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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logging_effects_and_deforestation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Logging effects and deforestation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logging_effects_and_deforestation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_sinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_sinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Carbon sinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_sinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Air pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_and_water_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_and_water_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Soil and water pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_and_water_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_erosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_erosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Land erosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_erosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remedial_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social implications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Child labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worker_exploitation_and_forced_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worker_exploitation_and_forced_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Worker exploitation and forced labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worker_exploitation_and_forced_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dangerous_working_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dangerous_working_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Dangerous working conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dangerous_working_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_health_impacts_and_health_rights_violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_health_impacts_and_health_rights_violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Environmental health impacts and health rights violations </span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_health_impacts_and_health_rights_violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Gender discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_palm_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_palm_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sustainable palm oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_palm_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Palm oil production in Indonesia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg/350px-Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg/525px-Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg/700px-Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A palm oil plantation in Cigudeg, Bogor.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a> production is important to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">economy of Indonesia</a> as the country is the world's biggest producer and consumer of the commodity, providing about half of the world's supply.<sup id="cite_ref-McClanahan2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClanahan2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Indonesia produced over 34.6 million metric tons (34,100,000 long tons; 38,100,000 short tons) of palm oil, and exported 25.1 million metric tons (24,700,000 long tons; 27,700,000 short tons) of it. <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">Oil palm</a> plantations stretch across at least 12 million hectares (30 million acres). There are several different types of plantations, including small, privately owned plantations, and larger, state-owned plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a variety of health, environmental, and societal impacts that result from the production of palm oil in Indonesia. A recent publication by the NGO Rainforest Action Network (RAN) indicates that the use of palm oil by some of the biggest chocolate and snacks' producers is increasing this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to servicing traditional markets, Indonesia is looking to put more effort into producing <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>. China and India are the major importers of palm oil, accounting for more than a third of global palm oil imports. Looking at Indonesia's GHG emissions breakdown, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> will mainly come from controlling forest fires and <a href="/wiki/Mire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mire">peatland</a> conservation. REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries) will be ‘an important component of the NDC target from [the] land-use sector’.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies that there will need to be large economic incentives and inputs from outside resources to ensure that <a href="/wiki/Land-use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use change">land-use change</a> is prevented. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deforestation">Deforestation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Deforestation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation in Indonesia</a></div> <p>As late as 1900, Indonesia was still a densely forested country: forests represented 84 percent of the total land area. Deforestation intensified in the 1970s and has accelerated further since then. The estimated <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> of 170 million hectares (420 million acres) around 1900 decreased to less than 100 million hectares (250 million acres) by the end of the 20th century. Of the total logging in Indonesia, up to 80% is reported to be performed <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">illegally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forests are often cleared for palm oil industries. Typically, the company that has usage rights for the land will contract individuals to burn the supposedly "degraded" forest, thereby avoiding direct responsibility for fires, which become more likely when peatland is deforested. </p><p>Forest fires often destroy high capacity <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth rainforest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">peatlands</a>. In May 2011, Indonesia declared a moratorium on new logging contracts to help combat this. This appeared to be ineffective in the short-term, as the rate of deforestation continued to increase. By 2012 Indonesia had surpassed the rate of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil" title="Deforestation in Brazil">deforestation in Brazil</a>, and become the fastest forest clearing nation in the world. However, it is unclear about the current comparative deforestation rates between Indonesia and Brazil because new political leadership in Brazil has recently increased deforestation dramatically.