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id="toc-Welfare_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welfare_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Welfare world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welfare_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards and honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gunnar Myrdal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%84" title="غونار ميردل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غونار ميردل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qunnar_Myurdal" title="Qunnar Myurdal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qunnar Myurdal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="قونار میردال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قونار میردال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="গুনার মিরডাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুনার মিরডাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гунар Мюрдаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гунар Мюрдаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гунар Мюрдаль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гунар Мюрдаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Гунар Мюрдал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гунар Мюрдал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81_%CE%9C%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB" title="Γκούναρ Μύρνταλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκούναρ Μύρνταλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="گونار میردال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گونار میردال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4_%EB%AE%88%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%AC" title="군나르 뮈르달 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="군나르 뮈르달" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%84%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Գուննար Մյուրդալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գուննար Մյուրդալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2" title="गुन्नार म्यर्दल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुन्नार म्यर्दल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C" title="גונאר מירדאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גונאר מירדאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗುನ್ನಾರ್ ಮಿರ್ಡಾಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುನ್ನಾರ್ ಮಿರ್ಡಾಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="გუნარ მიურდალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გუნარ მიურდალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гуннар Мюрдаль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гуннар Мюрдаль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гуннар Мюрдаль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гуннар Мюрдаль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnars_M%C4%ABrd%C4%81ls" title="Gunnars Mīrdāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gunnars Mīrdāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="गुन्नार मर्डाल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुन्नार मर्डाल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%84" title="جونار ميردل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جونار ميردل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="グンナー・ミュルダール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グンナー・ミュルダール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B2" title="ਗੁੰਨਾਰ ਮਿਰਦਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁੰਨਾਰ ਮਿਰਦਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%84" title="گنار مرڈل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گنار مرڈل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мюрдаль, Гуннар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мюрдаль, Гуннар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Karl_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Karl Myrdal – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gunnar Karl Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="گونار میردال – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گونار میردال" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Гунар Мирдал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гунар Мирдал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="గున్నార్ మిర్థాల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గున్నార్ మిర్థాల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гуннар Мюрдаль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуннар Мюрдаль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%84" title="گونر مائرڈل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گونر مائرڈل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Karl Gunnar Myrdal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Karl Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A1%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="贡纳尔·默达尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贡纳尔·默达尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gunnar Myrdal" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A2%E7%B4%8D%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE" title="貢納爾·默達爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貢納爾·默達爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A1%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="贡纳尔·默达尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贡纳尔·默达尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152452#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swedish economist and sociologist (1898–1987)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gunnar Myrdal</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gunnar_Myrdal_1964_002_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gunnar_Myrdal_1964_002_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gunnar_Myrdal_1964_002_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gunnar_Myrdal_1964_002_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gunnar_Myrdal_1964_002_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Gunnar_Myrdal_1964_002_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="449" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Myrdal in 1964</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Karl Gunnar Myrdal</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1898-12-06</span>)</span>6 December 1898<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Skattungbyn" title="Skattungbyn">Skattungbyn</a>, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 May 1987<span style="display:none">(1987-05-17)</span> (aged 88)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A5ngsund" title="Trångsund">Trångsund</a>, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1924; died 1986)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Sissela_Bok" title="Sissela Bok">Sissela Bok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Myrdal" title="Jan Myrdal">Jan Myrdal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_F%C3%B6lster" title="Stefan Fölster">Stefan Fölster</a> (grandson)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University </a><br /><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Institute of International Studies">Geneva Graduate Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm school (economics)">Stockholm school</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Cassel" title="Gustav Cassel">Gustav Cassel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />students</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Meidner" title="Rudolf Meidner">Rudolf Meidner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_T%C3%B6rnqvist" title="Leo Törnqvist">Leo Törnqvist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Wicksell" title="Knut Wicksell">Knut Wicksell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Prebisch" title="Raúl Prebisch">Raúl Prebisch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monetary_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary equilibrium">Monetary equilibrium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ex-ante" title="Ex-ante">ex-ante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation" title="Circular cumulative causation">circular cumulative causation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Bronislaw_Malinowski_Award" title="Bronislaw Malinowski Award">Bronislaw Malinowski Award</a> (1975)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gunnar_Myrdal_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gunnar_Myrdal_signature.svg/150px-Gunnar_Myrdal_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gunnar_Myrdal_signature.svg/225px-Gunnar_Myrdal_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gunnar_Myrdal_signature.svg/300px-Gunnar_Myrdal_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="196" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Karl Gunnar Myrdal</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MUR</span>-dahl, <span style="font-size:90%">MEER</span>-</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Swedish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈɡɵ̌nːar<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmy̌ːɖɑːl]</a></span>; 6 December 1898 – 17 May 1987) was a Swedish <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a>. In 1974, he received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> for "their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena."