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state and "African socialism" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One-party_state_and_"African_socialism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_from_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_from_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Fall from power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_from_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Post-presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Personal life and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Awards and honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kenneth Kaunda</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%8A%94%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3" title="ኬኔት ካውንዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኬኔት ካውንዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="كينيث كاوندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كينيث كاوندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B8_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Κένεθ Καούντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κένεθ Καούντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کنت کائوندا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنت کائوندا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B9%B4%EC%9A%B4%EB%8B%A4" title="케네스 카운다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케네스 카운다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A9_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Քենեթ Կաունդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քենեթ Կաունդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="केनेथ कुंडा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="केनेथ कुंडा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="קנת קאונדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנת קאונדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="კენეთ კაუნდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კენეთ კაუნდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennethus_Kaunda" title="Kennethus Kaunda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kennethus Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Кенет Каунда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кенет Каунда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F" title="കെന്നത്ത് കൗണ്ട – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കെന്നത്ത് കൗണ്ട" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="केनेथ कौंडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="केनेथ कौंडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="كينيث كاوندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كينيث كاوندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کنت کاوندا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کنت کاوندا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB" title="ကင်းနက် ကွန်ဒါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်းနက် ကွန်ဒါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80" title="ケネス・カウンダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケネス・カウンダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0,_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Каунда, Кеннет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каунда, Кеннет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کێنێت کائۆندا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێنێت کائۆندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Кенет Каунда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кенет Каунда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="கென்னத் கவுண்டா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கென்னத் கவுண்டா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1" title="కెన్నెత్ కౌండ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెన్నెత్ కౌండ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" 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Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%BF%81%E8%BE%BE" title="肯尼思·卡翁达 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肯尼思·卡翁达" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Yoruba" lang="yo" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of The Republic of Zambia from 1964 to 1991</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Kenneth Kaunda</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg/220px-Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg/330px-Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg/440px-Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1321" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kaunda in 1983</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia">Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 22 January 1964 – 24 October 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mainza_Chona" title="Mainza Chona">Mainza Chona</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zambia" title="Prime Minister of Zambia">Prime Minister of Zambia</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zambia" title="President of Zambia">President of Zambia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 October 1964 – 2 November 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Zambia">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Kamanga" title="Reuben Kamanga">Reuben Kamanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kapwepwe" title="Simon Kapwepwe">Simon Kapwepwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainza_Chona" title="Mainza Chona">Mainza Chona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Hone" title="Evelyn Hone">Evelyn Hone</a> as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Northern Rhodesia">Governor of Northern Rhodesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Frederick Chiluba</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement">Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 September 1970 – 5 September 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Houari Boumédiène</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Kenneth David Buchizya Kaunda</div> (1924-04-28)28 April 1924 <a href="/wiki/Chinsali" title="Chinsali">Chinsali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> (now Zambia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 June 2021(2021-06-17) (aged 97) <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, Zambia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy Park">Embassy Park</a>, Lusaka</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a> (until 1964)</li> <li>Zambia (1964–1998, 2000‍–‍2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a> (1998–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UNIP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIP">UNIP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Kaunda" title="Betty