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Domestically, there has been some effort to crack down against illegal slash and burn practices. A Peatland Restoration Agency was also formed in 2015 under President Joko Widodo. In 2018, the government no longer granted licenses for deforestation for palm oil plantations. It is unclear as to how effective these laws are due to corruption, poor enforcement and loopholes in some of these policies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg/300px-Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg/450px-Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg/600px-Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3406" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>The remains of a <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> forest in Indragiri Hulu, Riau Province, Indonesia to make way for oil palm plantation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Production of palm oil in Indonesia has, since 1964, recorded a phenomenal increase from 157,000 metric tons (155,000 long tons; 173,000 short tons) to 41.5 million metric tons (40,800,000 long tons; 45,700,000 short tons) in 2018<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a total of 51 million metric tons (50,000,000 long tons; 56,000,000 short tons) will be needed in 2025 to sustain international and domestic demands.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palm oil accounts for 11% of Indonesia's export earnings of $5.7bn. Maintaining its status as the world's largest producer of palm oil, Indonesia has projected a figure of 40 million metric tons (39,000,000 long tons; 44,000,000 short tons) by 2020. In this context, the global production figure given by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) was 50 million metric tons (49,000,000 long tons; 55,000,000 short tons) for 2012, equivalent to double of the 2002 production.<sup id="cite_ref-forest_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increase is also reflected in increases of Indonesia's production of palm oil for the same period, from 10.300 million metric tons (10,137,000 long tons; 11,354,000 short tons) in 2002 and 28.50 million metric tons (28,050,000 long tons; 31,420,000 short tons) in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Year_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Year-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2022, President Joko Widodo announced that the country will effectively ban palm oil exports starting 28 April, until further notice. The policy is said to guarantee availability of affordable cooking oil in the domestic market. In return, this has flustered global markets and sent the commodity's price to historic highs. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table 1. Oil Palm Area and Palm Oil Production by Type of Palm Oil Plantation<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Palm Oil Area (million of hectares (acres)) </th> <th colspan="4">Palm Oil Production (million of <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonne">metric tonnes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>)) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Year </td> <td>Small-Holders </td> <td>State Owned </td> <td>Private Estates </td> <td>Total </td> <th>Small-Holders </th> <th>State Owned </th> <th>Private estates </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>– </td> <td>0.09 (0.22) </td> <td>0.05 (0.12) </td> <td>0.13 (0.32) </td> <th>- </th> <th>0.15 (0.15; 0.17) </th> <th>0.07 (0.069; 0.077) </th> <th>0.22 (0.22; 0.24) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>0.01 (0.025) </td> <td>0.20 (0.49) </td> <td>0.09 (0.22) </td> <td>0.29 (0.72) </td> <th>0 </th> <th>0.50 (0.49; 0.55) </th> <th>0.22 (0.22; 0.24) </th> <th>0.72 (0.71; 0.79) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>0.29 (0.72) </td> <td>0.37 (0.91) </td> <td>0.46 (1.1) </td> <td>1.13 (2.8) </td> <th>0.38 (0.37; 0.42) </th> <th>1.25 (1.23; 1.38) </th> <th>0.79 (0.78; 0.87) </th> <th>2.41 (2.37; 2.66) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>1.17 (2.9) </td> <td>0.59 (1.5) </td> <td>2.40 (5.9) </td> <td>4.16 (10.3) </td> <th>1.91 (1.88; 2.11) </th> <th>1.46 (1.44; 1.61) </th> <th>3.63 (3.57; 4.00) </th> <th>7.00 (6.89; 7.72) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>2.36 (5.8) </td> <td>0.53 (1.3) </td> <td>2.57 (6.4) </td> <td>5.45 (13.5) </td> <th>4.50 (4.43; 4.96) </th> <th>1.45 (1.43; 1.60) </th> <th>5.91 (5.82; 6.51) </th> <th>11.86 (11.67; 13.07) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>3.31 (8.2) </td> <td>0.62 (1.5) </td> <td>3.89 (9.6) </td> <td>7.82 (19.3) </td> <th>7.77 (7.65; 8.56) </th> <th>2.09 (2.06; 2.30) </th> <th>9.98 (9.82; 11.00) </th> <th>19.84 (19.53; 21.87) </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The entire oil production is derived from Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> which ranks third in the world, the other two being in the Amazon and Congo basins. The three main business models for palm oil production in Indonesia are private large scale plantations, nucleus estate smallholders, and independent smallholders. The breakdown of palm oil area and production by type of palm oil plantation is shown in Table 1.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palm trees that were planted about 25 years ago have an annual average production rate of 4-metric-ton-per-hectare of oil (1.6 long ton/acre; 1.8 short ton/acre) </p><p>Indonesia is considering plans to increase production this by introducing newer varieties which could double production rate per hectare (acre).<sup id="cite_ref-forest_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> are the two islands that account for 96% of Indonesia's palm oil production.<sup id="cite_ref-Oil_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oil-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011, there were 7.8 million hectares (19 million acres) of palm oil plantations, with 6.1 million hectares (15 million acres) of these being productive plantations under harvest, thus making Indonesia the global leader in crude palm oil (CPO) production. According to <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> reports, nearly 50% of CPO produced in the country is exported in an unprocessed form, while the remaining is processed into cooking oil, about half of which is exported, while the rest is consumed locally.