<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his wife, <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a>, received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1982, they became the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize#Statistics" title="Nobel Prize">fourth ever married couple</a> to have won Nobel Prizes, and the first and only to win independent of each other (versus a shared Nobel Prize by scientist spouses). </p><p>Myrdal is best known in the United States for his study of race relations, which culminated in his book <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Dilemma:_The_Negro_Problem_and_Modern_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy">An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy</a></i>. The study was influential in the 1954 landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>. In Sweden, his work and political influence were important to the establishment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Folkhemmet" title="Folkhemmet">Folkhemmet</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Myrdal was born on 6 December 1898, in <a href="/wiki/Skattungbyn" title="Skattungbyn">Skattungbyn</a>, Sweden, to Karl Adolf Pettersson (1876–1934), a building contractor, and his wife Anna Sofia Karlsson (1878–1965). He took the name <i>Myrdal</i> in 1914 after his ancestors' farm Myr in the province of <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>. </p><p>There is a possibly apocryphal story about an interaction between him and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Cassel" title="Gustav Cassel">Gustav Cassel</a>, where Cassel was reported to say, "Gunnar, you should be more respectful to your elders, because it is we who will determine your promotion," and he replied, "Yes, but it is we who will write your obituaries."<sup id="cite_ref-obituary2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obituary2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gunnar Myrdal graduated with a law degree from <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a> in 1923 and a doctorate in economics in 1927. In June 1919, he met <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Reimer</a>, whom he married in October 1924<sup id="cite_ref-(Karl)_Gunnar_Mydral_Biography_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(Karl)_Gunnar_Mydral_Biography-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had the first of their three children in 1927. </p><p>Myrdal's <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> thesis, <i>The Problem of Price Formation under Economic Change</i>, had three parts: The Basics of the Dynamic Problem of Price Formation, The Problem of the Profit of the Enterprise, and The Optimal Mode of Construction and Change, the most mathematical of the three, where he studied equilibrium of price formation under dynamic conditions. </p><p>In Gunnar Myrdal's doctoral dissertation, published in 1927, he examined the role of expectations in price formation. His analysis strongly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm school (economics)">Stockholm school</a>. He built on <a href="/wiki/Knut_Wicksell" title="Knut Wicksell">Knut Wicksell</a>'s theories of <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_process" title="Cumulative process">cumulative process</a> of <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_money" title="Endogenous money">endogenous money</a>, stressing the importance of <a href="/wiki/Knightian_uncertainty" title="Knightian uncertainty">Knightian uncertainty</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_ante" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex ante">ex ante</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_post" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex post">ex post</a></i> expectations role in the economic process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1925 and 1929, Myrdal studied in Britain and Germany. He was a Rockefeller Fellow and visited the United States in 1929–1930. During this period, he published his first books, including <i>The Political Element in the Development of Economic Theory</i> in 1930<i>.</i> Returning to Europe, he served for one year as associate professor in the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Institute of International Studies">Graduate Institute of International Studies</a>, Geneva, Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Political Element</i> is a compilation of Myrdal's lectures presented at the University of Stockholm. It gives us the historical account of the influence of politics in the development of economic theory and the relation between them. Gunnar believed that economics would be considered a true science only when the political aspect was dissociated. It was initially written to criticize the older generation of Swedish economists such as <a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Eli Heckscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Cassel" title="Gustav Cassel">Gustav Cassel</a>, and Brisman, for combining and confusing facts and values in their theories of ‘maximum welfare’, ‘<a href="/wiki/Price_level" title="Price level">price level</a>’, and ‘national income’. But later it turned out be a general critique of the economic theory where he emphasized that economics should be objective and independent from values. He wrote that although economists claim to be scientific and objective, their conclusion from their analyses was always politically inclined. <i>The Political Element</i> was translated to German in 1932 and to English in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gunnar Myrdal was at first fascinated by the abstract mathematical models coming into fashion in the 1920s, and helped found the <a href="/wiki/Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a> in London. Later, however, he accused the movement of ignoring the problem of distribution of wealth in its obsession with economic growth, of using faulty statistics and substituting Greek letters for missing data in its formulas and of flouting logic. He wrote, "Correlations are not explanations and besides, they can be as spurious as the high correlation in Finland between foxes killed and divorces." Professor Myrdal was an early supporter of the theses of <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, although he maintained that the basic idea of adjusting national budgets to slow or speed an economy was first developed by him and articulated in his book <i>Monetary Economics</i>, published in 1932, four years prior to Keynes' <i><a href="/wiki/General_Theory_of_Employment,_Interest_and_Money" class="mw-redirect" title="General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money">General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-obituary2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obituary2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Barber's comment upon Myrdal's work on monetary theory goes like this: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If his contribution had been available to readers of English before 1936, it is interesting to speculate whether the ‘revolution’ in macroeconomic theory of the depression decade would be referred to as 'Myrdalian' as much as 'Keynesian'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Economist <a href="/wiki/G._L._S._Shackle" title="G. L. S. Shackle">G. L. S. Shackle</a> claimed the importance of Gunnar Myrdal's analysis by which saving and investment are allowed to adjust ex ante to each other. However, the