Kaunda">Betty Banda</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1946; died 2013)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8, including <a href="/wiki/Tilyenji_Kaunda" title="Tilyenji Kaunda">Tilyenji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Teacher</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="border: 4px double #800080;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#177618; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaunda1986_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kaunda1986_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Kaunda1986_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kaunda1986_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Kaunda1986_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kaunda1986_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Kaunda1986_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1504" /></a></td> <td style="background:#177618; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px;">This article is part of a series about <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth Kaunda</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party" title="United National Independence Party">UNIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Zambian_general_election" title="1968 Zambian general election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Zambian_general_election" title="1973 Zambian general election">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Zambian_general_election" title="1978 Zambian general election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Zambian_general_election" title="1983 Zambian general election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Zambian_general_election" title="1988 Zambian general election">1988</a></li></ul> <hr /> President of Zambia <div class="center">1964-1991</div> <hr /> Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Zambia" title="University of Zambia">founding of university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulungushi" title="Mulungushi">Nationalization(zambia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Manifesto" title="Lusaka Manifesto">Lusaka Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhari_rebellion" title="Nhari rebellion">Nhari rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatling" title="Operation Gatling">Operation Gatling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Declaration" title="Lusaka Declaration">Lusaka Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Heaven_on_Earth_Development#Zambia_and_Mozambique" title="Maharishi Heaven on Earth Development">Mahedco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Zambian_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 Zambian constitutional referendum">1969 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Zambian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">anti-apartheid support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAZARA_Railway" title="TAZARA Railway">TAZARA Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Zambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Zambian coup d'état attempt">1990 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Zambian_general_election" title="1991 Zambian general election">The end of one-party rule</a></li></ul> <hr /> Post-presidency <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Post-presidency">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Death and state funeral of Kenneth Kaunda">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> <hr /> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_kwacha" title="Zambian kwacha">kwacha(Obverse)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="870" /></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kenneth_Kaunda_sidebar" title="Template:Kenneth Kaunda sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Kenneth_Kaunda_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Kenneth Kaunda sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kenneth_Kaunda_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kenneth Kaunda sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Kenneth Kaunda (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021),<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-1">[1]</a> also known as KK,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> was a Zambian politician who served as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zambia" title="President of Zambia">president of Zambia</a> from 1964 to 1991. He was at the forefront of the struggle for independence from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">British rule</a>. Dissatisfied with <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nkumbula" title="Harry Nkumbula">Harry Nkumbula</a>'s leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Zambian_African_National_Congress" title="Zambian African National Congress">Northern Rhodesian African National Congress</a>, he broke away and founded the <a href="/wiki/Zambian_African_National_Congress_(1958%E2%80%931959)" title="Zambian African National Congress (1958–1959)">Zambian African National Congress</a>, later becoming the head of the socialist <a href="/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party" title="United National Independence Party">United National Independence Party</a> (UNIP). Kaunda was the first president of independent Zambia. In 1973, following tribal and inter-party violence, all political parties except UNIP were banned through an amendment of the constitution after the signing of the Choma Declaration. At the same time, Kaunda oversaw the acquisition of majority stakes in key foreign-owned companies. The <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> and a slump in export revenues put Zambia in a state of economic crisis. International pressure forced Kaunda to change the rules that had kept him in power. <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a> elections took place in <a href="/wiki/1991_Zambian_general_election" title="1991 Zambian general election">1991</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Frederick Chiluba</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Multi-Party_Democracy" title="Movement for Multi-Party Democracy">Movement for Multi-Party Democracy</a>, ousted Kaunda. He was briefly stripped of Zambian citizenship in 1998, but the decision was overturned two years later in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Kenneth Kaunda was born on 28 April 1924<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> at Lubwa Mission in <a href="/wiki/Chinsali" title="Chinsali">Chinsali</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>, now Zambia,<a href="#cite_note-KK-5">[5]</a> and was the youngest of eight children.