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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nomination and selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_and_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prizes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prizes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prizes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Medals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Diplomas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Award_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Award_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Award money</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Award_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremony_and_banquet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremony_and_banquet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ceremony and banquet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremony_and_banquet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laureates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laureates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Laureates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laureates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Laureates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Laureates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time_factor_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_factor_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Time factor and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_factor_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_inclusions_and_exclusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_inclusions_and_exclusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Controversial inclusions and exclusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_inclusions_and_exclusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limits_on_number_of_awardees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limits_on_number_of_awardees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Limits on number of awardees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limits_on_number_of_awardees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_without_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_without_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Years without awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_without_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Fisiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Physiologie_oder_Medizin" title="Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="جائزة نوبل في الطب أو علم وظائف الأعضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جائزة نوبل في الطب أو علم وظائف الأعضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiu_Nobel_de_Fisiolox%C3%ADa_o_Medicina" title="Premiu Nobel de Fisioloxía o Medicina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Premiu Nobel de Fisioloxía o Medicina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziologiya_v%C9%99_ya_tibb_%C3%BCzr%C9%99_%22Nobel%22_m%C3%BCkafat%C4%B1" title="Fiziologiya və ya tibb üzrə "Nobel" mükafatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fiziologiya və ya tibb üzrə "Nobel" mükafatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পুরস্কার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পুরস্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Seng-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk_I-ha%CC%8Dk_Chi%C3%B3ng" title="Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96_%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нобелеўская прэмія па фізіялогіі і медыцыне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нобелеўская прэмія па фізіялогіі і медыцыне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96_%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нобэлеўская прэмія па фізыялёгіі ці мэдыцыне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нобэлеўская прэмія па фізыялёгіі ці мэдыцыне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за физиология или медицина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нобелова награда за физиология или медицина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziologiju_ili_medicinu" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priz_Nobel_ar_Fiziologiezh_pe_ar_Medisinerezh" title="Priz Nobel ar Fiziologiezh pe ar Medisinerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Priz Nobel ar Fiziologiezh pe ar Medisinerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel_de_Fisiologia_o_Medicina" title="Premi Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Premi Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_fyziologii_a_l%C3%A9ka%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Nobelova cena za fyziologii a lékařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nobelova cena za fyziologii a lékařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwobr_Nobel_mewn_Ffisioleg_neu_Feddygaeth" title="Gwobr Nobel mewn Ffisioleg neu Feddygaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwobr Nobel mewn Ffisioleg neu Feddygaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medicin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medicin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Physiologie_oder_Medizin" title="Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल चिकित्साशास्त्र पुरस्कार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नोबेल चिकित्साशास्त्र पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobeli_f%C3%BCsioloogia-_v%C3%B5i_meditsiiniauhind" title="Nobeli füsioloogia- või meditsiiniauhind – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nobeli füsioloogia- või meditsiiniauhind" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσιολογίας και Ιατρικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσιολογίας και Ιατρικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_en_Fisiolog%C3%ADa_o_Medicina" title="Premio Nobel en Fisiología o Medicina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Premio Nobel en Fisiología o Medicina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-premio_pri_fiziologio_a%C5%AD_medicino" title="Nobel-premio pri fiziologio aŭ medicino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nobel-premio pri fiziologio aŭ medicino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جایزه نوبل فیزیولوژی یا پزشکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جایزه نوبل فیزیولوژی یا پزشکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_physiologie_ou_m%C3%A9decine" title="Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriis_foar_de_Fysiology_of_Gen%C3%AAskunde" title="Nobelpriis foar de Fysiology of Genêskunde – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nobelpriis foar de Fysiology of Genêskunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel_na_Fiseola%C3%ADochta_n%C3%B3_an_Leighis" title="Duais Nobel na Fiseolaíochta nó an Leighis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duais Nobel na Fiseolaíochta nó an Leighis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel_ann_an_Leigheas" title="Duais Nobel ann an Leigheas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Duais Nobel ann an Leigheas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_de_Fisiolox%C3%ADa_ou_Medicina" title="Premio Nobel de Fisioloxía ou Medicina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Premio Nobel de Fisioloxía ou Medicina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EC%83%9D%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%C2%B7%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 생리학·의학상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노벨 생리학·의학상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Բժշկության կամ ֆիզիոլոգիայի Նոբելյան մրցանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բժշկության կամ ֆիզիոլոգիայի Նոբելյան մրցանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="शरीरक्रिया विज्ञान या चिकित्सा में नोबेल पुरस्कार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शरीरक्रिया विज्ञान या चिकित्सा में नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziologiju_ili_medicinu" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_nrite_Nobel_na_Physiologi_ma_%E1%BB%8D_b%E1%BB%A5_Medisin" title="Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel_Fisiologi_atau_Kedokteran" title="Penghargaan Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghargaan Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_pro_Physiologia_o_Medicina" title="Premio Nobel pro Physiologia o Medicina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Premio Nobel pro Physiologia o Medicina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3belsver%C3%B0launin_%C3%AD_l%C3%ADfe%C3%B0lis-_og_l%C3%A6knisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Nóbelsverðlaunin í lífeðlis- og læknisfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nóbelsverðlaunin í lífeðlis- og læknisfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_medicina" title="Premio Nobel per la medicina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Premio Nobel per la medicina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="פרס נובל לפיזיולוגיה או לרפואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרס נובל לפיזיולוגיה או לרפואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ნობელის პრემია ფიზიოლოგიასა და მედიცინაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნობელის პრემია ფიზიოლოგიასა და მედიცინაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Физиология немесе медицина саласындағы Нобель сыйлығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Физиология немесе медицина саласындағы Нобель сыйлығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzo_ya_Nobel_ya_Tiba" title="Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praemium_Nobelianum_physiologiae_et_medicinae" title="Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mija_fiziolo%C4%A3ij%C4%81_vai_medic%C4%ABn%C4%81" title="Nobela prēmija fizioloģijā vai medicīnā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nobela prēmija fizioloģijā vai medicīnā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpr%C3%A4is_fir_Physiologie_oder_Medezin" title="Nobelpräis fir Physiologie oder Medezin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nobelpräis fir Physiologie oder Medezin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:Nobelio_fiziologijos_ir_medicinos_premija" title="Sąrašas:Nobelio fiziologijos ir medicinos premija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąrašas:Nobelio fiziologijos ir medicinos premija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziol%C3%B3giai_%C3%A9s_orvostudom%C3%A1nyi_Nobel-d%C3%ADj" title="Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="क्रिया विज्ञान तथा चिकित्सामे नोबेल पुरस्कार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="क्रिया विज्ञान तथा चिकित्सामे नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за физиологија или медицина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нобелова награда за физиологија или медицина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="वैद्यकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वैद्यकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="جايزة نوبل فى الفيسيولوجيا او الطب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جايزة نوبل فى الفيسيولوجيا او الطب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="نوبل طبابت