reference to <a href="/wiki/Ex-ante" title="Ex-ante"><i>ex ante</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_post" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex post">ex post</a></i> analysis has become so usual in modern <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a> that the position of Keynes to not include it in his work was currently considered as an oddity, if not a mistake. As Shackle put it: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Myrdalian ex ante language would have saved the General Theory from describing the flow of investment and the flow of saving as identically, tautologically equal, and within the same discourse, treating their equality as a condition which may, or not, be fulfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gunnar Myrdal also developed the key concept <a href="/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation" title="Circular cumulative causation">circular cumulative causation</a>, a multi-causal approach where the core variables and their linkages are delineated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gunnar Myrdal became professor at Stockholms Högskola 1933. Myrdal was professor of economics at Stockholms Högskola for 15 years, until 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-ne.se_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ne.se-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became a <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Social Democratic</a> Member of Parliament from 1933, and again from 1945 to 1947 he served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Commerce and Industry (Sweden)">Minister of Commerce and Industry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Tage Erlander</a>'s government. During this period, he was heavily criticized for his financial agreement with the Soviet Union. At the same time he was accused of being responsible for the Swedish monetary crisis in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He coauthored with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_the_Population_Question" title="Crisis in the Population Question">Crisis in the Population Question</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Kris i befolkningsfrågan</i>, 1934). The work of Gunnar and Alva inspired policies adopted by the Minister of Social Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_M%C3%B6ller" title="Gustav Möller">Gustav Möller</a>, to provide social support to families. </p><p>Gunnar Myrdal headed a comprehensive study of sociological, economic, anthropological and legal data on race relations in the United States funded by the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York" title="Carnegie Corporation of New York">Carnegie Corporation</a>, starting in 1938. The result of the effort was Gunnar Myrdal's best-known work, <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Dilemma:_The_Negro_Problem_and_Modern_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy">An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy</a></i>, published in 1944, written with the collaboration of R. M. E. Sterner and Arnold Rose.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He characterized the problem of race relations as a dilemma because of a perceived conflict between high ideals, embodied in what he called the "American Creed," on the one hand and poor performance on the other. In the generations since the Civil War, the U.S. had been unable to put its human rights ideals into practice for the African American tenth of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-An_American_Dilemma_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An_American_Dilemma-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book was cited by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in its 1954 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>, which outlawed racial segregation in public schools. Myrdal planned on doing a similar study on gender inequality, but he could not find funding for this project and never completed it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_and_after">World War II and after</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War II, Gunnar Myrdal was staunchly and publicly anti-Nazi. Together with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva</a>, he wrote <i>Contact with America</i> in 1941, which praised the United States' democratic institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-obituary3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obituary3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gunnar Myrdal became the Executive Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a> in 1947. During his tenure, he founded one of the leading centers of economic research and policy development.<sup id="cite_ref-An_Intellectual_Biography_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An_Intellectual_Biography-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After ten years in the position, Dr. Myrdal resigned as Executive Secretary in 1957. In 1956 and 1957, he was able to publish <i>An International Economy, Problems and Prospects</i>, <i>Rich Lands and Poor</i> and <i>Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions.</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myrdal was also a signatory of the 1950 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> statement <i><a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question">The Race Question</a></i>, which rebuts the theories of racial supremacy and purity, and also influenced the <i>Brown v. Board of Education</i> decision. “What he knew about [United States] constitutional law we are not told nor have we been able to learn.”<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, Myrdal wrote the foreword for African American author Richard Wright's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Curtain" title="The Color Curtain">The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference</a></i>. </p><p>Between 1960 and 1967, he was a professor of <a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">international economics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a>. In 1961, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_International_Economic_Studies" title="Institute for International Economic Studies">Institute for International Economic Studies</a> at the University. Throughout the 1960s, he worked on a comprehensive study of trends and policies in South Asia for the <a href="/wiki/The_Century_Foundation" title="The Century Foundation">Twentieth Century Fund</a>. The study culminated in his three-volume <i>Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations,</i> published in 1968. In 1970, he published a companion book called <i>The Challenge of World Poverty,</i> where he laid out what he believed to be the chief policy solutions to the problems he outlined in <i>Asian Drama.</i> </p><p>Gunnar Myrdal strongly opposed the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In <i>Asian Drama</i>, Myrdal predicted that land reform and pacification would fail in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and urged the United States to begin negotiations with <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>. After returning to Sweden, he headed the Swedish Vietnam Committee and became co-chair of International Commission of Inquiry Into U.S. War Crimes in Indochina. He also presided over the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>, an international watchdog for the arms trade.