<a href="#cite_note-WSJforKaunda-6">[6]</a> His father, the Reverend David Kaunda, was an ordained <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCKen-7">[7]</a> missionary<a href="#cite_note-KasukaPALSI-8">[8]</a> and teacher, who had been born in <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> (now Malawi) and had moved to Chinsali, to work at Lubwa Mission.<a href="#cite_note-EncyBrit-9">[9]</a> His mother was also a teacher and was the first African woman to teach in colonial Northern Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-EncyBrit-9">[9]</a> They were both teachers among the <a href="/wiki/Bemba_people" title="Bemba people">Bemba</a> ethnic group which is located in northern Zambia.<a href="#cite_note-EncyBrit-9">[9]</a> His father died when Kenneth was a child.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKen-7">[7]</a> This is where Kenneth Kaunda received his education until the early 1940s. He later on followed in his parents' footsteps and became a teacher;<a href="#cite_note-BBCKen-7">[7]</a> first in Northern Rhodesia<a href="#cite_note-BBCKen-7">[7]</a> but then in the middle of the 1940s he moved to <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika Territory</a> (now part of Tanzania). He also worked in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKen-7">[7]</a> He attended Munali Training Centre in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> between 1941 and 1943.<a href="#cite_note-KasukaPALSI-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Early in his career, he read the writings of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> that he said: "went straight to my heart."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Kaunda was a teacher at the Upper Primary School and Boarding Master at Lubwa and then Headmaster at Lubwa from 1943 to 1945.<a href="#cite_note-KasukaPALSI-8">[8]</a> For a time, he worked at the Salisbury and Bindura Mine.<a href="#cite_note-KasukaPALSI-8">[8]</a> In early 1948, he became a teacher in <a href="/wiki/Mufulira" title="Mufulira">Mufulira</a> for the United Missions to the Copperbelt (UMCB).<a href="#cite_note-KasukaPALSI-8">[8]</a> He was then assistant at an African Welfare Centre and Boarding Master of a Mine School in Mufulira. In this period, he was leading a <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Scouts_Association" title="Pathfinder Scouts Association">Pathfinder Scout</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Group and was Choirmaster at a Church of Central Africa congregation. He was also Vice-Secretary of the Nchanga Branch of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-KasukaPALSI-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_struggle_and_presidency">Independence struggle and presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Independence struggle and presidency">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Kaunda with UNIP supporters after a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a>, in March 1960</figcaption></figure> In 1949 Kaunda entered politics and became the founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Zambian_African_National_Congress" title="Zambian African National Congress">Northern Rhodesian African National Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> On 11 November 1953 he moved to Lusaka to take up the post of Secretary General of the Africa National Congress (ANC), under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nkumbula" title="Harry Nkumbula">Harry Nkumbula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKen-7">[7]</a> The combined efforts of Kaunda and Nkumbula failed to mobilise native African peoples against the European-dominated <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKen-7">[7]</a> In 1955 Kaunda and Nkumbula were imprisoned for two months with hard labour for distributing subversive literature.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKen-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The two leaders drifted apart as Nkumbula became increasingly influenced by white liberals<a href="#cite_note-TNYTimes-15">[15]</a> and failing to defend indigenous Africans, Kaunda led a dissident group to Nkumbula that eventually broke with the ANC and founded his own party, the <a href="/wiki/Zambian_African_National_Congress_(1958%E2%80%9359)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian African National Congress (1958–59)">Zambian African National Congress</a> (ZANC) in October 1958.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKen-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-TNYTimes-15">[15]</a> ZANC was banned in March 1959 and in Kaunda was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, which he spent first in Lusaka, then in <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_(Rhodesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salisbury (Rhodesia)">Salisbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCKen-7">[7]</a> While Kaunda was in prison, <a href="/wiki/Mainza_Chona" title="Mainza Chona">Mainza Chona</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalists</a> broke away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona became the first president of the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party" title="United National Independence Party">United National Independence Party</a> (UNIP), the successor to ZANC. However, Chona did not see himself as the party's main founder. When Kaunda was released from prison in January 1960 he was elected president of UNIP. In 1960 he visited <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> and afterwards, in July 1961, Kaunda organised a <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> campaign in Northern Province, the so-called Cha-cha-cha campaign, which consisted largely of arson and obstructing significant roads. Kaunda subsequently ran as a UNIP candidate during the 1962 elections. This resulted in a UNIP–ANC <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a>, with Kaunda as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Local_Government_(Zambia)" title="Ministry of Local Government (Zambia)">Minister of Local Government and Social Welfare</a>. In January 1964, UNIP won the next major elections, defeating their ANC rivals and securing Kaunda's position as prime minister. On 24 October 1964 he became the first president of an <a href="/wiki/Zambia_Independence_Act_1964" title="Zambia Independence Act 1964">independent Zambia</a>, appointing <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Kamanga" title="Reuben Kamanga">Reuben Kamanga</a> as his vice-president.