جایزه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوبل طبابت جایزه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fisiologi_atau_Perubatan" title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="क्रिया विज्ञान तथा चिकित्सामा नोबेल पुरस्कार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्रिया विज्ञान तथा चिकित्सामा नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%BB%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E8%B3%9E" title="ノーベル生理学・医学賞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーベル生理学・医学賞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin" title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_medisin" title="Nobelprisen i medisin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nobelprisen i medisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziologiya_va_tibbiyot_bo%CA%BByicha_Nobel_mukofoti" title="Fiziologiya va tibbiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fiziologiya va tibbiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸਰੀਰ ਜਾਂ ਚਿਕਿਤਸਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰੀਰ ਜਾਂ ਚਿਕਿਤਸਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpries_f%C3%B6r_Physiologie_oder_Medizin" title="Nobelpries för Physiologie oder Medizin – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nobelpries för Physiologie oder Medizin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizjologii_lub_medycyny" title="Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina" title="Prémio Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prémio Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_fiziologie_sau_medicin%C4%83" title="Premiul Nobel pentru fiziologie sau medicină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Premiul Nobel pentru fiziologie sau medicină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Su%C3%B1ay_Hampi_Yachaypi" title="Nobel Suñay Hampi Yachaypi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nobel Suñay Hampi Yachaypi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нобелевская премия по физиологии или медицине – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нобелевская премия по физиологии или медицине" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D%D2%95%D1%8D_%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%95%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Мэдиссиинэҕэ уонна физиологияҕа Нобель бириэмийэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мэдиссиинэҕэ уонна физиологияҕа Нобель бириэмийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87mimi_Nobel_p%C3%ABr_Fiziologji_dhe_Mjek%C3%ABsi" title="Çmimi Nobel për Fiziologji dhe Mjekësi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çmimi Nobel për Fiziologji dhe Mjekësi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiu_Nobel_p%C3%A2_midicina" title="Premiu Nobel pâ midicina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Premiu Nobel pâ midicina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziologijo_ali_medicino" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologijo ali medicino – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologijo ali medicino" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە زانستی ئەرکی ئەندام و پزیشکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە زانستی ئەرکی ئەندام و پزیشکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Нобелова награда за физиологију или медицину – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нобелова награда за физиологију или медицину" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziologiju_ili_medicinu" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelin_fysiologian_tai_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinto" title="Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="மருத்துவம் அல்லது உடலியங்கியலுக்கான நோபல் பரிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மருத்துவம் அல்லது உடலியங்கியலுக்கான நோபல் பரிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraz_n_Nopel_i_tsenwurit_ne%C9%A3_tasnujjya" title="Arraz n Nopel i tsenwurit neɣ tasnujjya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arraz n Nopel i tsenwurit neɣ tasnujjya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Физиология һәм медицина өлкәсендә Нобель премиясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Физиология һәм медицина өлкәсендә Нобель премиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="รางวัลโนเบลสาขาสรีรวิทยาหรือการแพทย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รางวัลโนเบลสาขาสรีรวิทยาหรือการแพทย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Fizyoloji_veya_T%C4%B1p_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нобелівська премія з фізіології або медицини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нобелівська премія з фізіології або медицини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="نوبل انعام برائے فعلیات و طب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوبل انعام برائے فعلیات و طب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%84_%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%87%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="نوبېل مېدىتسىنا مۇكاپاتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نوبېل مېدىتسىنا مۇكاپاتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_Nobel_Sinh_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc_ho%E1%BA%B7c_Y_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Giải Nobel Sinh lý học hoặc Y học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giải Nobel Sinh lý học hoặc Y học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%96%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80b%C3%B9n_Nobel_f%C3%BAn_%C3%8Cw%C3%B2s%C3%A0n" title="Ẹ̀bùn Nobel fún Ìwòsàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀bùn Nobel fún Ìwòsàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%96%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80061#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of laureates, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Award</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Nobel Prize<br />in Physiology or Medicine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A golden medallion with an embossed image of a bearded man facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then "MDCCCXXXIII" above, followed by (smaller) "OB•" then "MDCCCXCVI" below." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/220px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/330px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/440px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Awarded for</th><td class="infobox-data">Discoveries in physiology or medicine that led to benefit for humankind</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Presented by</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_Karolinska_Institutet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet">Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Reward(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">11 million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">SEK</a> (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">First awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">1901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Last awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Currently held by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/">nobelprize.org/medicine</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap" style="border-top: 1px solid #000; padding-top: 5px; font-weight: bold;"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Template:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2023 Nobel Prize winners">2023</a> <b>·</b></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><a href="/wiki/Template:2024_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2024 Nobel Prize winners">2024</a></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint"><b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:2025_Nobel_Prize_winners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:2025 Nobel Prize winners (page does not exist)">2025</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</b> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin</i>) is awarded yearly by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institute" title="Karolinska Institute">Karolinska Institute</a> for outstanding discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> or medicine. The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>'s 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a>, Medicine or Physiology, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a>. </p><p>The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, 10 December. As of 2024, 115 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 229 laureates, 216 men and 13 women. The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist, <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil von Behring</a>, for his work on <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">serum</a> therapy and the development of a <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> against <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>. The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a>, received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, important in many aspects of medicine, including treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>. The most recent Nobel prize was announced by the Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2024, and has been awarded to Americans <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a>, for their discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prize consists of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">a medal</a> along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">front side</a> of the medal displays the same profile of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; the reverse side is unique to this medal. </p><p>Some awards have been controversial. This includes one to <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a> in 1949 for the <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">prefrontal lobotomy</a>, bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment. Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award. The 1952 prize to <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a> was litigated in court, and half the patent rights were awarded to his co-discoverer <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schatz_(scientist)" title="Albert Schatz (scientist)">Albert Schatz</a> who was not recognised by the prize. Nobel prizes cannot be awarded posthumously. Also, no more than three recipients can receive a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, a limitation that is sometimes discussed because of an increasing trend for larger teams to conduct important scientific projects. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/220px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/330px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/440px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption>Nobel was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own laboratories.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> was born on 21 October 1833 in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, into a family of engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a chemist, engineer and inventor who amassed a fortune during his lifetime, most of it from his 355 inventions, of which <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> is the most famous.