<sup id="cite_ref-obituary4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obituary4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the signers of the <a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_II" title="Humanist Manifesto II">Humanist Manifesto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myrdal_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Myrdal_1980.jpg/170px-Myrdal_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Myrdal_1980.jpg/255px-Myrdal_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Myrdal_1980.jpg/340px-Myrdal_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Myrdal in 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967 Myrdal received an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Williams_University" title="Sir George Williams University">Sir George Williams University</a>, which later became <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University" title="Concordia University">Concordia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Concordia_University_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concordia_University-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971 both he and his wife received honorary doctorates from <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College" title="Gustavus Adolphus College">Gustavus Adolphus College</a> in Saint Peter, Minnesota. </p><p>He shared the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel">Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences</a> (otherwise known as the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> in 1974,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Economics_1974_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nobel_Prize_in_Economics_1974-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but argued for its abolition because he believed that economics is a “soft” science.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1974–1975, he served as visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Myrdal received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary Doctorate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alva_and_Gunnar_Myrdal_at_desk_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alva_and_Gunnar_Myrdal_at_desk_%28edited%29.jpg/170px-Alva_and_Gunnar_Myrdal_at_desk_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alva_and_Gunnar_Myrdal_at_desk_%28edited%29.jpg/255px-Alva_and_Gunnar_Myrdal_at_desk_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alva_and_Gunnar_Myrdal_at_desk_%28edited%29.jpg/340px-Alva_and_Gunnar_Myrdal_at_desk_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Alva and Gunnar Myrdal circa 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>Myrdal married politician and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> in 1924, and together had son <a href="/wiki/Jan_Myrdal" title="Jan Myrdal">Jan Myrdal</a> (born 1927), daughter <a href="/wiki/Sissela_Bok" title="Sissela Bok">Sissela Bok</a> (born 1934) and daughter Kaj Fölster (born 1936).<sup id="cite_ref-Harnesk_(1962),_p._935_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harnesk_(1962),_p._935-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Fölster, he is the grandfather of Swedish economist <a href="/wiki/Stefan_F%C3%B6lster" title="Stefan Fölster">Stefan Fölster</a>. </p><p>Alva Myrdal was a prominent leader of the disarmament movement. She, along with <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a>, received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1982. </p><p>Myrdal suffered from <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> and was hospitalized for two months before he died in a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A5ngsund,_Stockholm" title="Trångsund, Stockholm">Trångsund</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, on 17 May 1987. His daughter Kaj Fölster and his grandson, Janken Myrdal, were present.<sup id="cite_ref-obituary_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obituary-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_the_philosophy_of_knowledge">Contributions to the philosophy of knowledge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contributions to the philosophy of knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gunnar Myrdal's scientific influence was not limited to economics. Through the introduction to <i>Asian Drama</i> with the title "The Beam in our Eyes" (a biblical reference; cf. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">Matthew 7</a>:1–2) he introduced the approach mentioned as scientific relativism of values. This behavioral approach is narrowly connected to <a href="/wiki/Behavioralism" title="Behavioralism">behavioralism</a> and is built on the idea that the logical gulf between "is" and "ought" is more sophisticated than just dividing premises into categories. The articles edited in "Value in Social Theory" underlines Myrdal's importance to political science. As political science normally is considered more descriptive than economics, one might get the idea that Myrdal should not have dealt systematically with the values applied to economics. On the contrary, Myrdal connected <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> as a practitioner. </p><p>Myrdal published many notable works, both before and after <i>American Dilemma</i> and, among many other contributions to social and public policy, founded and chaired the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. Internationally revered as a father-figure of <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a>, he contributed to <a href="/wiki/Social_democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrat">social democratic</a> thinking throughout the world, in collaboration with friends and colleagues in the political and academic arenas. Sweden and Britain were among the pioneers of a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and books by Myrdal (<i>Beyond the Welfare State</i> – New Haven, 1958) and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Titmuss" title="Richard Titmuss">Richard Titmuss</a> (<i>Essays on “The Welfare State”</i> – London, 1958) unsurprisingly explore similar themes. Myrdal's theoretical key concept "circular cumulative causation" contributed to the development of modern <a href="/wiki/Non-equilibrium_economics" title="Non-equilibrium economics">Non-equilibrium economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welfare_world">Welfare world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Welfare world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Myrdal suggested that we need to evolve from the welfare state to the welfare world, which would enable the <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution of income and wealth</a> not only within a country but also on a global scale. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era, In <i>Beyond the Welfare State</i>, he proposed the idea of the welfare world to overcome the limitations of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myrdal's recommendations were not accepted by international technocrats or by developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he also thought it a more difficult task to establish the welfare world than a welfare state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyrdal1960220_(by_the_Japanese_ed.)_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyrdal1960220_(by_the_Japanese_ed.)-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He pointed out the following limitations of the welfare state: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> of already existing Western welfare states preventing development in underdeveloped countries.</li> <li>Other difficulties of development in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>.</li> <li>Existence of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">communist countries</a> acting as a provocateur for more revolutionary transformations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>West German Peace Prize (1970; jointly with his wife <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislaw_Malinowski_Award" title="Bronislaw Malinowski Award">Bronislaw Malinowski Award</a> (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen-Commons_Award" title="Veblen-Commons Award">Veblen-Commons Award</a> (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (1938)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a> (1947)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy-Universit%C3%A9" title="Nancy-Université">Nancy-Université</a> (1950)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, Doctor of Humane Letters (1 June 1954)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_School_for_Social_Research" title="The New School for Social Research">The New School for Social Research</a> (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>, Legume Doctor (1957)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, Doctor of Laws (1959)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> (1961)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>, Doctor of Laws (8 October 1961)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>, Legume Doctor (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Detroit (1963)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a> (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a>, Doctor of Laws (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a>, Doctor