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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 17th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 19th and 20th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Early settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_and_New_Towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_and_New_Towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Old and New Towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_and_New_Towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southside" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southside"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Southside </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southside-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Leith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Urban area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Current </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Historical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Festivals and celebrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edinburgh_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edinburgh_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Edinburgh festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edinburgh_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edinburgh's_Hogmanay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edinburgh's_Hogmanay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Edinburgh's Hogmanay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edinburgh's_Hogmanay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beltane_and_other_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beltane_and_other_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Beltane and other festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beltane_and_other_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music,_theatre_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music,_theatre_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music, theatre and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music,_theatre_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums,_libraries_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums,_libraries_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Museums, libraries and galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums,_libraries_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Shopping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Buses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Trams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College_and_university" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_and_university"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 College and university </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_and_university-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Men's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.1 Men's </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.2 Women's </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Rugby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 People </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Twin towns and sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Edinburgh</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 159 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" > 159 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg" title="Edinburg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edinburg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8B%B2%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A6%E1%88%AE" title="ኤዲንቦሮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤዲንቦሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg" title="Edinburg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Edinburg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="إدنبرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدنبرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgo" title="Edimburgo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Edimburgo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgu" title="Edimburgu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edimburgu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endimb%C3%BAgo" title="Endimbúgo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Endimbúgo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburq" title="Edinburq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Edinburq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="ادینبورق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادینبورق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="এডিনবরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডিনবরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдинбург – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эдинбург" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдынбург – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдынбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдынбург – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдынбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="एडिनबर्ग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एडिनबर्ग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Единбург – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Единбург" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg" title="Edinburg – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Edinburg" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinedin" title="Dinedin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dinedin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburg" title="Edimburg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edimburg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдинбург – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эдинбург" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_(kapital_sa_apil_sa_nasod)" title="Edinburgh (kapital sa apil sa nasod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Edinburgh (kapital sa apil sa nasod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeredin" title="Caeredin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caeredin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF" title="Εδιμβούργο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εδιμβούργο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinb%C3%BBrg" title="Edinbûrg – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Edinbûrg" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgo" title="Edimburgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edimburgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgo" title="Edinburgo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edinburgo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgu" title="Edimburgu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Edimburgu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgo" title="Edinburgo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edinburgo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ادینبرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادینبرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dimbourg" title="Édimbourg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Édimbourg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburc" title="Edinburc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Edinburc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9n_%C3%88ideann" title="Dùn Èideann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dùn Èideann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doon_Edin" title="Doon Edin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Doon Edin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9n_%C3%88ideann" title="Dùn Èideann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dùn Èideann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgo" title="Edimburgo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edimburgo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%A0%EB%B2%84%EB%9F%AC" title="에든버러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에든버러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Էդինբուրգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդինբուրգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="एडिनबर्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडिनबर्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburg" title="Edimburg – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Edimburg" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдинбург – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эдинбург" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinborg" title="Edinborg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Edinborg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgo" title="Edimburgo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edimburgo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95" title="אדינבורו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדינבורו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C" title="ಎಡಿನ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಡಿನ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ედინბურგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედინბურგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдинбург – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдинбург" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karedin" title="Karedin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karedin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinbo" title="Edinbo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Edinbo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдинбург – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эдинбург" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgo" title="Edimburgo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Edimburgo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%81" title="ເອແດມບວກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອແດມບວກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgum" title="Edinburgum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edinburgum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburga" title="Edinburga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Edinburga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgas" title="Edinburgas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Edinburgas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgo" title="Edimburgo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Edimburgo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimb%C3%B9rgh" title="Edimbùrgh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Edimbùrgh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Единбург – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Единбург" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title="എഡിൻബറോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡിൻബറോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgu" title="Edinburgu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Edinburgu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92tinipara" title="Ētinipara – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ētinipara" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="एडिनबरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एडिनबरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ედინბურგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედინბურგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ادنبره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادنبره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ادینبورگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ادینبورگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%92" title="ꯏꯗꯤꯟꯕꯔꯒ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯗꯤꯟꯕꯔꯒ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдинбург – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эдинбург" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အက်ဒင်ဗာရာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်ဒင်ဗာရာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="एदिनबरा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एदिनबरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9" title="エディンバラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エディンバラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдинбург – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эдинбург" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimborg" title="Edimborg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edimborg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдинбург – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эдинбург" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg" title="Edinburg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Edinburg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਐਡਿਨਬਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਡਿਨਬਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ایڈنبرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈنبرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="ایدینبرګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایدینبرګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimborgh" title="Edimborgh – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Edimborgh" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edynburg" title="Edynburg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edynburg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgo" title="Edimburgo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edimburgo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg" title="Edinburg – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Edinburg" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Единбург – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Единбург" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдинбург – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдинбург" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgu" title="Edimburgu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Edimburgu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg" title="Edinburg – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Edinburg" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgu" title="Edimburgu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Edimburgu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D" title="එඩින්බරෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එඩින්බරෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ايڊنبرا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايڊنبرا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg" title="Edinburg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edinburg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ئێدینبەرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدینبەرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Единбург – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Единбург" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B" title="எடின்பரோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எடின்பரோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idinburg" title="Idinburg – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Idinburg" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдинбург – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эдинбург" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="เอดินบะระ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอดินบะระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Эдинбург – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Эдинбург" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Единбург – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Единбург" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ایڈنبرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈنبرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idinburg" title="Idinburg – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Idinburg" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebora_(Scosia)" title="Ebora (Scosia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ebora (Scosia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg" title="Edinburg – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Edinburg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="爱丁堡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱丁堡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="עדינבורג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עדינבורג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="愛丁堡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛丁堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C4%97nborgs" title="Edėnborgs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Edėnborgs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="爱丁堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱丁堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88dinbereh" title="Èdinbereh – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èdinbereh" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Edinburgh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg" title="Edinburg – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Edinburg" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B3" title="ⵉⴷⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⴷⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Edinburgh&params=55_57_12_N_03_11_21_W_region:GB_type:city">55°57′12″N 03°11′21″W / 55.95333°N 3.18917°W / 55.95333; -3.18917</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of Scotland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Edinburgh (disambiguation)">Edinburgh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city and council area in Scotland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Edinburgh</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Dùn Èideann</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_area" title="Council area">council area</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Edinburgh</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:150px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg/268px-Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg/402px-Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg/536px-Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></div><div>Skyline of Central Edinburgh, with the <a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart_Monument" title="Dugald Stewart Monument">Dugald Stewart Monument</a> (forefront) and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> (background)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:73px;max-width:73px"><div style="border:1;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott_Monument_%C3%89dimbourg_11_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Scott_Monument_%C3%89dimbourg_11_%28cropped%29.jpg/71px-Scott_Monument_%C3%89dimbourg_11_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Scott_Monument_%C3%89dimbourg_11_%28cropped%29.jpg/107px-Scott_Monument_%C3%89dimbourg_11_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Scott_Monument_%C3%89dimbourg_11_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Scott_Monument_%C3%89dimbourg_11_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2765" data-file-height="4992" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Scott_Monument" title="Scott Monument">Scott Monument</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div style="border:1;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SPCB_-_Public_entrance_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SPCB_-_Public_entrance_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg/193px-SPCB_-_Public_entrance_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SPCB_-_Public_entrance_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg/290px-SPCB_-_Public_entrance_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SPCB_-_Public_entrance_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg/386px-SPCB_-_Public_entrance_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4064" data-file-height="2704" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Parliament building">Scottish Parliament building</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="border:1;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg/141px-Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg/212px-Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg/282px-Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building" title="Royal Scottish Academy Building">Royal Scottish Academy Building</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div style="border:1;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Giles%27_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5027985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/St_Giles%27_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5027985.jpg/123px-St_Giles%27_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5027985.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/St_Giles%27_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5027985.jpg/185px-St_Giles%27_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5027985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/St_Giles%27_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5027985.jpg/246px-St_Giles%27_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5027985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="692" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" title="St Giles' Cathedral">St Giles' Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur%27s_Seat_from_Calton_Hill_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Arthur%27s_Seat_from_Calton_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Arthur%27s_Seat_from_Calton_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Arthur%27s_Seat_from_Calton_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg/402px-Arthur%27s_Seat_from_Calton_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Arthur%27s_Seat_from_Calton_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg/536px-Arthur%27s_Seat_from_Calton_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7917" data-file-height="3392" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat" title="Arthur's Seat">Arthur's Seat</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Edinburgh_City_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Edinburgh"><img alt="Coat of arms of Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Edinburgh_City_Council.svg/83px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Edinburgh_City_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Edinburgh_City_Council.svg/124px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Edinburgh_City_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Edinburgh_City_Council.svg/165px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Edinburgh_City_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1110" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Edinburgh">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Edinburgh"><img alt="Official logo of Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/100px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/150px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/200px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="255" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag of Edinburgh<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Auld Reekie", "Edina", "Athens of the North"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Psalm_127" title="Psalm 127">Nisi Dominus Frustra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>) Without the Lord, all is in vain</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edinburgh is located in the City of Edinburgh council area"><img alt="Edinburgh is located in the City of Edinburgh council area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Edinburgh_UK_location_map.svg/250px-Edinburgh_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Edinburgh_UK_location_map.svg/375px-Edinburgh_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Edinburgh_UK_location_map.svg/500px-Edinburgh_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="1384" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.668%;left:66.864%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Edinburgh</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Edinburgh <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population#Localities" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">locality</a> within the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_council_area" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Edinburgh council area">City of Edinburgh council area</a></div>Show map of the City of Edinburgh council area</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edinburgh is located in Scotland"><img alt="Edinburgh is located in Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Scotland_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1483" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.641%;left:66.796%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Edinburgh</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Scotland</div>Show map of Scotland</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edinburgh is located in the United Kingdom"><img alt="Edinburgh is located in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2083" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.056%;left:59.173%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Edinburgh</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the United Kingdom</div>Show map of the United Kingdom</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edinburgh is located in Europe"><img alt="Edinburgh is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.696%;left:19.531%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Edinburgh</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Edinburgh&params=55_57_12_N_03_11_21_W_region:GB_type:city">55°57′12″N 03°11′21″W / 55.95333°N 3.18917°W / 55.95333; -3.18917</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Council area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">City of Edinburgh</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_areas_of_Scotland" title="Lieutenancy areas of Scotland">Lieutenancy area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Edinburgh</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">Before 7th century AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh Charter</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1124</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status</th><td class="infobox-data">1633<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">Unitary authority</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_Edinburgh_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="The City of Edinburgh Council">The City of Edinburgh Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_Provost_of_Edinburgh" title="Lord Provost of Edinburgh">Lord Provost of Edinburgh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Aldridge</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_4th_Scottish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the 4th Scottish Parliament">MSPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Edinburgh#Scottish_Parliament" title="Politics of Edinburgh">6</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ash_Denham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash Denham">Ash Regan</a> (Alba)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Angus_Robertson" title="Angus Robertson">Angus Robertson</a> (SNP)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Daniel Johnson (Scottish politician)">Daniel Johnson</a> (Lab)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Gordon_MacDonald_(Scottish_politician)" title="Gordon MacDonald (Scottish politician)">Gordon MacDonald</a> (SNP)</div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ben_Macpherson_(politician)" title="Ben Macpherson (politician)">Ben Macpherson</a> (SNP)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Alex_Cole-Hamilton" title="Alex Cole-Hamilton">Alex Cole-Hamilton</a> (LD)</div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Edinburgh#Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of Edinburgh">5</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Scott_Arthur" title="Scott Arthur">Scott Arthur</a> (Lab)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Gilbert" title="Tracy Gilbert">Tracy Gilbert</a> (Lab)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ian_Murray_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Murray (British politician)">Ian Murray</a> (Lab)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Chris_Murray_(politician)" title="Chris Murray (politician)">Chris Murray</a> (Lab)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christine_Jardine" title="Christine Jardine">Christine Jardine</a> (LD)</div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation_edinburgh_locality_area-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population#Localities" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">Locality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">46 sq mi (119 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population#Settlements" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">Settlement</a>)<a href="#cite_note-citypopulation_edinburgh_settlement_area-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">49 sq mi (126 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Council_area" title="Council area">Council area</a><a href="#cite_note-SAM-2016-6">[6]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">102 sq mi (263 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Elevation-7">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">154 ft (47 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-NRS_Locality_Estimate-8">[8]</a>(2022)<a href="#cite_note-UK_district_population-9">[9]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population#Localities" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">Locality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">506,520</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">11,000/sq mi (4,300/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population#Settlements" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">Settlement</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">530,990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">11,000/sq mi (4,200/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">901,455</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Council area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">514,990[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Edinburgh" title="Talk:Edinburgh">discuss</a>]</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Council area density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,060/sq mi (1,955/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Language(s)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_GDP-11">[11]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Council_area" title="Council area">Council area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">£31.802 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per head</th><td class="infobox-data">£60,764 (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B10" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC±0">UTC±0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode areas</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/EH_postcode_area" title="EH postcode area">EH1-17, EH28-30</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0131</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">ISO 3166-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GB-EDH</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ONS_coding_system" title="ONS coding system">ONS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">S12000036</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Edinburgh&params=55.949042_N_3.162503_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NT275735</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">NUTS</a> 3</th><td class="infobox-data">UKM25</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary Airport</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport" title="Edinburgh Airport">Edinburgh Airport</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk">www.edinburgh.gov.uk</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Old and New Towns of Edinburgh</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/728">728</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1995 (19th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">The Forth Bridge</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1485">1485</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2015 (39th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:8.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edinburgh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Edinburgh"><img alt="Flag of Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/200px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/300px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/400px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="255" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Flag of Edinburgh</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Edinburgh_history" title="Timeline of Edinburgh history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Edinburgh" title="Etymology of Edinburgh">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Edinburgh" title="Burning of Edinburgh">Burning of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirk" title="Greyfriars Kirk">Greyfriars Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burke_and_Hare_murders" title="Burke and Hare murders">Burke and Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Act of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Review" title="Edinburgh Review">Edinburgh Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey" title="Holyrood Abbey">Holyrood Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh" title="Treaty of Edinburgh">Treaty of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_town_walls" title="Edinburgh town walls">Edinburgh town walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Craig_(architect)" title="James Craig (architect)">James Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Disruption of 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aikenhead" title="Thomas Aikenhead">Thomas Aikenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brodie" title="William Brodie">Deacon Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_British_Railway" title="North British Railway">North British Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visit_of_King_George_IV_to_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Visit of King George IV to Scotland">Visit of King George IV</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution#Scotland" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Stock_Exchange" title="Edinburgh Stock Exchange">Edinburgh Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porteous_Riots" title="Porteous Riots">Porteous Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvermills" title="Silvermills">Silvermills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tron_riot" title="Tron riot">Tron riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Bobby" title="Greyfriars Bobby">Greyfriars Bobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Edinburgh" title="Great Fire of Edinburgh">Great Fire of Edinburgh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Edinburgh" title="Politics of Edinburgh">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Provost_of_Edinburgh" title="Lord Provost of Edinburgh">Lord Provost of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Buildings and landmarks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat" title="Arthur's Seat">Arthur's Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Hotel" title="Balmoral Hotel">Balmoral Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Founders%27_Pillar" title="Brass Founders' Pillar">Brass Founders' Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_House" title="Bute House">Bute House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calton_Hill" title="Calton Hill">Calton Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiglockhart_Castle" title="Craiglockhart Castle">Craiglockhart Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Conference_Centre" title="Edinburgh International Conference Centre">Edinburgh International Conference Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Rail Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridge" title="Forth Road Bridge">Forth Road Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_House,_Edinburgh" title="Governor's House, Edinburgh">Governor's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monument_of_Scotland" title="National Monument of Scotland">National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh" title="New College, Edinburgh">New College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_College,_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Old College, University of Edinburgh">Old College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh" title="Parliament House, Edinburgh">Parliament House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_Street_Gardens" title="Princes Street Gardens">Princes Street Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Fountain" title="Ross Fountain">Ross Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Monument" title="Scott Monument">Scott Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_House" title="St Andrew's House">St Andrew's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" title="St Giles' Cathedral">St Giles' Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Quay,_Edinburgh" title="Victoria Quay, Edinburgh">Victoria Quay</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Museums and galleries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitmarket_Gallery" title="Fruitmarket Gallery">Fruitmarket Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Georgian_House,_Edinburgh" title="The Georgian House, Edinburgh">The Georgian House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Edinburgh" title="Museum of Edinburgh">Museum of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Museum" title="National War Museum">National War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Earth_(Edinburgh)" title="Dynamic Earth (Edinburgh)">Dynamic Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Edinburgh" title="List of public art in Edinburgh">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building" title="Royal Scottish Academy Building">Royal Scottish Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery" title="Scottish National Gallery">Scottish National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art" title="Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art">Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theatres and concert halls</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedlam_Theatre" title="Bedlam Theatre">Bedlam Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Arena" title="Edinburgh Arena">Edinburgh Arena</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Playhouse" title="Edinburgh Playhouse">Edinburgh Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Theatre" title="Edinburgh Festival Theatre">Festival Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Theatre,_Edinburgh" title="King's Theatre, Edinburgh">King's Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall,_Edinburgh" title="Queen's Hall, Edinburgh">Queen's Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Concert_Hall" title="Reid Concert Hall">Reid Concert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Lyceum_Theatre" title="Royal Lyceum Theatre">Royal Lyceum Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Cecilia%27s_Hall" title="St Cecilia's Hall">St Cecilia's Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_Theatre" title="Traverse Theatre">Traverse Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usher_Hall" title="Usher Hall">Usher Hall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Brewery" title="Caledonian Brewery">Caledonian Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Park" title="Edinburgh Park">Edinburgh Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_BioQuarter" title="Edinburgh BioQuarter">Edinburgh BioQuarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kinnaird" title="Fort Kinnaird">Fort Kinnaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Terminal,_Edinburgh" title="Ocean Terminal, Edinburgh">Ocean Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Widows" title="Scottish Widows">Scottish Widows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Life" title="Standard Life">Standard Life</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Edinburgh" title="Transport in Edinburgh">Transport</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport" title="Edinburgh Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport_Rail_Link" title="Edinburgh Airport Rail Link">Edinburgh Airport Rail Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Bypass" title="Edinburgh City Bypass">Edinburgh City Bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_Railway#Edinburgh_Crossrail" title="Borders Railway">Edinburgh Crossrail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_railway_station" title="Haymarket railway station">Haymarket railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothian_Buses" title="Lothian Buses">Lothian Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Edinburgh" title="Trams in Edinburgh">Trams</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Health and education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_College" title="Edinburgh College">Edinburgh College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_College_of_Art" title="Edinburgh College of Art">Edinburgh College of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Scotland#City_of_Edinburgh" title="List of hospitals in Scotland">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray_House_School_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Moray House School of Education">Moray House School of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Napier_University" title="Edinburgh Napier University">Napier University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Margaret_University" title="Queen Margaret University">Queen Margaret University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Edinburgh" title="List of schools in Edinburgh">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Rural_College" title="Scotland's Rural College">Scotland's Rural College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe" title="Edinburgh Festival Fringe">Edinburgh Festival Fringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Book_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Book Festival">Edinburgh International Book Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Film_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Film Festival">Edinburgh International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Festival">Edinburgh International Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Television_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Television Festival">Edinburgh International Television Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Edinburgh_Military_Tattoo" title="Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo">Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Edinburgh">Geography of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Edinburgh" title="Beer in Edinburgh">Beer in Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graveyards_and_cemeteries_in_Edinburgh" title="List of graveyards and cemeteries in Edinburgh">Graveyards and cemeteries in Edinburgh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_of_Edinburgh" title="Template:City of Edinburgh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:City_of_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:City of Edinburgh (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_of_Edinburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City of Edinburgh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Edinburgh (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɛdɪnbərə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2f\/Edinburgh.ogg\/Edinburgh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Edinburgh.