<sup id="cite_ref-Foresnews_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foresnews-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crude palm oil production system is vital to the economy of Indonesia and has many domestic and foreign uses. It provides a major export source through food and for industrial use. It is also used for domestic food, biodiesel, and biofuel. It is estimated that the population of Indonesia will grow to 285 million people in 2025 which will lead to an increased domestic demand for vegetable oil. In addition, other domestic industrial uses of palm oil are to support the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palm oil is an essential ingredient for the food industry, used as a cooking oil or in the production of processed foods (such as many types of chocolates, biscuits, chewing gum...) and for the manufacture of cosmetic and hygiene products (soaps, lipstick, washing powder...).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also valuable as a lubricant in industrial production or for the energy sector for the production of <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oil_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oil-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biofuel">Biofuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biofuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table 2. Projections for Future Demand of Crude Palm Oil<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What are the units? Litres? Tonnes? (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Demand </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2025 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Food </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>6.3 </td> <td>6.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industrial </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biodiesel </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>8.6 </td> <td>11.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Export </td> <td>23.7 </td> <td>24.5 </td> <td>27.4 </td> <td>31.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Over the past few years an interest in biofuel has increased as a potential clean energy source, it has become a primary use for domestic crude palm oil. As seen in table 3, domestic use of biodiesel is expected to see the most growth of 7.3% by 2025. The Indonesia government has been interested in growing biofuel plantations to decrease the countries reliance on fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is predicted that in 2025, biofuel will account for 25% of Indonesians national energy mix.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biodiesel is created using a transesterification process that converts the triglycerides in the crude palm oil into esters to be used in biofuel production. This process has been shown to have a biodiesel yield of 93.6%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Companies">Companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major local and global companies are building <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">mills</a> and refineries, including PT Astra Agro Lestari Terbuka (150,000 metric tons per year (150,000 long tons per year; 170,000 short tons per year) <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> refinery), PT <a href="/wiki/Bakrie_Group" title="Bakrie Group">Bakrie Group</a> (a biodiesel factory and new plantations), Surya Dumai Group (biodiesel refinery).<sup id="cite_ref-grain_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grain-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a> (sometimes operating through CTP Holdings of Singapore) is building new refineries and mills in Malaysia and Indonesia, expanding its <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> refinery to handle 300,000 metric tons (300,000 long tons; 330,000 short tons)/year of palm oil, acquiring plantations in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kuok" title="Robert Kuok">Robert Kuok</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wilmar_International_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmar International Limited">Wilmar International Limited</a> has plantations and 25 refineries across Indonesia, to supply feedstock to the new biodiesel refineries of Singapore, Riau, Indonesia and Rotterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-grain_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grain-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Musim_Mas" title="Musim Mas">Musim Mas</a> Group has plantations and refineries in Malaysia and Indonesia – <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> etc. although they are headquartered in Singapore. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marihat_Reaserch_Station_(MRS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marihat Reaserch Station (MRS) (page does not exist)">Marihat Research Station (MRS)</a>, nowadays known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=RISPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RISPA (page does not exist)">RISPA</a> and located in <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, is the first research centre for Palm Oil Plantation for Indonesia. One of its well-known experts in soil, who has now retired, was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ir._Petrus_Purba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ir. Petrus Purba (page does not exist)">Ir. Petrus Purba</a>. </p><p>In August 2011, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> issued a permit for Indonesian palm oil firm PT Kallista Alam to develop around 1,600 hectares (4,000 acres) in Tripa.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesian palm oil producer Triputra Agro Persada will reportedly increase its planted area by about two-thirds from 2013 by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change in Indonesia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kutai_Orangutan_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kutai_Orangutan_2008.jpg/120px-Kutai_Orangutan_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kutai_Orangutan_2008.jpg/180px-Kutai_Orangutan_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kutai_Orangutan_2008.jpg/240px-Kutai_Orangutan_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wild <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a> spotted in <a href="/wiki/Kutai_National_Park" title="Kutai National Park">Kutai National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, Indonesia.