of Philosophy (31 May 1966)<sup id="cite_ref-Gustafsson_(1987-1989),_p._144_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gustafsson_(1987-1989),_p._144-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Williams_University" title="Sir George Williams University">Sir George Williams University</a>, Doctor of Laws (May 1967)<sup id="cite_ref-Concordia_University_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concordia_University-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, Doctor of Laws (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh University</a> (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>, Doctor of Civil Laws (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a>, Doctor of Social Science (November 1968)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="University of Jyväskylä">University of Jyväskylä</a> (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University" title="Clark Atlanta University">Atlanta University</a> (1970)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> (1970)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> (1970)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, Doctor of Science (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College" title="Gustavus Adolphus College">Gustavus Adolphus College</a>, Doctor of Humane Letters (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Academy_of_Economic_Studies" title="Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies">Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies</a> (1970)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a> (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a>, Doctor of Letters (July 1979)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a> (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a> (1943)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> (1945)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a> (1947)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1958)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> (1973)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785_32-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vem_är_det_(1984),_p._785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Political Element in the Development of Economic Theory.</i> (1930)</li> <li><i>Monetary Equilibrium</i> (1931), translated to English in 1939</li> <li><i>The Cost of Living in Sweden, 1830–1930</i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_the_Population_Question" title="Crisis in the Population Question">Crisis in the Population Question</a></i> (1934)</li> <li>Fiscal Policy in the Business Cycle. <i>The American Economic Review</i>, vol 21, no 1, Mar 1939.</li> <li><i>Population, a Problem for Democracy.</i> Harvard University Press, 1940.</li> <li><i>Contact With America</i> (1941)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Dilemma:_The_Negro_Problem_and_Modern_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy">An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy</a>.</i> Harper & Bros, 1944.</li> <li>Social Trends in America and Strategic Approaches to the Negro Problem. <i>Phylon</i>, Vol. 9, No. 3, 3rd Quarter, 1948.</li> <li>Conference of the British Sociological Association, 1953. II Opening Address: The Relation between Social Theory and Social Policy The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 4, No. 3, Sept. 1953.</li> <li><i>An International Economy, Problems and Prospects.</i> Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1956.</li> <li><i>Rich Lands and Poor.</i> 1957.</li> <li><i>Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions</i>, Gerald Duckworth, 1957.</li> <li><i>Value in Social Theory: A Selection of Essays on Methodology.</i> Ed. Paul Streeten, published by Harper, 1958.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMyrdal1960" class="citation book cs1">Myrdal (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondwelfaresta00myrdrich"><i>Beyond the Welfare State</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Welfare+State&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Myrdal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondwelfaresta00myrdrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunnar+Myrdal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Challenge to Affluence.</i> Random House, 1963.</li> <li><i>America and Vietnam – Transition</i>, No. 3, Oct, 1967.</li> <li>Twenty Years of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. <i>International Organization</i>, Vol 22, No. 3, Summer, 1968.</li> <li><i>Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations</i>, 1968.</li> <li><i>Objectivity in Social Research</i>, 1969.</li> <li><i>The Challenge of World Poverty: A World Anti-Poverty Program in Outline.</i> 1970.</li> <li><i>Against the Stream.</i></li> <li><i>Hur Styrs Landet?</i>, 1982.</li> <li>Gunnar Myrdal on Population Policy in the Underdeveloped World – Population and Development Review, Vol 13, No. 3, Sept. 1987.</li> <li>The Equality Issue in World Development – The American Economic Review, vol 79, no 6, Dec 1989.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Myrdal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1994" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Walter A. (1 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b5D1ev51ZU8C"><i>Gunnar Myrdal and America's Conscience: Social Engineering and Racial Liberalism, 1938-1987</i></a>. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4460-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4460-1"><bdi>978-0-8078-4460-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunnar+Myrdal+and+America%27s+Conscience%3A+Social+Engineering+and+Racial+Liberalism%2C+1938-1987&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1994-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4460-1&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db5D1ev51ZU8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunnar+Myrdal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/684">Gunnar Myrdal</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152452#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>, accessed 3 May 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Carlson, Benny (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-03700-0">"Swedish Economists in the 1930s Debate on Economic Planning"</a>. <i>Springer</i>: 37–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-03700-0">10.1007/978-3-030-03700-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-03699-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-03699-7"><bdi>978-3-030-03699-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springer&rft.atitle=Swedish+Economists+in+the+1930s+Debate+on+Economic+Planning&rft.pages=37-38&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-03700-0&rft.isbn=978-3-030-03699-7&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-03700-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunnar+Myrdal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obituary2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obituary2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obituary2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/18/obituaries/gunnar-myrdal-analyst-of-race-crisis-dies.html?pagewanted=2">"Gunnar Myrdal, Analyst of Race Crisis, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 18 May 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97509-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97509-8"><bdi>978-0-275-97509-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+Humanity+and+Justice%3A+The+Writings+of+Kenneth+B.+Clark%2C+Scholar+of+the+1954+Brown+V.+Board+of+Education+Decision&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97509-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Bancroft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsf2tmfIyplQC%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunnar+Myrdal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418163907/http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm">"Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates"</a>. <i>www1.hw.ac.uk</i>. 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The principle of circular and cumulative causation</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77780-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77780-3"><bdi>978-0-415-77780-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Non-Equilibrium+Economics.