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Edinburgh.ogg/Edinburgh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh.ogg" title="File:Edinburgh.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ED-in-bər-ə</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Scots: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɛdɪnbʌrə]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: Dùn Èideann <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[t̪un ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ]</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and one of its 32 <a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Scotland">council areas</a>. The city is located in southeast Scotland and is bounded to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> estuary and to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Pentland_Hills" title="Pentland Hills">Pentland Hills</a>. Edinburgh had a population of 506,520 in mid-2020,<a href="#cite_note-NRS_Locality_Estimate-8">[8]</a> making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">second-most populous</a> city in Scotland and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of cities in the United Kingdom">seventh-most populous</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Functional_urban_area" title="Functional urban area">wider metropolitan area</a> had a population of 912,490 in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">highest courts in Scotland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Holyroodhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Holyroodhouse">Palace of Holyroodhouse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarch</a> in Scotland. It is also the annual venue of the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly of the Church of Scotland</a>. The city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scottish law</a>, literature, philosophy, the sciences and engineering. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, founded in 1582 and now one of three in the city, is considered one of the best research institutions in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> of Scotland, Edinburgh is the second-largest financial centre in the United Kingdom, the fourth largest in Europe, and the thirteenth largest internationally.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The city is a cultural centre, and is the home of institutions including the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery" title="Scottish National Gallery">Scottish National Gallery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The city is also known for the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Festival">Edinburgh International Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe" title="Edinburgh Festival Fringe">Fringe</a>, the latter being the world's largest annual international arts festival. Historic sites in Edinburgh include <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the churches of <a href="/wiki/St_Giles_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St Giles Cathedral">St. Giles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirk" title="Greyfriars Kirk">Greyfriars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canongate_Kirk" title="Canongate Kirk">Canongate</a>, and the extensive Georgian New Town built in the 18th/19th centuries. Edinburgh's <a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Old Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a> together are listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>,<a href="#cite_note-www.edinburgh.org_world-heritage-site-18">[18]</a> which has been managed by <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_World_Heritage" title="Edinburgh World Heritage">Edinburgh World Heritage</a> since 1999. The city's historical and cultural attractions have made it the UK's second-most visited tourist destination, attracting 4.9 million visits, including 2.4 million from overseas in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Edinburgh is governed by the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh Council</a>, a unitary authority. The City of Edinburgh council area had an estimated population of 514,990 in mid-2021,<a href="#cite_note-UK_district_population-9">[9]</a> and includes outlying towns and villages which are not part of Edinburgh proper. The city is in the <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a> region and was historically part of the <a href="/wiki/Shires_of_Scotland" title="Shires of Scotland">shire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a> (also called Edinburghshire). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Edinburgh" title="Etymology of Edinburgh">Etymology of Edinburgh</a></div> "Edin", the root of the city's name, derives from <a href="/wiki/Eidyn" title="Eidyn">Eidyn</a>, the name for the region in <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> language formerly spoken there. The name's meaning is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Gelling-21">[21]</a> The district of Eidyn was centred on the stronghold of Din Eidyn, the <a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">dun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillfort</a> of Eidyn.<a href="#cite_note-Gelling-21">[21]</a> This stronghold is believed to have been located at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock,_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Rock, Edinburgh">Castle Rock</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] now the site of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>. A siege of Din Eidyn by <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> in 638 marked the beginning of three centuries of Germanic influence in south east Scotland that laid the foundations for the development of <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, before the town was ultimately subsumed in 954 by the kingdom known to the English as Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-Driscoll229-22">[22]</a> As the language shifted from Cumbric to <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English" title="Northumbrian Old English">Northumbrian Old English</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, the Brittonic din in Din Eidyn was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burh</a>, producing Edinburgh. In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> din becomes dùn, producing modern Dùn Èideann.<a href="#cite_note-Gelling-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nicknames">Nicknames</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nicknames">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surgeons_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1315862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Surgeons_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1315862.jpg/220px-Surgeons_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1315862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Surgeons_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1315862.jpg/330px-Surgeons_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1315862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Surgeons_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1315862.jpg/440px-Surgeons_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1315862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surgeons%27_Hall" title="Surgeons' Hall">Surgeons' Hall</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> buildings that earned Edinburgh the nickname "Athens of the North"</figcaption></figure> The city is affectionately nicknamed Auld Reekie,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Scots for Old Smoky, for the views from the country of the smoke-covered Old Town. A note in a collection of the works of the poet, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(poet)" title="Allan Ramsay (poet)">Allan Ramsay</a>, explains, "Auld Reeky...A name the country people give Edinburgh, from the cloud of smoke or reek that is always impending over it."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s 1820 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Abbot" title="The Abbot">The Abbot</a>, a character observes that "yonder stands Auld Reekie—you may see the smoke hover over her at twenty miles' distance".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1898, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> comments on the phenomenon: "Smoke cloud hangs over old Edinburgh, for, ever since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Aeneas Silvius</a>'s time and earlier, the people have the art, very strange to Aeneas, of burning a certain sort of black stones, and Edinburgh with its chimneys is called 'Auld Reekie' by the country people".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The 19th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Chambers_(publisher_born_1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Chambers (publisher born 1802)">Robert Chambers</a> asserted that the sobriquet could not be traced before the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> in the late 17th century. He attributed the name to a <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> laird, Durham of Largo, who regulated the bedtime of his children by the smoke rising above Edinburgh from the fires of the tenements. "It's time now bairns, to tak' the beuks, and gang to our beds, for yonder's Auld Reekie, I see, putting on her nicht -cap!".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Edinburgh has been popularly called the Athens of the North since the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Lowrey-30">[30]</a> References to Athens, such as Athens of Britain and Modern Athens, had been made as early as the 1760s. The similarities were seen to be topographical but also intellectual. Edinburgh's Castle Rock reminded returning <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">grand tourists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Acropolis,_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Acropolis, Athens">Acropolis</a>, as did aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical architecture</a> and layout of <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lowrey-30">[30]</a> Both cities had flatter, fertile agricultural land sloping down to a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> several miles away (respectively, <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>). Intellectually, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> outlook, was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1822, artist <a href="/wiki/Hugh_William_Williams" title="Hugh William Williams">Hugh William Williams</a> organized an exhibition that showed his paintings of Athens alongside views of Edinburgh, and the idea of a direct parallel between both cities quickly caught the popular imagination.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> When plans were drawn up in the early 19th century to architecturally develop <a href="/wiki/Calton_Hill" title="Calton Hill">Calton Hill</a>, the design of the <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_of_Scotland" title="National Monument of Scotland">National Monument</a> directly copied Athens' <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McKee-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>'s character Archie of <a href="/wiki/Jumpers_(play)" title="Jumpers (play)">Jumpers</a> said, perhaps playing on <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> meaning "smoky bay", that the "Reykjavík of the South" would be more appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The city has also been known by several <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Britain#Cities_and_towns_in_Scotland" title="List of Latin place names in Britain">Latin names</a>, such as Edinburgum, while the adjectival forms Edinburgensis and Edinensis are used in educational and scientific contexts.<a href="#cite_note-Grässe1909-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Edina is a late 18th-century poetical form used by the Scots poets <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fergusson" title="Robert Fergusson">Robert Fergusson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>. "Embra" or "Embro" are colloquialisms from the same time,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Garioch" title="Robert Garioch">Robert Garioch</a>'s Embro to the Ploy.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> described it as "Britaine's other eye",<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and Sir Walter Scott referred to it as "yon Empress of the North".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Robert Louis Stevenson, also a son of the city, wrote that Edinburgh "is what Paris ought to be".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Edinburgh" title="History of Edinburgh">History of Edinburgh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthurs_seat_edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Arthurs_seat_edinburgh.jpg/220px-Arthurs_seat_edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Arthurs_seat_edinburgh.jpg/330px-Arthurs_seat_edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Arthurs_seat_edinburgh.jpg/440px-Arthurs_seat_edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Edinburgh, showing Arthur's Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area</figcaption></figure> The earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at <a href="/wiki/Cramond" title="Cramond">Cramond</a>, where evidence was found of a <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> camp site dated to c. 8500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Traces of later <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> settlements have been found on Castle Rock, <a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat" title="Arthur's Seat">Arthur's Seat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craiglockhart_Hill" title="Craiglockhart Hill">Craiglockhart Hill</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pentland_Hills" title="Pentland Hills">Pentland Hills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, they found a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> Celtic tribe whose name they recorded as the <a href="/wiki/Votadini" title="Votadini">Votadini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The Votadini transitioned into the <a href="/wiki/Gododdin" title="Gododdin">Gododdin</a> kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, with Eidyn serving as one of the kingdom's districts. During this period, the Castle Rock site, thought to have been the stronghold of Din Eidyn, emerged as the kingdom's major centre.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The medieval poem <a href="/wiki/Y_Gododdin" title="Y Gododdin">Y Gododdin</a> describes a war band from across the Brittonic world who gathered in Eidyn before a fateful raid; this may describe a historical event around AD 600.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">King Oswald</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, and around this time control of Lothian passed to the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>. Their influence continued for the next three centuries until around 950, when, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a>, the "burh" (fortress), named in the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Pictish_Chronicle" title="Pictish Chronicle">Pictish Chronicle</a> as oppidum Eden,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> was abandoned to the Scots. It thenceforth remained, for the most part, under their jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_burgh" title="Royal burgh">royal burgh</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">King David I</a> in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, though the date of its charter is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The first documentary evidence of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burgh</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1124–1127, by King David I granting a <a href="/wiki/Burgage" title="Burgage">toft</a> in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey" title="Dunfermline Abbey">Priory of Dunfermline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shires_of_Scotland" title="Shires of Scotland">shire</a> of Edinburgh seems to have also been created in the reign of David I, possibly covering all of Lothian at first, but by 1305 the eastern and western parts of Lothian had become <a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">Haddingtonshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">Linlithgowshire</a>, leaving Edinburgh as the county town of a shire covering the central part of Lothian, which was called Edinburghshire or <a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a> (the latter name being an informal, but commonly used, alternative until the county's name was legally changed in 1947).<a href="#cite_note-Chalmers-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Edinburgh was largely under English control from 1291 to 1314 and from 1333 to 1341, during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1298)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1298)">English invaded Scotland in 1298</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> chose not to enter Edinburgh but passed by it with his army.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the middle of the 14th century, the French chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a> described it as the capital of Scotland (c. 1365), and <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a> (1451–88) referred to it in the 15th century as "the principal burgh of our kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1482 James III "granted and perpetually confirmed to the said Provost, Bailies, Clerk, Council, and Community, and their successors, the office of <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_principal" title="Sheriff principal">Sheriff</a> within the Burgh for ever, to be exercised by the Provost for the time as Sheriff, and by the Bailies for the time as Sheriffsdepute conjunctly and severally; with full power to hold Courts, to punish transgressors not only by banishment but by death, to appoint officers of Court, and to do everything else appertaining to the office of Sheriff; as also to apply to their own proper use the fines and escheats arising out of the exercise of the said office."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Despite being <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Edinburgh_(1544)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Edinburgh (1544)">burnt by the English</a> in 1544, Edinburgh continued to develop and grow,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and was at the centre of events in the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Wars of the Covenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 1582, Edinburgh's town council was given a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> by King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a> permitting the establishment of a university;<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> founded as Tounis College (Town's College), the institution developed into the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, which contributed to Edinburgh's central intellectual role in subsequent centuries.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 17th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_in_the_17thC_(detail)_by_Wenceslas_Hollar_(1670).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Edinburgh_in_the_17thC_%28detail%29_by_Wenceslas_Hollar_%281670%29.jpg/220px-Edinburgh_in_the_17thC_%28detail%29_by_Wenceslas_Hollar_%281670%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Edinburgh_in_the_17thC_%28detail%29_by_Wenceslas_Hollar_%281670%29.jpg/330px-Edinburgh_in_the_17thC_%28detail%29_by_Wenceslas_Hollar_%281670%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Edinburgh_in_the_17thC_%28detail%29_by_Wenceslas_Hollar_%281670%29.jpg/440px-Edinburgh_in_the_17thC_%28detail%29_by_Wenceslas_Hollar_%281670%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>Edinburgh in the 17th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_-_%27The_North_Prospect_of_the_City_of_Edenburgh%27_(5373068906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edinburgh_-_%27The_North_Prospect_of_the_City_of_Edenburgh%27_%285373068906%29.jpg/220px-Edinburgh_-_%27The_North_Prospect_of_the_City_of_Edenburgh%27_%285373068906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edinburgh_-_%27The_North_Prospect_of_the_City_of_Edenburgh%27_%285373068906%29.jpg/330px-Edinburgh_-_%27The_North_Prospect_of_the_City_of_Edenburgh%27_%285373068906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edinburgh_-_%27The_North_Prospect_of_the_City_of_Edenburgh%27_%285373068906%29.jpg/440px-Edinburgh_-_%27The_North_Prospect_of_the_City_of_Edenburgh%27_%285373068906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8277" data-file-height="3708" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_North_Prospect_of_the_City_of_Edenburgh" title="The North Prospect of the City of Edenburgh">Edinburgh</a>, around 1690</figcaption></figure> In 1603, King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a> of Scotland succeeded to the English throne, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>, though Scotland remained, in all other respects, a separate kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 1638, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I's</a> attempt to introduce <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican</a> church forms in Scotland encountered stiff <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> opposition culminating in the conflicts of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Subsequent Scottish support for <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles Stuart</a>'s restoration to the throne of England resulted in Edinburgh's occupation by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> forces – the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> – in 1650.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In the 17th century, Edinburgh's boundaries were still defined by the city's defensive <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_town_walls" title="Edinburgh town walls">town walls</a>. As a result, the city's growing population was accommodated by increasing the height of the houses. Buildings of 11 storeys or more were common,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and have been described as forerunners of the modern-day skyscraper.<a href="#cite_note-Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Most of these old structures were replaced by the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> buildings seen in today's Old Town. In 1611 an act of parliament created the <a href="/wiki/High_Constables_of_Edinburgh" title="High Constables of Edinburgh">High Constables of Edinburgh</a> to keep order in the city, thought to be the oldest statutory police force in the world.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Parliament_Close_and_Public_Characters_Fifty_Years_Since.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_Parliament_Close_and_Public_Characters_Fifty_Years_Since.jpg/220px-The_Parliament_Close_and_Public_Characters_Fifty_Years_Since.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_Parliament_Close_and_Public_Characters_Fifty_Years_Since.jpg/330px-The_Parliament_Close_and_Public_Characters_Fifty_Years_Since.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_Parliament_Close_and_Public_Characters_Fifty_Years_Since.jpg/440px-The_Parliament_Close_and_Public_Characters_Fifty_Years_Since.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2326" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>A painting showing Edinburgh characters (based on <a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(caricaturist)" title="John Kay (caricaturist)">John Kay</a>'s caricatures) behind St Giles' Cathedral in the late 18th century</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> in 1706, the Parliaments of England and Scotland passed <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a> in 1706 and 1707 respectively, uniting the two kingdoms in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> effective from 1 May 1707.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> As a consequence, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> merged with the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>, which sat at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a> in London. The Union was opposed by many Scots, resulting in riots in the city.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> By the first half of the 18th century, Edinburgh was described as one of Europe's most densely populated, overcrowded and unsanitary towns.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Visitors were struck by the fact that the social classes shared the same urban space, even inhabiting the same <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenement</a> buildings; although here a form of social segregation did prevail, whereby shopkeepers and tradesmen tended to occupy the cheaper-to-rent cellars and garrets, while the more well-to-do professional classes occupied the more expensive middle storeys.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>, Edinburgh was briefly occupied by the Jacobite "Highland Army" before its march into England.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> After its eventual defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Culloden</a>, there followed a period of reprisals and pacification, largely directed at the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">clans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In Edinburgh, the Town Council, keen to emulate London by initiating city improvements and expansion to the north of the castle,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> reaffirmed its belief in the Union and loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverian</a> monarch <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a> by its choice of names for the streets of the New Town: for example, <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Rose</a> Street and <a href="/wiki/Thistle#Origin_as_a_symbol_of_Scotland" title="Thistle">Thistle</a> Street; and for the royal family, <a href="/wiki/George_Street,_Edinburgh" title="George Street, Edinburgh">George Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street,_Edinburgh" title="Queen Street, Edinburgh">Queen Street</a>, Hanover Street, Frederick Street and <a href="/wiki/Princes_Street" title="Princes Street">Princes Street</a> (in honour of George's two sons).<a href="#cite_note-princeshist-78">[78]</a> The consistently geometric layout of the plan for the extension of Edinburgh was the result of a major competition in urban planning staged by the Town Council in 1766.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In the second half of the century, the city was at the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> when thinkers like David Hume, Adam Smith, <a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a> were familiar figures in its streets. Edinburgh became a major intellectual centre, earning it the nickname "Athens of the North" because of its many <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neo-classical</a> buildings and reputation for learning, recalling ancient Athens.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the 18th-century novel <a href="/wiki/The_Expedition_of_Humphry_Clinker" title="The Expedition of Humphry Clinker">The Expedition of Humphry Clinker</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Smollett" title="Tobias Smollett">Tobias Smollett</a> one character describes Edinburgh as a "hotbed of genius".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Edinburgh was also a major centre for the Scottish book trade. The highly successful London bookseller <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Millar" title="Andrew Millar">Andrew Millar</a> was apprenticed there to James McEuen.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> From the 1770s onwards, the professional and business classes gradually deserted the Old Town in favour of the more elegant "one-family" residences of the New Town, a migration that changed the city's social character. According to the foremost historian of this development, "Unity of social feeling was one of the most valuable heritages of old Edinburgh, and its disappearance was widely and properly lamented."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Castle_from_Grass_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Edinburgh_Castle_from_Grass_Market.jpg/220px-Edinburgh_Castle_from_Grass_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Edinburgh_Castle_from_Grass_Market.jpg/330px-Edinburgh_Castle_from_Grass_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Edinburgh_Castle_from_Grass_Market.jpg/440px-Edinburgh_Castle_from_Grass_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3460" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Edinburgh Castle from the <a href="/wiki/Grassmarket" title="Grassmarket">Grassmarket</a>, photographed by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Wilson" title="George Washington Wilson">George Washington Wilson</a> circa 1875</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_Edinburgh,_by_Alfred_Buckham,_from_about_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An aerial photo of Edinburgh with an aeroplane visible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Aerial_View_of_Edinburgh%2C_by_Alfred_Buckham%2C_from_about_1920.jpg/220px-Aerial_View_of_Edinburgh%2C_by_Alfred_Buckham%2C_from_about_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Aerial_View_of_Edinburgh%2C_by_Alfred_Buckham%2C_from_about_1920.jpg/330px-Aerial_View_of_Edinburgh%2C_by_Alfred_Buckham%2C_from_about_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Aerial_View_of_Edinburgh%2C_by_Alfred_Buckham%2C_from_about_1920.jpg/440px-Aerial_View_of_Edinburgh%2C_by_Alfred_Buckham%2C_from_about_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5345" data-file-height="6541" /></a><figcaption>Edinburgh, c. 1920</figcaption></figure> Despite an enduring myth to the contrary,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Edinburgh became an industrial centre<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> with its traditional industries of printing, brewing and distilling continuing to grow in the 19th century and joined by new industries such as <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Boot_Ltd" title="Hunter Boot Ltd">rubber works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering works</a> and others. By 1821, Edinburgh had been overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> as Scotland's largest city.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The city centre between Princes Street and George Street became a major commercial and shopping district, a development partly stimulated by the arrival of railways in the 1840s. The Old Town became an increasingly dilapidated, overcrowded slum with high mortality rates.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Improvements carried out under Lord Provost <a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_(publisher)" title="William Chambers (publisher)">William Chambers</a> in the 1860s began the transformation of the area into the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> Old Town seen today.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> More improvements followed in the early 20th century as a result of the work of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> but relative economic stagnation during the two world wars and beyond saw the Old Town deteriorate further before major <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Slum clearance in the United Kingdom">slum clearance</a> in the 1960s and 1970s began to reverse the process. University building developments which transformed the <a href="/wiki/George_Square,_Edinburgh" title="George Square, Edinburgh">George Square</a> and Potterrow areas proved highly controversial.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Since the 1990s a new "financial district", including the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Conference_Centre" title="Edinburgh International Conference Centre">Edinburgh International Conference Centre</a>, has grown mainly on demolished railway property to the west of the castle, stretching into <a href="/wiki/Fountainbridge" title="Fountainbridge">Fountainbridge</a>, a run-down 19th-century industrial suburb which has undergone radical change since the 1980s with the demise of industrial and brewery premises. This ongoing development has enabled Edinburgh to maintain its place as the United Kingdom's second largest financial and administrative centre after London.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Financial services now account for a third of all commercial office space in the city.<a href="#cite_note-W_Rae,_Edinburgh_1994,_p.164-94">[94]</a> The development of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Park" title="Edinburgh Park">Edinburgh Park</a>, a new business and technology park covering 38 acres (15 ha), 4 mi (6 km) west of the city centre, has also contributed to the District Council's strategy for the city's major economic regeneration.<a href="#cite_note-W_Rae,_Edinburgh_1994,_p.164-94">[94]</a> In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act</a>, which came into force the following year, established a <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> Scottish Parliament and Scottish Executive (renamed the Scottish Government since September 2007<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>). Both based in Edinburgh, they are responsible for governing Scotland while <a href="/wiki/Reserved_and_excepted_matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserved and excepted matters">reserved matters</a> such as defence, foreign affairs and some elements of income tax remain the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In 2022, Edinburgh was affected by the <a href="/wiki/2022_Scotland_bin_strikes" title="2022 Scotland bin strikes">2022 Scotland bin strikes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 2023, Edinburgh became the first capital city in Europe to sign the global <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan#Plant_Based_Treaty" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant Based Treaty</a>, which was introduced at <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP26</a> in 2021 in Glasgow.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Green Party councillor Steve Burgess introduced the treaty. The Scottish Countryside Alliance and other farming groups called the treaty "anti-farming".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Location">edit</a>]</div> Situated in Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a>, Edinburgh lies on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth. The city centre is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 mi (4.0 km) southwest of the shoreline of <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> and 26 mi (42 km) inland, as the crow flies, from the east coast of Scotland and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dunbar" title="Dunbar">Dunbar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> While the early burgh grew up near the prominent Castle Rock, the modern city is often said to be built on <a href="/wiki/Hills_in_Edinburgh" title="Hills in Edinburgh">seven hills</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Calton_Hill" title="Calton Hill">Calton Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corstorphine_Hill" title="Corstorphine Hill">Corstorphine Hill</a>, Craiglockhart Hill, <a href="/wiki/Braid_Hills" title="Braid Hills">Braid Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackford_Hill" title="Blackford Hill">Blackford Hill</a>, Arthur's Seat and the Castle Rock,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> giving rise to allusions to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">seven hills of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> Occupying a narrow gap between the Firth of Forth to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Pentland_Hills" title="Pentland Hills">Pentland Hills</a> and their outrunners to the south, the city sprawls over a landscape which is the product of early volcanic activity and later periods of intensive glaciation. <a href="#cite_note-Edwards2005-103">[103]</a>: 64–65  Igneous activity between 350 and 400 million years ago, coupled with <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faulting</a>, led to the creation of tough <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plug" title="Volcanic plug">volcanic plugs</a>, which predominate over much of the area.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2005-103">[103]</a>: 64–65  One such example is the Castle Rock which forced the advancing ice sheet to divide, sheltering the softer rock and forming a 1 mi-long (1.6 km) tail of material to the east, thus creating a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Crag_and_tail" title="Crag and tail">crag and tail</a> formation.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2005-103">[103]</a>: 64–65  Glacial erosion on the north side of the crag gouged a deep valley later filled by the now drained <a href="/wiki/Nor_Loch" title="Nor Loch">Nor Loch</a>. These features, along with another hollow on the rock's south side, formed an ideal natural strongpoint upon which Edinburgh Castle was built.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2005-103">[103]</a>: 64–65  Similarly, Arthur's Seat is the remains of a volcano dating from the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboniferous period">Carboniferous period</a>, which was eroded by a glacier moving west to east during the ice age.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2005-103">[103]</a>: 64–65  Erosive action such as <a href="/wiki/Plucking_(glaciation)" title="Plucking (glaciation)">plucking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">abrasion</a> exposed the rocky crags to the west before leaving a tail of deposited glacial material swept to the east.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> This process formed the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Crags" class="mw-redirect" title="Salisbury Crags">Salisbury Crags</a>, a series of <a href="/wiki/Theralite#Teschenites" title="Theralite">teschenite</a> cliffs between Arthur's Seat and the location of the early burgh.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The residential areas of <a href="/wiki/Marchmont" title="Marchmont">Marchmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruntsfield" title="Bruntsfield">Bruntsfield</a> are built along a series of <a href="/wiki/Drumlin" title="Drumlin">drumlin</a> ridges south of the city centre, which were <a href="/wiki/Glacial_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial deposition">deposited</a> as the glacier receded.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2005-103">[103]</a>: 64–65  Other prominent landforms such as Calton Hill and Corstorphine Hill are also products of glacial erosion.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2005-103">[103]</a>: 64–65  The Braid Hills and Blackford Hill are a series of small summits to the south of the city centre that command expansive views looking northwards over the urban area to the Firth of Forth.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2005-103">[103]</a>: 64–65  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Edinburgh_from_Blackford_Hill_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/View_of_Edinburgh_from_Blackford_Hill_2.jpg/700px-View_of_Edinburgh_from_Blackford_Hill_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/View_of_Edinburgh_from_Blackford_Hill_2.jpg/1050px-View_of_Edinburgh_from_Blackford_Hill_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/View_of_Edinburgh_from_Blackford_Hill_2.jpg/1400px-View_of_Edinburgh_from_Blackford_Hill_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8040" data-file-height="2823" /></a><figcaption>View of Edinburgh from Blackford Hill</figcaption></figure> Edinburgh is drained by the river named the <a href="/wiki/Water_of_Leith" title="Water of Leith">Water of Leith</a>, which rises at the Colzium Springs in the Pentland Hills and runs for 18 miles (29 km) through the south and west of the city, emptying into the Firth of Forth at Leith.<a href="#cite_note-waterofleith-106">[106]</a> The nearest the river gets to the city centre is at <a href="/wiki/Dean_Village" title="Dean Village">Dean Village</a> on the north-western edge of the New Town, where a deep gorge is spanned by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dean_Bridge" title="Dean Bridge">Dean Bridge</a>, built in 1832 for the road to <a href="/wiki/South_Queensferry" title="South Queensferry">Queensferry</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Water_of_Leith_Walkway" title="Water of Leith Walkway">Water of Leith Walkway</a> is a mixed-use <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">trail</a> that follows the course of the river for 19.6 km (12.2 mi) from Balerno to Leith.<a href="#cite_note-walkway-107">[107]</a> Excepting the shoreline of the Firth of Forth, Edinburgh is encircled by a <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belt</a>, designated in 1957, which stretches from <a href="/wiki/Dalmeny" title="Dalmeny">Dalmeny</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Prestongrange" title="Prestongrange">Prestongrange</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-greenbelt-108">[108]</a> With an average width of 3.2 km (2 mi) the principal objectives of the green belt were to contain the outward expansion of the city and to prevent the agglomeration of urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-greenbelt-108">[108]</a> Expansion affecting the green belt is strictly controlled but developments such as <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport" title="Edinburgh Airport">Edinburgh Airport</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highland_Showground" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Highland Showground">Royal Highland Showground</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ingliston" title="Ingliston">Ingliston</a> lie within the zone.