two official titles.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diarist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> noted approvingly that Muddiman's new titles included 'no folly' in contrast to L'Estrange's works.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From late 1665 to 1679 L'Estrange's polemical and literary output was limited. The 'satire boom' of the late 1660s took up much of his time in censorious duties, while he remained a prominent figure at Court. In particular he spent much time acting as a conduit between the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Stationers_and_Newspaper_Makers" title="Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers">Worshipful Company of Stationers</a>, who had extensive censorship duties, and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> in formulating press regulation policy and repressing 'libellous' prints. </p><p>At this period, too, he helped <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Britton" title="Thomas Britton">Thomas Britton</a> found his concert series, playing the <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a> at the first event in 1678.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1893-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viol remained a lifelong love and throughout his career L'Estrange was known as 'Noll's Fiddler' after accusations he had played music for Oliver Cromwell before 1658, with the implication he was an unprincipled 'hack'.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crisis_and_reaction_–_1679–85"><span id="Crisis_and_reaction_.E2.80.93_1679.E2.80.9385"></span>Crisis and reaction – 1679–85</h2></div> <p>The Licensing of the Press Act lapsed at a dangerous time for the Restoration regime, which now contended with the twin crises of the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a> and the hysteria generated by the fabricated <a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a>. With no official post to censor 'libels' or attack critics of the Court, L'Estrange returned to polemic. Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a> attacked what they saw as growing Catholic and tyrannical tendencies at Court. Marvell coined the phrase 'Popery and Arbitrary Government' in a 1677 polemic which argued that excessive Catholic influence at court would lead to a 'Catholic' system of government based on superstition and tyrannical repression.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This played on contemporary Anglo-Scottish worldviews which relied on a construction of Catholicism as essentially foreign, tyrannical, and irrational or superstitious.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure of Charles II's foreign policy in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a> and the ensuing <i>rapprochement</i> with the Netherlands aligned English politics against France, while figures like Marvell feared Charles II saw <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France as a role model for absolutist rule. Marvell and like-minded figures coalesced into the Whig faction during the Exclusion Crisis and advocated the removal of <a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of York">James, Duke of York</a>, an open Catholic, from the royal succession in favour of the Protestant illegitimate son of Charles II, <a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth</a>. </p><p>L'Estrange inverted the language of Whiggish opposition to the Court. In <i>An Account of the Growth of Knavery</i> he accused Marvell and other figures of playing to popular fears in order to sow social disorder and advance their own causes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most striking work was <i>Popery in Masquerade</i> which directly adopted the language of Whig anti-Catholicism by depicting Nonconformists as agents of the Pope who sought to attack the existing social order and introduce their own tyrannical regime, invoking memories of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Major-Generals" title="Rule of the Major-Generals">Rule of the Major-Generals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Citt and Bumpkin</i> he directly appealed to provincial English patriotism, accusing London-based Whigs of using sophistry to attack the Crown to which loyal Englishmen owed their allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Popish Plot presented greater dangers to L'Estrange. From 1680 his attacks on <a href="/wiki/Titus_Oates" title="Titus Oates">Titus Oates</a>'s confederates took up an increasing amount of his time. A rare concession to public feeling saw L'Estrange not attack Oates openly during the time of greatest hysteria in 1680–81, but attacks on related figures such as <a href="/wiki/Miles_Prance" title="Miles Prance">Miles Prance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Tonge" title="Israel Tonge">Israel Tonge</a> became a heavy part of his work. Prance's accusation that L'Estrange was a Catholic led to a genuine fear for his safety and contributed towards his brief exile in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> during 1680.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An anonymous woodcut of the time mocked L'Estrange as 'Towzer', the Court's attack dog fleeing to his master the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This episode damaged his reputation at Court, as did his increasingly vitriolic 'bantering' towards Oates's allies which ultimately inflamed the public mood. L'Estrange had damaged his case with works such as <i>Citt and Bumpkin</i> which employed the language of anti-Court rhetoric for his own ends, and ultimately a 1680 Council of State hearing focused more on his reputation than on the substance of the Popish Plot.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oates's increasingly deranged accusations discredited his plots by the end of 1681 while attempts to replace the Duke of York as heir with the Duke of Monmouth likewise failed. This period represented a major victory for the pro-Court faction, becoming known as 'Tories', but L'Estrange found himself increasingly out of favour. </p><p>In 1681 L'Estrange founded <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observator" title="The Observator">The Observator</a></i>, a single sheet printed in double columns on both sides. It was written in the form of a dialogue between a Whig and a Tory (later Trimmer and Observator), with the bias on the side of the latter. During the six years of its existence, L'Estrange wrote with a consistent fierceness, meeting his enemies with personal attacks characterised by sharp wit. One of his main targets was Titus Oates, whose false allegations eventually brought about his conviction for perjury in 1685.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1893-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Observator</i> was no longer a mouthpiece for the Court, but represented a provincial Toryism appealing to staunch former Cavaliers like L'Estrange who felt embittered by the Court's pandering to Oates, equivocation towards Whigs, and failure to reward their loyalty. After years dedicated to suppressing the press, L'Estrange began writing a periodical aimed at a mass audience. He maintained an educational and paternalistic stance, arguing the paper was necessary to 'set the masses right' after seditious printings had turned them against their natural superiors.