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own labs in France and Italy to conduct experiments in blood transfusions. Keeping abreast of scientific findings, he was generous in his donations to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a>'s laboratory in Russia and was optimistic about the progress resulting from scientific discoveries made in laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman237-238_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman237-238-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1888, Nobel was surprised to read his own obituary, titled "The merchant of death is dead", in a French newspaper. As it happened, it was Nobel's brother <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Nobel" title="Ludvig Nobel">Ludvig</a> who had died, but Nobel, unhappy with the content of the obituary and concerned that his legacy would reflect poorly on him, was inspired to change his will.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last will, Nobel requested that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> or medicine, and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCHistory_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCHistory-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died in 1896 at the age of 63.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because his will was contested, it was not approved by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Storting</a> (Norwegian Parliament) until 26 April 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Nobel's death, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a> was set up to manage the assets of the bequest.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelfoundation_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelfoundation-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> were promulgated by Swedish King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">Oscar II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thelocal1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelocal1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz14_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nobel's will, the <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institute" title="Karolinska Institute">Karolinska Institute</a> in Sweden, a medical school and research centre, is responsible for the Prize in Physiology or Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the prize is commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz112_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz112-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomination_and_selection">Nomination and selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomination and selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MedicineNobelBack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/MedicineNobelBack.jpg/220px-MedicineNobelBack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/MedicineNobelBack.jpg/330px-MedicineNobelBack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/MedicineNobelBack.jpg/440px-MedicineNobelBack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="2282" /></a><figcaption>The reverse side of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine</figcaption></figure> <p>It was important to Nobel that the prize be awarded for a "discovery" and that it be of "greatest benefit on mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsten_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsten-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per the provisions of the will, only select persons are eligible to nominate individuals for the award. These include members of academies around the world, professors of medicine in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and Finland, as well as professors of selected universities and research institutions in other countries. Past Nobel laureates may also nominate.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1977, all professors of Karolinska Institute together decided on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. That year, changes in Swedish law forced the institute to make public any documents pertaining to the Nobel Prize, and it was considered necessary to establish a legally independent body for the Prize work. Therefore, the Nobel Assembly was constituted, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institute. It elects the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committee</a> with five members who evaluate the nominees, the Secretary who is in charge of the organisation, and each year ten adjunct members to assist in the evaluation of candidates. In 1968, a provision was added that no more than three persons may share a Nobel prize.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz17_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz17-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>True to its mandate, the committee has chosen researchers working in the basic sciences over those who have made <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a> contributions. <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Cushing" title="Harvey Cushing">Harvey Cushing</a>, a pioneering American <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurosurgeon">neurosurgeon</a> who identified <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Cushing's syndrome">Cushing's syndrome</a>, was not awarded the prize, nor was <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, as his <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> lacks hypotheses that can be experimentally confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman238_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman238-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public expected <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert Sabin</a> to receive the prize for their development of the <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccines</a>, but instead the award went to <a href="/wiki/John_Enders" class="mw-redirect" title="John Enders">John Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Robbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a> whose basic discovery that the polio virus could reproduce in monkey cells in laboratory preparations made the vaccines possible.<sup id="cite_ref-bishop_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the 1930s, there were frequent prize laureates in classical <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, but after that, the field began fragmenting into specialities. The last classical physiology laureates were <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> in 1963 for their findings regarding "unitary electrical events in the central and peripheral nervous system."<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman239_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman239-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prizes">Prizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize laureate earns a <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a>, a diploma bearing a <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citation</a>, and a sum of money.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are awarded during the prize ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Concert_Hall" title="Stockholm Concert Hall">Stockholm Concert Hall</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medals">Medals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal#Physiology_and_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal § Physiology and Medicine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine,_Sweden,_1945,_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_(1881-1955)_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/220px-Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/330px-Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/440px-Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C_1945%2C_to_Sir_Alexander_Fleming_%281881-1955%29_who_discovered_Penicillin._On_display_at_the_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>'s 1945 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal</a> for Physiology and Medicine on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a>, Edinburgh.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Physiology and Medicine medal has a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> in left profile on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelUnique_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelUnique-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medal was designed by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Lindberg" title="Erik Lindberg">Erik Lindberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelUnique_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelUnique-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reverse of the medal depicts the 'Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst'.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelMedicine_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelMedicine-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is inscribed "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes</i></span>" ("It is beneficial to have improved (human) life through discovered arts") an adaptation of "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes</i></span>" from line 663 from book 6 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelMedicine_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelMedicine-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "REG. UNIVERSITAS MED. CHIR. CAROL." denoting the <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institute" title="Karolinska Institute">Karolinska Institute</a> is also inscribed on the reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelMedicine_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelMedicine-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1902 and 2010 the Nobel Prize medals were struck by the <a href="/wiki/Myntverket" title="Myntverket">Myntverket</a>, the Swedish royal <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mint</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a>. In 2011 the medals were made by the Det Norske Myntverket in <a href="/wiki/Kongsberg" title="Kongsberg">Kongsberg</a>. The medals have been made by Svenska Medalj in <a href="/wiki/Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a> since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelUnique_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelUnique-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomas">Diplomas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diplomas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a>. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it. In the case of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, that is the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute. Well-known artists and calligraphers from Sweden are commissioned to create it.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and a citation as to why they received the prize.