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg/120px-Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg/180px-Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg/240px-Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a> (<i>Panthera tigris</i>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logging_effects_and_deforestation">Logging effects and deforestation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Logging effects and deforestation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation in Indonesia</a></div> <p>Since agricultural land is limited, to plant <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monocultures</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis">oil palms</a>, land used for other cultivations or the tropical forest need to be cleared. Of the total logging in Indonesia, up to 80% is reported to be performed <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">illegally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major environmental threat is then the <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainforest destruction">destruction of rainforests</a> in Indonesia, which was estimated at 840 thousand hectares (2,100,000 acres) of primary forest per year from 2000 to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1990 to 2005, 108,110 square miles (280,000 square kilometres) of Indonesian forest were taken down from logging, 77% of this forest had never even been touched.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation also makes Indonesia</a> one of the biggest emitters of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) is released in the atmosphere massively with the cutting of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">tropical peatlands</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a>, according to Greenpeace.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deforestation is also caused by illegal forest fires to clear land for palm oil plantations. According to WWF for example, in 1997 around 0.81 to 2.57 billion metric tons (800,000,000 to 2.53<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> long tons; 890,000,000 to 2.83<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> short tons) of carbon were released by the fires which represented "13–40% of the mean annual global carbon emissions from fossil fuels that year".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013, Indonesia ranked number eight among countries worldwide for overall greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the World Resources Institute, 65.5% of these greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Land_use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use change">land use change</a> and forestry; the palm oil industry in Indonesia is a major contributing factor towards this trend.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industrial palm tree plantations also impacts negatively the <a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil#Soil_degradation" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">quality of soils</a>, water and the air because they often rely on the use of <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agrochemicals</a> products, such as <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_sinks">Carbon sinks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Carbon sinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The drainage, burning, and plantation building on former peat lands releases large quantities of carbon dioxide, so negating their value as so-called 'carbon sinks' (stores of carbon).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carbon sinks "store more carbon per unit area than any other ecosystem in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that destroying the carbon sink peat bogs in Southeast Asia could release as much carbon as nine years of fossil fuel that is used globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study by Rahman et al. (2018) found that when forest is converted to oil plam plantation, Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stocks declined by 42%, 24% and 18% after 29, 39 and 49 years of conversion respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Air pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palm Oil production is a source of air pollution in Indonesia, mainly due to the use of slash-and-burn method to clear out forests for palm oil plantations. The areas that are typically being cleared out are rainforests, which have very carbon rich forest floors are known as <a href="/wiki/Peatlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Peatlands">peatlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carbon-rich soil of the peatlands make them very flammable. When peatlands are burned, they release a large amount of CO<sub>2</sub> along with <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a>, an extremely dangerous type of particulate matter.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with particulate matter, the smoke from the fires can release toxic gases that can spread over large areas and the fires are not easy to put out in remote areas, causing harm to both animal life and human populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the large fires, a recurring phenomenon typically between July and October or during <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Nino</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Southeast Asian haze</a> occurs. This is an event where air quality becomes extremely dangerous and can cause adverse health outcomes, have negative environmental, and economic impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_and_water_pollution">Soil and water pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soil and water pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2.5 metric tons (2.5 long tons; 2.8 short tons) of effluent or liquid waste is made for every metric ton (0.98 long tons; 1.1 short tons) of palm oil that is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effluent affects freshwater furthermore affecting downstream wildlife and humans. Pesticides and fertilizers can further cause issues for downstream water pollution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_erosion">Land erosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Land erosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A majority of Indonesia's palm oil plantations are on steep slopes, causing "increased flooding and silt deposits in rivers and ports".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repair of infrastructures such as roads and housing are effects of land erosion to local communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many animals native to Southeast Asia and  Indonesia are impacted by the effects of the palm oil industry and deforestation often facing threats of extinction. Deforestation entails a reduction in biodiversity and an alteration of ecosystems which causes the destruction of the habitats of endangered species such as <a href="/wiki/Borneo_pygmy_elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo pygmy elephant">Borneo pygmy elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tigers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceroses</a>, Malayan sun bear<sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the various species of <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a> that can be found only on the forests of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. Some of these animals such as the orangutan are arboreal and try to stay in the trees, often being burned alive during slash and burn of forests.