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dialogue format lent itself to being read aloud in public spaces, while the aggressive diatribes amused an audience who above all revelled in the drama and vitriol of Restoration politics. The execution in 1681 of the hardline Whig pamphleteer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_College" title="Stephen College">Stephen College</a> filled L'Estrange with ill-concealed glee and emboldened him to settle old scores as Titus Oates was increasingly the prime subject of his attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout this period L'Estrange argued that there was no Popish Plot, with the only conspiracy being a Nonconformist one of the sort depicted in <i>Popery in Masquerade.</i> </p><p>The discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Rye_House_Plot" title="Rye House Plot">Rye House Plot</a> in 1683 filled L'Estrange with a powerful sense of vindication as several leading Whigs were implicated in an assassination plot against Charles II. His obsession with detecting subliminal messages in print between plotters and earlier assertions of a 'Presbyterian Plot' directed by shadowy cliques finally seemed proven correct.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Whig faction broken by the Plot's discovery and execution of several prominent Whigs such as <a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_Lord_Russell" title="William Russell, Lord Russell">William Russell</a>, L'Estrange replaced the <i>Observator's</i> Whig interlocuter with the Trimmer, a moderate figure such as <a href="/wiki/George_Savile,_1st_Marquess_of_Halifax" title="George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax">George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax</a> who 'trimmed' between the Tory and Whig factions. This represented the culmination of a career-long tendency to attack moderates who craved respectability but were not wholly loyal to the Court and Tory cause. L'Estrange had long feared 'moderate' Presbyterians who enabled extremists and this represented a natural culmination of them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2></div> <p>In 1685, L'Estrange was <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighted</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> and became a member of parliament for <a href="/wiki/Winchester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Winchester (UK Parliament constituency)">Winchester</a> from 1685 to 1689.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, though a fierce <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="High Anglican">High Anglican</a>, he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a> of Catholics, which put him at odds with the policy of the new king. After the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in favour of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>, he lost all his offices and was arrested several times on suspicion of involvement in plots against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1893-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'Estrange now turned to writing again, and published translations of <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>'s <i>Morals</i> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s <i>Offices</i>, besides his master-work of this period, <i><a href="/wiki/Fables_of_Aesop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fables of Aesop">Fables of Aesop</a> and Other Eminent Mythologists</i> (1669).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This notably included nearly all of the <i>Hecatomythium</i> of <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Abstemius" title="Laurentius Abstemius">Laurentius Abstemius</a>, among several other fabulists. The style is idiomatic and each fable is accompanied by a short moral and a longer reflection, which set the format for fable collections for the next century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1893-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1702, he completed his acclaimed English translation of <i>The works of <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a></i>. Additionally he wrote a 'Key' to <i><a href="/wiki/Hudibras" title="Hudibras">Hudibras</a></i>, a 17th-century satire by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(poet)" title="Samuel Butler (poet)">Samuel Butler</a> on the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, which was included in several 18th-century editions of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1893-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_life">Family life</h2></div> <p>L'Estrange married Anne, daughter of Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dolman" title="Thomas Dolman">Thomas Dolman</a> of Shaw, Berkshire. After her death in April 1694, he wrote to his grand-nephew: "Play and gaming company have been the ruin of her wretched self, her husband, and her family, and she dies with a broken heart...but...after all, never any creature lost a dearer wife."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two of their children survived into adulthood: Roger (who survived his father by just three months) and Margery, an 'addle-headed and stubborn' child (her cousin, Nicholas L'Estrange, writing of "Her ignorant, rude and ill-behviour both to her father and to myself ..." in 1700<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In February 1702 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">N.S.</a> 1703) her father wrote to a friend, Sir Christopher Calthorpe, concerning the departure of Margery from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">church of Rome</a>: "It wounds the very heart of me, for I do solemnly protest in the presence of Almighty God that I knew nothing of it. As I was born and brought up in the communion of the church of England, so I have been true to it ever since, with a firm resolution with God's assistance to continue in the same to my life's end."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>L'Estrange has evaded sustained scholarly attention until recently. Until an essay anthology used his life and works as a way to explore wider issues of Restoration culture and politics, he has not received much attention in his own right.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunan-Page_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunan-Page-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The one full length biography used L'Estrange as a vehicle for a study into the 17th-century press, rather than as a character study of one of the few figures to be involved in English politics from the Civil War to the Glorious Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His biographer, <a href="/wiki/George_Kitchin" title="George Kitchin">George Kitchin</a>, argued that L'Estrange's works had no literary merit beyond as an example of vitriolic ranting taken to an art form. He followed the Whig historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Thomas Babington Macaulay</a> who characterised L'Estrange as little more than a bully and apologist for the Restoration court with a talent for abuse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1893-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1893_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1893">Lee 1893</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFL'Estrange1678" class="citation book cs1">L'Estrange, Roger (1678). <i>An account of the growth of knavery under the pretended fears of arbitrary government and popery..