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize5_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Award_money">Award money</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Award money"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. For example, in 2009 the total cash awarded was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million),<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 2012, the amount was 8 million Swedish Krona, or US$1.1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients, but if there are three, the awarding committee may opt to divide the grant equally, or award half to one recipient and a quarter to each of the two others.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremony_and_banquet">Ceremony and banquet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ceremony and banquet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The awards are bestowed at a gala ceremony followed by a banquet.<sup id="cite_ref-local_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nobel Banquet is an extravagant affair with the menu, planned months ahead of time, kept secret until the day of the event. The Nobel Foundation chooses the menu after tasting and testing selections submitted by selected chefs of international repute. Currently, it is a three-course dinner, although it was originally six courses in 1901. Each Nobel Prize laureate may bring up to 16 guests. Sweden's royal family attends, and typically the Prime Minister and other members of the government attend as well as representatives of the Nobel family.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laureates">Laureates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Laureates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg/220px-Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg/330px-Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg/440px-Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil von Behring</a> received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman242_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman242-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Emil Adolf von Behring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman242_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman242-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behring's discovery of <a href="/wiki/Serum_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum therapy">serum therapy</a> in the development of the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines put "in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Behring_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behring-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, the award went to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a> for his work on malaria, "by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He identified the mosquito as the transmitter of malaria, and worked tirelessly on measures to prevent malaria worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1903 prize was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Ryberg Finsen</a>, the first Faroese laureate, "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially <a href="/wiki/Lupus_vulgaris" title="Lupus vulgaris">lupus vulgaris</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Phototherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototherapy">concentrated light radiation</a>, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died within a year after receiving the prize at the age of 43.<sup id="cite_ref-finsen_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finsen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a>, whose work Nobel admired and supported, received the prize in 1904 for his work on the physiology of <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg/220px-Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg/330px-Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg/440px-Lorenz_and_Tinbergen1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (right) were awarded (with <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a>) for their discoveries concerning animal behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel-1973_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1973-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Subsequently, those selecting the recipients have exercised wide latitude in determining what falls under the umbrella of Physiology or Medicine. The awarding of the prize in 1973 to <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> for their observations of animal behavioural patterns could be considered a prize in the <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_sciences" title="Behavioural sciences">behavioural sciences</a> rather than medicine or physiology.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz112_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz112-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinbergen expressed surprise in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech at "the unconventional decision of the Nobel Foundation to award this year's prize 'for Physiology or Medicine' to three men who had until recently been regarded as 'mere animal watchers'".<sup id="cite_ref-Tinbergen_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tinbergen-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg/170px-Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg/255px-Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> was the first woman to be awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</figcaption></figure> <p>Laureates have been awarded the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, eight Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> through <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Second messenger">second messengers</a>. 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">neurobiology</a><sup id="cite_ref-nervesignaling_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nervesignaling-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 13 have been awarded for contributions in <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Intermediary metabolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 100 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 195 individuals through 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-factsmedprize_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsmedprize-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prizefacts_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prizefacts-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thirteen women have received the prize: <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> (1947), <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> (2008), <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Blackburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn">Elizabeth H. Blackburn</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a> (2015) and <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> (2023).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one woman, Barbara McClintock, has received an unshared prize in this category, for the discovery of genetic <a href="/wiki/Transposon" class="mw-redirect" title="Transposon">transposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-factsmedprize_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsmedprize-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McClintock_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintock-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a> were awarded the prize in 2007 for the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Gene_targeting" title="Gene targeting">gene targeting</a> procedure (a type of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">genetic recombination</a>) for introducing <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombination</a> in mice, employing <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cells</a> through the development of the <a href="/wiki/Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">knockout mouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hansson_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansson-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the Nobel Prize was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a> of the United States for discovering the process by which <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> are protected by <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomeres</a> (regions of repetitive <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> at the ends of chromosomes) and the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rita Levi-Montalcini, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurologist</a>, who together with colleague <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Cohen (doctor)">Stanley Cohen</a>, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor" title="Nerve growth factor">Nerve growth factor (NGF)</a>, was the first Nobel laureate to reach the 100th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-prizefacts_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prizefacts-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been 38 times when the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to a single individual, 31 times when it was shared by two, and 33 times there were three laureates (the maximum allowed). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_factor_and_death">Time factor and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Time factor and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMSt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RMSt.jpg/170px-RMSt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RMSt.jpg/255px-RMSt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RMSt.jpg/340px-RMSt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> was an inadvertent posthumous recipient of the Prize.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the length of time that may pass before the significance of a discovery becomes apparent, some prizes are awarded many years after the initial discovery. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> made her discoveries in 1944, before the structure of the DNA molecule was known; she was not awarded the prize until 1983. Similarly, in 1916 <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Rous" class="mw-redirect" title="Peyton Rous">Peyton Rous</a> discovered the role of tumor viruses in chickens, but was not awarded the prize until 50 years later, in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz114_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz114-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Greider">Carol Greider</a>'s research leading to the prize was conducted over 20 years before. She noted that the passage of time is an advantage in the medical sciences, as it may take many years for the significance of a discovery to become apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-Dreifus_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreifus-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Canadian immunologist <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> was awarded the prize; however, unbeknownst to the committee, he had died three days before the announcement. The committee decided that since the prize was awarded "in good faith," it would be allowed to stand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_inclusions_and_exclusions">Controversial inclusions and exclusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controversial inclusions and exclusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Nobel Prize controversies</a></div> <p>Some of the awards have been controversial. The person who was deserving of the 1923 prize for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> as a central hormone for controlling diabetes (awarded only a year after its discovery)<sup id="cite_ref-Judson291_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judson291-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been heatedly debated. It was shared between <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a>; this infuriated Banting who regarded Macleod's involvement as minimal. Macleod was the department head at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> but otherwise was not directly involved in the findings. Banting thought his laboratory partner <a href="/wiki/Charles_Best_(medical_scientist)" title="Charles Best (medical scientist)">Charles Best</a>, who had shared in the laboratory work of discovery, should have shared the prize with him as well. In fairness, he decided to give half of his prize money to Best. Macleod on his part felt the biochemist <a href="/wiki/James_Collip" title="James Collip">James Collip</a>, who joined the laboratory team later, deserved to be included in the award and shared his prize money with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Judson291_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judson291-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some maintain that <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Paulescu" title="Nicolae Paulescu">Nicolae Paulescu</a>, a Romanian professor of physiology at the <a href="/wiki/Carol_Davila_University_of_Medicine_and_Pharmacy" title="Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy">University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest</a>, was the first to isolate insulin, in 1916, although his pancrein was an impure aqueous extract unfit for human treatment similar to the one used previously by Israel Kleiner.<sup id="cite_ref-J._Nutrition_92_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Nutrition_92-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrjs_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrjs-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrps_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrps-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Banting published the paper that brought him the Nobel,<sup id="cite_ref-nrks_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrks-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paulescu already held a patent for his discovery (10 April 1922, patent no. 6254 (8322) "Pancreina şi procedeul fabricaţiei ei"/"Pancrein and the process of making it", from the Romanian Ministry of Industry and Trade).<sup id="cite_ref-nrms_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrms-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrns_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrns-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrqs_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrqs-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish neurophysiologist Fernando de Castro (1896–1967) was the first to describe arterial <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoreceptors">chemoreceptors</a> and circumscribe them to the carotid body for the respiratory reflexes in 1926–1928. For many experts, this direct disciple of Santiago Ramón y Cajal deserved to share the Nobel Prize 1938 with the awarded Corneille Heymans, but at that time Spain was immersed in the Spanish Civil War and it seems that the Nobel Board even doubted if he was alive or not, being at the front since almost the beginning of the conflict. Heymans himself recognised the merits of De Castro for the Nobel Prize in different occasions, including a famous talk in Montevideo (Uruguay).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th,_2008-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg/220px-Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg/330px-Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg/440px-Montagnier-Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-zur_Hausen-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Scandal and controversy resulted from the 2008 award to <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection" title="Human papillomavirus infection">HPV</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> for discovering <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">HIV</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1949, despite protests from the medical establishment, the Portuguese neurologist <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a> received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_leucotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefrontal leucotomy">prefrontal leucotomy</a>, which he promoted by declaring the procedure's success just 10 days postoperative. Due largely to the publicity surrounding the award, it was prescribed without regard for modern <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">medical ethics</a>. Favourable results were reported by such publications as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. It is estimated that around 40,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States before the procedure's popularity faded.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a>, the sister of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, was subjected to the procedure by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Kennedy">their father</a>; it incapacitated her to the extent that she needed to be institutionalised for the rest of her life.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman287_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman287-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1952 prize, awarded solely to <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a> for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">streptomycin</a>, omitted the recognition some felt due to his co-discoverer <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schatz_(scientist)" title="Albert Schatz (scientist)">Albert Schatz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pharmj_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharmj-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wainwright_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was litigation brought by Schatz against Waksman over the details and credit of the streptomycin discovery; Schatz was awarded a substantial settlement, and, together with Waksman, Schatz was to be officially recognised as a co-discoverer of streptomycin as concerned patent rights. He is not a Nobel Prize laureate.<sup id="cite_ref-pharmj_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharmj-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1962 Prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a>—for their work on <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> structure and properties—did not recognise contributing work from others, such as <a href="/wiki/Alec_Stokes" title="Alec Stokes">Alec Stokes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wilson" title="Herbert Wilson">Herbert Wilson</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a> (whose key DNA <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">x-ray crystallography</a> work was the most detailed yet least acknowledged among the three)<sup id="cite_ref-franklin_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franklin-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> contributed directly to the ability of Watson and Crick to solve the structure of the DNA molecule. Avery died in 1955, Franklin died in 1958 and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize#Posthumous_nominations" title="Nobel Prize">posthumous nominations</a> for the Nobel Prize are not permitted. Files of Nobel Prize nominations show Franklin was not nominated when she was alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredholm_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredholm-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of Watson's misrepresentations of Franklin and her role in the discovery of the double helix in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Double_Helix" title="The Double Helix">The Double Helix</a></i>, Franklin has come to be portrayed as a classic victim of sexism in science.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chargaff, for his part, was not quiet about his exclusion from the prize, bitterly writing to other scientists about his disillusionment regarding the field of molecular biology.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesnobel_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesnobel-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2008 award went to <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> in recognition of his discovery that <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection" title="Human papillomavirus infection">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV) can cause <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> for discovering the <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> or Luc Montagnier deserved more credit for the discovery of the virus that causes AIDS has been a matter of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo#HIV/AIDS_research" title="Robert Gallo">considerable controversy</a>. As it was, Gallo was left out and not awarded a prize.<sup id="cite_ref-science_nobel_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science_nobel-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there was a scandal when it was learned that Harald zur Hausen was being investigated for having a financial interest in vaccines for the cervical cancer that HPV can cause. <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a>, which had a stake in two lucrative HPV vaccines could benefit financially from the prize, had agreed to sponsor Nobel Media and Nobel Web. According to Times Online, two senior figures in the selection process that chose zur Hausen also had strong links with AstraZeneca.<sup id="cite_ref-AstraZeneca_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstraZeneca-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limits_on_number_of_awardees">Limits on number of awardees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Limits on number of awardees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The provision that restricts the maximum number of nominees to three for any one prize, introduced in 1968, has caused considerable controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz17_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz17-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz61_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz61-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1950s onward, there has been an increasing trend to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to more than one person. There were 59 people who received the prize in the first 50 years of the last century, while 113 individuals received it between 1951 and 2000. This increase could be attributed to the rise of the international scientific community after World War II, resulting in more persons being responsible for the discovery, and nominated for, a particular prize. Also, current biomedical research is more often carried out by teams rather than by scientists working alone, making it unlikely that any one scientist, or even a few, is primarily responsible for a discovery;<sup id="cite_ref-bishop_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this has meant that a prize nomination that would have to include more than three contributors is automatically excluded from consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz114_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz114-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, deserving contributors may not be nominated at all because the restriction results in a cut-off point of three nominees per prize, leading to controversial exclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsten_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsten-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years_without_awards">Years without awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Years without awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). Most of these occurred during either <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) or <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945).