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_policies">Educational policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Educational policies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saragat_Kaunda_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Saragat_Kaunda_1966.jpg/220px-Saragat_Kaunda_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Saragat_Kaunda_1966.jpg/330px-Saragat_Kaunda_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Saragat_Kaunda_1966.jpg/440px-Saragat_Kaunda_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Italian president <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Giuseppe Saragat</a> and Kenneth Kaunda in 1966</figcaption></figure> At the time of its independence, Zambia's <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernisation</a> process was far from complete. The nation's educational system was one of the most poorly developed in all of Britain's former colonies, and it had just a hundred university graduates and no more than 6,000 indigenous inhabitants with two years or more of secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Because of this, Zambia had to invest heavily in education at all levels.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Kaunda instituted a policy where all children, irrespective of their parents' ability to pay, were given free exercise books, pens, and pencils. The parents' main responsibility was to buy uniforms, pay a token "school fee" and ensure that the children attended school. This approach meant that the best pupils were promoted to achieve their best results, all the way from primary school to university level. Not every child could go to secondary school, for example, but those who did were well educated.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zambia" title="University of Zambia">University of Zambia</a> was opened in Lusaka in 1966, after Zambians all over the country had been encouraged to donate whatever they could afford towards its construction. Kaunda was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> and officiated at the first graduation ceremony in 1969. The main campus was situated on the Great East Road, while the medical campus was located at Ridgeway near the <a href="/wiki/University_Teaching_Hospital" title="University Teaching Hospital">University Teaching Hospital</a>. In 1979 another campus was established at the Zambia Institute of Technology in <a href="/wiki/Kitwe" title="Kitwe">Kitwe</a>. In 1988 the Kitwe campus was upgraded and renamed the <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_University" title="Copperbelt University">Copperbelt University</a>, offering business studies, industrial studies and environmental studies.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Other tertiary-level institutions established during Kaunda's era were vocationally focused and fell under the aegis of the Department of Technical Education and Vocational Training.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They include the <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Hone_College" title="Evelyn Hone College">Evelyn Hone College</a> and the Natural Resources Development College (both in Lusaka),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the Northern Technical College at Ndola,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the Livingstone Trades Training Institute in Livingstone, and teacher-training colleges.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic policies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031748-0006,_Frankfurt-Main,_Kenneth_Kaunda_bei_Hoechst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031748-0006%2C_Frankfurt-Main%2C_Kenneth_Kaunda_bei_Hoechst.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031748-0006%2C_Frankfurt-Main%2C_Kenneth_Kaunda_bei_Hoechst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031748-0006%2C_Frankfurt-Main%2C_Kenneth_Kaunda_bei_Hoechst.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031748-0006%2C_Frankfurt-Main%2C_Kenneth_Kaunda_bei_Hoechst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031748-0006%2C_Frankfurt-Main%2C_Kenneth_Kaunda_bei_Hoechst.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031748-0006%2C_Frankfurt-Main%2C_Kenneth_Kaunda_bei_Hoechst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Kaunda in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, West Germany, 1970</figcaption></figure> Kaunda's newly independent government inherited a country with one of the most vibrant economies in sub-Saharan Africa, largely on account of its rich mineral deposits,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> albeit one that was largely under the control of foreign and multinational interests.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> (BSAC, founded by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>) still retained commercial assets and mineral rights that it had acquired from a <a href="/wiki/Concession_(contract)" title="Concession (contract)">concession</a> signed with the <a href="/wiki/Litunga" title="Litunga">Litunga</a> of Bulozi in 1890. Only by threatening to expropriate it on the eve of independence did Kaunda manage to get favourable concessions from the BSAC.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> His ineptness at economic management blighted his country's development after independence. Despite having some of the finest farming land in Africa, Kaunda adopted the same socialist agricultural policies as Tanzania, with disastrous results.<a href="#cite_note-Times-27">[27]</a> Deciding on a planned economy, Zambia instituted a programme of national development, under the direction of the National Commission for Development Planning, which instituted a "Transitional Development Plan" and the "First National Development Plan". The two operations brought major investment in the infrastructure and manufacturing sectors. In April 1968, Kaunda initiated the <a href="/wiki/Mulungushi" title="Mulungushi">Mulungushi</a> Reforms, which sought to bring Zambia's foreign-owned corporations under national control under the Industrial Development Corporation. Over the subsequent years, a number of mining corporations were nationalised, although the country's banks, such as <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered</a>, remained foreign-owned. The Zambian economy suffered a setback from 1973, when rising oil prices and falling copper prices combined to reduce the state's income from the nationalised mines. The country fell into debt with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF), and the Third National Development Plan had to be abandoned as crisis management replaced long-term planning. His weak attempts at economic reforms in the 1980s hastened Zambia's decline.