</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+account+of+the+growth+of+knavery+under+the+pretended+fears+of+arbitrary+government+and+popery...&rft.place=London&rft.date=1678&rft.aulast=L%27Estrange&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL'Estrange1692" class="citation web cs1">L'Estrange, Roger (1692). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A26505.0001.001?view=toc">"Fables of Aesop and other eminent mythologists"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fables+of+Aesop+and+other+eminent+mythologists&rft.date=1692&rft.aulast=L%27Estrange&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA26505.0001.001%3Fview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnsonSell2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonSell2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonSell2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove2013" class="citation book cs1">Love, Harold (28 April 2013). Johnson, Anthony W.; Sell, Roger D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dB-2ZzlXyBMC&pg=PA411"><i>Writing and Religion in England, 1558-1689: Studies in Community-Making and Cultural Memory</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 411–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7559-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7559-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-7559-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Religion+in+England%2C+1558-1689%3A+Studies+in+Community-Making+and+Cultural+Memory&rft.pages=411-&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013-04-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7559-0&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdB-2ZzlXyBMC%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL'Estrange1660" class="citation book cs1">L'Estrange, Roger (1660). <i>No Blinde Guides</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Blinde+Guides&rft.place=London&rft.date=1660&rft.aulast=L%27Estrange&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL'Estrange1660" class="citation book cs1">L'Estrange, Roger (1660). <i>A rope for Pol</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+rope+for+Pol&rft.place=London&rft.date=1660&rft.aulast=L%27Estrange&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleby2008" class="citation book cs1">Appleby, David (2008). <i>Black Bartholomew's Day: Preaching, Polemic, and Restoration Nonconformity</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719075612" title="Special:BookSources/9780719075612"><bdi>9780719075612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Bartholomew%27s+Day%3A+Preaching%2C+Polemic%2C+and+Restoration+Nonconformity&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780719075612&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/221/1402.html">Surveyor of the Imprimery</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousin1910" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Cousin" title="John William Cousin">Cousin, John William</a> (1910), "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature/Estrange,_Sir_Roger" class="extiw" title="s:A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Estrange, Sir Roger">Estrange, Sir Roger</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature" title="A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature">A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature</a></i>, London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estrange%2C+Sir+Roger&rft.btitle=A+Short+Biographical+Dictionary+of+English+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26amp%3B+Sons&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Cousin&rft.aufirst=John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunan-Page-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunan-Page_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunan-Page_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunan-Page_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Dunan-Page and Beth Lynch (eds), <i>Roger L'Estrange and the Making of Restoration Culture</i> (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754658009" title="Special:BookSources/9780754658009">9780754658009</a>, p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194135-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194135_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1941">Abbott 1941</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194144-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194144_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1941">Abbott 1941</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joad Raymond, 'The Literature of Controversy', in <i>A Companion to Milton</i>, ed. Thomas N. Corns (Blackwell, 2003), p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharon Achinstein, <i>Milton and the Revolutionary Reader</i> (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Simpson, 'The Apocalypse in Paradise Lost', in <i>Milton and the Ends of Time</i>, ed. Juliet Cummins (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Newes". 28 April 1664.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Newes&rft.date=1664-04-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuddiman1923" class="citation book cs1">Muddiman, J. G. (1923). <i>The King's Journalist 1659-89</i>. pp. 164–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Journalist+1659-89&rft.pages=164-66&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Muddiman&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1665/11/">"Diary of Samual Pepys, 22 November 1665"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diary+of+Samual+Pepys%2C+22+November+1665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pepysdiary.com%2Fdiary%2F1665%2F11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Noll's Fiddler Running from Parliament</i>. 