<sup id="cite_ref-prizefacts_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prizefacts-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> forbade <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a> from accepting his prize.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz23_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz23-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later able to receive the diploma and medal but not the money.<sup id="cite_ref-prizefacts_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prizefacts-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medicine_awards" title="List of medicine awards">List of medicine awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/about/the-nobel-prize-amounts/">"The Nobel Prize amounts"</a>. The Nobel Prize. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720111123/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+amounts&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fabout%2Fthe-nobel-prize-amounts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024"</a>. Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2024&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F2024%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz5_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz11-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz11_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman237-238-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feldman237-238_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Feldman">Feldman</a>, pp. 237–238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Golden, Frederic (16 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103153942/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998209,00.html">"The Worst and the Brightest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998209,00.html">the original</a> on 3 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Worst+and+the+Brightest&rft.date=2000-10-16&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C998209%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCHistory-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCHistory_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml">"History – Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896)"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902104414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+Historic+Figures%3A+Alfred+Nobel+%281833%E2%80%931896%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fnobel_alfred.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohlman1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Sohlman" title="Ragnar Sohlman">Sohlman, Ragnar</a> (1983). <i>The Legacy of Alfred Nobel – The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes</i> (First ed.). The Nobel Foundation. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30990-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30990-3"><bdi>978-0-370-30990-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Alfred+Nobel+%E2%80%93+The+Story+Behind+the+Nobel+Prizes&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-370-30990-3&rft.aulast=Sohlman&rft.aufirst=Ragnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz13-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz13_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelfoundation-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelfoundation_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060701202001/http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/index.html">"The Nobel Foundation"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobelfoundation%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thelocal1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thelocal1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AFP, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/14776/20091005/">"Alfred Nobel's last will and testament"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009110708/http://www.thelocal.se/14776/20091005/">Archived</a> 9 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a></i>(5 October 2009): accessed 20 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz14-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz14_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/spot/nobel-prize-history.html">"Nobel Prize History"</a>. Infoplease.com. 13 October 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426043912/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/nobel-prize-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+History&rft.pub=Infoplease.com&rft.date=1999-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fspot%2Fnobel-prize-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz112-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz112_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz112_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindsten-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsten_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsten_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindstenNils_Ringertz" class="citation web cs1">Lindsten, Jan; Nils Ringertz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901–2000"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203130152/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine%2C+1901%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.aulast=Lindsten&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Nils+Ringertz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Farticles%2Flindsten-ringertz-rev%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundation_Books_National_Council_of_Science2005" class="citation book cs1">Foundation Books National Council of Science (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_K2RaFgFPCUC"><i>Nobel Prize Winners in Pictures</i></a>. Foundation Books. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7596-245-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7596-245-3"><bdi>978-81-7596-245-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620115338/https://books.google.com/books?id=_K2RaFgFPCUC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+Winners+in+Pictures&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Foundation+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7596-245-3&rft.au=Foundation+Books+National+Council+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_K2RaFgFPCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz17-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz17_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz17_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman238-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feldman238_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Feldman">Feldman</a>, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bishop-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bishop_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bishop_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2004" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, J. Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJqgBtk58akC"><i>How to Win the Nobel Prize: An Unexpected Life in Science</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01625-5"><bdi>978-0-674-01625-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608161624/https://books.google.com/books?id=jJqgBtk58akC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Win+the+Nobel+Prize%3A+An+Unexpected+Life+in+Science&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01625-5&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJqgBtk58akC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman239-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feldman239_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Feldman">Feldman</a>, p. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Rivers2009" class="citation web cs1">Tom Rivers (10 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/europe/2009-Nobel-Laureates-Receive-Their-Honors-78989292.html">"2009 Nobel Laureates Receive Their Honors"</a>. Voice of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004132331/http://www.voanews.com/content/article-2009-nobel-laureates-receive-their-honors-78989292/368898.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2009+Nobel+Laureates+Receive+Their+Honors&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft.au=Tom+Rivers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F2009-Nobel-Laureates-Receive-Their-Honors-78989292.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelUnique-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NobelUnique_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelUnique_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelUnique_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411152140/https://historical.ha.com/itm/miscellaneous/georg-wittig-nobel-prize-medal-in-chemistry-received-in-1979-together-with-four-additional-medals/a/6165-49227.s">"A unique gold medal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/about/the-nobel-medals-and-the-medal-for-the-prize-in-economic-sciences/">the original</a> on 11 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+unique+gold+medal&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fabout%2Fthe-nobel-medals-and-the-medal-for-the-prize-in-economic-sciences%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelMedicine-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NobelMedicine_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelMedicine_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelMedicine_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416152940/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/the-nobel-medal-for-physiology-or-medicine/">"The Nobel Prize medal in physiology or medicine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/the-nobel-medal-for-physiology-or-medicine/">the original</a> on 16 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+medal+in+physiology+or+medicine&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Ffacts%2Fthe-nobel-medal-for-physiology-or-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize5-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize5_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize5_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060701201519/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/diplomas/">"The Nobel Prize Diplomas"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/diplomas/">the original</a> on 1 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+Diplomas&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fdiplomas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/">"The Nobel Prize Amounts"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720111123/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+Amounts&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fabout%2Famounts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/06/11/world/europe/nobel-prize-cut/index.html">"Nobel prize amounts to be cut 20% in 2012"</a>. CNN. 11 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709002611/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-11/world/world_europe_nobel-prize-cut_1_nobel-prize-nobel-foundation-alfred-nobel?