<a href="#cite_note-Times-27">[27]</a> A number of negotiations with the IMF followed, and by 1990 Kaunda was forced into partial privatisation of the state-owned corporations. The country's economic woes ultimately contributed to his fall from power.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-BritanicaEconomy-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One-party_state_and_"African_socialism"">One-party state and "African socialism"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: One-party state and "African socialism"">edit</a>]</div> In 1964, shortly before independence, violence broke out between supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Lumpa_Church" title="Lumpa Church">Lumpa Church</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Lenshina" title="Alice Lenshina">Alice Lenshina</a>. Kaunda temporarily banned the church and ordered Lumpa's arrest.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg/220px-Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg/330px-Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg/440px-Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Malawian president <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda">Hastings Banda</a> meeting with Kaunda</figcaption></figure> From 1964 onwards, Kaunda's government developed authoritarian characteristics. Becoming increasingly intolerant of opposition, Kaunda banned all parties except UNIP following violence during the 1968 elections. However, in early 1972, he faced a new threat in the form of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kapwepwe" title="Simon Kapwepwe">Simon Kapwepwe</a>'s decision to leave UNIP and found a rival party, the <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Party_(Zambia)" title="United Progressive Party (Zambia)">United Progressive Party</a>, which Kaunda immediately attempted to suppress.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Next, he appointed the Chona Commission, which was set up under the chairmanship of Mainza Chona in February 1972. Chona's task was to make recommendations for a new Zambian constitution which would effectively reduce the nation to a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>. The commission's terms of reference did not permit it to discuss the possible faults of Kaunda's decision, but instead to concentrate on the practical details of the move to a one-party state.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Finally, Kaunda neutralised Nkumbula by getting him to join UNIP and accept the Choma Declaration on 27 June 1973. The new constitution was formally promulgated on 25 August of that year.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> At the first elections under the new system held that December, Kaunda was the sole candidate.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> With all opposition having been eliminated, Kaunda allowed the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a>. He developed a left nationalist-socialist ideology, called Zambian Humanism. This was based on a combination of mid-20th-century ideas of central planning/state control and what he considered basic African values: mutual aid, trust, and loyalty to the community. Similar forms of <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a> were introduced inter alia in Ghana by <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> ("Consciencism") and Tanzania by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a>"). To elaborate on his ideology, Kaunda published several books: Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to its Implementation, Parts 1, 2 and 3. Other publications on Zambian Humanism are: Fundamentals of Zambian Humanism, by Timothy Kandeke; Zambian Humanism, religion and social morality, by Rev. Fr. Cleve Dillion-Malone, <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">S.J.</a>, and Zambian Humanism: some major spiritual and economic challenges, by Justin B. Zulu. Kaunda on Violence (US title, The Riddle of Violence) was published in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> As president of UNIP, and under the country's one-party state system, Kaunda was the only candidate for president of the republic in the general elections of <a href="/wiki/1978_Zambian_general_election" title="1978 Zambian general election">1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/1983_Zambian_general_election" title="1983 Zambian general election">1983</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1988_Zambian_general_election" title="1988 Zambian general election">1988</a>, each time with official results showing over 80 per cent of voters approving his candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Parliamentary elections were also controlled by Kaunda. In the 1978 UNIP elections, Kaunda amended the party's constitution to bring in rules that invalidated the challengers' nominations: Kapwepwe was told he could not stand because only people who had been members for five years could be nominated to the presidency (he had only rejoined UNIP three years before); Nkumbula and a third contender, businessman Robert Chiluwe, were outmanoeuvred by introducing a new rule that said each candidate needed the signatures of 200 delegates from each province to back their candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambia123f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Zambia123f.jpg/220px-Zambia123f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Zambia123f.jpg/330px-Zambia123f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Zambia123f.jpg/440px-Zambia123f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>Kaunda visiting <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> in 1970</figcaption></figure> During his early presidency Kaunda was an outspoken supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">anti-apartheid</a> movement and opposed white minority rule in Southern Rhodesia. Kaunda supported the succession of <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a> when he recognized it as an independent nation on May 20, 1968.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Although his nationalisation of the <a href="/wiki/Copper_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper mining">copper mining</a> industry in the late 1960s and the volatility of international copper prices contributed to increased economic problems,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> matters were aggravated by his logistical support for the black nationalist movements in <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. Kaunda's administration later attempted to serve the role of a mediator between the entrenched white minority and colonial governments and the various guerrilla movements which were aimed at overthrowing these respective administrations. Beginning in the early 1970s, he began permitting the most prominent guerrilla organisations, such as the Rhodesian <a href="/wiki/ZANU" class="mw-redirect" title="ZANU">ZANU</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>, to use Zambia as a base for their operations. Former ANC president <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> even spent a significant proportion of his 30-year exile living and working in Zambia.