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other animals like the orangutans are introduced to new threats as palm oil fields increase in size. Palm oil plantations in Sumatra and Borneo are one of the main areas where reticulated and blood pythons are sourced for the exotic leather industry<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remedial_measures">Remedial measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Remedial measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A government moratorium on the clearing of new forest was effective from 2011 to 2015. </p><p>The Indonesian Palm Oil Board has planned to adopt new planting materials on the older plantations which could double yields compared to the present annual rate of 4-metric-ton-per-hectare of oil (1.6 long ton/acre; 1.8 short ton/acre). In addition, the government will encourage development of degraded lands found suitable to grow palm trees. This area is reported to be 14 million hectares (35 million acres) in the four provinces of <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, on the Indonesian part of the Borneo island.<sup id="cite_ref-forest_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the Indonesian president signed a <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on new palm oil development that will last three years.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this moratorium, opening of new palm oil plantations will be delayed to reduce conflicts, as well as requiring all central and provincial governments to re-evaluate current permits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_local_communities">Impacts on local communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impacts on local communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expansion of the palm oil industry is driven by its profitability, and it has the potential to develop new jobs and improve the standards of living of people and small-holders when conducted sustainably.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the UNDP, there are about 16 million jobs that depend on the palm oil sector.<sup id="cite_ref-Sustainable_Palm_Oil_for_All_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sustainable_Palm_Oil_for_All-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other side, deforestation (for example <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo#Indonesian_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">in Borneo</a>) for oil palm plantation development also endangers indigenous tribes and local communities as it entails the destruction of living spaces or <a href="/wiki/Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">land appropriation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in regions like <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, the local livelihoods of <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> communities and their traditions of <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a>, are undermined by the development of palm oil production and monocultures.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often results in human rights violations and confrontation between large-scale producers and local communities whose land is appropriated.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colchester, for example, found that in 2010, there had been more than 630 land disputes linked to oil palm production in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industry of palm oil also causes pollution of air and water which increase health risks to the populations of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The use of slash-and-burn techniques to clear land for oil palm cultivation has led to widespread regional haze episodes impacting countries throughout Southeast Asia.  These haze episodes have been linked to excess premature deaths, respiratory illness and cardiac disease.  Infants and children are particularly vulnerable to negative health impacts from these exposures.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2015 Southeast Asian Haze episode is estimated to have caused approximately 103,300 excess deaths in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore according to mortality models.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_implications">Social implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Social implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The palm oil industry in Indonesia has been shown to have contributed to state revenue, provide employment for people in rural areas, and increase farmers income. However, these benefits only seem to be seen with more experienced plantations and farmers, so the industry tends to favor migrant smallholders rather than the indigenous people. The indigenous people tend to see more negative social impacts such as food insecurity, human rights abuse, land disputes, and disregard for the local environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indonesian scientist Prof. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Bambang_Hero_Saharjo" title="Bambang Hero Saharjo">Bambang Hero Saharjo</a> is a leading authority on peatland fires and has produced evidence for over 500 criminal trials against firms that have been accused of using illegal methods to clear peatland for crops such as palm oil. For his work in continuing to produce evidence in the face of threats and intimidation he received the 2019 John Maddox prize from the charity <a href="/wiki/Sense_about_Science" title="Sense about Science">Sense about Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The palm oil industry is growing in industry need and output, and palm oil and palm-based ingredients are found in more than 50 percent of common consumer products, from shampoo and lipstick to packaged bread and ice cream.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil across the world and is rapidly expanding its plantations and workforce to face a growing global demand.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In attempting to meet this demand, systemic human rights violations are consistently traced to Indonesian palm oil producers, including forced labor and child labor, gender discrimination, and worker exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_labor">Child labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Child labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Indonesian law prohibits child labour in work that is "harmful to the health, safety, or morals of children", children between the ages of 13 and 15 are permitted to do what is called "light work", or work that does not pose a risk to a child's mental, physical, or social development.