_s=PM:EUROPE">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+prize+amounts+to+be+cut+20%25+in+2012&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F06%2F11%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fnobel-prize-cut%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSample2009" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (5 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/oct/05/nobel-prize-medicine-2009-award">"Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113060257/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/oct/05/nobel-prize-medicine-2009-award">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nobel+prize+for+medicine+shared+by+scientists+for+work+on+ageing+and+cancer&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2009%2Foct%2F05%2Fnobel-prize-medicine-2009-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSample2008" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (7 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/oct/07/physics.nobel">"Three share Nobel prize for physics"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Three+share+Nobel+prize+for+physics&rft.date=2008-10-07&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2008%2Foct%2F07%2Fphysics.nobel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Landes2009" class="citation web cs1">David Landes (12 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/22604/20091012/">"Americans claim Nobel economics prize"</a>. <i>Thelocal.se</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120105624/http://www.thelocal.se/22604/20091012/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nobel Foundation. 6 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119013135/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/press.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2009+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=2009-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2009%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-local-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-local_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215055502/http://www.thelocal.se/23784/20091210/">"Pomp aplenty as winners gather for Nobel gala"</a>. <i>The Local</i>. 10 December 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Ronald+Ross&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F510100%2FSir-Ronald-Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-bio.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902 Ronald Ross"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429234011/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1902+Ronald+Ross&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1902%2Fross-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708192441/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1903+Niels+Ryberg+Finsen&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1903%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/press.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen – Award Ceremony Speech"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101016133338/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/press.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1903+Niels+Ryberg+Finsen+%E2%80%93+Award+Ceremony+Speech&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1903%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finsen-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finsen_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/finsen-bio.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen – Biography"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602002958/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/finsen-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1903+Niels+Ryberg+Finsen+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1903%2Ffinsen-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708163017/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1904+Ivan+Pavlov&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1904%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1973-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1973_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708192529/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1973&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1973%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tinbergen-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tinbergen_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinbergen1973" class="citation journal cs1">Tinbergen, Nikolaas (12 December 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327093737/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/tinbergen-lecture.pdf">"Ethology and Stress Diseases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>185</b> (4145). Nobel Foundation: 20–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.185.4145.20">10.1126/science.185.4145.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4836081">4836081</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/tinbergen-lecture.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619102046/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/nerve_signaling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prizes+in+Nerve+Signaling&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Fnerve_signaling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/index.html">"The Nobel Prize Awarders"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203130152/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+Awarders&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Farticles%2Flindsten-ringertz-rev%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-factsmedprize-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factsmedprize_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factsmedprize_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/shortfacts.html">"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010741/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/shortfacts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+on+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Fshortfacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prizefacts-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prizefacts_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prizefacts_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prizefacts_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prizefacts_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202025710/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html">"Nobel Prize Facts"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+Facts&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fnobelprize_facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html">"Women Nobel Laureates"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528112058/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Nobel+Laureates&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Flists%2Fwomen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintock-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McClintock_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608225942/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/mcclintock.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 Barbara McClintock"</a>. Nobel Foundation. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1983+Barbara+McClintock&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1983%2Fmcclintock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/inwinnerdex.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies"</a>. Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2008+Harald+zur+Hausen%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise+Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi%2C+Luc+Montagnier&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2008%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science_nobel-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-science_nobel_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenEnserink2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen J, Enserink M (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.322.5899.174">"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. HIV, HPV researchers honoured, but one scientist is left out"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>322</b> (5899): 174–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.322.5899.174">10.1126/science.322.5899.174</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18845715">18845715</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206582472">206582472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine.+HIV%2C+HPV+researchers+honoured%2C+but+one+scientist+is+left+out&rft.volume=322&rft.issue=5899&rft.pages=174-5&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206582472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18845715&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.322.5899.174&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Enserink%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.322.5899.174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnserinkJon_Cohen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Enserink, Martin; Jon Cohen (6 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212065201/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2008/10/06-01.html">"Nobel Prize Surprise"</a>. <i>Science Now</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2008/10/06-01.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Now&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+Surprise&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft.aulast=Enserink&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Jon+Cohen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2Fsciencenow%2F2008%2F10%2F06-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AstraZeneca-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AstraZeneca_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharter2008" class="citation news cs1">Charter, David (19 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219181143/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5367941.ece">"AstraZeneca row as corruption claims engulf Nobel prize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5367941.ece">the original</a> on 19 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=AstraZeneca+row+as+corruption+claims+engulf+Nobel+prize&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft.aulast=Charter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle5367941.