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/ZAPU" class="mw-redirect" title="ZAPU">ZAPU</a>, also erected military encampments there, as did <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> and its military wing, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Namibia" title="People's Liberation Army of Namibia">People's Liberation Army of Namibia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cropped_white_house_78.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cropped_white_house_78.png/220px-Cropped_white_house_78.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cropped_white_house_78.png/330px-Cropped_white_house_78.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cropped_white_house_78.png/440px-Cropped_white_house_78.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Kaunda and US president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 1978</figcaption></figure>In the first twenty years of Kaunda's presidency, he and his advisors sought numerous times to acquire modern weapons from the United States. In a letter written to US president <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in 1967, Kaunda inquired if the United States would provide him with long-range missile systems.<a href="#cite_note-AndyDeroche2016-43">[43]</a> This request for modern weapons even included missiles with nuclear warheads.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> All of his requests for modern weapons were refused by the United States. In 1980, Kaunda purchased sixteen <a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21</a> jets from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which ultimately provoked a reaction from the United States. Kaunda responded to the United States, stating that after numerous failed attempts to purchase weapons, buying from the Soviets was justified in his duty to protect his citizens and Zambian national security. His attempted purchase of modern American weapons may have been a political tactic to use fear to establish his one-party rule over Zambia.<a href="#cite_note-AndyDeroche2016-43">[43]</a> From April 1975, when he visited US president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in Washington, D.C., and delivered a powerful speech calling for the United States to play a more active and constructive role in southern Africa. Until approximately 1984, Kaunda was arguably the key African leader involved in international diplomacy regarding the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia. He hosted <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>'s 1976 trip to Zambia, got along very well with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, and worked closely with President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s assistant secretary of state for African affairs, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Crocker" title="Chester Crocker">Chester Crocker</a>. While there were disagreements between Kaunda and US leaders (such as when Zambia purchased Soviet MiG fighters or when he accused two American diplomats of being spies), Kaunda generally enjoyed a positive relationship with the United States during these years.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On 26 August 1975, Kaunda acted as mediator along with the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Africa" title="Prime Minister of South Africa">Prime Minister of South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._J._Vorster" class="mw-redirect" title="B. J. Vorster">B. J. Vorster</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Conference_(1975)" title="Victoria Falls Conference (1975)">Victoria Falls Conference</a> to discuss possibilities for an internal settlement in Southern Rhodesia with Ian Smith and the black nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>, Kaunda attempted to seek similar majority rule in South West Africa. He met with <a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a> in Botswana in 1982 to debate this proposal, but apparently failed to make a serious impression.<a href="#cite_note-nyti_SOUT-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenneth_David_Kaunda_DF-SC-84-01864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kenneth_David_Kaunda_DF-SC-84-01864.jpg/220px-Kenneth_David_Kaunda_DF-SC-84-01864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kenneth_David_Kaunda_DF-SC-84-01864.jpg/330px-Kenneth_David_Kaunda_DF-SC-84-01864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kenneth_David_Kaunda_DF-SC-84-01864.jpg/440px-Kenneth_David_Kaunda_DF-SC-84-01864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Kaunda arrives in the US for an official visit, 1983</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, the anti-white minority insurgency conflicts of southern Africa continued to place a huge economic burden on Zambia as white minority governments were the country's main trading partners. In response, Kaunda negotiated the <a href="/wiki/TAZARA_Railway" title="TAZARA Railway">TAZARA Railway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzam">Tanzam</a>) linking <a href="/wiki/Kapiri_Mposhi" title="Kapiri Mposhi">Kapiri Mposhi</a> in the Zambian <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt" title="Copperbelt">Copperbelt</a> with Tanzania's port of <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a> on the Indian Ocean. Completed in 1975, this was the only route for bulk trade which did not have to transit white-dominated territories. This precarious situation lasted more than 20 years, until the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> For much of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Kaunda was a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> He hosted a NAM summit in Lusaka in 1970 and served as the movement's chairman from 1970 to 1973. He maintained a close friendship with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>'s long-time leader <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>; he was remembered by many Yugoslav officials for weeping openly over Tito's casket in 1980. He also visited and welcomed <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>'s president, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, in the 1970s. In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a>, Yugoslavia, awarded him an honorary doctorate.