<a href="#cite_note-greenbelt-108">[108]</a> Similarly, suburbs such as <a href="/wiki/Juniper_Green" title="Juniper Green">Juniper Green</a> and Balerno are situated on green belt land.<a href="#cite_note-greenbelt-108">[108]</a> One feature of the Edinburgh green belt is the inclusion of parcels of land within the city which are designated green belt, even though they do not connect with the peripheral ring. Examples of these independent wedges of green belt include <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Park" title="Holyrood Park">Holyrood Park</a> and Corstorphine Hill.<a href="#cite_note-greenbelt-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas">Areas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Areas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Edinburgh_map.png/220px-Edinburgh_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Edinburgh_map.png/330px-Edinburgh_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Edinburgh_map.png/440px-Edinburgh_map.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the areas of central Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_settlements">Early settlements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early settlements">edit</a>]</div> Edinburgh includes former towns and villages that retain much of their original character as settlements in existence before they were absorbed into the expanding city of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Many areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Dalry,_Edinburgh" title="Dalry, Edinburgh">Dalry</a>, contain residences that are multi-occupancy buildings known as <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenements</a>, although the more southern and western parts of the city have traditionally been less built-up with a greater number of detached and semi-detached villas.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The historic centre of Edinburgh is divided in two by the broad green swathe of <a href="/wiki/Princes_Street_Gardens" title="Princes Street Gardens">Princes Street Gardens</a>. To the south, the view is dominated by Edinburgh Castle, built high on Castle Rock, and the long sweep of the Old Town descending towards Holyrood Palace. To the north lie Princes Street and the New Town. The <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Edinburgh" title="West End, Edinburgh">West End</a> includes the financial district, with insurance and banking offices as well as the Edinburgh International Conference Centre. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_and_New_Towns">Old and New Towns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Old and New Towns">edit</a>]</div> Edinburgh's Old and New Towns were listed as a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Old Town with its medieval street layout and the planned Georgian New Town, including the adjoining Dean Village and Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 <a href="/wiki/Listed_building_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Listed building (United Kingdom)">listed buildings</a> within the city,<a href="#cite_note-www.edinburgh.org_world-heritage-site-18">[18]</a> a higher proportion relative to area than any other city in the United Kingdom. The castle is perched on top of a rocky crag (the remnant of an extinct volcano) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mile" title="Royal Mile">Royal Mile</a> runs down the crest of a ridge from it terminating at Holyrood Palace. Minor streets (called closes or <a href="/wiki/Wynd" title="Wynd">wynds</a>) lie on either side of the main spine forming a herringbone pattern.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Due to space restrictions imposed by the narrowness of this landform, the Old Town became home to some of the earliest "high rise" residential buildings. Multi-storey dwellings known as lands were the norm from the 16th century onwards with ten and eleven storeys being typical and one even reaching fourteen or fifteen storeys.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Numerous vaults below street level were inhabited to accommodate the influx of incomers, particularly <a href="/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">Irish immigrants</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. The street has several fine public buildings such as St Giles' Cathedral, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Chambers" title="Edinburgh City Chambers">City Chambers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh" title="Parliament House, Edinburgh">Law Courts</a>. Other places of historical interest nearby are <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirkyard" title="Greyfriars Kirkyard">Greyfriars Kirkyard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_King%27s_Close" title="Mary King's Close">Mary King's Close</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Grassmarket" title="Grassmarket">Grassmarket</a>, running deep below the castle is connected by the steep double terraced Victoria Street. The street layout is typical of the old quarters of many Northern European cities. The New Town was an 18th-century solution to the problem of an increasingly crowded city which had been confined to the ridge sloping down from the castle. In 1766 a competition to design a "New Town" was won by <a href="/wiki/James_Craig_(architect)" title="James Craig (architect)">James Craig</a>, a 27-year-old architect.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The plan was a rigid, ordered grid, which fitted in well with <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideas of rationality. The principal street was to be <a href="/wiki/George_Street,_Edinburgh" title="George Street, Edinburgh">George Street</a>, running along the natural ridge to the north of what became known as the "Old Town". To either side of it are two other main streets: Princes Street and Queen Street. Princes Street has become Edinburgh's main shopping street and now has few of its <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> buildings in their original state. The three main streets are connected by a series of streets running perpendicular to them. The east and west ends of George Street are terminated by <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew_Square,_Edinburgh" title="St Andrew Square, Edinburgh">St Andrew Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Square" title="Charlotte Square">Charlotte Square</a> respectively. The latter, designed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>, influenced the architectural style of the New Town into the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bute_House" title="Bute House">Bute House</a>, the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a>, is on the north side of Charlotte Square.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The hollow between the Old and New Towns was formerly the <a href="/wiki/Nor_Loch" title="Nor Loch">Nor Loch</a>, which was created for the town's defence but came to be used by the inhabitants for dumping their <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>. It was drained by the 1820s as part of the city's northward expansion. Craig's original plan included an ornamental canal on the site of the loch,<a href="#cite_note-princeshist-78">[78]</a> but this idea was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Soil excavated while laying the foundations of buildings in the New Town was dumped on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">loch</a> to create the slope connecting the Old and New Towns known as <a href="/wiki/The_Mound" title="The Mound">The Mound</a>. In the middle of the 19th century the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Scotland">National Gallery of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building" title="Royal Scottish Academy Building">Royal Scottish Academy Building</a> were built on The Mound, and tunnels for the railway line between <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_railway_station" title="Haymarket railway station">Haymarket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Waverley</a> stations were driven through it. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Old_Town_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edinburgh Old Town skyline panorama"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Edinburgh_Old_Town_Skyline.jpg/900px-Edinburgh_Old_Town_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Edinburgh_Old_Town_Skyline.jpg/1350px-Edinburgh_Old_Town_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Edinburgh_Old_Town_Skyline.jpg/1800px-Edinburgh_Old_Town_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7428" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Old_Town_Skyline.jpg" title="File:Edinburgh Old Town Skyline.jpg"> </a></div>Edinburgh Old Town skyline panorama</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Edinburgh_Castle_Panorama_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Edinburgh from Edinburgh Castle, with the New Town in the centre and Calton Hill to the right"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Edinburgh_Edinburgh_Castle_Panorama_01.jpg/900px-Edinburgh_Edinburgh_Castle_Panorama_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Edinburgh_Edinburgh_Castle_Panorama_01.jpg/1350px-Edinburgh_Edinburgh_Castle_Panorama_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Edinburgh_Edinburgh_Castle_Panorama_01.jpg/1800px-Edinburgh_Edinburgh_Castle_Panorama_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16501" data-file-height="3295" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Edinburgh_Castle_Panorama_01.jpg" title="File:Edinburgh Edinburgh Castle Panorama 01.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Edinburgh from Edinburgh Castle, with the New Town in the centre and Calton Hill to the right</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southside">Southside</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Southside">edit</a>]</div> The Southside is a residential part of the city, which includes the districts of <a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s,_Edinburgh" title="St Leonard's, Edinburgh">St Leonards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marchmont" title="Marchmont">Marchmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morningside,_Edinburgh" title="Morningside, Edinburgh">Morningside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newington,_Edinburgh" title="Newington, Edinburgh">Newington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sciennes" title="Sciennes">Sciennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Grange,_Edinburgh" title="The Grange, Edinburgh">the Grange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackford,_Edinburgh" title="Blackford, Edinburgh">Blackford</a>. The Southside is broadly analogous to the area covered formerly by the <a href="/wiki/Burgh_Muir" title="Burgh Muir">Burgh Muir</a>, and was developed as a residential area after the opening of the <a href="/wiki/South_Bridge,_Edinburgh" title="South Bridge, Edinburgh">South Bridge</a> in the 1780s. The Southside is particularly popular with families (many state and private schools are here), young professionals and students (the central University of Edinburgh campus is based around <a href="/wiki/George_Square,_Edinburgh" title="George Square, Edinburgh">George Square</a> just north of Marchmont and <a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_(park)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Meadows (park)">the Meadows</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Napier_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Napier University">Napier University</a> (with major campuses around Merchiston and Morningside). The area is also well provided with hotel and "bed and breakfast" accommodation for visiting festival-goers. These districts often feature in works of fiction. For example, <a href="/wiki/Church_Hill,_Edinburgh" title="Church Hill, Edinburgh">Church Hill</a> in Morningside, was the home of <a href="/wiki/Muriel_Spark" title="Muriel Spark">Muriel Spark</a>'s Miss Jean Brodie,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Rankin" title="Ian Rankin">Ian Rankin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Inspector_Rebus" title="Inspector Rebus">Inspector Rebus</a> lives in Marchmont and works in St Leonards.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leith">Leith</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Leith">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Shore,_Leith.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Shore%2C_Leith.JPG/220px-The_Shore%2C_Leith.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Shore%2C_Leith.JPG/330px-The_Shore%2C_Leith.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Shore%2C_Leith.JPG/440px-The_Shore%2C_Leith.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2549" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>The Shore, Leith</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> was historically the port of Edinburgh, an arrangement of unknown date that was confirmed by the royal charter Robert the Bruce granted to the city in 1329.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The port developed a separate identity from Edinburgh, which to some extent it still retains, and it was a matter of great resentment when the two burghs merged in 1920 into the City of Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Even today the parliamentary seat is known as "Edinburgh North and Leith". The loss of traditional industries and commerce (the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Robb" title="Henry Robb">last shipyard</a> closed in 1983) resulted in economic decline.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The Edinburgh Waterfront development has transformed old dockland areas from Leith to Granton into residential areas with shopping and leisure facilities and helped rejuvenate the area. With the redevelopment, Edinburgh has gained the business of cruise liner companies which now provide cruises to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. The coastal suburb of <a href="/wiki/Portobello,_Edinburgh" title="Portobello, Edinburgh">Portobello</a> is characterised by Georgian villas, Victorian tenements, a beach and <a href="/wiki/Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Promenade">promenade</a> and cafés, bars, restaurants and independent shops. There are rowing and sailing clubs, a restored Victorian swimming pool, and <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Turkish_baths" title="Victorian Turkish baths">Victorian Turkish baths</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_area">Urban area</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Urban area">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population#Settlements" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">urban area</a> of Edinburgh is almost entirely within the <a href="/wiki/The_City_of_Edinburgh_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="The City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh Council</a> boundary, merging with <a href="/wiki/Musselburgh" title="Musselburgh">Musselburgh</a> in East Lothian. Towns within easy reach of the city boundary include <a href="/wiki/Inverkeithing" title="Inverkeithing">Inverkeithing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian" title="Haddington, East Lothian">Haddington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tranent" title="Tranent">Tranent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prestonpans" title="Prestonpans">Prestonpans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalkeith" title="Dalkeith">Dalkeith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonnyrigg" title="Bonnyrigg">Bonnyrigg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loanhead" title="Loanhead">Loanhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penicuik" title="Penicuik">Penicuik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broxburn,_West_Lothian" class="mw-redirect" title="Broxburn, West Lothian">Broxburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_West_Lothian" title="Livingston, West Lothian">Livingston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a>. Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh & South East Scotland City region with a population in 2014 of 1,339,380.<a href="#cite_note-NRS_LA_Estimate-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-City_Region_Definition-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Like most of Scotland, Edinburgh has a cool <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a> (Cfb) which, despite its northerly latitude, is milder than places which lie at similar latitudes such as <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-temperature-124">[124]</a> The city's proximity to the sea mitigates any large variations in temperature or extremes of climate. Winter daytime temperatures rarely fall below freezing while summer temperatures are moderate, rarely exceeding 22 °C (72 °F).<a href="#cite_note-temperature-124">[124]</a> The highest temperature recorded in the city was 31.6 °C (88.9 °F) on 25 July 2019<a href="#cite_note-temperature-124">[124]</a> at Gogarbank, beating the previous record of 31 °C (88 °F) on 4 August 1975 at Edinburgh Airport.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The lowest temperature recorded in recent years was −14.6 °C (5.7 °F) during December 2010 at Gogarbank.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Given Edinburgh's position between the coast and hills, it is renowned as "the windy city", with the prevailing wind direction coming from the south-west, which is often associated with warm, unstable air from the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Current</a> that can give rise to rainfall – although considerably less than cities to the west, such as Glasgow.<a href="#cite_note-temperature-124">[124]</a> Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-temperature-124">[124]</a> Winds from an easterly direction are usually drier but considerably colder, and may be accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Haar_(fog)" title="Haar (fog)">haar</a>, a persistent coastal fog. Vigorous Atlantic depressions, known as <a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorms</a>, can affect the city between October and April.<a href="#cite_note-temperature-124">[124]</a> Located slightly north of the city centre, the weather station at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</a> (RBGE) has been an official weather station for the <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a> since 1956. The Met Office operates its own weather station at Gogarbank on the city's western outskirts, near <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport" title="Edinburgh Airport">Edinburgh Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> This slightly inland station has a slightly wider temperature span between seasons, is cloudier and somewhat wetter, but differences are minor. Temperature and rainfall records have been kept at the Royal Observatory since 1764.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Edinburgh (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">RBGE</a>),<a href="#cite_note-129">[a]</a> elevation: 23 m (75 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1960–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0 (84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.5 (4.1) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.7 (10.9) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.1 (12.0) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1 (21.0) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7 (25.3) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3 (17.1) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.5 (11.3) </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−15.5 (4.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7 (2.55) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.1 (2.09) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.5 (1.91) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.8 (1.61) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.6 (1.87) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.2 (2.61) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1 (2.84) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.6 (2.82) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.9 (2.16) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.7 (2.98) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3 (2.57) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.4 (2.65) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">727.7 (28.65) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">128.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #646464; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.2 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.2 </td> <td style="background: #B5B567; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.3 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.3 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194.7 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.8 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169.9 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.0 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">130.1 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.4 </td> <td style="background: #888888; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.1 </td> <td style="background: #595959; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.2 </td> <td style="background: #B7B757; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,449.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Met_Averages-130">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">KNMI</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> and Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Edinburgh (Gogarbank),<a href="#cite_note-133">[b]</a> elevation: 57 m (187 ft), 1991–2020 normals </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 (34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.0 (2.87) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.1 (2.41) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.5 (2.07) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.9 (1.81) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.2 (1.98) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.8 (2.71) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.9 (2.83) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.7 (2.94) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.2 (2.17) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.7 (3.26) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.7 (2.90) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.9 (2.95) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">784.3 (30.88) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">137.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #565656; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.4 </td> <td style="background: #9B9B9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.5 </td> <td style="background: #B2B278; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.0 </td> <td style="background: #C5C506; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.5 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.4 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.9 </td> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.7 </td> <td style="background: #BABA45; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.5 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.1 </td> <td style="background: #7E7E7E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.9 </td> <td style="background: #454545; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 </td> <td style="background: #B4B46B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,363.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Weather station is located 0.9 mi (1.4 km) from the Edinburgh city centre. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Weather station is located 5.9 mi (9.5 km) from the Edinburgh city centre. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Edinburgh" title="Demographics of Edinburgh">Demographics of Edinburgh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current">Current</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Current">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_population_density_map,_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Edinburgh_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png/290px-Edinburgh_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Edinburgh_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png/435px-Edinburgh_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Edinburgh_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png/580px-Edinburgh_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>Population density map</figcaption></figure> The most recent official population estimates (2020) are 506,520 for the locality (includes <a href="/wiki/Currie" title="Currie">Currie</a>),<a href="#cite_note-NRS_Locality_Estimate-8">[8]</a> 530,990 for the Edinburgh settlement (includes <a href="/wiki/Musselburgh" title="Musselburgh">Musselburgh</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NRS_Locality_Estimate-8">[8]</a> Edinburgh has a high proportion of young adults, with 19.5% of the population in their 20s (exceeded only by Aberdeen) and 15.2% in their 30s which is the highest in Scotland. The proportion of Edinburgh's population born in the UK fell from 92% to 84% between 2001 and 2011, while the proportion of White Scottish-born fell from 78% to 70%. Of those Edinburgh residents born in the UK, 335,000 or 83% were born in Scotland, with 58,000 or 14% being born in England.<a href="#cite_note-edinburgh.gov.uk-135">[133]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <caption>Demographics of Edinburgh by Ethnic Group </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic Group </th> <th colspan="2">1991<a href="#cite_note-:412-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:422-137">[135]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-:1-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-139">[137]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-:1-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-139">[137]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2022<a href="#cite_note-2022census_Scot-140">[138]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>: Total </th> <th>409,044 </th> <th>97.64% </th> <th>430,369 </th> <th>95.9% </th> <th>437,167 </th> <th>91.7% </th> <th>436,742 </th> <th>84.9% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>354,053 </td> <td>78.9% </td> <td>334,987 </td> <td>70.2% </td> <td>298,533 </td> <td>58.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">Other British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>51,407 </td> <td>11.4% </td> <td>56,132 </td> <td>11.7% </td> <td>69,829 </td> <td>13.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Briton" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Briton">Irish</a> </td> <td>5,518 </td> <td>1.31% </td> <td>6,470 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>8,603 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>10,326 </td> <td>2.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Gypsy/Traveller</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-141">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>388 </td> <td>– </td> <td>256 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Polish" title="White Polish">Polish</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-141">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>12,820 </td> <td>2.68% </td> <td>16,351 </td> <td>3.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Other_(United_Kingdom_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Other (United Kingdom Census)">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>18,439 </td> <td>4.1% </td> <td>24,237 </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>41,449 </td> <td>8.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian-Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian-Scots">Asian Scottish</a> or <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>6,979 </th> <th>1.66% </th> <th>11,600 </th> <th>2.5% </th> <th>26,264 </th> <th>5.5% </th> <th>44,070 </th> <th>8.6% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">Indian</a> </td> <td>1,176 </td> <td>0.28% </td> <td>2,384 </td> <td>0.53% </td> <td>6,470 </td> <td>1.35% </td> <td>12,414 </td> <td>2.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pakistani">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>2,625 </td> <td>0.62% </td> <td>3,928 </td> <td>0.87% </td> <td>5,858 </td> <td>1.22% </td> <td>7,454 </td> <td>1.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>328 </td> <td>– </td> <td>636 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>1,277 </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td>2,685 </td> <td>0.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>1,940 </td> <td>0.46% </td> <td>3,532 </td> <td>0.78% </td> <td>8,076 </td> <td>1.69% </td> <td>15,076 </td> <td>2.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian Other</a> </td> <td>910 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>1,201 </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td>4,583 </td> <td>0.96% </td> <td>6,441 </td> <td>1.25% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Black Scottish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[note 2]</a> </th> <th>1,171 </th> <th>0.3% </th> <th>1,577 </th> <th>0.3% </th> <th>5,505 </th> <th>1.2% </th> <th>10,881 </th> <th>2.1% </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">African</a>: Total </th> <th>603 </th> <th>- </th> <th>1,285 </th> <th>0.2% </th> <th>4,474 </th> <th>0.9% </th> <th>9,462 </th> <th>1.84% </th></tr> <tr> <td>African: <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">African Scottish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">African British</a> </td> <td>603 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,285 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>4,364 </td> <td>0.91% </td> <td>809 </td> <td>0.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>African: <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Other African</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>110 </td> <td>– </td> <td>8,653 </td> <td>1.68% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Caribbean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black</a>: Total </th> <th>568 </th> <th>– </th> <th>292 </th> <th>– </th> <th>1,031 </th> <th>0.2% </th> <th>1,419 </th> <th>0.3% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>175 </td> <td>– </td> <td>292 </td> <td>– </td> <td>505 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>477 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>403 </td> <td>– </td> <td>80 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caribbean or Black: <a href="/wiki/Other_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Black">Other</a> </td> <td>393 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>123 </td> <td>– </td> <td>862 </td> <td>0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Mixed" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mixed">Mixed or multiple ethnic groups</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>2,776 </th> <th>0.6% </th> <th>4,087 </th> <th>0.8% </th> <th>12,882 </th> <th>2.5% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>1,720 </th> <th>0.41% </th> <th>2,047 </th> <th>0.45% </th> <th>3,603 </th> <th>0.8% </th> <th>9,966 </th> <th>1.9% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: <a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">Arab</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-141">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,500 </td> <td>0.52% </td> <td>4,119 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>1,720 </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>2,047 </td> <td>0.45% </td> <td>1,103 </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>5,849 </td> <td>1.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total: </th> <th>418,914 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>448,624 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>476,626 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>514,543 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table>Some 16,000 people or 3.2% of the city's population are of <a href="/wiki/White_Polish" title="White Polish">Polish</a> descent. 77,800 people or 15.1% of Edinburgh's population class themselves as Non-White which is an increase from 8.2% in 2011 and 4% in 2001. Of the Non-White population, the largest group by far are <a href="/wiki/Asian-Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian-Scots">Asian</a>, totalling about 44 thousand people. Within the Asian population, people of <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> descent are now the largest sub-group, with 15,076 people, amounting to about 2.9% of the city's total population. The city's population of <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">Indian</a> descent amounts to 12,414 (2.4% of the total population), while there are some 7,454 of <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> descent (1.5% of the total population). Although they account for only 2,685 people or 0.5% of the city's population, Edinburgh has the highest number and proportion of people of <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a> descent in Scotland. Close to 12,000 people were born in African countries (2.3% of the total population) and over 13,000 in the Americas. With the notable exception of Inner London, Edinburgh has a higher number of people born in the United States (over 6,500) than any other city in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-2022census_Scot-140">[138]</a> The proportion of people residing in Edinburgh born outside the UK was 23.5% in 2022, compared with 15.9% in 2011 and 8.3% in 2001. Below are the largest overseas-born groups in Edinburgh according to the 2022 census, alongside the two previous censuses. <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">Place of birth </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">2022<a href="#cite_note-CountryBirth_22-143">[139]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">2011<a href="#cite_note-edinburgh.gov.uk-135">[133]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">2001<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poles in the United Kingdom">Poland</a> </td> <td>13,842 </td> <td>11,651 </td> <td>416 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>9,445 </td> <td>4,888 </td> <td>1,733 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[A]</a> </td> <td>8,229 </td> <td>4,188 </td> <td>978 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">United States</a> </td> <td>6,539 </td> <td>3,715 </td> <td>2,184 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Italy</a> </td> <td>4,885 </td> <td>1,716 </td> <td>1,257 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Spaniards in the United Kingdom">Spain</a> </td> <td>4,837 </td> <td>2,011 </td> <td>1,058 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_people_in_Great_Britain" title="Irish people in Great Britain">Ireland</a> </td> <td>4,774 </td> <td>4,743 </td> <td>3,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Germans in the United Kingdom">Germany</a> </td> <td>3,843 </td> <td>3,526 </td> <td>2,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kongers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hong Kongers in the United Kingdom">Hong Kong</a> </td> <td>3,556 </td> <td>1,622 </td> <td>1,416 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>3,220 </td> <td>2,472 </td> <td>1,663 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerians in the United Kingdom">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>2,978 </td> <td>1,186 </td> <td>231 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">France</a> </td> <td>2,973 </td> <td>2,039 </td> <td>1,412 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="South Africans in the United Kingdom">South Africa</a> </td> <td>2,464 </td> <td>1,824 </td> <td>1,331 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greeks in the United Kingdom">Greece</a> </td> <td>2,377 </td> <td>992 </td> <td>575 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Australians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Australians in the United Kingdom">Australia</a> </td> <td>2,189 </td> <td>2,086 </td> <td>2,012 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Canadians in the United Kingdom">Canada</a> </td> <td>2,079 </td> <td>1,760 </td> <td>1,332 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Overall – all overseas-born </th> <th>120,978 </th> <th>75,698 </th> <th>37,420 </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historical">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1801</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">82,560</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1811</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">102,987</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1821</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">138,235</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1831</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">161,909</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1841</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">166,450</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">193,929</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">303,638</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+56.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">320,318</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">420,264</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">439,010</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">466,761</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> A census by the Edinburgh presbytery in 1592 recorded a population of 8,003 adults spread equally north and south of the High Street which runs along the spine of the ridge sloping down from the Castle.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> In the 18th and 19th centuries, the population expanded rapidly, rising from 49,000 in 1751 to 136,000 in 1831, primarily due to migration from rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2005-103">[103]</a>: 9  As the population grew, problems of overcrowding in the Old Town, particularly in the cramped <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenements</a> that lined the present day Royal Mile and the <a href="/wiki/Cowgate" title="Cowgate">Cowgate</a>, were exacerbated.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2005-103">[103]</a>: 9  Poor sanitary arrangements resulted in a high incidence of disease,<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2005-103">[103]</a>: 9  with outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> occurring in 1832, 1848 and 1866.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> The construction of the New Town from 1767 onwards witnessed the migration of the professional and business classes from the difficult living conditions in the Old Town to the lower density, higher quality surroundings taking shape on land to the north. <a href="#cite_note-etmoac46-149">[144]</a> Expansion southwards from the Old Town saw more tenements being built in the 19th century, giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> suburbs such as <a href="/wiki/Dalry,_Edinburgh" title="Dalry, Edinburgh">Dalry</a>, Newington, Marchmont and Bruntsfield.<a href="#cite_note-etmoac46-149">[144]</a> Early 20th-century population growth coincided with lower-density suburban development. As the city expanded to the south and west, detached and semi-detached villas with large gardens replaced tenements as the predominant building style. Nonetheless, the 2001 census revealed that over 55% of Edinburgh's population were still living in tenements or blocks of flats, a figure in line with other Scottish cities, but much higher than other British cities, and even central London.<a href="#cite_note-dwellings-150">[145]</a> From the early to mid 20th century, the growth in population, together with slum clearance in the Old Town and other areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Dumbiedykes" title="Dumbiedykes">Dumbiedykes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fountainbridge" title="Fountainbridge">Fountainbridge</a>, led to the creation of new estates such as <a href="/wiki/Stenhouse,_Edinburgh" title="Stenhouse, Edinburgh">Stenhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saughton" title="Saughton">Saughton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craigmillar" title="Craigmillar">Craigmillar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niddrie,_Edinburgh" title="Niddrie, Edinburgh">Niddrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilton,_Edinburgh" title="Pilton, Edinburgh">Pilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muirhouse" title="Muirhouse">Muirhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piershill" title="Piershill">Piershill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sighthill,_Edinburgh" title="Sighthill, Edinburgh">Sighthill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion of Edinburgh residents, 2022</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">No religion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:56.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">56.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Christian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:30.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">30.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Religion not stated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:6.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Muslim</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:3.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hindu</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:1.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhist</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:0.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">Pagan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religion</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikh</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Jewish</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:0.