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz61-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz61_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz23-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz23_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Levinovitz">Levinovitz</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1983" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm, Peter (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNnZKHxQpO4C"><i>The Nobel Prize</i></a>. Springwood Books. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86254-111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86254-111-8"><bdi>978-0-86254-111-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608122245/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNnZKHxQpO4C">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Springwood+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86254-111-8&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNnZKHxQpO4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Feldman" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Burton (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnckeeTICn0C"><i>The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige</i></a>. Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9"><bdi>978-1-55970-592-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926111502/https://books.google.com/books?id=xnckeeTICn0C">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+prize%3A+a+history+of+genius%2C+controversy%2C+and+prestige&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-592-9&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnckeeTICn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Levinovitz" class="citation book cs1">Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). Nils Ringertz (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMSg5mRJiukC"><i>The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Press" title="Imperial College Press">Imperial College Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8"><bdi>978-981-02-4664-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828070030/https://books.google.com/books?id=QMSg5mRJiukC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press+and+World+Scientific+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-02-4664-8&rft.aulast=Levinovitz&rft.aufirst=Agneta+Wallin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMSg5mRJiukC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2008" class="citation book cs1">Doherty, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqFnARWKeKUC&q=Nobel+prize"><i>The Beginner's Guide to Winning the Nobel Prize: Advice for Young Scientists</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13897-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13897-0"><bdi>978-0-231-13897-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+Winning+the+Nobel+Prize%3A+Advice+for+Young+Scientists&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13897-0&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqFnARWKeKUC%26q%3DNobel%2Bprize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Leroy" class="citation book cs1">Leroy, Francis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjwaFWE4fYC"><i>A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0876-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0876-4"><bdi>978-0-8247-0876-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+century+of+Nobel+Prizes+recipients%3A+chemistry%2C+physics%2C+and+medicine&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-0876-4&rft.aulast=Leroy&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8DjwaFWE4fYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRifkindFreeman2005" class="citation book cs1">Rifkind, David; Freeman, Geraldine L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wdy3b9VUkC"><i>The Nobel Prize winning discoveries in infectious diseases</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369353-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369353-2"><bdi>978-0-12-369353-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+winning+discoveries+in+infectious+diseases&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-12-369353-2&rft.aulast=Rifkind&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Geraldine+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd3wdy3b9VUkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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From <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">J. Schmidhuber</a> (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327012415/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html">Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2634">arXiv:1009.2634v1</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_Prizes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prizes" title="Template:Nobel Prizes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prizes" title="Template talk:Nobel Prizes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prizes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prizes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_Prizes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Nobel_laureates" title="Lists of Nobel laureates">Lists of Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/100px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/150px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/200px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>by occupation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_Nobel_laureates" title="List of heads of state and government Nobel laureates">Heads of state and government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">by year</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by<br />population<br />group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Bengali Nobel laureates">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates" title="List of black Nobel laureates">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Latin American Nobel laureates">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Muslim Nobel laureates">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates" title="List of nonreligious Nobel laureates">Non-religious</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by continent<br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">nationality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_Nobel_laureates" title="List of African Nobel laureates">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Egyptian Nobel laureates and nominees">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of South African Nobel laureates and nominees">South African</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Asian Nobel laureates">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Indian Nobel laureates">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Israeli Nobel laureates">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Pakistani Nobel laureates">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Vietnamese Nobel laureates and nominees">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Belgian Nobel laureates">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Danish Nobel laureates">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Nobel_laureates" title="List of German Nobel laureates">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Greek Nobel laureates and nominees">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Hungarian Nobel laureates">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Irish Nobel laureates and nominees">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Italian Nobel laureates">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Polish Nobel laureates">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Romanian Nobel laureates and nominees">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Russian Nobel laureates">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Spanish Nobel laureates">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swedish Nobel laureates">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swiss Nobel laureates">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Welsh Nobel laureates">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Australian Nobel laureates">Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li>North American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of American Nobel laureates">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Mexican Nobel laureates and nominees">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li>South American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Argentine Nobel laureates">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Venezuelan Nobel laureates">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">by university</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_City_University_of_New_York_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York as alumni or faculty">City University of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Columbia_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ETH_Zurich_people#Nobel_Prize_winners" title="List of ETH Zurich people">ETH Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people#Nobel_laureates" title="List of Harvard University people">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Princeton_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Washington_University_in_St._Louis_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis as alumni or faculty">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_priests_and_religious_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of Catholic priests and religious awarded the Nobel Prize">Catholic priests and religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize">Couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (page does not exist)">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">AFSC Nobel nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRIO_Director%27s_Shortlist" title="PRIO Director's Shortlist">PRIO Director's Shortlist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Citation_Laureates" title="Clarivate Citation Laureates">Clarivate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Clarivate_Citation_laureates" title="List of female Clarivate Citation laureates">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Chemistry" title="Nobel Committee for Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel" title="Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Literature" title="Nobel Committee for Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physics" title="Nobel Committee for Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkborn_Manor" title="Björkborn Manor">Björkborn Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laboratory" title="Nobel Laboratory">Nobel Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates" title="World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates">World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_biology" title="Template talk:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology#Branches" title="Outline of biology">Branches of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> 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