1680. pp. Drawing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noll%27s+Fiddler+Running+from+Parliament&rft.pages=Drawing&rft.date=1680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvell1677" class="citation book cs1">Marvell, Andrew (1677). <i>An Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+the+Growth+of+Popery+and+Arbitrary+Government&rft.date=1677&rft.aulast=Marvell&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaydon1998" class="citation book cs1">Claydon, Tony (1998). <i>Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland c.1650-c.1850</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestantism+and+National+Identity%3A+Britain+and+Ireland+c.1650-c.1850&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Claydon&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL'Estrange1680" class="citation book cs1">L'Estrange, Roger (1680). <i>The Committee, or Popery in Masquerade</i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Committee%2C+or+Popery+in+Masquerade&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1680&rft.aulast=L%27Estrange&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL'Estrange1680" class="citation book cs1">L'Estrange, Roger (1680). <i>Citt and Bumpkin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citt+and+Bumpkin&rft.date=1680&rft.aulast=L%27Estrange&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrance1679" class="citation book cs1">Prance, Miles (1679). <i>L'Estrange a Papist proved</i>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Estrange+a+Papist+proved&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1679&rft.aulast=Prance&rft.aufirst=Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Timeservers</i>. 1680.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Timeservers&rft.date=1680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL'Estrange1680" class="citation book cs1">L'Estrange, Roger (1680). <i>L'Estrange his appeal</i>. pp. 9–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Estrange+his+appeal&rft.pages=9-21&rft.date=1680&rft.aulast=L%27Estrange&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Observator". 13 April 1681.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Observator&rft.date=1681-04-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL'Estrange1681" class="citation book cs1">L'Estrange, Roger (1681). <i>Notes on Stephen College</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Stephen+College&rft.date=1681&rft.aulast=L%27Estrange&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinds2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hinds, Peter (2002). "Roger L'Estrange, the Rye House Plot, and the regulation of political discourse in late Seventeenth-century London". <i>The Library</i>. <b>3</b>: 3–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flibrary%2F3.1.3">10.1093/library/3.1.3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library&rft.atitle=Roger+L%27Estrange%2C+the+Rye+House+Plot%2C+and+the+regulation+of+political+discourse+in+late+Seventeenth-century+London&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=3-31&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flibrary%2F3.1.3&rft.aulast=Hinds&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810231735/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Wcommons4.htm">Constituencies beginning with "W" – Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zvt_Kb2M34gC">Available on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hist. MSS Comm. 11th Report pt. vii. p.112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norfolk Record Office, le Strange Papers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sloane MS 4222, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchin1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Kitchin" title="George Kitchin">Kitchin, George</a> (1923). <i>Sir Roger L'Estrange: a contribution to the history of the press in the seventeenth century</i>. pp. i–ix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Roger+L%27Estrange%3A+a+contribution+to+the+history+of+the+press+in+the+seventeenth+century&rft.pages=i-ix&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Kitchin&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1941" class="citation journal cs1">Abbott, Wilbur Cortez (1941). "The Restoration Press". <i>Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society</i>. <b>67</b>: 22–54. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25080347">25080347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Restoration+Press&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=22-54&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25080347%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Wilbur+Cortez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1893" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lee, Sidney (1893). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/L'Estrange, Roger"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/L%27Estrange,_Roger">"L'Estrange, Roger" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 33. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27Estrange%2C+Roger&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+L%27Estrange" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roger_l%27Estrange" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roger l'Estrange">Roger l'Estrange</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Roger_L%27Estrange" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/39411">Works by Roger L'Estrange</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22L’Estrange%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Roger%20L’Estrange%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22L’Estrange%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Roger%20L’Estrange%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Roger%20L’Estrange%22%20OR%20description%3A%22L’Estrange%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Roger%20L’Estrange%22%20OR%20%22L’Estrange%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20%22Roger%20L’Estrange%22%29%20OR%20%28%221616-1704%22%20AND%20%28%22L’Estrange%22%20OR%20L’Estrange%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Roger L'Estrange</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14559">Works by Roger L'Estrange</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Annesley,_2nd_Earl_of_Anglesey" title="James Annesley, 2nd Earl of Anglesey">James Annesley</a> and<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_John_Cloberry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir John Cloberry (page does not exist)">Sir John Cloberry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Winchester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Winchester (UK Parliament constituency)">Winchester</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1685_English_general_election" title="1685 English general election">1685</a>–<a href="/wiki/1689_English_general_election" title="1689 English general election">1689</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hanses" title="Charles Hanses">Charles Hanses</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Powlett" title="Lord William Powlett">Lord William Powlett</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Francis_Morley" title="Francis Morley">Francis Morley</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/137303092">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50070119">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121347573">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121347573">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35301301">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2010580536&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14175284">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0470375X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/903611">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137303092.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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