+The+principle+of+circular+and+cumulative+causation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77780-3&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2F9780415777803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunnar+Myrdal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Marianne (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/23801883.2022.2062415">"Towards a Global Intellectual History of an Unequal World Swedish intellectual thought on inequality and a 'welfare world'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Global Intellectual History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23801883.2022.2062415">10.1080/23801883.2022.2062415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2380-1883">2380-1883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Intellectual+History&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Global+Intellectual+History+of+an+Unequal+World+Swedish+intellectual+thought+on+inequality+and+a+%27welfare+world%27&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23801883.2022.2062415&rft.issn=2380-1883&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F23801883.2022.2062415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunnar+Myrdal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyrdal1960220_(by_the_Japanese_ed.)-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyrdal1960220_(by_the_Japanese_ed.)_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyrdal1960">Myrdal (1960)</a>, p. 220 (by the Japanese ed.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alva-Reimer-Myrdal">"Alva Reimer Myrdal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dartmouth+Alumni+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Commencement+Address&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1971-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com%2Fissue%2F19710701%23%21%26pid%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunnar+Myrdal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gustavus.edu/events/nobelconference/nobelfoundation/degrees.php">"Nobel Laureates Holding Honorary Degrees from Gustavus Adolphus College"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College" title="Gustavus Adolphus College">Gustavus Adolphus College</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Laureates+Holding+Honorary+Degrees+from+Gustavus+Adolphus+College&rft.pub=Gustavus+Adolphus+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgustavus.edu%2Fevents%2Fnobelconference%2Fnobelfoundation%2Fdegrees.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunnar+Myrdal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hw.ac.uk/uk/services/docs/secretariat/honorary-graduates-1966-present.pdf">"Heriot-Watt University Honorary Graduates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heriot-Watt+University+Honorary+Graduates&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Heriot-Watt+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hw.ac.uk%2Fuk%2Fservices%2Fdocs%2Fsecretariat%2Fhonorary-graduates-1966-present.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunnar+Myrdal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsKlibanoff2007" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Gene; Klibanoff, Hank (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfxvDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation</i></a>. 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gustavus.edu/library/archives/index.php">Gustavus Adolphus College and Lutheran Church Archives</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907043449/http://www.csbancari.ch/pubblicazioni/RMElab/gnos.pdf">A Methodolological Issue: Ex-Ante and Ex-Post, Claude Gnos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019195522/http://growthbook4.ec.unipi.it/Chapter7.pdf">Gunnar Myrdal, growth processes and equilibrium theory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/10/81/58/PDF/Tobon-HER-Myrdal2.pdf">On Prices in Myrdal’s Monetary Theory-Alexander Tobon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/684">Gunnar Myrdal</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152452#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Prize Lecture on March 17, 1975 <i>The Equality Issue in World Development</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/pmy3.html">IDEAS/RePEc</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Myrdal.html">"Gunnar Myrdal (1898–1987)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gunnar+Myrdal+%281898%E2%80%931987%29&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.series=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2Fbios%2FMyrdal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunnar+Myrdal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fixingtheeconomists.wordpress.com/2013/08/10/gunnar-myrdals-prescient-criticisms-of-keynes-general-theory">Gunnar Myrdal’s Prescient Criticisms of Keynes’ General Theory-by Philip Pilkington</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021142728/http://adriandeleon.cucea.udg.mx/docs/SLMRBIT_MYRDALSME.pdf">Rules from Myrdal’s Monetary Equilibrium Adrián de León-Arias</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ne.su.se/paper/wp05_07.pdf">Monetary Equilibrium -Claes Henrik Siver Stockholm University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813083515/http://www2.ne.su.se/paper/wp05_07.pdf">Archived</a> 13 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2663487?uid=3738984&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21104857499933">Myrdal's Analysis of Monetary Equilibrium G.L.S. Shackle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/012773">Newspaper clippings about Gunnar Myrdal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152452#P4293" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=8623">Gunnar Myrdal</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Svenskt_biografiskt_lexikon" title="Svenskt biografiskt lexikon">Svenskt biografiskt lexikon</a></i> <span class="languageicon">(in Swedish)</span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics">Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a> </b><br />1974 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich August von Hayek">Friedrich August von Hayek</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Vitaliyevich_Kantorovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich">Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_C._Koopmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjalling C. Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John R. Hicks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gunnar Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich August von Hayek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James E. Meade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">Sir Arthur Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry M. Markowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton H. Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_F._Sharpe" title="William F. Sharpe">William F. Sharpe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald H. Coase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass C. North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John C. Harsanyi</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John F. Nash Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron S. Scholes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert A. Mundell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel L. McFadden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George A. Akerlof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle III</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive W.J. Granger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert J. Aumann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund S. Phelps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric S. Maskin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter A. Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd S. Shapley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene F. Fama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard H. Thaler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a> / <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. Robinson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1974_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1974_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1974 Nobel Prize 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gunnar Myrdal</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> (Austria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1969_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1969 Nobel Prize winners">1969</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1970_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1970 Nobel Prize winners">1970</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1971_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1971 Nobel Prize winners">1971</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1972_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1972 Nobel Prize winners">1972</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1973_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1973 Nobel Prize winners">1973</a></dd> <dd><b>1974 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1975_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1975 Nobel Prize winners">1975</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners">1976</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1977_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1977 Nobel Prize winners">1977</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1978_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1978 Nobel Prize winners">1978</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1979 Nobel Prize winners">1979</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Swedish_Nobel_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swedish_Nobel_Laureates" title="Template:Swedish Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swedish_Nobel_Laureates" title="Template talk:Swedish Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish_Nobel_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swedish_Nobel_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Swedish <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> <small>(posthumously)</small></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Pontus Arnoldson</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> <small>(posthumously)</small></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Gustaf Dalén</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Manne Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1974: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gunnar Myrdal</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Executive_Secretaries_of_the_United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe_(UNECE)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Executive_Secretaries_of_UNECE" title="Template:Executive Secretaries of UNECE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Executive_Secretaries_of_UNECE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Executive Secretaries of UNECE (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Executive_Secretaries_of_UNECE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Executive Secretaries of UNECE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Executive_Secretaries_of_the_United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe_(UNECE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Executive Secretaries of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a> (UNECE)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gunnar Myrdal</a> (1947–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakari_Tuomioja" title="Sakari Tuomioja">Sakari Tuomioja</a> (1957–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Velebit" title="Vladimir Velebit">Vladimir Velebit</a> (1960–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Stanovnik" title="Janez Stanovnik">Janez Stanovnik</a> (1968–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Sahlgren" title="Klaus Sahlgren">Klaus Sahlgren</a> (1982–86)</li> <li>Gerald Hinteregger (1987–93)</li> <li>Yves Berthelot (1993–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuta_H%C3%BCbner" title="Danuta Hübner">Danuta Hübner</a> (2000–01)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigita_Schm%C3%B6gnerov%C3%A1" title="Brigita Schmögnerová">Brigita Schmögnerová</a> (2002–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Belka" title="Marek Belka">Marek Belka</a> (2005–08)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Kubi%C5%A1" title="Ján Kubiš">Ján Kubiš</a> (2008–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Alkalaj" title="Sven Alkalaj">Sven Alkalaj</a> (2012–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friis_Bach" title="Christian Friis Bach">Christian Friis Bach</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C4%BEga_Algayerov%C3%A1" title="Oľga Algayerová">Oľga Algayerová</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Institutional_economics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Instecon" title="Template:Instecon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Instecon" title="Template talk:Instecon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Instecon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Instecon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Institutional_economics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional economists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Abelshauser" title="Werner Abelshauser">Werner Abelshauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Edwin_Ayres" title="Clarence Edwin Ayres">Clarence Edwin Ayres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_S._Bain" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe S. Bain">Joe S. Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimshon_Bichler" title="Shimshon Bichler">Shimshon Bichler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Brady" title="Robert A. Brady">Robert A. Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bromley" title="Daniel Bromley">Daniel Bromley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha-Joon_Chang" title="Ha-Joon Chang">Ha-Joon Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_Clark" title="John Maurice Clark">John Maurice Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Frank" title="Robert H. Frank">Robert H. Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton_Hale_Hamilton" title="Walton Hale Hamilton">Walton Hale Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orris_C._Herfindahl" title="Orris C. Herfindahl">Orris C. Herfindahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_O._Hirschman" title="Albert O. Hirschman">Albert O. Hirschman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hodgson" title="Geoffrey Hodgson">Geoffrey Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kornai" title="János Kornai">János Kornai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Lewis" title="Hunter Lewis">Hunter Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_W._Markham" title="Jesse W. Markham">Jesse W. Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gunnar Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Nitzan" title="Jonathan Nitzan">Jonathan Nitzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Samuels" title="Warren Samuels">Warren Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Simiand" title="François Simiand">François Simiand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stilwell_(economist)" title="Frank Stilwell (economist)">Frank Stilwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking_Sr." title="George W. Stocking Sr.">George W. Stocking Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_P%C3%A5lsson_Syll" title="Lars Pålsson Syll">Lars Pålsson Syll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrence_Wheelwright" title="Edward Lawrence Wheelwright">Edward Lawrence Wheelwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Zimmermann" title="Erich Zimmermann">Erich Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional economists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armen_Alchian" title="Armen Alchian">Armen Alchian </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masahiko_Aoki" title="Masahiko Aoki">Masahiko Aoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_N._S._Cheung" title="Steven N. S. Cheung">Steven N. S. Cheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Demsetz" title="Harold Demsetz">Harold Demsetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avner_Greif" title="Avner Greif">Avner Greif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_M%C3%A9nard_(economist)" title="Claude Ménard (economist)">Claude Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancur_Olson" title="Mancur