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.2%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Source: 2022 census<a href="#cite_note-Religion_22-152">[147]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Giles,_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/St._Giles%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-St._Giles%2C_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/St._Giles%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-St._Giles%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/St._Giles%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-St._Giles%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>The High Kirk of Edinburgh, also known as <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" title="St Giles' Cathedral">St Giles' Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> had 20,956 members in 71 congregations in the <a href="/wiki/Presbytery_of_Edinburgh" title="Presbytery of Edinburgh">Presbytery of Edinburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> Its most prominent church is St Giles' on the Royal Mile, first dedicated in 1243 but believed to date from before the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Giles" title="Saint Giles">Saint Giles</a> is historically the patron saint of Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert%27s_Church,_Edinburgh" title="St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh">St Cuthbert's</a>, situated at the west end of Princes Street Gardens in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle and St Giles' can lay claim to being the oldest Christian sites in the city,<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> though the present St Cuthbert's, designed by <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Blanc" title="Hippolyte Blanc">Hippolyte Blanc</a>, was dedicated in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> Other Church of Scotland churches include <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirk" title="Greyfriars Kirk">Greyfriars Kirk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canongate_Kirk" title="Canongate Kirk">Canongate Kirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh:_New_Town_Church" title="Edinburgh: New Town Church">The New Town Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Barclay_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Barclay Church">Barclay Church</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland_Offices" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Scotland Offices">Church of Scotland Offices</a> are in Edinburgh,<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> as is the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_Hall_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland">Assembly Hall</a> where the annual <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly</a> is held.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_St_Andrews_and_Edinburgh" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh</a> has 27 parishes across the city.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews_and_Edinburgh" title="Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh">Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh</a> has his official residence in <a href="/wiki/Greenhill,_Edinburgh" title="Greenhill, Edinburgh">Greenhill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> the diocesan offices are in nearby <a href="/wiki/Marchmont" title="Marchmont">Marchmont</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> and its cathedral is <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Edinburgh_(Catholic)" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Catholic)">St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Edinburgh" title="Diocese of Edinburgh">Diocese of Edinburgh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a> has over 50 churches, half of them in the city.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Its centre is the late 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a> style <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Edinburgh_(Episcopal)" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)">St Mary's Cathedral</a> in the West End's Palmerston Place.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> Orthodox Christianity is represented by Pan, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian</a> Orthodox churches, including <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Orthodox_Church,_Edinburgh" title="St Andrew's Orthodox Church, Edinburgh">St Andrew's Orthodox Church</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Thyateira_and_Great_Britain" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> There are several independent churches in the city, both <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Chapel_(Edinburgh)" title="Charlotte Chapel (Edinburgh)">Charlotte Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrubbers_Christian_Centre" title="Carrubbers Christian Centre">Carrubbers Christian Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellevue Chapel">Bellevue Chapel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart,_Edinburgh" title="Sacred Heart, Edinburgh">Sacred Heart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> There are also churches belonging to <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Meeting_House,_Edinburgh" title="Quaker Meeting House, Edinburgh">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ,_Scientist" title="Church of Christ, Scientist">Church of Christ, Scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) and <a href="/wiki/Elim_Pentecostal_Church" title="Elim Pentecostal Church">Elim Pentecostal Church</a>. Muslims have several places of worship across the city. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Central_Mosque" title="Edinburgh Central Mosque">Edinburgh Central Mosque</a>, the largest Islamic place of worship, is located in Potterrow on the city's Southside, near Bristo Square. Construction was largely financed by a gift from King <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd of Saudi Arabia</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> and was completed in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> There is also an <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> Muslim community.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> The first recorded presence of a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#17th–19th_centuries" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Jewish community</a> in Edinburgh dates back to the late 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> Edinburgh's <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> synagogue, opened in 1932, is in Salisbury Road and can accommodate a congregation of 2000. A <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Judaism_(United_Kingdom)" title="Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)">Liberal Jewish congregation</a> also meets in the city. A <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwara</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandir">mandir</a> are located in Leith.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> The city also has a <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a> centre in the Polwarth area.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> The Edinburgh Buddhist Centre, run by the <a href="/wiki/Triratna_Buddhist_Community" title="Triratna Buddhist Community">Triratna Buddhist Community</a>, formerly situated in Melville Terrace, now runs sessions at the Healthy Life Centre, Bread Street.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> Other Buddhist traditions are represented by groups which meet in the capital: the Community of Interbeing (followers of <a href="/wiki/Thich_Nhat_Hanh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thich Nhat Hanh">Thich Nhat Hanh</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">Rigpa</a>, Samye Dzong, <a href="/wiki/Theravadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravadin">Theravadin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shambhala Buddhism">Shambala</a>. There is a <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sōtō Zen">Sōtō Zen</a> Priory in Portobello<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> and a Theravadin Thai Buddhist Monastery in Slateford Road.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> Edinburgh is home to a <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> community,<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> meets in Great King Street.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> Edinburgh has an Inter-Faith Association.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> Edinburgh has over 39 <a href="/wiki/List_of_graveyards_and_cemeteries_in_Edinburgh" title="List of graveyards and cemeteries in Edinburgh">graveyards and cemeteries</a>, many of which are listed and of historical character, including several former church burial grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Golledge-181">[176]</a> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Old_Calton_Burial_Ground" title="Old Calton Burial Ground">Old Calton Burial Ground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirkyard" title="Greyfriars Kirkyard">Greyfriars Kirkyard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Cemetery" title="Dean Cemetery">Dean Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OldCarltonBurial-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greyfriars-183">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeanCemetery-184">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Economy of Edinburgh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Bank_of_Scotland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Edinburgh_Bank_of_Scotland.JPG/220px-Edinburgh_Bank_of_Scotland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Edinburgh_Bank_of_Scotland.JPG/330px-Edinburgh_Bank_of_Scotland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Edinburgh_Bank_of_Scotland.JPG/440px-Edinburgh_Bank_of_Scotland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3292" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a>'s head office in central Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20231022_Rockstar_North.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/20231022_Rockstar_North.jpg/220px-20231022_Rockstar_North.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/20231022_Rockstar_North.jpg/330px-20231022_Rockstar_North.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/20231022_Rockstar_North.jpg/440px-20231022_Rockstar_North.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3834" data-file-height="2324" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Rockstar_North" title="Rockstar North">Rockstar North</a> situated in Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> Edinburgh has the strongest economy of any city in the United Kingdom outside London and the highest percentage of professionals in the UK with 43% of the population holding a degree-level or professional qualification.<a href="#cite_note-Work_In_Edinburgh_-_Jobs,_Employment,_Careers_And_Recruitment_Information-185">[180]</a> According to the Centre for International Competitiveness, it is the most competitive large city in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> It also has the highest <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">gross value added</a> per employee of any city in the UK outside London, measuring £57,594 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> It was named European Best Large City of the Future for Foreign Direct Investment and Best Large City for Foreign Direct Investment Strategy in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> magazine in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> As the centre of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scotland's government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">legal system</a>, the public sector plays a central role in Edinburgh's economy. Many departments of the Scottish Government are in the city, including the headquarters of the government at <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_House" title="St Andrew's House">St Andrew's House</a>, the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bute_House" title="Bute House">Bute House</a> and Scottish Government offices at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Quay,_Edinburgh" title="Victoria Quay, Edinburgh">Victoria Quay</a>. Other major sectors across the city include administrative and support services, the education sector, public administration and defence, the health and social care sector, scientific and technical services, and construction and manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> When the £1.3bn Edinburgh & South East Scotland City Region Deal<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> was signed in 2018, the region's Gross Value Added (GVA) contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Scottish economy</a> was cited as £33bn, or 33% of the country's output. The City Region Deal funds a range of "Data Driven Innovation" hubs which are using data to innovate in the region, recognising the region's strengths in technology and data science, the growing importance of the data economy, and the need to tackle the digital skills gap, as a route to social and economic prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> Tourism is also an important element in the city's economy. As a World Heritage Site, tourists visit historical sites such as Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse and the Old and New Towns. Their numbers are augmented in August each year during the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Festival">Edinburgh Festivals</a>, which attracts 4.4 million visitors,<a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh_Economy_Watch_April_2010-194">[189]</a> and generates over £100M for the local economy.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> In March 2010, unemployment in Edinburgh was comparatively low at 3.6%, and it remains consistently below the Scottish average of 4.5%.<a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh_Economy_Watch_April_2010-194">[189]</a> In 2022 Edinburgh was the second most visited city in the United Kingdom, behind <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, by overseas visitors.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_celebrations">Festivals and celebrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Festivals and celebrations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edinburgh_festivals">Edinburgh festivals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Edinburgh festivals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Edinburgh_festivals" title="List of Edinburgh festivals">List of Edinburgh festivals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Edinburgh_-_Edinburgh_Castle,_Gate_House_-_20190813221636.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/City_of_Edinburgh_-_Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Gate_House_-_20190813221636.jpg/220px-City_of_Edinburgh_-_Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Gate_House_-_20190813221636.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/City_of_Edinburgh_-_Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Gate_House_-_20190813221636.jpg/330px-City_of_Edinburgh_-_Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Gate_House_-_20190813221636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/City_of_Edinburgh_-_Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Gate_House_-_20190813221636.jpg/440px-City_of_Edinburgh_-_Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Gate_House_-_20190813221636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6737" data-file-height="4185" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> illuminated during the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Military_Tattoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Military Tattoo">Edinburgh Military Tattoo</a></figcaption></figure> The city hosts a series of festivals that run between the end of July and early September each year. The best known of these events are the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Fringe">Edinburgh Festival Fringe</a>, the Edinburgh International Festival, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Military_Tattoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Military Tattoo">Edinburgh Military Tattoo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Art_Festival" title="Edinburgh Art Festival">Edinburgh Art Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Book_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Book Festival">Edinburgh International Book Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> The longest established of these festivals is the Edinburgh International Festival, which was first held in 1947<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> and consists mainly of a programme of high-profile theatre productions and classical music performances, featuring international directors, conductors, theatre companies and orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> This has since been overtaken in size by the Edinburgh Fringe which began as a programme of marginal acts alongside the "official" Festival and has become the world's largest performing arts festival. In 2017, nearly 3400 different shows were staged in 300 venues across the city.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> Comedy has become one of the mainstays of the Fringe, with numerous well-known comedians getting their first 'break' there, often by being chosen to receive the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Comedy_Awards" title="Edinburgh Comedy Awards">Edinburgh Comedy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> The Edinburgh Military Tattoo, occupies the Castle Esplanade every night for three weeks each August, with massed <a href="/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">pipe bands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military bands</a> drawn from around the world. Performances end with a short fireworks display. As well as the summer festivals, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Edinburgh_festivals" title="List of Edinburgh festivals">many other festivals are held during the rest of the year</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Film_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Film Festival">Edinburgh International Film Festival</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Science_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh International Science Festival">Edinburgh International Science Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> The summer of 2020 was the first time in its 70-year history that the Edinburgh festival was not run, being cancelled due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> This affected many of the tourist-focused businesses in Edinburgh which depend on the various festivals over summer to return an annual profit.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edinburgh's_Hogmanay">Edinburgh's Hogmanay</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Edinburgh's Hogmanay">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh%27s_Hogmanay" title="Edinburgh's Hogmanay">Edinburgh's Hogmanay</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Hogmanay_Longship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Edinburgh_Hogmanay_Longship.jpg/220px-Edinburgh_Hogmanay_Longship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Edinburgh_Hogmanay_Longship.jpg/330px-Edinburgh_Hogmanay_Longship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Edinburgh_Hogmanay_Longship.jpg/440px-Edinburgh_Hogmanay_Longship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Viking <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longship</a> being burnt during Edinburgh's annual <a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a> celebrations</figcaption></figure> The annual Edinburgh <a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a> celebration was originally an informal street party focused on the <a href="/wiki/Tron_Kirk" title="Tron Kirk">Tron Kirk</a> in the Old Town's High Street. Since 1993, it has been officially organised with the focus moved to Princes Street. In 1996, over 300,000 people attended, leading to ticketing of the main street party in later years up to a limit of 100,000 tickets.<a href="#cite_note-Hogmanay-207">[202]</a> Hogmanay now covers four days of processions, concerts and fireworks, with the street party beginning on Hogmanay. Alternative tickets are available for entrance into the Princes Street Gardens concert and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Cèilidh</a>, where well-known artists perform and ticket holders can participate in traditional Scottish cèilidh dancing. The event attracts thousands of people from all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-Hogmanay-207">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beltane_and_other_festivals">Beltane and other festivals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Beltane and other festivals">edit</a>]</div> On the night of 30 April the <a href="/wiki/Beltane_Fire_Festival" title="Beltane Fire Festival">Beltane Fire Festival</a> takes place on Calton Hill, involving a procession followed by scenes inspired by <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> old spring fertility celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> At the beginning of October each year the <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Dussehra</a> Hindu Festival is also held on Calton Hill.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music,_theatre_and_film">Music, theatre and film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Music, theatre and film">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usher_Hall_from_Cambridge_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2355109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Usher_Hall_from_Cambridge_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2355109.jpg/220px-Usher_Hall_from_Cambridge_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2355109.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Usher_Hall_from_Cambridge_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2355109.jpg/330px-Usher_Hall_from_Cambridge_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2355109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Usher_Hall_from_Cambridge_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2355109.jpg/440px-Usher_Hall_from_Cambridge_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2355109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Usher_Hall" title="Usher Hall">Usher Hall</a></figcaption></figure> Outside the Festival season, Edinburgh supports several theatres and production companies. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lyceum_Theatre" title="Royal Lyceum Theatre">Royal Lyceum Theatre</a> has its own company, while the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Theatre,_Edinburgh" title="King's Theatre, Edinburgh">King's Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Theatre" title="Edinburgh Festival Theatre">Edinburgh Festival Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Playhouse" title="Edinburgh Playhouse">Edinburgh Playhouse</a> stage large touring shows. The <a href="/wiki/Traverse_Theatre" title="Traverse Theatre">Traverse Theatre</a> presents a more contemporary repertoire. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_amateur_theatre" title="Edinburgh amateur theatre">Amateur theatre companies</a> productions are staged at the <a href="/wiki/Bedlam_Theatre" title="Bedlam Theatre">Bedlam Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Hill_Theatre" title="Church Hill Theatre">Church Hill Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Theatre,_Edinburgh" title="King's Theatre, Edinburgh">King's Theatre</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Usher_Hall" title="Usher Hall">Usher Hall</a> is Edinburgh's premier venue for classical music, as well as occasional popular music concerts.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> It was the venue for the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1972" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1972">Eurovision Song Contest 1972</a>. Other halls staging music and theatre include <a href="/wiki/The_Hub_(Edinburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hub (Edinburgh)">The Hub</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_Rooms_(Edinburgh)" title="Assembly Rooms (Edinburgh)">Assembly Rooms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall,_Edinburgh" title="Queen's Hall, Edinburgh">Queen's Hall</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Chamber_Orchestra" title="Scottish Chamber Orchestra">Scottish Chamber Orchestra</a> is based in Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traverse_Theatre,_Edinburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Traverse_Theatre%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/170px-Traverse_Theatre%2C_Edinburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Traverse_Theatre%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/255px-Traverse_Theatre%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Traverse_Theatre%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/340px-Traverse_Theatre%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Traverse_Theatre" title="Traverse Theatre">Traverse Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> Edinburgh has one repertory cinema, <a href="/wiki/The_Cameo,_Edinburgh" title="The Cameo, Edinburgh">The Cameo</a>, and formerly, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Filmhouse" title="Edinburgh Filmhouse">Edinburgh Filmhouse</a> as well as the independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Cinema" title="Dominion Cinema">Dominion Cinema</a> and a range of <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(cinema)" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplex (cinema)">multiplexes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> Edinburgh has a healthy popular music scene. Occasionally large concerts are staged at <a href="/wiki/Murrayfield_Stadium" title="Murrayfield Stadium">Murrayfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meadowbank_Stadium" title="Meadowbank Stadium">Meadowbank</a>, while mid-sized events take place at smaller venues such as 'The Corn Exchange', 'The Liquid Rooms' and 'The Bongo Club'. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/PRS_for_Music" title="PRS for Music">PRS for Music</a> listed Edinburgh among the UK's top ten 'most musical' cities.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> Several city pubs are well known for their live performances of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>. They include 'Sandy Bell's' in Forrest Road, 'Captain's Bar' in South College Street and 'Whistlebinkies' in South Bridge. Like many other cities in the UK, numerous nightclub venues host <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">Electronic dance music</a> events.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> Edinburgh is home to a flourishing group of contemporary composers such as <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Osborne" title="Nigel Osborne">Nigel Osborne</a>, Peter Nelson, Lyell Cresswell, <a href="/wiki/Hafli%C3%B0i_Hallgr%C3%ADmsson" title="Hafliði Hallgrímsson">Hafliði Hallgrímsson</a>, Edward Harper, Robert Crawford, Robert Dow and <a href="/wiki/John_McLeod_(composer)" title="John McLeod (composer)">John McLeod</a>. McLeod's music is heard regularly on BBC Radio 3 and throughout the UK.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> The main local newspaper is the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Evening_News" title="Edinburgh Evening News">Edinburgh Evening News</a>. It is owned and published alongside its sister titles <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_on_Sunday" title="Scotland on Sunday">Scotland on Sunday</a> by <a href="/wiki/JPIMedia" class="mw-redirect" title="JPIMedia">JPIMedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> Student newspapers include, <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_(student_newspaper)" title="The Journal (student newspaper)">The Journal</a> Scotland wide Universities, and <a href="/wiki/The_Student_(newspaper)" title="The Student (newspaper)">The Student</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> which was founded in 1887. Community newspapers include The Spurtle from Broughton, Spokes Bulletin, and The Edinburgh Reporter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio">Radio</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> The city has many commercial radio stations including <a href="/wiki/Forth_1" title="Forth 1">Forth 1</a>, a station which broadcasts mainstream chart music, Greatest Hits Edinburgh on DAB which plays classic hits and Edge Radio.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_Scotland" title="Capital Scotland">Capital Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_Scotland" title="Heart Scotland">Heart Scotland</a> also have transmitters covering Edinburgh. Along with the UK national radio stations, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland" title="BBC Radio Scotland">BBC Radio Scotland</a> and the Gaelic language service <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal" title="BBC Radio nan Gàidheal">BBC Radio nan Gàidheal</a> are also broadcast. DAB digital radio is broadcast over two local multiplexes. <a href="/wiki/BFBS" class="mw-redirect" title="BFBS">BFBS</a> Radio broadcasts from studios on the base at Dreghorn Barracks across the city on 98.5FM as part of its UK Bases network. Small scale DAB started October 2022 with numerous community stations on board. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> Television, along with most radio services, is broadcast to the city from the <a href="/wiki/Craigkelly_transmitting_station" title="Craigkelly transmitting station">Craigkelly transmitting station</a> situated in Fife on the opposite side of the Firth of Forth<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hill_transmitting_station" title="Black Hill transmitting station">Black Hill transmitting station</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a> to the west. There are no television stations based in the city. Edinburgh Television existed in the late 1990s to early 2003<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> and <a href="/wiki/STV_Edinburgh" title="STV Edinburgh">STV Edinburgh</a> existed from 2015 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_libraries_and_galleries">Museums, libraries and galleries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Museums, libraries and galleries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Gallery_of_Scotland_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/National_Gallery_of_Scotland_2005.jpg/220px-National_Gallery_of_Scotland_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/National_Gallery_of_Scotland_2005.jpg/330px-National_Gallery_of_Scotland_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/National_Gallery_of_Scotland_2005.jpg/440px-National_Gallery_of_Scotland_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery" title="Scottish National Gallery">National Gallery of Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/220px-Museum_of_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/330px-Museum_of_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/440px-Museum_of_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>National Museum of Scotland</figcaption></figure> Edinburgh has many museums and libraries. These include the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_War_Museum" title="National War Museum">National War Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Edinburgh" title="Museum of Edinburgh">Museum of Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgeons%27_Hall" title="Surgeons' Hall">Surgeons' Hall Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Museum" title="Writers' Museum">Writers' Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Childhood_(Edinburgh)" title="Museum of Childhood (Edinburgh)">Museum of Childhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Earth_(Edinburgh)" title="Dynamic Earth (Edinburgh)">Dynamic Earth</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_on_the_Mound" title="Museum on the Mound">Museum on The Mound</a> has exhibits on money and banking.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Zoo" title="Edinburgh Zoo">Edinburgh Zoo</a>, covering 82 acres (33 ha) on Corstorphine Hill, is the second most visited paid tourist attraction in Scotland,<a href="#cite_note-begin-224">[219]</a> and was previously home to two <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant pandas</a>, Tian Tian and Yang Guang, on loan from the People's Republic of China. Edinburgh is also home to <a href="/wiki/HMY_Britannia" title="HMY Britannia">The Royal Yacht Britannia</a>, decommissioned in 1997 and now a five-star visitor attraction and evening events venue permanently berthed at <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Terminal,_Edinburgh" title="Ocean Terminal, Edinburgh">Ocean Terminal</a>. Edinburgh contains Scotland's three <a href="/wiki/National_Galleries_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Galleries Scotland">National Galleries</a> of Art as well as numerous smaller art galleries.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> The national collection is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery" title="Scottish National Gallery">Scottish National Gallery</a>, located on The Mound, comprising the linked National Gallery of Scotland building and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Academy_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Scottish Academy building">Royal Scottish Academy building</a>. Contemporary collections are shown in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art" title="Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art">Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art</a> which occupies a split site at Belford. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery" title="Scottish National Portrait Gallery">Scottish National Portrait Gallery</a> on Queen Street focuses on portraits and photography. The council-owned <a href="/wiki/City_Art_Centre" title="City Art Centre">City Art Centre</a> in Market Street mounts regular art exhibitions. Across the road, <a href="/wiki/Fruitmarket_Gallery" title="Fruitmarket Gallery">The Fruitmarket Gallery</a> offers world-class exhibitions of contemporary art, featuring work by British and international artists with both emerging and established international reputations.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> The city hosts several of Scotland's galleries and organisations dedicated to contemporary visual art. Significant strands of this infrastructure include <a href="/wiki/Creative_Scotland" title="Creative Scotland">Creative Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_College_of_Art" title="Edinburgh College of Art">Edinburgh College of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talbot_Rice_Gallery" title="Talbot Rice Gallery">Talbot Rice Gallery</a> (University of Edinburgh), <a href="/wiki/Collective_Gallery" title="Collective Gallery">Collective Gallery</a> (based at the <a href="/wiki/City_Observatory" title="City Observatory">City Observatory</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Annuale" title="Edinburgh Annuale">Edinburgh Annuale</a>. There are also many small private shops/galleries that provide space to showcase works from local artists.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping">Shopping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Shopping">edit</a>]</div> The locale around <a href="/wiki/Princes_Street" title="Princes Street">Princes Street</a> is the main shopping area in the city centre, with souvenir shops, chain stores such as <a href="/wiki/Boots_the_Chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Boots the Chemist">Boots the Chemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Woollen_Mill" title="Edinburgh Woollen Mill">Edinburgh Woollen Mill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">H&M</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shopping-228">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Street,_Edinburgh" title="George Street, Edinburgh">George Street</a>, north of Princes Street, has several upmarket shops and independent stores.<a href="#cite_note-shopping-228">[223]</a> At the east end of Princes Street, the redeveloped <a href="/wiki/St_James_Quarter" title="St James Quarter">St James Quarter</a> opened its doors in June 2021,<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> while next to the <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Hotel" title="Balmoral Hotel">Balmoral Hotel</a> and Waverley Station is <a href="/wiki/Waverley_Market" title="Waverley Market">Waverley Market</a>. <a href="/wiki/Multrees_Walk" title="Multrees Walk">Multrees Walk</a> is a pedestrian shopping district, dominated by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Nichols" title="Harvey Nichols">Harvey Nichols</a>, and other names including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton" title="Louis Vuitton">Louis Vuitton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry (company)">Mulberry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kors" title="Michael Kors">Michael Kors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shopping-228">[223]</a> Edinburgh also has substantial retail parks outside the city centre. These include <a href="/wiki/The_Gyle_Shopping_Centre" title="The Gyle Shopping Centre">The Gyle Shopping Centre</a> and Hermiston Gait in the west of the city, <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Toll_Shopping_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameron Toll Shopping Centre">Cameron Toll Shopping Centre</a>, Straiton Retail Park (actually just outside the city, in Midlothian) and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kinnaird" title="Fort Kinnaird">Fort Kinnaird</a> in the south and east, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Terminal,_Edinburgh" title="Ocean Terminal, Edinburgh">Ocean Terminal</a> in the north on the <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> waterfront.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Edinburgh" title="Politics of Edinburgh">Politics of Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh Council</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_-_2016_-_panoramio_-_StevenL_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Edinburgh_-_2016_-_panoramio_-_StevenL_%289%29.jpg/220px-Edinburgh_-_2016_-_panoramio_-_StevenL_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Edinburgh_-_2016_-_panoramio_-_StevenL_%289%29.jpg/330px-Edinburgh_-_2016_-_panoramio_-_StevenL_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Edinburgh_-_2016_-_panoramio_-_StevenL_%289%29.jpg/440px-Edinburgh_-_2016_-_panoramio_-_StevenL_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Chambers" title="Edinburgh City Chambers">Edinburgh City Chambers</a> is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh Council</a>.</figcaption></figure> Following local government reorganisation in 1996, the City of Edinburgh Council constitutes one of the <a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Scotland">32 council areas of Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-act-231">[226]</a> Like all other <a href="/wiki/Local_authorities_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authorities of Scotland">local authorities of Scotland</a>, the council has powers over most matters of local administration such as housing, planning, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Edinburgh" title="Transport in Edinburgh">local transport</a>, parks, economic development and regeneration.<a href="#cite_note-act1-232">[227]</a> The council comprises 63 elected <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">councillors</a>, returned from 17 <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of the United Kingdom">multi-member electoral wards</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-councillors-233">[228]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2007_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election" title="2007 City of Edinburgh Council election">2007 City of Edinburgh Council election</a> the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Labour Party">Labour Party</a> lost majority control of the council after 23 years to a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a> coalition.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> After the 2017 election, the SNP and Labour formed a coalition administration, which lasted until the next election in 2022. The <a href="/wiki/2022_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election" title="2022 City of Edinburgh Council election">2022 City of Edinburgh Council election</a> resulted in the most politically balanced council in the UK, with 19 SNP, 13 Labour, 12 Liberal Democrat, 10 Green and 9 Conservative councillors. A minority Labour administration was formed, being voted in by Scottish Conservative and Scottish Liberal Democrat councillors. The SNP and Greens presented a coalition agreement, but could not command majority support in the council. This caused controversy amongst the Scottish Labour Party group for forming an administration supported by Conservatives and led to the suspension of two Labour councillors on the council for abstaining on the vote to approve the new administration.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Edinburgh">coat of arms</a> was registered by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lyon_King_of_Arms" title="Lord Lyon King of Arms">Lord Lyon King of Arms</a> in 1732.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Scottish_Parliament_Building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5190256.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scottish Parliament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Scottish_Parliament_Building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5190256.jpg/190px-The_Scottish_Parliament_Building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5190256.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Scottish_Parliament_Building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5190256.jpg/285px-The_Scottish_Parliament_Building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5190256.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Scottish_Parliament_Building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5190256.jpg/380px-The_Scottish_Parliament_Building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5190256.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Park" title="Holyrood Park">Holyrood</a> area of the city</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrew%27s_House,_Edinburgh_(2496437377).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St Andrew's House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/St_Andrew%27s_House%2C_Edinburgh_%282496437377%29.jpg/214px-St_Andrew%27s_House%2C_Edinburgh_%282496437377%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/St_Andrew%27s_House%2C_Edinburgh_%282496437377%29.jpg/321px-St_Andrew%27s_House%2C_Edinburgh_%282496437377%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/St_Andrew%27s_House%2C_Edinburgh_%282496437377%29.jpg/428px-St_Andrew%27s_House%2C_Edinburgh_%282496437377%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="2134" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The HQ of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> is located at <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_House" title="St Andrew's House">St Andrew's House</a> in the city</div></div></div></div></div> Edinburgh, like all of Scotland, is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, situated in the <a href="/wiki/Holyrood,_Edinburgh" title="Holyrood, Edinburgh">Holyrood</a> area of the city. For electoral purposes, the city is divided into six constituencies which, along with 3 seats outside of the city, form part of the <a href="/wiki/Lothian_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="Lothian (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">Lothian region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elections-237">[232]</a> Each constituency elects one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Member of the Scottish Parliament</a> (MSP) by the <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> system of election, and the region elects seven <a href="/wiki/Additional_Member_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Member System">additional MSPs</a> to produce a result based on a form of proportional representation.