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaunda1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kaunda1986.jpg/220px-Kaunda1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kaunda1986.jpg/330px-Kaunda1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kaunda1986.jpg/440px-Kaunda1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3652" data-file-height="2427" /></a><figcaption>Kaunda in Amsterdam, 1986</figcaption></figure> Kaunda had frequent but cordial differences with US president Ronald Reagan whom he met 1983<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> mainly over what he saw as a blind eye being turned towards South African apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-lati_Zamb-53">[53]</a> He always maintained warm <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="China–Zambia relations">relations with the People's Republic of China</a> who had provided assistance on many projects in Zambia, including the <a href="/wiki/Tazara_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazara Railway">Tazara Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iris_Kaun-54">[54]</a> Prior to the first <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, Kaunda cultivated a friendship with Iraqi president <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, whom he claimed to have attempted to dissuade from invading Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A street in Lusaka was named in Saddam's honour, although the name was later changed when both leaders had left power.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In August 1989, <a href="/wiki/Farzad_Bazoft" title="Farzad Bazoft">Farzad Bazoft</a> was detained in <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> for alleged espionage. He was accompanied by a British nurse, Daphne Parish, who was also arrested. Bazoft was later tried, convicted, and executed, but Kaunda managed to negotiate for his female companion's release.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Kaunda served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (OAU) from 1970 to 1971 and again from 1987 to 1988.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_from_power">Fall from power</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fall from power">edit</a>]</div> Matters quickly came to a head in 1990. In July, amid three days of rioting in the capital, Kaunda announced a referendum on whether to legalise other parties would be held that October. However, he argued for maintaining UNIP's monopoly, claiming that a multiparty system would lead to chaos. The announcement almost came too late; hours later, <a href="/wiki/Mwamba_Luchembe" title="Mwamba Luchembe">a disgruntled officer</a> went on the radio to announce Kaunda had been overthrown. The <a href="/wiki/1990_Zambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Zambian coup d'état attempt">coup attempt</a> was broken three to four hours later, but it was clear Kaunda and the UNIP were reeling.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Kaunda tried to mollify the opposition by moving the referendum to August 1991; the opposition claimed the original date did not allow enough time for voter registration.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> While expressing willingness to have the Zambian people vote on a multiparty system, Kaunda maintained that only a one-party state could prevent tribalism and violence from engulfing the country. By September, however, opposition demands forced Kaunda to reverse course. He cancelled the referendum, and instead recommended constitutional amendments that would dismantle UNIP's monopoly on power. He also announced <a href="/wiki/1991_Zambian_general_election" title="1991 Zambian general election">a snap general election</a> for the following year, two years before it was due.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> He signed the necessary amendments into law in December.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> At these elections, the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Multiparty_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Multiparty Democracy">Movement for Multiparty Democracy</a> (MMD), helmed by trade union leader <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Frederick Chiluba</a>, swept UNIP from power in a landslide. In the presidential election, Kaunda was roundly defeated, taking only 24 per cent of the vote to Chiluba's 75 per cent. UNIP was cut down to only 25 seats in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zambia" title="National Assembly of Zambia">National Assembly</a>. One of the issues in the campaign was a plan by Kaunda to turn over one-quarter of the nation's land to <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a>, an Indian guru who promised that he would use it for a network of utopian agricultural enclaves that proponents said would create "Heaven on Earth".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Kaunda was forced in a television interview to deny practising <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_technique" title="Transcendental Meditation technique">Transcendental Meditation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> When Kaunda handed power to Chiluba on 2 November 1991, he became the second mainland African head of state to allow free multiparty elections and to relinquish power peacefully after he had lost. The first, <a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a> of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a>, had done so in March of that year.<a href="#cite_note-thea_Obit-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency">Post-presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-presidency">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Union_External_Affairs_Minister,_Shri_K._Natwar_Singh_calls_on_the_former_President_of_Zambia,_Mr._Kenneth_Kaunda_in_New_Delhi_on_March_15,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Union_External_Affairs_Minister%2C_Shri_K._Natwar_Singh_calls_on_the_former_President_of_Zambia%2C_Mr._Kenneth_Kaunda_in_New_Delhi_on_March_15%2C_2005.jpg/220px-The_Union_External_Affairs_Minister%2C_Shri_K._Natwar_Singh_calls_on_the_former_President_of_Zambia%2C_Mr._Kenneth_Kaunda_in_New_Delhi_on_March_15%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Union_External_Affairs_Minister%2C_Shri_K._Natwar_Singh_calls_on_the_former_President_of_Zambia%2C_Mr._Kenneth_Kaunda_in_New_Delhi_on_March_15%2C_2005.jpg/330px-The_Union_External_Affairs_Minister%2C_Shri_K._Natwar_Singh_calls_on_the_former_President_of_Zambia%2C_Mr._Kenneth_Kaunda_in_New_Delhi_on_March_15%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Union_External_Affairs_Minister%2C_Shri_K._Natwar_Singh_calls_on_the_former_President_of_Zambia%2C_Mr._Kenneth_Kaunda_in_New_Delhi_on_March_15%2C_2005.jpg/440px-The_Union_External_Affairs_Minister%2C_Shri_K._Natwar_Singh_calls_on_the_former_President_of_Zambia%2C_Mr._Kenneth_Kaunda_in_New_Delhi_on_March_15%2C_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>Indian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Natwar_Singh" title="Natwar