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While children are rarely employed by palm oil plantations, they are often working there, helping their fathers and mothers meet their targets to receive full wages.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children often work in the fields and face the risk of injury from chemical exposure, carrying heavy loads, and dangerous farming practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worker_exploitation_and_forced_labor">Worker exploitation and forced labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Worker exploitation and forced labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Indonesia has legal requirements regarding hours worked per week and overtime, minimum wages are set by province, and in North Sumatra and Central Kalimantan, the provinces were plantations are located, these minimum wages are insufficient to meet a family's needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plantation workers are paid using a two-pronged system based on time worked and worker output. Workers are given "output targets" and if these targets are met, workers receive their full pay<sup id="cite_ref-:6_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If they are not met, the worker may lose a portion of his salary or annual bonus, regardless of the amount of time worked. These targets are set by individual company and are not regulated.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been found that harvesters regularly work longer than the legal limit, often working 10–12 hours a day. The legal limit in Indonesia is 40 hours per week.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dangerous_working_conditions">Dangerous working conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dangerous working conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pesticide and herbicide use is a common practice among palm oil plantations, including paraquat, an herbicide banned throughout Europe. Personal protective equipment is not always provided to workers. Some companies in Indonesia do not provide any equipment, while others do not replace the equipment after excessive use. Workers are found to have no knowledge or information regarding the health risks posed by the chemicals they use.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_52-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_health_impacts_and_health_rights_violations">Environmental health impacts and health rights violations  </h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Environmental health impacts and health rights violations "><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, there are a lot of fires from palm oil production and it has seen particulate pollution double over the past two decades with the rise of the palm oil industry.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particulate pollution has had an impact on life expectancy in the area with 0.7 predicted years life lost due to pollution two decades ago to a predicted 2.4 years of life lost now.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemicals posing major health risks like <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">Nitrogen oxides</a> (NO<sub>X</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxides</a> (CO) are also released during peatland fires. A study done in 2015 showed that in <a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a> the particulate pollution and toxic gases released by peatland fires was so severe that 33% of deaths due to cardiovascular disease that year were attributed to the poor air quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have also suggested that Indonesian palm oil workers are at an increased risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders and infectious diseases like malaria and worm infections due to extensive outdoor labor, stress and mental disorders, and pesticide and herbicide exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A company called Wilmar in Indonesia tests employees’ blood for chemical exposure to check for abnormalities. While workers will be told if they have "abnormal" blood, they however do not receive a copy of the results or any further explanation. Wilmar addressed the situation by moving employees that had blood abnormalities to different tasks, but never gave an explanation as to why this had been done. This has been found to cause heightened anxiety among plantation workers about their health.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_discrimination">Gender discrimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gender discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women are particularly vulnerable to abuses. In Indonesia, women are often hired under casual arrangements, exempting them from permanent employment, health insurance, pensions, and other social security benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of women's main roles on plantations is herbicide, pesticide, and fertilizer application, placing these women at a higher risk for chemical toxicity and other harms.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are often unpaid for some of their work, including collecting fruit from the ground during harvests, for they are often also helping their husbands meet their targets to ensure the family receives the husband's full salary.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainable_palm_oil">Sustainable palm oil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sustainable palm oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to critiques on the industry by environmental and human rights group, efforts are made towards more <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> of the industry. According to the <a href="/wiki/Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil" title="Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</a> (RSPO), that applies to palm oils which are produced to increase the food supply while keeping in mind the goals to "safeguard social interests, communities and workers" or to "protect the environment and wildlife" for example.