Olson">Mancur Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Ainslie_(psychologist)" title="George Ainslie (psychologist)">George Ainslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Ariely" title="Dan Ariely">Dan Ariely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Ashraf" title="Nava Ashraf">Nava Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofer_Azar" title="Ofer Azar">Ofer Azar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bernheim" title="Douglas Bernheim">Douglas Bernheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Brosnan" title="Sarah Brosnan">Sarah Brosnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Camerer" title="Colin Camerer">Colin Camerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cesarini" title="David Cesarini">David Cesarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay-Yut_Chen" title="Kay-Yut Chen">Kay-Yut Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Croson" title="Rachel Croson">Rachel Croson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_De_Bondt" title="Werner De Bondt">Werner De Bondt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dolan_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Dolan (academic)">Paul Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Duneier" title="Stephen Duneier">Stephen Duneier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_C._Eckel" title="Catherine C. Eckel">Catherine C. Eckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Falk" title="Armin Falk">Armin Falk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urs_Fischbacher" title="Urs Fischbacher">Urs Fischbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Gneezy" title="Uri Gneezy">Uri Gneezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halpern_(psychologist)" title="David Halpern (psychologist)">David Halpern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Holt" title="Charles A. Holt">Charles A. Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ryan_Just" title="David Ryan Just">David Ryan Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Kalil" title="Ariel Kalil">Ariel Kalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Katona" title="George Katona">George Katona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_R._Kling" title="Jeffrey R. Kling">Jeffrey R. Kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Loewenstein" title="George Loewenstein">George Loewenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Loomes" title="Graham Loomes">Graham Loomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_C._Madrian" title="Brigitte C. Madrian">Brigitte C. Madrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_McClelland" title="Gary McClelland">Gary McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Motterlini" title="Matteo Motterlini">Matteo Motterlini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendhil_Mullainathan" title="Sendhil Mullainathan">Sendhil Mullainathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Norton_(professor)" title="Michael Norton (professor)">Michael Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rabin" title="Matthew Rabin">Matthew Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Rachlin" title="Howard Rachlin">Howard Rachlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_M._Schmidt" title="Klaus M. Schmidt">Klaus M. Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldar_Shafir" title="Eldar Shafir">Eldar Shafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersh_Shefrin" title="Hersh Shefrin">Hersh Shefrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Sunde" title="Uwe Sunde">Uwe Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Vishny" title="Robert W. Vishny">Robert W. Vishny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Georg Weizsäcker">Georg Weizsäcker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic sociologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Beckert" title="Jens Beckert">Jens Beckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Block" title="Fred L. Block">Fred L. Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smoot_Coleman" title="James Smoot Coleman">James S. Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_DiMaggio" title="Paul DiMaggio">Paul DiMaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_England" title="Paula England">Paula England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Granovetter" title="Mark Granovetter">Mark Granovetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Angus_MacKenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Angus MacKenzie">Donald Angus MacKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_M._Podolny" title="Joel M. Podolny">Joel M. Podolny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynette_Spillman" title="Lynette Spillman">Lynette Spillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swedberg" title="Richard Swedberg">Richard Swedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Th%C3%A9venot" title="Laurent Thévenot">Laurent Thévenot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Trigilia" title="Carlo Trigilia">Carlo Trigilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_White" title="Harrison White">Harrison White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viviana_Zelizer" title="Viviana Zelizer">Viviana Zelizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts and ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_effect" title="Accelerator effect">Accelerator effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administered_prices" title="Administered prices">Administered prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">Bounded rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_leisure" title="Conspicuous leisure">Conspicuous leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">Conventional wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countervailing_power" title="Countervailing power">Countervailing power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_competition" title="Effective competition">Effective competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herfindahl_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Herfindahl index">Herfindahl index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiding_hand_principle" title="Hiding hand principle">Hiding hand principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirschman_cycle" title="Hirschman cycle">Hirschman cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuznets_swing" title="Kuznets swing">Kuznets cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_concentration" title="Market concentration">Market concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">Market power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_structure" title="Market structure">Market structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backwardness" title="Backwardness">Penalty of taking the lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisficing" title="Satisficing">Satisficing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">Shortage economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure%E2%80%93conduct%E2%80%93performance_paradigm" title="Structure–conduct–performance paradigm">Structure–conduct–performance paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technostructure" title="Technostructure">Technostructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_two-level_planning" title="Theory of two-level planning">Theory of two-level planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblenian_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Veblenian dichotomy">Veblenian dichotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought#French_historical_school" title="Schools of economic thought">French historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">Legal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesian economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics" title="Template:Economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics" title="Template talk:Economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Theoretical_research" title="Economics">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">Price theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history</a>)<br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_(economics)" title="Stockholm School (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economists</a><br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. 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