<a href="#cite_note-elections-237">[232]</a> As of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021 election</a>, the Scottish National Party have four MSPs: <a href="/wiki/Ash_Denham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash Denham">Ash Denham</a> for <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Eastern_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh Eastern (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Macpherson_(politician)" title="Ben Macpherson (politician)">Ben Macpherson</a> for <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Northern_and_Leith_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh Northern and Leith (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh Northern and Leith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_MacDonald_(Scottish_politician)" title="Gordon MacDonald (Scottish politician)">Gordon MacDonald</a> for <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Pentlands_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh Pentlands (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh Pentlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angus_Robertson" title="Angus Robertson">Angus Robertson</a> for <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Central_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh Central (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh Central</a> constituencies. <a href="/wiki/Alex_Cole-Hamilton" title="Alex Cole-Hamilton">Alex Cole-Hamilton</a>, the Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a> represents <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Western_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh Western (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Daniel Johnson (Scottish politician)">Daniel Johnson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Labour Party">Scottish Labour Party</a> represents <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Southern_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh Southern (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh Southern</a> constituency. In addition, the city is also represented by seven regional MSPs representing the Lothian electoral region: The Conservatives have three regional MSPs: <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Balfour" title="Jeremy Balfour">Jeremy Balfour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Briggs" title="Miles Briggs">Miles Briggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sue_Webber" title="Sue Webber">Sue Webber</a>, Labour have two regional MSPs: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Boyack" title="Sarah Boyack">Sarah Boyack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foysol_Choudhury" title="Foysol Choudhury">Foysol Choudhury</a>; two Scottish Green regional MSPs were elected: Green's Co-Leader <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Lorna Slater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alison_Johnstone" title="Alison Johnstone">Alison Johnstone</a>. However, following her election as the <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament">Presiding Officer</a> of the 6th Session of the Scottish Parliament on 13 May 2021, Alison Johnstone has abided by the established parliamentary convention for speakers and renounced all affiliation with her former political party for the duration of her term as Presiding Officer. So she presently sits as an independent MSP for the Lothians Region.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Edinburgh is also represented in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a> by five <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">Members of Parliament</a>. The city is divided into <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_North_and_Leith_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh North and Leith (UK Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh North and Leith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_East_and_Musselburgh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh East and Musselburgh (UK Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh East and Musselburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh South (UK Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_South_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh South West (UK Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh South West</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh West (UK Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh West</a>, each constituency electing one member by the first past the post system. Since the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 UK General election</a>, Edinburgh is represented by four <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Labour Party">Labour</a> MPs (Tracy Gilbert in Edinburgh North and Leith, Chris Murray in Edinburgh East and Musselburgh, Ian Murray in Edinburgh South, and Scott Arthur in Edinburgh South West), and one <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrat</a> MP in Edinburgh West (Christine Jardine). <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Edinburgh" title="Transport in Edinburgh">Transport in Edinburgh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Edinburgh_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588330.jpg/220px-Edinburgh_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Edinburgh_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588330.jpg/330px-Edinburgh_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Edinburgh_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588330.jpg/440px-Edinburgh_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport" title="Edinburgh Airport">Edinburgh Airport</a> is the busiest airport in Scotland and <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of busiest airports in the United Kingdom">sixth busiest in the United Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport" title="Edinburgh Airport">Edinburgh Airport</a> is Scotland's busiest airport and the principal international gateway to the capital, handling over 14.7 million passengers; it was also the <a href="/wiki/Busiest_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_total_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Busiest airports in the United Kingdom by total passenger traffic">sixth-busiest airport in the United Kingdom</a> by total passengers in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> In anticipation of rising passenger numbers, the former operator of the airport <a href="/wiki/BAA_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="BAA Limited">BAA</a> outlined a draft masterplan in 2011 to provide for the expansion of the airfield and the terminal building. In June 2012, <a href="/wiki/Global_Infrastructure_Partners" title="Global Infrastructure Partners">Global Infrastructure Partners</a> purchased the airport for £807 million.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> The possibility of building a second runway to cope with an increased number of aircraft movements has also been mooted.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Buses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lothian_Buses_bus_769_(SN56_ACJ),_24_June_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lothian_Buses_bus_769_%28SN56_ACJ%29%2C_24_June_2014.jpg/220px-Lothian_Buses_bus_769_%28SN56_ACJ%29%2C_24_June_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lothian_Buses_bus_769_%28SN56_ACJ%29%2C_24_June_2014.jpg/330px-Lothian_Buses_bus_769_%28SN56_ACJ%29%2C_24_June_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lothian_Buses_bus_769_%28SN56_ACJ%29%2C_24_June_2014.jpg/440px-Lothian_Buses_bus_769_%28SN56_ACJ%29%2C_24_June_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A Lothian Bus on <a href="/wiki/North_Bridge,_Edinburgh" title="North Bridge, Edinburgh">North Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> Travel in Edinburgh is undertaken predominantly by bus. <a href="/wiki/Lothian_Buses" title="Lothian Buses">Lothian Buses</a>, the successor company to Edinburgh Corporation Transport Department, operate the majority of <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">city bus services</a> within the city and to surrounding suburbs, with the most routes running via Princes Street. Services further afield operate from the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Bus_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Bus Station">Edinburgh Bus Station</a> off <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew_Square,_Edinburgh" title="St Andrew Square, Edinburgh">St Andrew Square</a> and Waterloo Place and are operated mainly by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_East_Scotland" title="Stagecoach East Scotland">Stagecoach East Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Citylink" title="Scottish Citylink">Scottish Citylink</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express Coaches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borders_Buses" title="Borders Buses">Borders Buses</a>. Lothian Buses and <a href="/wiki/McGill%27s_Scotland_East" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill's Scotland East">McGill's Scotland East</a> operate the city's branded public <a href="/wiki/Tour_bus_service" title="Tour bus service">tour buses</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Night_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Night bus">night bus</a> service and airport buses are mainly operated by Lothian Buses link.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> In 2019, Lothian Buses recorded 124.2 million passenger journeys.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> To tackle <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a>, Edinburgh is now served by six <a href="/wiki/Park_%26_ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Park & ride">park & ride</a> sites on the periphery of the city at Sheriffhall (in Midlothian), <a href="/wiki/Ingliston" title="Ingliston">Ingliston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccarton,_Edinburgh" title="Riccarton, Edinburgh">Riccarton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverkeithing" title="Inverkeithing">Inverkeithing</a> (in Fife), <a href="/wiki/Newcraighall" title="Newcraighall">Newcraighall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Straiton,_Loanhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Straiton, Loanhead">Straiton</a> (in Midlothian). A <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_congestion_charge#Referendum" title="Edinburgh congestion charge">referendum</a> of Edinburgh residents in February 2005 rejected a proposal to introduce <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_congestion_charge" title="Edinburgh congestion charge">congestion charging</a> in the city. <a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Railway">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:334038_sits_at_Edinburgh_Waverley,_05_April_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/334038_sits_at_Edinburgh_Waverley%2C_05_April_2013.JPG/220px-334038_sits_at_Edinburgh_Waverley%2C_05_April_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/334038_sits_at_Edinburgh_Waverley%2C_05_April_2013.JPG/330px-334038_sits_at_Edinburgh_Waverley%2C_05_April_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/334038_sits_at_Edinburgh_Waverley%2C_05_April_2013.JPG/440px-334038_sits_at_Edinburgh_Waverley%2C_05_April_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A train preparing to depart from Edinburgh Waverley station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley</a> is the second-busiest railway station in Scotland, with only <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station" title="Glasgow Central railway station">Glasgow Central</a> handling more passengers. On the evidence of passenger entries and exits between April 2015 and March 2016, Edinburgh Waverley is the fifth-busiest station outside London; it is also the UK's second biggest station in terms of the number of platforms and area size.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> Waverley is the terminus for most trains arriving from <a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">London King's Cross</a> and the departure point for many <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Scotland">rail services within Scotland</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/ScotRail" title="ScotRail">ScotRail</a>. To the west of the city centre lies <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_railway_station" title="Haymarket railway station">Haymarket station</a>, which is an important commuter stop. Opened in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Park_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Park railway station">Edinburgh Park</a> station serves the Gyle business park in the west of the city and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Gogarburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogarburn">Gogarburn</a> headquarters of the Royal Bank of Scotland. The <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Crossrail" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Crossrail">Edinburgh Crossrail</a> route connects Edinburgh Park with Haymarket, Edinburgh Waverley and the suburban stations of <a href="/wiki/Brunstane_railway_station" title="Brunstane railway station">Brunstane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newcraighall_railway_station" title="Newcraighall railway station">Newcraighall</a> in the east of the city.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> There are also commuter lines to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Gateway" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Gateway">Edinburgh Gateway</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Gyle" title="South Gyle">South Gyle</a> and Dalmeny, the latter serving <a href="/wiki/South_Queensferry" title="South Queensferry">South Queensferry</a> by the Forth Bridges, and to <a href="/wiki/Wester_Hailes" title="Wester Hailes">Wester Hailes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curriehill" title="Curriehill">Curriehill</a> in the south-west of the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trams">Trams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Trams">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_trams,_Shandwick_Place.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Edinburgh_trams%2C_Shandwick_Place.JPG/220px-Edinburgh_trams%2C_Shandwick_Place.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Edinburgh_trams%2C_Shandwick_Place.JPG/330px-Edinburgh_trams%2C_Shandwick_Place.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Edinburgh_trams%2C_Shandwick_Place.JPG/440px-Edinburgh_trams%2C_Shandwick_Place.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Edinburgh Trams in Shandwick Place</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Trams" title="Edinburgh Trams">Edinburgh Trams</a> became operational on 31 May 2014. The city had been without a tram system since <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Corporation_Tramways" title="Edinburgh Corporation Tramways">Edinburgh Corporation Tramways</a> ceased on 16 November 1956.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> Following parliamentary approval in 2007, construction began in early 2008. The first stage of the project was expected to be completed by July 2011<a href="#cite_note-operational-248">[243]</a> but, following delays caused by extra utility work and a long-running contractual dispute between the council and the main contractor, <a href="/wiki/Bilfinger_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilfinger SE">Bilfinger SE</a>, the project was rescheduled.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> The line opened in 2014 but had been cut short to 8.7 mi (14.0 km) in length, running from <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport_tram_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Airport tram stop">Edinburgh Airport</a> To <a href="/wiki/York_Place,_Edinburgh" title="York Place, Edinburgh">York Place</a> in the east end of the city. The line was later extended north onto <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newhaven,_Edinburgh" title="Newhaven, Edinburgh">Newhaven</a> opening a further eight stops to passengers in June 2023. The York Place stop was replaced by a new island stop at <a href="/wiki/Greenside,_Edinburgh" title="Greenside, Edinburgh">Picardy Place</a>. The original plan would have seen a second line run from Haymarket through <a href="/wiki/Ravelston" title="Ravelston">Ravelston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craigleith,_Edinburgh" title="Craigleith, Edinburgh">Craigleith</a> to <a href="/wiki/Granton,_Edinburgh" title="Granton, Edinburgh">Granton Square</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfront Edinburgh">Waterfront Edinburgh</a>.This was shelved in 2011 but is now once again under consideration, as is another line potentially linking the south of the city and the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_BioQuarter" title="Edinburgh BioQuarter">Bioquarter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> There were also long-term plans for lines running west from the airport to <a href="/wiki/Ratho" title="Ratho">Ratho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newbridge,_Edinburgh" title="Newbridge, Edinburgh">Newbridge</a> and another connecting <a href="/wiki/Granton,_Edinburgh" title="Granton, Edinburgh">Granton</a> to Newhaven via Lower Granton Road. Lothian Buses and Edinburgh Trams are both owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Edinburgh" title="Transport for Edinburgh">Transport for Edinburgh</a>. Despite its modern transport links, in January 2021 Edinburgh was named the most congested city in the UK for the fourth year running, though has since fallen to 7th place in 2022 <a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Schools">edit</a>]</div> There are 18 nursery, 94 primary and 23 secondary <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Edinburgh" title="List of schools in Edinburgh">schools</a> administered by the City of Edinburgh Council.<a href="#cite_note-primaryschools-255">[250]</a> Edinburgh is home to <a href="/wiki/Royal_High_School,_Edinburgh" title="Royal High School, Edinburgh">The Royal High School</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom">oldest schools in the country</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the oldest schools in the world">the world</a>. The city also has several <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(UK)#Independent_schools_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (UK)">independent, fee-paying schools</a> including <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Academy" title="Edinburgh Academy">Edinburgh Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fettes_College" title="Fettes College">Fettes College</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Heriot%27s_School" title="George Heriot's School">George Heriot's School</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Watson%27s_College" title="George Watson's College">George Watson's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merchiston_Castle_School" title="Merchiston Castle School">Merchiston Castle School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stewart%27s_Melville_College" title="Stewart's Melville College">Stewart's Melville College</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Mary_Erskine_School" title="The Mary Erskine School">The Mary Erskine School</a>. In 2009, the proportion of pupils attending independent schools was 24.2%, far above the Scottish national average of just over 7% and higher than in any other region of Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-SCISstats-256">[251]</a> In August 2013, the City of Edinburgh Council opened the city's first stand-alone Gaelic primary school, <a href="/wiki/Bun-sgoil_Taobh_na_P%C3%A0irce" title="Bun-sgoil Taobh na Pàirce">Bun-sgoil Taobh na Pàirce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College_and_university">College and university</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: College and university">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_New_College_(8594473141).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Edinburgh_New_College_%288594473141%29.jpg/220px-Edinburgh_New_College_%288594473141%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Edinburgh_New_College_%288594473141%29.jpg/330px-Edinburgh_New_College_%288594473141%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Edinburgh_New_College_%288594473141%29.jpg/440px-Edinburgh_New_College_%288594473141%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh" title="New College, Edinburgh">New College</a> of the University of Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> There are three universities in Edinburgh: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Napier_University" title="Edinburgh Napier University">Edinburgh Napier University</a>. Established by royal charter in 1583, the University of Edinburgh is one of Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">ancient universities</a> and is the fourth oldest in the country after <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Universityhistory-258">[253]</a> Originally centred on <a href="/wiki/Old_College,_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Old College, University of Edinburgh">Old College</a> the university expanded to premises on The Mound, the Royal Mile and George Square.<a href="#cite_note-Universityhistory-258">[253]</a> Today, the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Buildings" title="King's Buildings">King's Buildings</a> in the south of the city contain most of the schools within the College of Science and Engineering. In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School">medical school</a> moved to purpose built accommodation adjacent to the new <a href="/wiki/Royal_Infirmary_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh">Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Little_France" title="Little France">Little France</a>. The university is placed 16th in the QS World University Rankings for 2022.<a href="#cite_note-University_Rankings-259">[254]</a> Heriot-Watt University is based at the <a href="/wiki/Riccarton,_Edinburgh" title="Riccarton, Edinburgh">Riccarton</a> campus in the west of Edinburgh. Originally established in 1821, as the world's first <a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanics' Institutes">mechanics' institute</a>, it was granted university status by royal charter in 1966. It has other campuses in the Scottish Borders, Orkney, United Arab Emirates and Putrajaya in Malaysia. It takes the name Heriot-Watt from Scottish inventor <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> and Scottish philanthropist and goldsmith <a href="/wiki/George_Heriot" title="George Heriot">George Heriot</a>. Heriot-Watt University has been named International University of the Year by The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2018. In the latest Research Excellence Framework, it was ranked overall in the Top 25% of UK universities and 1st in Scotland for research impact. Edinburgh Napier University was originally founded as the Napier College, which was renamed Napier Polytechnic in 1986 and gained university status in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Napierhistory-260">[255]</a> Edinburgh Napier University has campuses in the south and west of the city, including the former <a href="/wiki/Merchiston_Tower" title="Merchiston Tower">Merchiston Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craiglockhart_Hydropathic" title="Craiglockhart Hydropathic">Craiglockhart Hydropathic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Napierhistory-260">[255]</a> It is home to the <a href="/wiki/Screen_Academy_Scotland" title="Screen Academy Scotland">Screen Academy Scotland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Margaret_University" title="Queen Margaret University">Queen Margaret University</a> was located in Edinburgh before it moved to a new campus just outside the city boundary on the edge of <a href="/wiki/Musselburgh" title="Musselburgh">Musselburgh</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> Until 2012, further education colleges in the city included <a href="/wiki/Jewel_and_Esk_College" title="Jewel and Esk College">Jewel and Esk College</a> (incorporating <a href="/wiki/Leith_Nautical_College" title="Leith Nautical College">Leith Nautical College</a> founded in 1903), <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh%27s_Telford_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh's Telford College">Telford College</a>, opened in 1968, and <a href="/wiki/Stevenson_College_(Edinburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevenson College (Edinburgh)">Stevenson College</a>, opened in 1970. These have now been amalgamated to form <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_College" title="Edinburgh College">Edinburgh College</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Rural_College" title="Scotland's Rural College">Scotland's Rural College</a> also has a campus in south Edinburgh. Other institutions include the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh">Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh">Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh</a> which were established by royal charter in 1506 and 1681 respectively. The Trustees Drawing Academy of Edinburgh, founded in 1760, became the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_College_of_Art" title="Edinburgh College of Art">Edinburgh College of Art</a> in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdinburghRoyalInfirmary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/EdinburghRoyalInfirmary.jpg/220px-EdinburghRoyalInfirmary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/EdinburghRoyalInfirmary.jpg/330px-EdinburghRoyalInfirmary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/EdinburghRoyalInfirmary.jpg/440px-EdinburghRoyalInfirmary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh is the main public hospital for the city.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Scotland#City_of_Edinburgh" title="List of hospitals in Scotland">List of hospitals in Edinburgh</a></div> The main <a href="/wiki/NHS_Lothian" title="NHS Lothian">NHS Lothian</a> hospitals serving the Edinburgh area are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Infirmary_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh">Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School">University of Edinburgh Medical School</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_General_Hospital" title="Western General Hospital">Western General Hospital</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hospitals-263">[258]</a> which has a large cancer treatment centre and nurse-led Minor Injuries Clinic.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Edinburgh_Hospital" title="Royal Edinburgh Hospital">Royal Edinburgh Hospital</a> in Morningside specialises in mental health. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hospital_for_Children_and_Young_People" title="Royal Hospital for Children and Young People">Royal Hospital for Children and Young People</a>, colloquially referred to as the Sick Kids, is a specialist <a href="/wiki/Paediatrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Paediatrics">paediatrics</a> hospital. There are two private hospitals: Murrayfield Hospital in the west of the city and Shawfair Hospital in the south; both are owned by <a href="/wiki/Spire_Healthcare" title="Spire Healthcare">Spire Healthcare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hospitals-263">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Men's">Men's</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Men's">edit</a>]</div> Edinburgh has four <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> clubs that play in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Professional_Football_League" title="Scottish Professional Football League">Scottish Professional Football League</a> (SPFL): <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C." title="Heart of Midlothian F.C.">Heart of Midlothian</a>, founded in 1874, <a href="/wiki/Hibernian_F.C." title="Hibernian F.C.">Hibernian</a>, founded in 1875, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_City_F.C." title="Edinburgh City F.C.">Edinburgh City F.C.</a>, founded in 1966 and <a href="/wiki/Spartans_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Spartans F.C.">Spartans</a>, founded in 1951. Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian are known locally as "Hearts" and "Hibs", respectively. Both play in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Premiership" title="Scottish Premiership">Scottish Premiership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> They are the oldest city rivals in Scotland and the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_derby" title="Edinburgh derby">Edinburgh derby</a> is one of the oldest derby matches in world football. Both clubs have won the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_football_champions" title="List of Scottish football champions">Scottish league championship</a> four times. Hearts have won the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cup" title="Scottish Cup">Scottish Cup</a> eight times and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup" title="Scottish League Cup">Scottish League Cup</a> four times. Hibs have won the Scottish Cup and the Scottish League Cup three times each. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_City_F.C." title="Edinburgh City F.C.">Edinburgh City</a> were promoted to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_League_Two" title="Scottish League Two">Scottish League Two</a> in the 2015–16 season, becoming the first club to win promotion to the SPFL via the pyramid system playoffs. Edinburgh was also home to four other <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Scottish_Football_League_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of former Scottish Football League clubs">former Scottish Football League clubs</a>: the original <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_City_F.C._(1928)" title="Edinburgh City F.C. (1928)">Edinburgh City</a> (founded in 1928), <a href="/wiki/Leith_Athletic_F.C." title="Leith Athletic F.C.">Leith Athletic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meadowbank_Thistle_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Meadowbank Thistle F.C.">Meadowbank Thistle</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Bernard%27s_F.C." title="St Bernard's F.C.">St Bernard's</a>. Meadowbank Thistle played at <a href="/wiki/Meadowbank_Stadium" title="Meadowbank Stadium">Meadowbank Stadium</a> until 1995, when the club moved to <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_West_Lothian" title="Livingston, West Lothian">Livingston</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Livingston_F.C." title="Livingston F.C.">Livingston F.C</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scotland_men%27s_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotland men's national football team">Scottish national team</a> has very occasionally played at <a href="/wiki/Easter_Road" title="Easter Road">Easter Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tynecastle_Park" title="Tynecastle Park">Tynecastle</a>, although its normal <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team_home_stadium" title="Scotland national football team home stadium">home stadium</a> is <a href="/wiki/Hampden_Park" title="Hampden Park">Hampden Park</a> in Glasgow. St Bernard's' <a href="/wiki/New_Logie_Green" title="New Logie Green">New Logie Green</a> was used to host the <a href="/wiki/1896_Scottish_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1896 Scottish Cup Final">1896 Scottish Cup Final</a>, the only time the match has been played outside Glasgow.<a href="#cite_note-UD-266">[261]</a> The city also plays host to <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Football_League" title="Lowland Football League">Lowland Football League</a> clubs <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Strollers_F.C." title="Civil Service Strollers F.C.">Civil Service Strollers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_A.F.C." title="Edinburgh University A.F.C.">Edinburgh University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spartans_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Spartans F.C.">Spartans</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/East_of_Scotland_Football_League" title="East of Scotland Football League">East of Scotland League</a> clubs <a href="/wiki/Craigroyston_F.C." title="Craigroyston F.C.">Craigroyston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_United_F.C." title="Edinburgh United F.C.">Edinburgh United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University_F.C." title="Heriot-Watt University F.C.">Heriot-Watt University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leith_Athletic_F.C." title="Leith Athletic F.C.">Leith Athletic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothian_Thistle_Hutchison_Vale_F.C." title="Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale F.C.">Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tynecastle_F.C." title="Tynecastle F.C.">Tynecastle</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's">Women's</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Women's">edit</a>]</div> In women's football, <a href="/wiki/Hearts_Ladies_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Hearts Ladies F.C.">Hearts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hibernian_L.F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernian L.F.C.">Hibs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spartans_W.F.C." title="Spartans W.F.C.">Spartans</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League" title="Scottish Women's Premier League">SWPL 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lothian_Thistle_Hutchison_Vale_F.C.#Women" title="Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale F.C.">Hutchison Vale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boroughmuir_Thistle_F.C." title="Boroughmuir Thistle F.C.">Boroughmuir Thistle</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League" title="Scottish Women's Premier League">SWPL 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby">Rugby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Rugby">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland national rugby union team</a> play at <a href="/wiki/Murrayfield_Stadium" title="Murrayfield Stadium">Murrayfield Stadium</a>, and the professional <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Rugby" title="Edinburgh Rugby">Edinburgh Rugby</a> team play at the nextdoor <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Rugby_Stadium" title="Edinburgh Rugby Stadium">Edinburgh Rugby Stadium</a>; both are owned by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union" title="Scottish Rugby Union">Scottish Rugby Union</a> and are also used for other events, including music concerts. Murrayfield is the largest capacity stadium in Scotland, seating 67,144 spectators.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> Edinburgh is also home to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Premiership_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Premiership (rugby)">Scottish Premiership</a> teams <a href="/wiki/Boroughmuir_RFC" title="Boroughmuir RFC">Boroughmuir RFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Currie_RFC" title="Currie RFC">Currie RFC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Academicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Academicals">Edinburgh Academicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heriot%27s_Rugby_Club" title="Heriot's Rugby Club">Heriot's Rugby Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watsonians_RFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Watsonians RFC">Watsonians RFC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> The Edinburgh Academicals ground at <a href="/wiki/Raeburn_Place" title="Raeburn Place">Raeburn Place</a> was the location of the world's first international rugby game on 27 March 1871, between Scotland and England.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Eagles" title="Edinburgh Eagles">Edinburgh Eagles</a> who play in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_Scotland_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League Conference Scotland Division">Rugby League Conference Scotland Division</a>. Murrayfield Stadium has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Magic_Weekend" title="Magic Weekend">Magic Weekend</a> where all <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a> matches are played in the stadium over one weekend. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tynecastle_Park,_January_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tynecastle Park"><img alt="Tynecastle Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tynecastle_Park%2C_January_2018.jpg/319px-Tynecastle_Park%2C_January_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tynecastle_Park%2C_January_2018.jpg/479px-Tynecastle_Park%2C_January_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tynecastle_Park%2C_January_2018.jpg/638px-Tynecastle_Park%2C_January_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5984" data-file-height="3376" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tynecastle_Park" title="Tynecastle Park">Tynecastle Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_Road_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Easter Road Stadium"><img alt="Easter Road Stadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Easter_Road_2010.JPG/240px-Easter_Road_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Easter_Road_2010.JPG/360px-Easter_Road_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Easter_Road_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="315" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Road_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Road Stadium">Easter Road Stadium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_pot_of_gold..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_718806.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murrayfield Stadium"><img alt="Murrayfield Stadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/A_pot_of_gold..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_718806.jpg/240px-A_pot_of_gold..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_718806.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/A_pot_of_gold..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_718806.jpg/360px-A_pot_of_gold..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_718806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/A_pot_of_gold..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_718806.jpg/480px-A_pot_of_gold..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_718806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Murrayfield_Stadium" title="Murrayfield Stadium">Murrayfield Stadium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Meadowbank-track-and-field.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meadowbank Stadium"><img alt="Meadowbank Stadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Meadowbank-track-and-field.jpg/240px-Meadowbank-track-and-field.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Meadowbank-track-and-field.jpg/360px-Meadowbank-track-and-field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Meadowbank-track-and-field.jpg/480px-Meadowbank-track-and-field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Meadowbank_Stadium" title="Meadowbank Stadium">Meadowbank Stadium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Loch_Ness_monster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1501091.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edinburgh Marathon"><img alt="Edinburgh Marathon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Loch_Ness_monster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1501091.jpg/240px-Loch_Ness_monster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1501091.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Loch_Ness_monster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1501091.jpg/360px-Loch_Ness_monster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1501091.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Loch_Ness_monster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1501091.jpg/480px-Loch_Ness_monster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1501091.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Edinburgh Marathon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Capitals_vs_Belfast_Giants.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murrayfield Ice Rink"><img alt="Murrayfield Ice Rink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Edinburgh_Capitals_vs_Belfast_Giants.jpg/253px-Edinburgh_Capitals_vs_Belfast_Giants.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Edinburgh_Capitals_vs_Belfast_Giants.jpg/380px-Edinburgh_Capitals_vs_Belfast_Giants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Edinburgh_Capitals_vs_Belfast_Giants.jpg/507px-Edinburgh_Capitals_vs_Belfast_Giants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1066" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Murrayfield Ice Rink</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish cricket team">Scottish cricket team</a>, which represents Scotland internationally, play their home matches at the <a href="/wiki/The_Grange_Club" title="The Grange Club">Grange cricket club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Capitals" title="Edinburgh Capitals">Edinburgh Capitals</a> are the latest of a succession of <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> clubs in the Scottish capital. Previously Edinburgh was represented by the <a href="/wiki/Murrayfield_Racers_(2018)" title="Murrayfield Racers (2018)">Murrayfield Racers (2018)</a>, the original <a href="/wiki/Murrayfield_Racers" title="Murrayfield Racers">Murrayfield Racers</a> (who folded in 1996) and the Edinburgh Racers. The club play their home games at the <a href="/wiki/Murrayfield_Ice_Rink" title="Murrayfield Ice Rink">Murrayfield Ice Rink</a> and have competed in the eleven-team professional <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_League_(ice_hockey)" title="Scottish National League (ice hockey)">Scottish National League (SNL)</a> since the 2018–19 season.