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil System (ISPO) was introduced. It is a mandatory certification scheme to ensure the quality and the respect of norms regarding the environment, workers and respect of local populations that should apply to all producers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sustainable_Palm_Oil_for_All_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sustainable_Palm_Oil_for_All-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil" title="Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</a> (RSPO) is also active in the region in providing certifications of sustainability for the produces who match the standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_by_region#Indonesia" title="Biodiesel by region">Biodiesel by region#Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Palm_Oil_Producing_Countries" title="Council of Palm Oil Producing Countries">Council of Palm Oil Producing Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Environmental issues in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Malaysia" title="Palm oil production in Malaysia">Palm oil production in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor" title="List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor">List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McClanahan2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McClanahan2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcClanahan2013" class="citation news cs1">McClanahan, Paige (11 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/sep/11/indonesia-palm-oil-destroy-forests">"Can Indonesia increase palm oil output without destroying its forest? 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Retrieved 30 November 2017.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tendata.com/data/data_indonesia.html">Indonesia Import & Export Data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetradevision.com/global/palm-oil-export-data-indonesia">Export Data Indonesia</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palm_oil_production_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Palm oil production in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in China (page does not exist)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in India (page does not exist)">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Malaysia" title="Palm oil production in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm oil production in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil_production_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm oil production in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Economy of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Economy of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_program" title="Benteng program">Benteng program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Mafia" title="Berkeley Mafia">Berkeley Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking and finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Indonesia Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRIS" title="QRIS">QRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia" title="List of banks in Indonesia">Commercial banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_regional_development_bank" title="Indonesian regional development bank">Regional development banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministries and agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs" title="Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs">Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Indonesia)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Industry (Indonesia)">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Trade (Indonesia)">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Indonesia)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Owned_Enterprises_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of State Owned Enterprises (Indonesia)">State Owned Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Manpower (Indonesia)">Manpower</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Cooperatives_and_Small_%26_Medium_Enterprises_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Cooperatives and Small & Medium Enterprises (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Small & Medium Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Land_and_Spatial_Planning_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Land and Spatial Planning (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Land and Spatial Planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Maritime_and_Investment_Affairs" title="Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment Affairs">Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Transportation (Indonesia)">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Marine_Affairs_and_Fisheries" title="Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries">Maritime Affairs and Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Works_and_Housing_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Indonesia)">Public Works and Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_and_Creative_Economy" title="Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy">Tourism and Creative Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)">Energy and Mineral Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forestry" title="Ministry of Environment and Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Investment_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Investment (Indonesia)">Investment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority_(Indonesia)" title="Financial Services Authority (Indonesia)">OJK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li>Bilateral agreements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Australia_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Indonesia_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Chile–Indonesia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Japan_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Mozambique_Preferential_Trade_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Mozambique Preferential Trade Agreement">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Korea_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Pakistan_Preferential_Trade_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Pakistan Preferential Trade Agreement">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Indonesia">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pos_Indonesia" title="Pos Indonesia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Indonesia" title="Coconut production in Indonesia">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Indonesia" title="Coffee production in Indonesia">Coffee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Indonesia" title="Rice production in Indonesia">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Indonesia" title="Tea production in Indonesia">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_products_in_Indonesia" title="Tobacco products in Indonesia">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Indonesia">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Bauxite mining in Indonesia">Bauxite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Indonesia">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Copper mining in Indonesia">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Nickel mining in Indonesia">Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Tin mining in Indonesia">Tin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Economy of