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> Next door to Murrayfield Ice Rink is a 7-sheeter dedicated <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a> facility where curling is played from October to March each season. <a href="/wiki/Caledonia_Pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Caledonia Pride">Caledonia Pride</a> are the only women's professional basketball team in Scotland. Established in 2016, the team compete in the UK wide <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_British_Basketball_League" title="Women's British Basketball League">Women's British Basketball League</a> and play their home matches at the <a href="/wiki/Oriam" title="Oriam">Oriam</a> National Performance Centre. Edinburgh also has several men's basketball teams within the Scottish National League. <a href="/wiki/Boroughmuir_Blaze" class="mw-redirect" title="Boroughmuir Blaze">Boroughmuir Blaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Edinburgh Kings">City of Edinburgh Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Lions">Edinburgh Lions</a> all compete in Division 1 of the National League, and <a href="/wiki/Pleasance_B.C." title="Pleasance B.C.">Pleasance B.C.</a> compete in Division 2. The <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Diamond_Devils" title="Edinburgh Diamond Devils">Edinburgh Diamond Devils</a> is a baseball club which won its first Scottish Championship in 1991 as the "Reivers". 1992 saw the team repeat the achievement, becoming the first team to do so in league history. The same year saw the start of their first youth team, the Blue Jays. The club adopted its present name in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> Edinburgh has also hosted national and international sports events including the <a href="/wiki/World_Student_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="World Student Games">World Student Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1970_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1970 British Commonwealth Games">1970 British Commonwealth Games</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cwgs-275">[270]</a> the <a href="/wiki/1986_Commonwealth_Games" title="1986 Commonwealth Games">1986 Commonwealth Games</a><a href="#cite_note-cwgs-275">[270]</a> and the inaugural 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games.<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> For the 1970 Games the city built Olympic standard venues and facilities including Meadowbank Stadium and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Pool" title="Royal Commonwealth Pool">Royal Commonwealth Pool</a>. The Pool underwent refurbishment in 2012 and hosted the Diving competition in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Commonwealth_Games" title="2014 Commonwealth Games">2014 Commonwealth Games</a> which were held in Glasgow.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> In <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Claymores" title="Scottish Claymores">Scottish Claymores</a> played <a href="/wiki/World_League_of_American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="World League of American Football">WLAF</a>/<a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a> games at Murrayfield, including their <a href="/wiki/World_Bowl_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bowl IV">World Bowl 96</a> victory. From 1995 to 1997 they played all their games there, from 1998 to 2000 they split their home matches between Murrayfield and Glasgow's Hampden Park, then moved to Glasgow full-time, with one final Murrayfield appearance in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> The city's most successful non-professional team are the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Wolves" title="Edinburgh Wolves">Edinburgh Wolves</a> who play at Meadowbank Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Marathon" title="Edinburgh Marathon">Edinburgh Marathon</a> has been held annually in the city since 2003 with more than 16,000 runners taking part on each occasion.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> Its organisers have called it "the fastest marathon in the UK" due to the elevation drop of 40 m (130 ft).<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> The city also organises a half-marathon, as well as <a href="/wiki/10,000_metres" title="10,000 metres">10 km</a> (6.2 mi) and <a href="/wiki/5000_metres" title="5000 metres">5 km</a> (3.1 mi) races, including a 5 km (3 mi) race on 1 January each year. Edinburgh has a <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">speedway</a> team, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Monarchs" title="Edinburgh Monarchs">Edinburgh Monarchs</a>, which, since the loss of its stadium in the city, has raced at the Lothian Arena in <a href="/wiki/Armadale,_West_Lothian" title="Armadale, West Lothian">Armadale, West Lothian</a>. The Monarchs have won the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League_(speedway)" title="Premier League (speedway)">Premier League</a> championship five times in their history, in 2003<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> and again in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> 2010, 2014 and 2015. For basketball, the city has a basketball club, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Tigers" title="Edinburgh Tigers">Edinburgh Tigers</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: People">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Edinburgh" title="List of people from Edinburgh">List of people from Edinburgh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Edinburgh_people" title="List of University of Edinburgh people">List of University of Edinburgh people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Raeburn-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Raeburn-2.jpg/170px-Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Raeburn-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Raeburn-2.jpg/255px-Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Raeburn-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Raeburn-2.jpg/340px-Sir_Walter_Scott_-_Raeburn-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2321" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deacon_Brodie_figure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Deacon_Brodie_figure.jpg/170px-Deacon_Brodie_figure.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Deacon_Brodie_figure.jpg/255px-Deacon_Brodie_figure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Deacon_Brodie_figure.jpg/340px-Deacon_Brodie_figure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Deacon Brodie on Edinburgh's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mile" title="Royal Mile">Royal Mile</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greyfriars_Bobby_statue,_Edinburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Greyfriars_Bobby_statue%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/170px-Greyfriars_Bobby_statue%2C_Edinburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Greyfriars_Bobby_statue%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/255px-Greyfriars_Bobby_statue%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Greyfriars_Bobby_statue%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/340px-Greyfriars_Bobby_statue%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Bobby_Fountain" title="Greyfriars Bobby Fountain">Greyfriars Bobby Fountain</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JCM_Edinburgh_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/JCM_Edinburgh_Statue.jpg/170px-JCM_Edinburgh_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/JCM_Edinburgh_Statue.jpg/255px-JCM_Edinburgh_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/JCM_Edinburgh_Statue.jpg/340px-JCM_Edinburgh_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Statue of James Clerk Maxwell, George Street, Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> Edinburgh has a long literary tradition, which became especially evident during the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a>. This heritage and the city's lively literary life in the present led to it being declared the first <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_City_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO City of Literature">UNESCO City of Literature</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Urbanism-284">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> Prominent authors who have lived in Edinburgh include the economist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Kirkcaldy" title="Kirkcaldy">Kirkcaldy</a> and author of <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-famouspeoplecouncil-286">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">James Boswell</a>, biographer of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Samuel_Johnson" title="Life of Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>; Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, creator of the historical novel and author of works such as <a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_(novel)" title="Rob Roy (novel)">Rob Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Heart_of_Midlothian" title="The Heart of Midlothian">Heart of Midlothian</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Hogg" title="James Hogg">James Hogg</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Private_Memoirs_and_Confessions_of_a_Justified_Sinner" title="The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner">The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> creator of <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_(novel)" title="Kidnapped (novel)">Kidnapped</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" title="Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, the creator of <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Muriel_Spark" title="Muriel Spark">Muriel Spark</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Prime_of_Miss_Jean_Brodie_(novel)" title="The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (novel)">The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Irvine_Welsh" title="Irvine Welsh">Irvine Welsh</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Trainspotting_(novel)" title="Trainspotting (novel)">Trainspotting</a>, whose novels are mostly set in the city and often written in colloquial <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>; <a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Rankin" title="Ian Rankin">Ian Rankin</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Detective_Inspector_John_Rebus" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective Inspector John Rebus">Inspector Rebus</a> series of crime thrillers, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McCall_Smith" title="Alexander McCall Smith">Alexander McCall Smith</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/No._1_Ladies%27_Detective_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency">No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency</a> series,<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a>, who wrote much of her first book in Edinburgh coffee shops and now lives in the Cramond area of the city.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a> Scotland has a rich history of science and engineering, with Edinburgh producing a number of leading figures. <a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a>, inventor of <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithms</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/Merchiston_Tower" title="Merchiston Tower">Merchiston Tower</a> and lived and died in the city.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> His house now forms part of the original campus of Napier University which was named in his honour. He lies buried under St. Cuthbert's Church. <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, founder of the modern theory of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>, was born at 14 India Street (now the home of the <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell_Foundation" title="James Clerk Maxwell Foundation">James Clerk Maxwell Foundation</a>) and educated at the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Academy" title="Edinburgh Academy">Edinburgh Academy</a> and the University of Edinburgh,<a href="#cite_note-famouspeoplecouncil-286">[281]</a> as was the engineer and telephone pioneer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-famouspeoplecouncil-286">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Braidwood_(firefighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Braidwood (firefighter)">James Braidwood</a>, who organised Britain's first municipal fire brigade, was also born in the city and began his career there. Other names connected with the city include physicist <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, a principle founder of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel laureate</a>;<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, the biologist who propounded the theory of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>;<a href="#cite_note-famouspeoplecouncil-286">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, philosopher, economist and historian;<a href="#cite_note-famouspeoplecouncil-286">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a>, regarded as the "Father of Geology";<a href="#cite_note-famouspeoplecouncil-286">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a>, the chemist who discovered <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a>;<a href="#cite_note-famouspeoplecouncil-286">[281]</a> pioneering medical researchers <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister">Joseph Lister</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Young_Simpson" title="James Young Simpson">James Young Simpson</a>;<a href="#cite_note-famouspeoplecouncil-286">[281]</a> chemist and discoverer of the element <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rutherford" title="Daniel Rutherford">Daniel Rutherford</a>; <a href="/wiki/Colin_Maclaurin" title="Colin Maclaurin">Colin Maclaurin</a>, mathematician and developer of the <a href="/wiki/Maclaurin_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Maclaurin series">Maclaurin series</a>,<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Wilmut" title="Ian Wilmut">Ian Wilmut</a>, the geneticist involved in the cloning of <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly the sheep</a> just outside Edinburgh, at the <a href="/wiki/Roslin_Institute" title="Roslin Institute">Roslin Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-famouspeoplecouncil-286">[281]</a> The stuffed carcass of Dolly the sheep is now on display in the National Museum of Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> The latest in a long line of science celebrities associated with the city is theoretical physicist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel laureate</a> and professor emeritus at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>, born in Newcastle but resident in Edinburgh for most of his academic career, after whom the <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a> particle has been named.<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a> Edinburgh has been the birthplace of actors like <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Sim" title="Alastair Sim">Alastair Sim</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>, known for being the first cinematic <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a>,<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> the comedian and actor <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Corbett" title="Ronnie Corbett">Ronnie Corbett</a>, best known as one of <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Ronnies" title="The Two Ronnies">The Two Ronnies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> and the impressionist <a href="/wiki/Rory_Bremner" title="Rory Bremner">Rory Bremner</a>. Famous artists from the city include the portrait painters Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Raeburn" title="Henry Raeburn">Henry Raeburn</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Wilkie_(artist)" title="David Wilkie (artist)">David Wilkie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(artist)" title="Allan Ramsay (artist)">Allan Ramsay</a>. The city has produced or been home to some very successful musicians in recent decades, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ian_Anderson" title="Ian Anderson">Ian Anderson</a>, front man of the band <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)" title="Jethro Tull (band)">Jethro Tull</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_String_Band" title="The Incredible String Band">The Incredible String Band</a>, the folk duo <a href="/wiki/The_Corries" title="The Corries">The Corries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wattie_Buchan" title="Wattie Buchan">Wattie Buchan</a>, lead singer and founding member of punk band <a href="/wiki/The_Exploited" title="The Exploited">The Exploited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Manson" title="Shirley Manson">Shirley Manson</a>, lead singer of the band <a href="/wiki/Garbage_(band)" title="Garbage (band)">Garbage</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_City_Rollers" title="Bay City Rollers">Bay City Rollers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Proclaimers" title="The Proclaimers">The Proclaimers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swim_School" title="Swim School">Swim School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boards_of_Canada" title="Boards of Canada">Boards of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idlewild_(band)" title="Idlewild (band)">Idlewild</a>. Edinburgh is the birthplace of former British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> who attended the city's <a href="/wiki/Fettes_College" title="Fettes College">Fettes College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> Notorious criminals from Edinburgh's past include <a href="/wiki/Deacon_Brodie" class="mw-redirect" title="Deacon Brodie">Deacon Brodie</a>, head of a trades guild and Edinburgh city councillor by day but a burglar by night, who is said to have been the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>'s story, the <a href="/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" title="Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a>,<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> and murderers <a href="/wiki/Burke_and_Hare" class="mw-redirect" title="Burke and Hare">Burke and Hare</a> who delivered fresh corpses for dissection to the famous anatomist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(surgeon)" title="Robert Knox (surgeon)">Robert Knox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> Another well-known Edinburgh resident was <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Bobby" title="Greyfriars Bobby">Greyfriars Bobby</a>. The small <a href="/wiki/Skye_Terrier" title="Skye Terrier">Skye Terrier</a> reputedly kept vigil over his dead master's grave in <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirkyard" title="Greyfriars Kirkyard">Greyfriars Kirkyard</a> for 14 years in the 1860s and 1870s, giving rise to a story of canine devotion which plays a part in attracting visitors to the city.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Scotland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Scotland">List of twin towns and sister cities in Scotland</a></div> The City of Edinburgh has entered into 14 international <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">twinning</a> arrangements since 1954.<a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh_twinning-302">[297]</a> Most of the arrangements are styled as Twin Cities but the agreement with <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> is designated as a Partner City,<a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh_twinning-302">[297]</a> and the agreement with <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture" title="Kyoto Prefecture">Kyoto Prefecture</a> is officially styled as a Friendship Link, reflecting its status as the only region to be twinned with Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh_twinning-302">[297]</a> In June 2024, the City of Edinburgh Council shelved plans for a friendship arrangement with <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>, Taiwan, after a report raised concerned the agreement could heighten cyber attacks. A few weeks before the decision, the Chinese consul general met with Scottish government minister <a href="/wiki/Angus_Robertson" title="Angus Robertson">Angus Robertson</a> to protest the potential agreement. In a letter to the city council, the Chinese representative said signing a sister city agreement "will <a href="/wiki/Hurting_the_feelings_of_the_Chinese_people" title="Hurting the feelings of the Chinese people">hurt the feeling of the Chinese people</a> and bring about serious consequences to … bilateral relations."<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Since </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany</td> <td>1954 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France</td> <td>1958<a href="#cite_note-Nice_Jumellage-304">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archant_twinning-305">[300]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy</td> <td>1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>, New Zealand</td> <td>1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia, Canada</td> <td>1977<a href="#cite_note-Vancouver-306">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California, United States</td> <td>1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, China</td> <td>1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, Spain</td> <td>1985<a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh-307">[302]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</td> <td>1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a>, Denmark</td> <td>1991<a href="#cite_note-Aalborg_twinnings-308">[303]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture" title="Kyoto Prefecture">Kyoto Prefecture</a>, Japan</td> <td>1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td> <td>1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland</td> <td>1995<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-309">[304]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</td> <td>1995<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-310">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh2-311">[306]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, China</td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> For a list of consulates in Edinburgh, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomatic missions in Scotland">List of diplomatic missions in Scotland</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/48px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/64px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="255" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Edinburgh" title="Portal:Edinburgh">Edinburgh portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Edinburgh" title="Outline of Edinburgh">Outline of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Scotland" title="National Archives of Scotland">National Archives of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPENCities" title="OPENCities">OPENCities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism in Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_141-2">c</a> New category created for the 2011 census </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Category restructured for the 2011 census </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> This figure does not include <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/flags/edinburgh-flag/">"Flag Institute, Edinburgh (Midlothian)"</a>. Retrieved 13 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flag+Institute%2C+Edinburgh+%28Midlothian%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flaginstitute.org%2Fwp%2Fflags%2Fedinburgh-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartram2004" class="citation book cs1">Bartram, Graham (2004). British Flags and Emblems. Flag Institute. p. 64. <q>All the cities, and most of the towns, in the UK have coats-of-arms, and many of them use banner of these arms on their civic buildings and on the official car of their Mayor, Provost, Lord Mayor or Lord Provost. As with armorial county flags they are technically for the sole use of the city or town's council, but in some cases they are used more widely. 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Birlinn Ltd. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84158-747-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84158-747-9"><bdi>978-1-84158-747-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Edinburgh&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Birlinn+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84158-747-9&rft.aulast=Coghill&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1972" class="citation book cs1">Ritchie, J. N. G. and A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1z4rAQAACAAJ">Edinburgh and South-East Scotland</a>. Heinemann. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32971-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32971-6"><bdi>978-0-435-32971-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101001136/https://books.google.com/books?id=1z4rAQAACAAJ&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. 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Vol. 12. <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Scotland" title="Society of Antiquaries of Scotland">Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903-903127" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903-903127"><bdi>978-0-903-903127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excavations+within+Edinburgh+Castle+in+1988%E2%80%9391&rft.series=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland+monograph+series&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-903-903127&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Yeoman%2C+Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ifor_Williams" title="Ifor Williams">Williams, Ifor</a> (1972). 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University of Wales Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0465-5"><bdi>978-0-7083-0465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Heroic+Age%3A+the+Welsh+and+the+Men+of+the+North&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-0465-5&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Nora+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumville1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dumville, David (1995). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.covenanter.org.uk/Greyfriars/">the original</a> on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+Covenanter+Memorials+Association&rft.pub=covenanter.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.covenanter.org.uk%2FGreyfriars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Charter_by_King_James_VI,_14_April_1582">"Charter by King James VI, 14 April 1582"</a>. University of Edinburgh – Our History. 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London: Longmans, Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+University+of+Edinburgh+during+Its+First+Three+Hundred+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1967" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Gordon (1967). Scottish Kings. Batsford. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Kings&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1990" class="citation book cs1">Newman, P R (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoengli0000newm/page/13">Companion to the English Civil Wars</a>. Oxford: Facts on File Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoengli0000newm/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2237-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2237-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-2237-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+English+Civil+Wars&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Facts+on+File+Ltd&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-2237-3&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=P+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontoengli0000newm%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_C._Manganiello2004" class="citation book cs1">Stephen C. Manganiello (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=an-eXXA3DBMC">The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639–1660</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 587. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5100-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-5100-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528020433/http://books.google.com/books?id=an-eXXA3DBMC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+Revolutions+and+Wars+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Ireland%2C+1639%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=587&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5100-9&rft.au=Stephen+C.+Manganiello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dan-eXXA3DBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1824" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Robert (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noticesmostrema00chamgoog">Notices of the most remarkable fires in Edinburgh, from 1385 to 1824</a>. C. Smith & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noticesmostrema00chamgoog/page/n20">11</a>. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notices+of+the+most+remarkable+fires+in+Edinburgh%2C+from+1385+to+1824&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=C.+Smith+%26+Company&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoticesmostrema00chamgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeet2011" class="citation journal cs1">Peet, Gerard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/321-the-origin-of-the-skyscraper.pdf">"The Origin of the Skyscraper"</a> (PDF). CTBUH Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180629024523/http://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/321-the-origin-of-the-skyscraper.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTBUH+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Skyscraper&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Peet&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.ctbuh.org%2Fresources%2Fpapers%2Fdownload%2F321-the-origin-of-the-skyscraper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Neil (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygf59UOCPfQC&q=skyscrapers&pg=PA37">Edinburgh Encounter</a>. Lonely Planet. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-306-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-306-2"><bdi>978-1-74179-306-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+Encounter&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74179-306-2&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygf59UOCPfQC%26q%3Dskyscrapers%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/news/high-praise-citys-first-police-2462621">"High praise for city's first police"</a>. www.scotsman.com. August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scotsman.com&rft.atitle=High+praise+for+city%27s+first+police&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fhigh-praise-citys-first-police-2462621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1979" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Paul (1979). 1707: the Union of Scotland and England. Chambers. pp. 51–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-550-20265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-550-20265-9"><bdi>978-0-550-20265-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1707%3A+the+Union+of+Scotland+and+England&rft.pages=51-54&rft.pub=Chambers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-550-20265-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1998" class="citation book cs1">Kelly (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223826/https://books.google.com/books?id=xpZy8nEtE4cC&pg">The making of the United Kingdom and Black peoples of the Americas</a>. Heinemann. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-30959-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-30959-6"><bdi>978-0-435-30959-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpZy8nEtE4cC">the original</a> on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+the+United+Kingdom+and+Black+peoples+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-435-30959-6&rft.au=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxpZy8nEtE4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefoe1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Defoe, Daniel</a> (1978). A Tour Through The Whole Island of Britain. London: Penguin. p. 577... I believe, this may be said with truth, that in no city in the world so many people live in so little room as at Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tour+Through+The+Whole+Island+of+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=577&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Defoe&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopham1971" class="citation book cs1">Topham, E. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NE9AAAAcAAJ">Letters from Edinburgh 1774–1775</a>. Edinburgh: James Thin. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-236-68255-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-236-68255-0"><bdi>978-1-236-68255-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101001136/https://books.google.com/books?id=1NE9AAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2013... I make no manner of doubt but that the High Street in Edinburgh is inhabited by a greater number of persons than any street in Europe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+from+Edinburgh+1774%E2%80%931775&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=James+Thin&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-1-236-68255-0&rft.aulast=Topham&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NE9AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1906" class="citation book cs1">Graham, H. G. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-QgPAAAAQAAJ">The Social Life of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century</a>. London: Adam and Charles Black. p. 85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424142257/http://books.google.com/books?id=-QgPAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Life+of+Scotland+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-QgPAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenman1986" class="citation book cs1">Lenman, Bruce (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZNnAAAAMAAJ">The Jacobite Cause</a>. Richard Drew Publishing. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86267-159-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86267-159-4"><bdi>978-0-86267-159-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101001136/https://books.google.com/books?id=sZNnAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobite+Cause&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Richard+Drew+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-86267-159-4&rft.aulast=Lenman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZNnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1987" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, W (1987). Scotland, 1689 to the Present. Edinburgh: Mercat Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901824-86-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901824-86-8"><bdi>978-0-901824-86-8</bdi></a>-</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%2C+1689+to+the+Present&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Mercat+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-901824-86-8&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988">--These clans were mainly Episcopalian (70 per cent) and Roman Catholic (30 per cent), p.151. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeayKeay1994" class="citation book cs1">Keay, K; Keay, J (1994). Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. HarperCollins. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255082-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255082-6"><bdi>978-0-00-255082-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collins+Encyclopaedia+of+Scotland&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255082-6&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Keay%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-princeshist-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-princeshist_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-princeshist_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princes-street.com/history.html">"History of Princes Street"</a>. princes-street.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029120404/http://www.princes-street.com/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Princes+Street&rft.pub=princes-street.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princes-street.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588/arthistoricum.493.c6562">Alexis Joachimides, "Edinburgh's First New Town from a Transnational Perspective – Continental Sources for Eighteenth-Century Town Planning in Britain"</a>, in Maria Effinger, et al. (eds.), Von analogen und digitalen Zugängen zur Kunst: Festschrift für Hubertus Kohle zum 60. Geburtstag (Heidelberg University: arthistoricum.net, 2019), pp. 71–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Robertson1997" class="citation book cs1">William Robertson (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nS5CMLeamwC">William Robertson and the expansion of empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521570831" title="Special:BookSources/9780521570831"><bdi>9780521570831</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101001136/https://books.google.com/books?id=8nS5CMLeamwC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Robertson+and+the+expansion+of+empire&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521570831&rft.au=William+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nS5CMLeamwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNhT1uVIZvYC">Blackwood's Edinburgh magazine</a>. Vol. 11. 1822. p. 323. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101001136/https://books.google.com/books?id=PNhT1uVIZvYC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackwood%27s+Edinburgh+magazine&rft.pages=323&rft.date=1822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNhT1uVIZvYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2160/pg2160.txt">"Letter from Matthew Bramble on August 8"</a>. The Expedition of Humphry Clinker. Project Gutenberg. 2000. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Matthew+Bramble+on+August+8&rft.btitle=The+Expedition+of+Humphry+Clinker&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F2160%2Fpg2160.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk/manuscripts/html_output/5.html">"The manuscripts, Letter from Andrew Millar to Robert Wodrow, 15 July, 1725. Andrew Millar Project. University of Edinburgh"</a>. www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004224547/http://www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk/manuscripts/html_output/5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+manuscripts%2C+Letter+from+Andrew+Millar+to+Robert+Wodrow%2C+15+July%2C+1725.+Andrew+Millar+Project.+University+of+Edinburgh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millar-project.ed.ac.uk%2Fmanuscripts%2Fhtml_output%2F5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungson1988" class="citation book cs1">Youngson, A J (1988). The Making of Classical Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-576-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-576-7"><bdi>978-0-85224-576-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Classical+Edinburgh&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-85224-576-7&rft.aulast=Youngson&rft.aufirst=A+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadginRodger2013" class="citation journal cs1">Madgin, Rebecca; Rodger, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/inspiring-capital-deconstructing-myths-and-reconstructing-urban-e">"Inspiring Capital ? Deconstructing myths and reconstructing urban environments, Edinburgh, 1860–2010"</a>. Research Output. 40 (3). Edinburgh University: 507–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0963926813000448">10.1017/S0963926813000448</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145373686">145373686</a>. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Output&rft.atitle=Inspiring+Capital+%3F+Deconstructing+myths+and+reconstructing+urban+environments%2C+Edinburgh%2C+1860%E2%80%932010&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=507-529&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0963926813000448&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145373686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Madgin&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Rodger%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ed.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Finspiring-capital-deconstructing-myths-and-reconstructing-urban-e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Edinburgh-Scotland/The-modern-city">"The modern city"</a>. 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Nelson. p. 141. <q>Population figures for 1801 – Glasgow 77,385; Edinburgh 82,560; for 1821 – Glasgow 147,043; Edinburgh 138,325</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland+from+1603+to+the+present+day&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Pryde&rft.aufirst=George+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg1973" class="citation book cs1">Hogg, A (1973). "Topic 3:Problem Areas". Scotland: The Rise of Cities 1694–1905. 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Retrieved 23 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electric+Scotland&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Leith+%E2%80%93+XXXIII.+How+Leith+was+Governed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electricscotland.com%2Fhistory%2Fleith%2F33.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174434/http://www.esds.ac.uk/doc/4927/mrdoc/pdf/q4927uguide.pdf">"Untitled"</a> (PDF). Economic and Social Data Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esds.ac.uk/doc/4927/mrdoc/pdf/q4927uguide.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013-</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Untitled&rft.pub=Economic+and+Social+Data+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esds.ac.uk%2Fdoc%2F4927%2Fmrdoc%2Fpdf%2Fq4927uguide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988">-note incorrect date given for Henry Robb shipyard closure. </li> <li id="cite_note-NRS_LA_Estimate-122"><a href="#cite_ref-NRS_LA_Estimate_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511214824/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/mid-17/mid-year-pop-est-17-publication.pdf">"Mid-Year Population Estimates Scotland, Mid-2017"</a> (PDF). National Records of Scotland. 19 April 2018. 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Retrieved 12 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates+Scotland%2C+Mid-2017&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrscotland.gov.uk%2Ffiles%2F%2Fstatistics%2Fpopulation-estimates%2Fmid-17%2Fmid-year-pop-est-17-publication.