Indonesia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palm_oil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palm_oil" title="Template:Palm oil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palm_oil" title="Template talk:Palm oil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palm_oil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palm oil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palm_oil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm" title="List of plants known as oil palm">Oil palms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Attalea_(plant)" title="Attalea (plant)">Attalea</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Attalea_maripa" title="Attalea maripa">A. maripa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Attalea_speciosa" title="Attalea speciosa">A. speciosa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis">Elaeis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">E. guineesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_oleifera" title="Elaeis oleifera">E. oleifera</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis#Pests" title="Elaeis guineensis">Diseases and<br />pests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagworm_moth" title="Bagworm moth">Bagworm moth</a></li> <li>Basal stem rot (<i><a href="/wiki/Ganoderma_orbiforme" title="Ganoderma orbiforme">Ganoderma orbiforme</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadang-cadang" title="Cadang-cadang">Cadang-cadang disease</a></li> <li>Little leaf syndrome <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryctes_rhinoceros" title="Oryctes rhinoceros">Oryctes rhinoceros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus_palmarum" title="Rhynchophorus palmarum">Rhynchophorus palmarum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Oil palm bunch moth <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirathaba_mundella" title="Tirathaba mundella">Tirathaba mundella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirathaba_rufivena" title="Tirathaba rufivena">Tirathaba rufivena</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Red ring disease (<i><a href="/wiki/Bursaphelenchus_cocophilus" title="Bursaphelenchus cocophilus">Bursaphelenchus cocophilus</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_(plant_structure)#Mesocarp" title="Fruit (plant structure)">Mesocarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel" title="Palm kernel">Palm kernel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauric_acid" title="Lauric acid">lauric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristic_acid" title="Myristic acid">myristic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_stearin" title="Palm stearin">stearin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_production" title="Biodiesel production">Biodiesel production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_hydrogenation" title="Fat hydrogenation">Fat hydrogenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionation" title="Fractionation">Fractionation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">Hydrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">Saponification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">Transesterification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_by_region" title="Biodiesel by region">by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neste_Renewable_Diesel" title="Neste Renewable Diesel">Neste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_Scout_Cookies" title="Girl Scout Cookies">Girl Scout Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleochemistry" title="Oleochemistry">Oleochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">fuel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Producers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumitama_Agri" title="Bumitama Agri">Bumitama Agri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Cumberbatch" title="Carson Cumberbatch">Carson Cumberbatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Palm_Oil" title="Equatorial Palm Oil">Equatorial Palm Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_Inc." title="Feronia Inc.">Feronia Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGV_Holdings" title="FGV Holdings">FGV Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOI_Group" title="IOI Group">IOI Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Kepong_Berhad" title="Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad">Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sime_Darby" title="Sime Darby">Sime Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH_Plantations" title="TH Plantations">TH Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmar_International" title="Wilmar International">Wilmar International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Buyers / processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAK_(company)" title="AAK (company)">AAK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GreenPalm" title="GreenPalm">GreenPalm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neste" title="Neste">Neste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Governmental /<br />non-governmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FELCRA_Berhad" title="FELCRA Berhad">FELCRA Berhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Land_Development_Authority" title="Federal Land Development Authority">Federal Land Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Commodity_and_Derivatives_Exchange" title="Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange">Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Derivatives_Exchange" title="Malaysia Derivatives Exchange">Malaysia Derivatives Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Palm_Oil_Board" title="Malaysian Palm Oil Board">Malaysian Palm Oil Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil" title="Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies, impacts<br />and debates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Biofuel policy of Malaysia">Biofuel policy of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_sustainable_palm_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified sustainable palm oil">Certified sustainable palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_continent" title="Deforestation by continent">Deforestation by continent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Southeast Asian haze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">Environmental impact of biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oils_as_alternative_energy" title="Vegetable oils as alternative energy">Vegetable oils as alternative energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colombia#Palm_oil" title="Agriculture in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Malaysia" title="Palm oil production in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_palm" 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