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-City_Region_Definition-123"><a href="#cite_ref-City_Region_Definition_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acceleratinggrowth.org.uk/about-us/">"Edinburgh and South East Scotland City Region"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125202249/http://www.acceleratinggrowth.org.uk/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+and+South+East+Scotland+City+Region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acceleratinggrowth.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-temperature-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temperature_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temperature_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temperature_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temperature_124-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temperature_124-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temperature_124-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/es">"Regional Climate – Eastern Scotland"</a>. Met Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516005631/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/es">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Climate+%E2%80%93+Eastern+Scotland&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Fregional-climates%2Fes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/weather/it-s-the-hottest-day-ever-edinburgh-roasts-as-capital-breaks-all-time-temperature-record-1-4971315/">"It's the hottest day ever – Edinburgh roasts as Capital breaks all-time temperature record"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725191952/https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/weather/it-s-the-hottest-day-ever-edinburgh-roasts-as-capital-breaks-all-time-temperature-record-1-4971315">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2019. 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Retrieved 3 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niederschlagsmonatssummen+EDINB.OBS.%2FBLACKFORD+1785-+1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.wetterzentrale.de%2Fklima%2Fpedinbu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Met_Averages-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Met_Averages_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcvwqum6h">"Edinburgh 1991–2020 averages"</a>. Met Office. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+1991%E2%80%932020+averages&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fresearch%2Fclimate%2Fmaps-and-data%2Fuk-climate-averages%2Fgcvwqum6h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010608/https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php">"Indices Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KNMI_(institute)" class="mw-redirect" title="KNMI (institute)">KNMI</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php">the original</a> on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indices+Data&rft.pub=KNMI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2F%2Fdownload%2Fmillennium%2Fmillennium.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-kingdom/edinburgh-climate">"Edinburgh, United Kingdom – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"</a>. Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved 3 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Atlas&rft.atitle=Edinburgh%2C+United+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+Detailed+climate+information+and+monthly+weather+forecast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Funited-kingdom%2Fedinburgh-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcvw5vmsn">"Edinburgh Gogerbank 1991–2020 averages"</a>. Station, District and regional averages 1991–2020. Met Office. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Station%2C+District+and+regional+averages+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.atitle=Edinburgh+Gogerbank+1991%E2%80%932020+averages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fresearch%2Fclimate%2Fmaps-and-data%2Fuk-climate-averages%2Fgcvw5vmsn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edinburgh.gov.uk-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edinburgh.gov.uk_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edinburgh.gov.uk_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194252/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/11895/census_2011-ethnicity_and_related_themes_ethnic_group_country_of_birth_national_identity_religion_languages_etc">2011 Census Edinburgh: Topic summary : Ethnicity and related themes :ethnic group, country of birth, national identity, age and year of arrival in the UK, religion, languages</a> (Report). Planning Information, Planning and Building Standards, Services for Communities, The City of Edinburgh Council. November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/11895/census_2011-ethnicity_and_related_themes_ethnic_group_country_of_birth_national_identity_religion_languages_etc">the original</a> on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2011+Census+Edinburgh%3A+Topic+summary+%3A+Ethnicity+and+related+themes+%3Aethnic+group%2C+country+of+birth%2C+national+identity%2C+age+and+year+of+arrival+in+the+UK%2C+religion%2C+languages&rft.pub=Planning+Information%2C+Planning+and+Building+Standards%2C+Services+for+Communities%2C+The+City+of+Edinburgh+Council&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburgh.gov.uk%2Fdownload%2Fdownloads%2Fid%2F11895%2Fcensus_2011-ethnicity_and_related_themes_ethnic_group_country_of_birth_national_identity_religion_languages_etc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:412-136"><a href="#cite_ref-:412_136-0">^</a> As UK Census data post 2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census/2011censusdata/censusdata18011991">recommended</a> to use archival census collection websites to obtain data. Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for Scotland.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-:422-137"><a href="#cite_ref-:422_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">1991 Census aggregate data. UK Data Service (Report) (1997 ed.). Office of Population Censuses and Surveys; General Register Office for Scotland; Registrar General for Northern Ireland. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5257%2Fcensus%2Faggregate-1991-1">10.5257/census/aggregate-1991-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=1991+Census+aggregate+data.+UK+Data+Service&rft.edition=1997&rft.pub=Office+of+Population+Censuses+and+Surveys%3B+General+Register+Office+for+Scotland%3B+Registrar+General+for+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5257%2Fcensus%2Faggregate-1991-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> This information is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_Dissemination_Unit2011" class="citation web cs1">Census Dissemination Unit, Mimas (5 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk/">"InFuse"</a>. infuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk&rft.atitle=InFuse&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft.aulast=Census+Dissemination+Unit&rft.aufirst=Mimas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil" class="citation web cs1">Council, The City of Edinburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/2938/census_2011_-_ethnicity_and_related_themes_-_topic_report_for_edinburgh">"Census 2011 – The Results for Edinburgh – The City of Edinburgh Council"</a>. www.edinburgh.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218010434/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/2938/census_2011_-_ethnicity_and_related_themes_-_topic_report_for_edinburgh">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.edinburgh.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Census+2011+%E2%80%93+The+Results+for+Edinburgh+%E2%80%93+The+City+of+Edinburgh+Council&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=The+City+of+Edinburgh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburgh.gov.uk%2Fdownloads%2Ffile%2F2938%2Fcensus_2011_-_ethnicity_and_related_themes_-_topic_report_for_edinburgh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022census_Scot-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022census_Scot_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022census_Scot_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=Scotland%27s+Census+2022+-+Ethnic+group%2C+national+identity%2C+language+and+religion+-+Chart+data&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2Ftrbdxzme%2Fscotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by">Alternative URL</a> 'Search data by location' > 'Local Authority (CA2019)' > 'City of Edinburgh' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group' </li> <li id="cite_note-CountryBirth_22-143"><a href="#cite_ref-CountryBirth_22_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnicity,%20Identity,%20Language%20and%20Religion&categoryId=4">"Table UV204 - Country of birth: Country by Country of Birth by Individuals"</a>. National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 24 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+UV204+-+Country+of+birth%3A+Country+by+Country+of+Birth+by+Individuals&rft.pub=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fsearch-the-census%23%2Flocation%2Ftopics%2Flist%3Ftopic%3DEthnicity%2C%2520Identity%2C%2520Language%2520and%2520Religion%26categoryId%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> '2022' > 'City of Edinburgh' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Country of birth: UV204' </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnicity,%20Identity,%20Language%20and%20Religion&categoryId=4">"Table UV08 - Country of birth: Final council area/LAD by Country of Birth by Person and Termtime Address Indicator"</a>. National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 24 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+UV08+-+Country+of+birth%3A+Final+council+area%2FLAD+by+Country+of+Birth+by+Person+and+Termtime+Address+Indicator&rft.pub=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fsearch-the-census%23%2Flocation%2Ftopics%2Flist%3Ftopic%3DEthnicity%2C%2520Identity%2C%2520Language%2520and%2520Religion%26categoryId%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> '2001' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Country of birth: UV204' </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10105250/cube/TOT_POP">"Edinburgh ScoP through timePopulation Table View"</a>. www.visionofbritain.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311192720/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10105250/cube/TOT_POP">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016. 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STV News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413001453/https://stv.tv/news/scotland/1367651-stv-to-launch-integrated-scottish-and-international-news-show/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019. 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Retrieved 10 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greyfriars+Bobby&rft.pub=historic-uk.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FHistoryUK%2FHistoryofScotland%2FGreyfriars-Bobby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edinburgh_twinning-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edinburgh_twinning_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edinburgh_twinning_302-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edinburgh_twinning_302-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133841/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3">"Twin and Partner Cities"</a>. City of Edinburgh Council. 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Retrieved 16 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twin+and+Partner+Cities&rft.pub=City+of+Edinburgh+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburgh.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F695%2Fcouncil_information_performance_and_statistics%2F685%2Feuropean_international_and_parliamentary_relations%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurvill2024" class="citation news cs1">Turvill, Donald (25 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw00y46n3j9o">"Edinburgh shelves Taiwan friendship deal over China sanctions fear"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Edinburgh+shelves+Taiwan+friendship+deal+over+China+sanctions+fear&rft.date=2024-06-25&rft.aulast=Turvill&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcw00y46n3j9o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nice_Jumellage-304"><a href="#cite_ref-Nice_Jumellage_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029114949/http://nice.fr/Collectivites/La-municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nice">"Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice"</a> (in French). Ville de Nice. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns">the original</a> on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archant+Community+Media+Ltd&rft.atitle=British+towns+twinned+with+French+towns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.completefrance.com%2Flanguage-culture%2Ftwin-towns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vancouver-306"><a href="#cite_ref-Vancouver_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20080311/documents/a14.pdf">"Vancouver Twinning Relationships"</a> (PDF). City of Vancouver. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010523/http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20080311/documents/a14.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vancouver+Twinning+Relationships&rft.pub=City+of+Vancouver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvancouver.ca%2Fctyclerk%2Fcclerk%2F20080311%2Fdocuments%2Fa14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edinburgh-307"><a href="#cite_ref-Edinburgh_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://impulse2010.wordpress.com/2010/03/03/edinburghs-twin-cities">"Edinburgh's Twin Cities | impulse 2011"</a>. Impulse2010.wordpress.com. 3 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716221648/http://impulse2010.wordpress.com/2010/03/03/edinburghs-twin-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edinburgh%27s+Twin+Cities+%26%23124%3B+impulse+2011&rft.pub=Impulse2010.wordpress.com&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimpulse2010.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F03%2F03%2Fedinburghs-twin-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aalborg_twinnings-308"><a href="#cite_ref-Aalborg_twinnings_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130907145357/http://www.europeprize.net/en/?page_id=5">"Aalborg Twin Towns"</a>. Europeprize.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeprize.net/en/?page_id=5">the original</a> on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aalborg+Twin+Towns&rft.pub=Europeprize.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeprize.net%2Fen%2F%3Fpage_id%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-309"><a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_309-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html">"Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie"</a> [Kraków -Partnership Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miejska+Platforma+Internetowa+Magiczny+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+Miasta+Partnerskie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fotwarty_na_swiat%2F2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-saint_petersburg-310"><a href="#cite_ref-saint_petersburg_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities">"Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties"</a>. Saint Petersburg City Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities">the original</a> on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Petersburg+in+figures+%E2%80%93+International+and+Interregional+Ties&rft.pub=Saint+Petersburg+City+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.gov.spb.ru%2Ffigures%2Fities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edinburgh2-311"><a href="#cite_ref-Edinburgh2_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities">"Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities"</a>. 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities">the original</a> on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+%E2%80%93+Twin+and+Partner+Cities&rft.pub=2008+The+City+of+Edinburgh+Council%2C+City+Chambers%2C+High+Street%2C+Edinburgh%2C+EH1+1YJ+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburgh.gov.uk%2Finternet%2Fcity_living%2FCEC_twin_and_partner_cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230913042928/https://www.chinaminutes.com/News/News-Article/shenzhen-and-edinburgh-become-sister-cities">"Shenzhen and Edinburgh Become Sister Cities"</a>. chinaminutes.com. China Minutes. 5 June 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinaminutes.com/News/News-Article/shenzhen-and-edinburgh-become-sister-cities">the original</a> on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chinaminutes.com&rft.atitle=Shenzhen+and+Edinburgh+Become+Sister+Cities&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinaminutes.com%2FNews%2FNews-Article%2Fshenzhen-and-edinburgh-become-sister-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_Donald2003" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Donald (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfaW7pkoPioC&q=edinburgh+northumbria&pg=PA5">Edinburgh: A Cultural and Literary History</a>. Signal Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-73-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-73-1"><bdi>978-1-902669-73-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edinburgh%3A+A+Cultural+and+Literary+History&rft.pub=Signal+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-902669-73-1&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfaW7pkoPioC%26q%3Dedinburgh%2Bnorthumbria%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdinburgh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>H Coghill, Edinburgh, The Old Town, John Donald, Edinburgh 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85976-289-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85976-289-0">0-85976-289-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Herman" title="Arthur L. Herman">A Herman</a>, <a href="/wiki/How_the_Scots_Invented_the_Modern_World:_The_True_Story_of_How_Western_Europe%27s_Poorest_Nation_Created_Our_World_%26_Everything_in_It" class="mw-redirect" title="How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe's Poorest Nation Created Our World & Everything in It">How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe's Poorest Nation Created Our World & Everything in It</a>, Three Rivers Press, New York, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-80999-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-609-80999-7">0-609-80999-7</a>; also published as The Scottish Enlightenment: The Scots' Invention of the Modern World, HarperCollins, London, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84115-275-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84115-275-7">1-84115-275-7</a></li> <li>A Massie, Edinburgh, Sinclair-Stevenson, London 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85619-244-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85619-244-X">1-85619-244-X</a></li> <li>S Mullay, The Edinburgh Encyclopedia, Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh and London 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85158-762-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85158-762-4">1-85158-762-4</a></li> <li>S Mullay, The Illustrated History of Edinburgh's Suburbs, Breedon Books, Derby 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-665-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-665-1">978-1-85983-665-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Edinburgh" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_City_of_Edinburgh" style="padding:3px"><table 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aria-labelledby="Edinburgh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edinburgh" title="Template:Edinburgh"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edinburgh" title="Template talk:Edinburgh"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edinburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edinburgh"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edinburgh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edinburgh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Edinburgh_history" title="Timeline of Edinburgh history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Edinburgh" title="Etymology of Edinburgh">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Edinburgh" title="Burning of Edinburgh">Burning of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirk" title="Greyfriars Kirk">Greyfriars Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burke_and_Hare_murders" title="Burke and Hare murders">Burke and Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Act of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Review" title="Edinburgh Review">Edinburgh Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey" title="Holyrood Abbey">Holyrood Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh" title="Treaty of Edinburgh">Treaty of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_town_walls" title="Edinburgh town walls">Edinburgh town walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Craig_(architect)" title="James Craig (architect)">James Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Disruption of 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aikenhead" title="Thomas Aikenhead">Thomas Aikenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brodie" title="William Brodie">Deacon Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_British_Railway" title="North British Railway">North British Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visit_of_King_George_IV_to_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Visit of King George IV to Scotland">Visit of King George IV</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution#Scotland" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Stock_Exchange" title="Edinburgh Stock Exchange">Edinburgh Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porteous_Riots" title="Porteous Riots">Porteous Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvermills" title="Silvermills">Silvermills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tron_riot" title="Tron riot">Tron riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Bobby" title="Greyfriars Bobby">Greyfriars Bobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Edinburgh" title="Great Fire of Edinburgh">Great Fire of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Edinburgh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Edinburgh"><img alt="Arms of Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edinburgh.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edinburgh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edinburgh.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edinburgh.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1110" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Edinburgh"><img alt="Flag of Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/100px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/150px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/200px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="255" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Edinburgh" title="Politics of Edinburgh">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Provost_of_Edinburgh" title="Lord Provost of Edinburgh">Lord Provost of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;;width:1%">Buildings and landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat" title="Arthur's Seat">Arthur's Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Hotel" title="Balmoral Hotel">Balmoral Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Founders%27_Pillar" title="Brass Founders' Pillar">Brass Founders' Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_House" title="Bute House">Bute House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calton_Hill" title="Calton Hill">Calton Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiglockhart_Castle" title="Craiglockhart Castle">Craiglockhart Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Conference_Centre" title="Edinburgh International Conference Centre">Edinburgh International Conference Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Rail Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridge" title="Forth Road Bridge">Forth Road Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_House,_Edinburgh" title="Governor's House, Edinburgh">Governor's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monument_of_Scotland" title="National Monument of Scotland">National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh" title="New College, Edinburgh">New College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_College,_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Old College, University of Edinburgh">Old College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh" title="Parliament House, Edinburgh">Parliament House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_Street_Gardens" title="Princes Street Gardens">Princes Street Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Fountain" title="Ross Fountain">Ross Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Monument" title="Scott Monument">Scott Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_House" title="St Andrew's House">St Andrew's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" title="St Giles' Cathedral">St Giles' Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Quay,_Edinburgh" title="Victoria Quay, Edinburgh">Victoria Quay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;;width:1%">Museums and galleries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitmarket_Gallery" title="Fruitmarket Gallery">Fruitmarket Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Georgian_House,_Edinburgh" title="The Georgian House, Edinburgh">The Georgian House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Edinburgh" title="Museum of Edinburgh">Museum of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Museum" title="National War Museum">National War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Earth_(Edinburgh)" title="Dynamic Earth (Edinburgh)">Dynamic Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Edinburgh" title="List of public art in Edinburgh">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building" title="Royal Scottish Academy Building">Royal Scottish Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery" title="Scottish National Gallery">Scottish National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art" title="Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art">Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;;width:1%">Theatres and concert halls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedlam_Theatre" title="Bedlam Theatre">Bedlam Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Arena" title="Edinburgh Arena">Edinburgh Arena</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Playhouse" title="Edinburgh Playhouse">Edinburgh Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Theatre" title="Edinburgh Festival Theatre">Festival Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Theatre,_Edinburgh" title="King's Theatre, Edinburgh">King's Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall,_Edinburgh" title="Queen's Hall, Edinburgh">Queen's Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Concert_Hall" title="Reid Concert Hall">Reid Concert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Lyceum_Theatre" title="Royal Lyceum Theatre">Royal Lyceum Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Cecilia%27s_Hall" title="St Cecilia's Hall">St Cecilia's Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_Theatre" title="Traverse Theatre">Traverse Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usher_Hall" title="Usher Hall">Usher Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Brewery" title="Caledonian Brewery">Caledonian Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Park" title="Edinburgh Park">Edinburgh Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_BioQuarter" title="Edinburgh BioQuarter">Edinburgh BioQuarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kinnaird" title="Fort Kinnaird">Fort Kinnaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Terminal,_Edinburgh" title="Ocean Terminal, Edinburgh">Ocean Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Widows" title="Scottish Widows">Scottish Widows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Life" title="Standard Life">Standard Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Edinburgh" title="Transport in Edinburgh">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport" title="Edinburgh Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport_Rail_Link" title="Edinburgh Airport Rail Link">Edinburgh Airport Rail Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Bypass" title="Edinburgh City Bypass">Edinburgh City Bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_Railway#Edinburgh_Crossrail" title="Borders Railway">Edinburgh Crossrail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_railway_station" title="Haymarket railway station">Haymarket railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothian_Buses" title="Lothian Buses">Lothian Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Edinburgh" title="Trams in Edinburgh">Trams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;;width:1%">Health and education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_College" title="Edinburgh College">Edinburgh College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_College_of_Art" title="Edinburgh College of Art">Edinburgh College of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Scotland#City_of_Edinburgh" title="List of hospitals in Scotland">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray_House_School_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Moray House School of Education">Moray House School of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Napier_University" title="Edinburgh Napier University">Napier University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Margaret_University" title="Queen Margaret University">Queen Margaret University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Edinburgh" title="List of schools in Edinburgh">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Rural_College" title="Scotland's Rural College">Scotland's Rural College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;;width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe" title="Edinburgh Festival Fringe">Edinburgh Festival Fringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Book_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Book Festival">Edinburgh International Book Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Film_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Film Festival">Edinburgh International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Festival">Edinburgh International Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Television_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Television Festival">Edinburgh International Television Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Edinburgh_Military_Tattoo" title="Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo">Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Edinburgh" title="Demographics of Edinburgh">Demographics of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Edinburgh">Geography of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Edinburgh" title="Beer in Edinburgh">Beer in Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graveyards_and_cemeteries_in_Edinburgh" title="List of graveyards and cemeteries in Edinburgh">Graveyards and cemeteries in Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#005EB8; color: white;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Edinburgh" title="Category:Edinburgh">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edinburgh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edinburgh">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Edinburgh" title="Outline of Edinburgh">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Edinburgh" title="Portal:Edinburgh">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Residential_areas_in_the_Edinburgh_(settlement)_urban_area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Areas_of_Edinburgh" title="Template:Areas of Edinburgh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Areas_of_Edinburgh" title="Template talk:Areas of Edinburgh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Areas_of_Edinburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Areas of Edinburgh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Residential_areas_in_the_Edinburgh_(settlement)_urban_area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Residential areas in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edinburgh</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population#Settlements" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">settlement</a>) urban area</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbeyhill" title="Abbeyhill">Abbeyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingham,_Edinburgh" title="Bingham, Edinburgh">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnington,_Edinburgh" title="Bonnington, Edinburgh">Bonnington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Edinburgh" title="Broughton, Edinburgh">Broughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunstane" title="Brunstane">Brunstane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigentinny" title="Craigentinny">Craigentinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigmillar" title="Craigmillar">Craigmillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duddingston" title="Duddingston">Duddingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Road_(street)" title="Easter Road (street)">Easter Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Junction_Street" title="Great Junction Street">Great Junction Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joppa,_Edinburgh" title="Joppa, Edinburgh">Joppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Leith Docks">Leith Docks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochend,_Edinburgh" title="Lochend, Edinburgh">Lochend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene,_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene, Edinburgh">Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowbank,_Edinburgh" title="Meadowbank, Edinburgh">Meadowbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountcastle,_Edinburgh" title="Mountcastle, Edinburgh">Mountcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddrie,_Edinburgh" title="Niddrie, Edinburgh">Niddrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Edinburgh" title="Northfield, Edinburgh">Northfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piershill" title="Piershill">Piershill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilrig" title="Pilrig">Pilrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portobello,_Edinburgh" title="Portobello, Edinburgh">Portobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restalrig" title="Restalrig">Restalrig</a></li> <li>Willowbrae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Harbour,_Edinburgh" title="Western Harbour, Edinburgh">Western Harbour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_urban_area_(settlement_area).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edinburgh's Old and New Towns"><img alt="Edinburgh's Old and New Towns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Edinburgh_urban_area_%28settlement_area%29.jpg/300px-Edinburgh_urban_area_%28settlement_area%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Edinburgh_urban_area_%28settlement_area%29.jpg/450px-Edinburgh_urban_area_%28settlement_area%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Edinburgh_urban_area_%28settlement_area%29.jpg/600px-Edinburgh_urban_area_%28settlement_area%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption>Edinburgh's Old and New Towns</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alnwickhill" title="Alnwickhill">Alnwickhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackford,_Edinburgh" title="Blackford, Edinburgh">Blackford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braid_Hills" title="Braid Hills">Braid Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruntsfield" title="Bruntsfield">Bruntsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdiehouse" title="Burdiehouse">Burdiehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canongate,_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Canongate, Edinburgh">Canongate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrick_Knowe" title="Carrick Knowe">Carrick Knowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comiston" title="Comiston">Comiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbiedykes" title="Dumbiedykes">Dumbiedykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernieside" title="Fernieside">Fernieside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmerton" title="Gilmerton">Gilmerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenbank,_Edinburgh" title="Greenbank, Edinburgh">Greenbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket,_Edinburgh" title="Haymarket, Edinburgh">Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calton_Hill" title="Calton Hill">Hillside and Calton Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberton,_Edinburgh" title="Liberton, Edinburgh">Liberton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchmont" title="Marchmont">Marchmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moredun" title="Moredun">Moredun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningside,_Edinburgh" title="Morningside, Edinburgh">Morningside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortonhall" title="Mortonhall">Mortonhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newington,_Edinburgh" title="Newington, Edinburgh">Newington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestonfield,_Edinburgh" title="Prestonfield, Edinburgh">Prestonfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciennes" title="Sciennes">Sciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Southhouse">Southhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southside,_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Southside, Edinburgh">Southside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inch,_Edinburgh" title="The Inch, Edinburgh">The Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grange,_Edinburgh" title="The Grange, Edinburgh">The Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollcross,_Edinburgh" title="Tollcross, Edinburgh">Tollcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_Edinburgh" title="West End, Edinburgh">West End</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baberton" title="Baberton">Baberton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balerno" title="Balerno">Balerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankhead,_Edinburgh" title="Bankhead, Edinburgh">Bankhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaly" title="Bonaly">Bonaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broomhouse,_Edinburgh" title="Broomhouse, Edinburgh">Broomhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesser,_Edinburgh" title="Chesser, Edinburgh">Chesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovenstone" title="Clovenstone">Clovenstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colinton" title="Colinton">Colinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currie" title="Currie">Currie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiglockhart" title="Craiglockhart">Craiglockhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalry,_Edinburgh" title="Dalry, Edinburgh">Dalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairmilehead" title="Fairmilehead">Fairmilehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firrhill" title="Firrhill">Firrhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountainbridge" title="Fountainbridge">Fountainbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgie" title="Gorgie">Gorgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhill,_Edinburgh" title="Greenhill, Edinburgh">Greenhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_Green" title="Juniper Green">Juniper Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsknowe" title="Kingsknowe">Kingsknowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longstone,_Edinburgh" title="Longstone, Edinburgh">Longstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchiston" title="Merchiston">Merchiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrayburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Murrayburn">Murrayburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxgangs" title="Oxgangs">Oxgangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkhead,_Edinburgh" title="Parkhead, Edinburgh">Parkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polwarth,_Edinburgh" title="Polwarth, Edinburgh">Polwarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseburn" title="Roseburn">Roseburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saughton,_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Saughton, Edinburgh">Saughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandon,_Edinburgh" title="Shandon, Edinburgh">Shandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighthill,_Edinburgh" title="Sighthill, Edinburgh">Sighthill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slateford" title="Slateford">Slateford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenhouse,_Edinburgh" title="Stenhouse, Edinburgh">Stenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Calders" title="The Calders">The Calders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wester_Hailes" title="Wester Hailes">Wester Hailes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balgreen" title="Balgreen">Balgreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnton,_Edinburgh" title="Barnton, Edinburgh">Barnton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackhall,_Edinburgh" title="Blackhall, Edinburgh">Blackhall</a></li> <li>Boswall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonmills" title="Canonmills">Canonmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammo" title="Cammo">Cammo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermiston" title="Clermiston">Clermiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comely_Bank" title="Comely Bank">Comely Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corstorphine" title="Corstorphine">Corstorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigleith,_Edinburgh" title="Craigleith, Edinburgh">Craigleith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramond" title="Cramond">Cramond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewe_Toll" title="Crewe Toll">Crewe Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson%27s_Mains" title="Davidson's Mains">Davidson's Mains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Village" title="Dean Village">Dean Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumbrae" title="Drumbrae">Drumbrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drylaw" title="Drylaw">Drylaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Craigs" title="East Craigs">East Craigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldenacre" title="Goldenacre">Goldenacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracemount" title="Gracemount">Gracemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granton,_Edinburgh" title="Granton, Edinburgh">Granton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverleith" title="Inverleith">Inverleith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muirhouse" title="Muirhouse">Muirhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrayfield" title="Murrayfield">Murrayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newhaven,_Edinburgh" title="Newhaven, Edinburgh">Newhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilton,_Edinburgh" title="Pilton, Edinburgh">Pilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravelston" title="Ravelston">Ravelston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverknowes" title="Silverknowes">Silverknowes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gyle" title="South Gyle">South Gyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Edinburgh" title="Stockbridge, Edinburgh">Stockbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity,_Edinburgh" title="Trinity, Edinburgh">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warriston" title="Warriston">Warriston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Lothian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musselburgh" title="Musselburgh">Musselburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisherrow" title="Fisherrow">Fisherrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inveresk" title="Inveresk">Inveresk</a></li> <li>Levenhall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monktonhall" class="mw-redirect" title="Monktonhall">Monktonhall</a></li> <li>Pinkie</li> <li>Stoneybank</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallyford" title="Wallyford">Wallyford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Edinburgh" title="Areas of Edinburgh">Areas of Edinburgh</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Elections_in_Edinburgh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edinburgh_elections" title="Template:Edinburgh elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edinburgh_elections" title="Template talk:Edinburgh elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edinburgh_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edinburgh elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Elections_in_Edinburgh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="255" /> Elections in Edinburgh</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Edinburgh" title="Politics of Edinburgh">Edinburgh Corporation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1889_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1889 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1890 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1891_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1892_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1892 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1893_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1893 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1894 Edinburgh Corporation election">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1895 Edinburgh Corporation election">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1896 Edinburgh Corporation election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1897 Edinburgh Corporation election">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1898 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1899_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1899 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1900_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1900 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1901 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1902 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1903 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1904_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1904 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1905 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1906_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1906 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1907_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1907 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1908 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1910_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1910 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1911_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1911 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1912_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1912 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1913_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1913 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1914_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1914 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1916_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1916 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1917_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1917 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1918_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1918 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1919 Edinburgh Corporation election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1920 Edinburgh Corporation election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1921_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1921 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1923_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1923 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1924_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1926_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1926 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1929_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1929 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1930_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1936 Edinburgh Corporation election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1940_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1940 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1942_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1942 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1944_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1944 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1945_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1945 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Edinburgh_Corporation_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Edinburgh Corporation election (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1960 Edinburgh Corporation election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1961 Edinburgh Corporation election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1962 Edinburgh Corporation election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1963 Edinburgh Corporation election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1964 Edinburgh Corporation election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1965 Edinburgh Corporation election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1966 Edinburgh Corporation election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1967 Edinburgh Corporation election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1968 Edinburgh Corporation election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1969 Edinburgh Corporation election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1970 Edinburgh Corporation election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1971 Edinburgh Corporation election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1972 Edinburgh Corporation election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Edinburgh_Corporation_election" title="1973 Edinburgh Corporation election">1973</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Edinburgh" title="Politics of Edinburgh">City of Edinburgh District Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_City_of_Edinburgh_District_Council_election" title="1974 City of Edinburgh District Council election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_City_of_Edinburgh_District_Council_election" title="1977 City of Edinburgh District Council election">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_City_of_Edinburgh_District_Council_election" title="1980 City of Edinburgh District Council election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_City_of_Edinburgh_District_Council_election" title="1984 City of Edinburgh District Council election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_City_of_Edinburgh_District_Council_election" title="1988 City of Edinburgh District Council election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_City_of_Edinburgh_District_Council_election" title="1992 City of Edinburgh District Council election">1992</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lothian_Regional_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothian Regional Council">Lothian Regional Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_Lothian_Regional_Council_election" title="1974 Lothian Regional Council election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Lothian_Regional_Council_election" title="1978 Lothian Regional Council election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lothian_Regional_Council_election" title="1982 Lothian Regional Council election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Lothian_Regional_Council_election" title="1986 Lothian Regional Council election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Lothian_Regional_Council_election" title="1990 Lothian Regional Council election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Lothian_Regional_Council_election" title="1994 Lothian Regional Council election">1994</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_Edinburgh_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="The City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election" title="1995 City of Edinburgh Council election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election" title="1999 City of Edinburgh Council election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election" title="2003 City of Edinburgh Council election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election" title="2007 City of Edinburgh Council election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election" title="2012 City of Edinburgh Council election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election" title="2017 City of Edinburgh Council election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election" title="2022 City of Edinburgh Council election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_congestion_charge#Referendum" title="Edinburgh congestion charge">2005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transport_in_Edinburgh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transport_in_Edinburgh" title="Template:Transport in Edinburgh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transport_in_Edinburgh" title="Template talk:Transport in Edinburgh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transport_in_Edinburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transport in Edinburgh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_Edinburgh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Edinburgh" title="Transport in Edinburgh">Transport in Edinburgh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="18px&#124;link=Bus_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom_Bus"><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Bus transport in the United Kingdom"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_BUS.svg/18px-BSicon_BUS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_BUS.svg/27px-BSicon_BUS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_BUS.svg/36px-BSicon_BUS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> Bus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothian_Buses" title="Lothian Buses">Lothian Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill%27s_Bus_Services" title="McGill's Bus Services">McGill's Scotland East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothian_Buses#Company_history" title="Lothian Buses">Edinburgh Corporation Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothian_Buses" title="Lothian Buses">Lothian Regional Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Scottish" title="Eastern Scottish">Eastern Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Scotland_East" title="First Scotland East">First Scotland East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Motor_Traction" title="Scottish Motor Traction">Scottish Motor Traction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Omnibuses" title="Scottish Omnibuses">Scottish Omnibuses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><img alt="Lothian Buses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lothian_Buses_851.JPG/100px-Lothian_Buses_851.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lothian_Buses_851.JPG/150px-Lothian_Buses_851.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lothian_Buses_851.JPG/200px-Lothian_Buses_851.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="3498" /> <img alt="ScotRail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glasgow_Central_-_Abellio_385020_Shotts_service.JPG/100px-Glasgow_Central_-_Abellio_385020_Shotts_service.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glasgow_Central_-_Abellio_385020_Shotts_service.JPG/150px-Glasgow_Central_-_Abellio_385020_Shotts_service.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glasgow_Central_-_Abellio_385020_Shotts_service.JPG/200px-Glasgow_Central_-_Abellio_385020_Shotts_service.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="910" /> <img alt="Edinburgh Trams" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Welcome_to_Edinburgh%27s_new_trams%2C_2016_-_panoramio.jpg/100px-Welcome_to_Edinburgh%27s_new_trams%2C_2016_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Welcome_to_Edinburgh%27s_new_trams%2C_2016_-_panoramio.jpg/150px-Welcome_to_Edinburgh%27s_new_trams%2C_2016_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Welcome_to_Edinburgh%27s_new_trams%2C_2016_-_panoramio.jpg/200px-Welcome_to_Edinburgh%27s_new_trams%2C_2016_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="778" /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="12px&#124;link=National_Rail&#124;alt=National_Rail_Rail"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a> Rail</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunstane_railway_station" title="Brunstane railway station">Brunstane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriehill_railway_station" title="Curriehill railway station">Curriehill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmeny_railway_station" title="Dalmeny railway station">Dalmeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Gateway_station" title="Edinburgh Gateway station">Edinburgh Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Park_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Park railway station">Edinburgh Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_railway_station" title="Haymarket railway station">Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsknowe_railway_station" title="Kingsknowe railway station">Kingsknowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcraighall_railway_station" title="Newcraighall railway station">Newcraighall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slateford_railway_station" title="Slateford railway station">Slateford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gyle_railway_station" title="South Gyle railway station">South Gyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wester_Hailes_railway_station" title="Wester Hailes railway station">Wester Hailes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_Railway" title="Borders Railway">Borders Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh%E2%80%93Aberdeen_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh–Aberdeen line">Edinburgh–Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh%E2%80%93Dunblane_line" title="Edinburgh–Dunblane line">Edinburgh–Dunblane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_Circle_Line" title="Fife Circle Line">Fife Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Berwick_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="North Berwick Line">North Berwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Clyde_Line" title="North Clyde Line">North Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotts_Line" title="Shotts Line">Shotts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Sleeper" title="Caledonian Sleeper">Caledonian Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigentinny_TMD" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigentinny TMD">Craigentinny TMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_TMD" class="mw-redirect" title="Haymarket TMD">Haymarket TMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScotRail" title="ScotRail">ScotRail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbeyhill_railway_station" title="Abbeyhill railway station">Abbeyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balerno_railway_station" title="Balerno railway station">Balerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgreen_Halt_railway_station" title="Balgreen Halt railway station">Balgreen Halt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackford_Hill_railway_station" title="Blackford Hill railway station">Blackford Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corstorphine_railway_station" title="Corstorphine railway station">Corstorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiglockhart_railway_station" title="Craiglockhart railway station">Craiglockhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duddingston_%26_Craigmillar_railway_station" title="Duddingston & Craigmillar railway station">Duddingston & Craigmillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Road_railway_station" title="Easter Road railway station">Easter Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Road_Park_Halt_railway_station" title="Easter Road Park Halt railway station">Easter Road Park Halt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Princes_Street_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Princes Street railway station">Edinburgh Princes Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgie_East_railway_station" title="Gorgie East railway station">Gorgie East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailes_Halt_railway_station" title="Hailes Halt railway station">Hailes Halt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joppa_railway_station" title="Joppa railway station">Joppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Central_railway_station" title="Leith Central railway station">Leith Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Citadel_railway_station" title="Leith Citadel railway station">Leith Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Walk_railway_station" title="Leith Walk railway station">Leith Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowbank_Stadium_railway_station" title="Meadowbank Stadium railway station">Meadowbank Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchiston_railway_station" title="Merchiston railway station">Merchiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningside_Road_railway_station" title="Morningside Road railway station">Morningside Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newington_railway_station_(Edinburgh)" title="Newington railway station (Edinburgh)">Newington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piershill_railway_station" title="Piershill railway station">Piershill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkhill_railway_station" title="Pinkhill railway station">Pinkhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portobello_railway_station_(E%26DR)" title="Portobello railway station (E&DR)">Portobello railway station (E&DR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portobello_railway_station_(NBR)" title="Portobello railway station (NBR)">Portobello railway station (NBR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravelrig_Junction_Platform_railway_station" title="Ravelrig Junction Platform railway station">Ravelrig Junction Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Street_railway_station" title="Scotland Street railway station">Scotland Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Leith_railway_station" title="South Leith railway station">South Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_railway_station_(Scotland)" title="St Leonards railway station (Scotland)">St Leonards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh,_Leith_and_Newhaven_Railway" title="Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway">Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Suburban_and_Southside_Junction_Railway" title="Edinburgh Suburban and Southside Junction Railway">Edinburgh Suburban and Southside Junction Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_and_Dalkeith_Railway" title="Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway">Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Railway" title="Caledonian Railway">Caledonian Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_%26_Glasgow_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh & Glasgow Railway">Edinburgh & Glasgow Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_British_Railway" title="North British Railway">North British Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_%26_North_Eastern_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London & North Eastern Railway">LNER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Scottish Region of British Railways">Scottish Region of British Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScotRail_(brand)" title="ScotRail (brand)">ScotRail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="18px&#124;link=tram&#124;alt=Tram_interchange_Tram"><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram"><img alt="Tram interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/BSicon_TRAM1.svg/18px-BSicon_TRAM1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/BSicon_TRAM1.svg/27px-BSicon_TRAM1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/BSicon_TRAM1.svg/36px-BSicon_TRAM1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> Tram</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Trams" title="Edinburgh Trams">Edinburgh Trams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Corporation_Tramways" title="Edinburgh Corporation Tramways">Edinburgh Corporation Tramways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="alt=motorway_symbol&#124;14px&#124;link=:Category:Roads_in_Scotland_Roads"><a href="/wiki/Category:Roads_in_Scotland" title="Category:Roads in Scotland"><img alt="motorway symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/14px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/21px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/28px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="561" /></a> Roads</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Motorways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M8_motorway_(Scotland)" title="M8 motorway (Scotland)">M8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M9_motorway_(Scotland)" title="M9 motorway (Scotland)">M9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">A roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_route_E15" title="European route E15">European route E15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A68_road" title="A68 road">A68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A7 road (Great Britain)">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A772_road" title="A772 road">A772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A71_road" title="A71 road">A71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A700_road" title="A700 road">A700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A701_road" title="A701 road">A701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A702_road" title="A702 road">A702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A8_road_(Scotland)" title="A8 road (Scotland)">A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A89_road" title="A89 road">A89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B800_road" title="B800 road">B800/A8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A90_road" title="A90 road">A90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Bypass" title="Edinburgh City Bypass">Edinburgh City Bypass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Street,_Edinburgh" title="Chambers Street, Edinburgh">Chambers Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Street" title="Constitution Street">Constitution Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowgate" title="Cowgate">Cowgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drummond_Street,_Edinburgh" title="Drummond Street, Edinburgh">Drummond Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Road_(street)" title="Easter Road (street)">Easter Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Road" title="Ferry Road">Ferry Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV_Bridge" title="George IV Bridge">George IV Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Street,_Edinburgh" title="George Street, Edinburgh">George Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Junction_Street" title="Great Junction Street">Great Junction Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Walk" title="Leith Walk">Leith Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mound" title="The Mound">The Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasance_(street)" title="The Pleasance (street)">The Pleasance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_Street" title="Princes Street">Princes Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_Terrace" title="Regent Terrace">Regent Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Street" title="Rose Street">Rose Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mile" title="Royal Mile">Royal Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bridge,_Edinburgh" title="South Bridge, Edinburgh">South Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Port,_Edinburgh" title="West Port, Edinburgh">West Port</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Bridge" title="Dean Bridge">Dean Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridge" title="Forth Road Bridge">Forth Road Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leamington_Lift_Bridge" title="Leamington Lift Bridge">Leamington Lift Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bridge,_Edinburgh" title="North Bridge, Edinburgh">North Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensferry_Crossing" title="Queensferry Crossing">Queensferry Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_Bridge" title="Regent Bridge">Regent Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Swing_Bridge" title="Victoria Swing Bridge">Victoria Swing Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waverley_Bridge" title="Waverley Bridge">Waverley Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Other">Other</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport" title="Edinburgh Airport">Edinburgh Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry"><img alt="ferry/water interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ferry_symbol.svg/15px-Ferry_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ferry_symbol.svg/23px-Ferry_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ferry_symbol.svg/30px-Ferry_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a> Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forthfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Forthfast">Firth of Forth hovercraft</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almond_Aqueduct" title="Almond Aqueduct">Almond Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnington_Aqueduct" title="Bonnington Aqueduct">Bonnington Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Russell_Aqueduct" title="Scott Russell Aqueduct">Scott Russell Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slateford_Aqueduct" title="Slateford Aqueduct">Slateford Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Canal_(Scotland)" title="Union Canal (Scotland)">Union Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Network" title="National Cycle Network"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bicycle-Silhouette.svg/16px-Bicycle-Silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bicycle-Silhouette.svg/24px-Bicycle-Silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bicycle-Silhouette.svg/32px-Bicycle-Silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="240" /></a> Cycling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_1" title="National Cycle Route 1">National Cycle Route 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_75" title="National Cycle Route 75">National Cycle Route 75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_76" title="National Cycle Route 76">National Cycle Route 76</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Edinburgh" title="Transport for Edinburgh">Transport for Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Local_government_of_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bfd7ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Template:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Template talk:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Local_government_of_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Council areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen City (council area)">Aberdeen City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire" title="Clackmannanshire">Clackmannanshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundee City (council area)">Dundee City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire" title="East Ayrshire">East Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Dunbartonshire" title="East Dunbartonshire">East Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Renfrewshire" title="East Renfrewshire">East Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Edinburgh (council area)">City of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkirk_(council_area)" title="Falkirk (council area)">Falkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow City (council area)">Glasgow City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverclyde" title="Inverclyde">Inverclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Western Isles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross" title="Perth and Kinross">Perth and Kinross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire" title="Renfrewshire">Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ayrshire" title="South Ayrshire">South Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_(council_area)" title="Stirling (council area)">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire" title="West Dunbartonshire">West Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_Council" title="Aberdeen City Council">Aberdeen City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire_Council" title="Aberdeenshire Council">Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus Council">Angus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute_Council" title="Argyll and Bute Council">Argyll and Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Clackmannanshire Council">Clackmannanshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumfries and Galloway Council">Dumfries and Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_City_Council" title="Dundee City Council">Dundee City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire_Council" title="East Ayrshire Council">East Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Dunbartonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="East Dunbartonshire Council">East Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lothian_Council" title="East Lothian Council">East Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Renfrewshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="East Renfrewshire Council">East Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkirk_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Falkirk Council">Falkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_Council" title="Fife Council">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council" title="Glasgow City Council">Glasgow City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Council" title="Highland Council">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverclyde_Council" title="Inverclyde Council">Inverclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlothian_Council" title="Midlothian Council">Midlothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray_Council" title="Moray Council">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_nan_Eilean_Siar" title="Comhairle nan Eilean Siar">Comhairle nan Eilean Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ayrshire Council">North Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire_Council" title="North Lanarkshire Council">North Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross_Council" title="Perth and Kinross Council">Perth and Kinross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire_Council" title="Renfrewshire Council">Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Borders Council">Scottish Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands_Council" title="Shetland Islands Council">Shetland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ayrshire_Council" title="South Ayrshire Council">South Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire_Council" title="South Lanarkshire Council">South Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirling Council">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="West Dunbartonshire Council">West Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lothian_Council" title="West Lothian Council">West Lothian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by area">List by area</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by population">population</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by population density">density</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory#United_Kingdom" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1930_British_Empire_Games" title="1930 British Empire Games">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_British_Empire_Games" title="1934 British Empire Games">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_British_Empire_Games" title="1938 British Empire Games">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_British_Empire_Games" title="1950 British Empire Games">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="496" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1970 British Commonwealth Games">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1974 British Commonwealth Games">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games" title="1978 Commonwealth Games">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games" title="1982 Commonwealth Games">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Commonwealth_Games" title="1986 Commonwealth Games">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Commonwealth_Games" title="1990 Commonwealth Games">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games" title="1994 Commonwealth Games">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games" title="1998 Commonwealth Games">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="2010 Commonwealth Games">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Commonwealth_Games" title="2014 Commonwealth Games">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Commonwealth_Games" title="2018 Commonwealth Games">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games" title="2022 Commonwealth Games">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Commonwealth_Games" title="2026 Commonwealth Games">2026</a>: <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2030_Commonwealth_Games" title="2030 Commonwealth Games">2030</a>: <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Capital_cities_of_British_administrative_divisions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_British_Territories_capitals" title="Template:List of British Territories capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_British_Territories_capitals" title="Template talk:List of British Territories capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_British_Territories_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of British Territories capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Capital_cities_of_British_administrative_divisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital cities of</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British administrative divisions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital of the United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Valley,_Anguilla" title="The Valley, Anguilla">The Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station" title="Rothera Research Station">Rothera</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Town" title="Road Town">Road Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Cayman_Islands" title="George Town, Cayman Islands">George Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brades" title="Brades">Brades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamstown,_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands">Adamstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Town" title="Cockburn Town">Cockburn Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (Breizh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (Kernow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (Éire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mannin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (Alba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (Cymru)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a>, Andorra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, Moldova</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>, Luxembourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, Cyprus2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, Montenegro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a>, San Marino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, Malta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, Northern Cyprus2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, Kosovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, Abkhazia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, Transnistria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, South Ossetia3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a>, Isle of Man</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a>, Jersey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>, Svalbard (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a>, Burgenland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, Styria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Tyrol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>, Carinthia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, Upper Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Salzburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a>, Lower Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a>, Brčko District</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Berlin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Bremen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Thuringia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Hamburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Brandenburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, Saarland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a>, Chuvashia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a>, Kalmykia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, Chechnya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a>, Udmurtia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, Tatarstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a>, Ingushetia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, Dagestan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a>, Adygea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a>, Karelia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a>, Mordovia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a>, Komi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, Perm Krai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a>, Aargau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a>, Uri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, Ticino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>, Grisons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a>, Jura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a>, Thurgau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Vaud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a>, Obwalden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a>, Valais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a>, Nidwalden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, Sardinia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Sicily</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a>, Azores</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Catalonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, Canary Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a>, La Rioja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>, Extremadura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a>, Asturias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, Navarre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a>, Cantabria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, Galicia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Andalusia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Valencian Community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li>2 Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li>3 Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li>4 A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23436#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008625129X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150076018">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205145/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt8kwmMFGyb3pfx96VXBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4013557-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79053770">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863528d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863528d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35056481">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129124&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457047">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dgfwfl5mh2zt0">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561813805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6658f787-692d-417f-852c-dcca728d5849">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045043">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&oldid=1259173570">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&oldid=1259173570</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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