Singh">Natwar Singh</a> with Kaunda in March 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_President,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_meeting_with_Dr._Kenneth_David_Kaunda,_at_his_residence,_at_Lusaka,_in_Zambia_on_April_11,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_meeting_with_Dr._Kenneth_David_Kaunda%2C_at_his_residence%2C_at_Lusaka%2C_in_Zambia_on_April_11%2C_2018.jpg/220px-The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_meeting_with_Dr._Kenneth_David_Kaunda%2C_at_his_residence%2C_at_Lusaka%2C_in_Zambia_on_April_11%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_meeting_with_Dr._Kenneth_David_Kaunda%2C_at_his_residence%2C_at_Lusaka%2C_in_Zambia_on_April_11%2C_2018.jpg/330px-The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_meeting_with_Dr._Kenneth_David_Kaunda%2C_at_his_residence%2C_at_Lusaka%2C_in_Zambia_on_April_11%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_meeting_with_Dr._Kenneth_David_Kaunda%2C_at_his_residence%2C_at_Lusaka%2C_in_Zambia_on_April_11%2C_2018.jpg/440px-The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_meeting_with_Dr._Kenneth_David_Kaunda%2C_at_his_residence%2C_at_Lusaka%2C_in_Zambia_on_April_11%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1555" /></a><figcaption>Indian president <a href="/wiki/Ram_Nath_Kovind" title="Ram Nath Kovind">Ram Nath Kovind</a> and Kaunda in Lusaka, April 2018</figcaption></figure> After leaving office, Kaunda clashed frequently with Chiluba's government and the MMD. Chiluba later attempted to deport Kaunda on the grounds that he was a Malawian.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The MMD-dominated government under the leadership of Chiluba had the constitution amended, barring citizens with foreign parentage from standing for the presidency, to prevent Kaunda from contesting the next elections in 1996, in which he planned to participate.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-1">[1]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1997_Zambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Zambian coup d'état attempt">1997 coup attempt</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a> in 1997 he was arrested by paramilitary policemen.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> However, many officials in the region appealed against this; on New Year's Eve of the same year, he was placed under house arrest until his court date.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 1999 Kaunda was declared stateless by the Ndola High Court in a judgment delivered by Justice Chalendo Sakala.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Kaunda however successfully challenged this decision in the Supreme Court of Zambia, which declared him to be a Zambian citizen in the <a href="/wiki/Lewanika_and_Others_vs._Chiluba" title="Lewanika and Others vs. Chiluba">Lewanika and Others vs. Chiluba</a> ruling.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> On 4 June 1998, Kaunda announced that he was resigning as United National Independence Party leader and retiring from politics.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> After retiring in 2000, he was involved in various charitable organisations. His most notable contribution was his zeal in the fight against the spread of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> One of Kaunda's children was claimed by the pandemic in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> From 2002 to 2004, he was an African President-in-Residence at the African Presidential Archives and Research Center at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In September 2019, Kaunda said that it was regrettable that the late president <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> was maligned and subjected to mudslinging by some sections of the world, who were against his crusade of bringing social justice and equity to Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life and death">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Death and state funeral of Kenneth Kaunda">Death and state funeral of Kenneth Kaunda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Kenneth_Kaunda_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2020_Kenneth_Kaunda_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-2020_Kenneth_Kaunda_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2020_Kenneth_Kaunda_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-2020_Kenneth_Kaunda_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2020_Kenneth_Kaunda_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-2020_Kenneth_Kaunda_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="2704" /></a><figcaption>Kaunda in 2020</figcaption></figure> Kaunda married <a href="/wiki/Betty_Kaunda" title="Betty Kaunda">Betty Banda</a> in 1946, with whom he had eight children.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> She died on 19 September 2013 aged 87, while visiting one of their daughters in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, Zimbabwe. He also wrote music about the independence he hoped to achieve, although only one song has been known to many Zambians ("Tiyende pamodzi ndi mtima umo" literally meaning "Let's walk together with one heart").<a href="#cite_note-auto-80">[80]</a> On 14 June 2021, Kaunda was admitted to Maina Soko Military Hospital in Lusaka to be treated for an undisclosed medical condition. The Zambian government said medics were doing everything they could to make him recover, though it was not clear what his health condition was.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> On 15 June 2021, it was revealed that he was being treated for <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, which according to his doctor, had been a recurring problem in his health.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On 17 June 2021 it was confirmed that he died at the age of 97 after a short illness at Maina Soko Military Hospital. He was survived by 30 grandchildren and eleven great-grandchildren.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-KK-5">[5]</a> Kaunda attributed his longevity to a strict <a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">lacto-vegetarian</a> diet and commented that "I don't take meat, no eggs, no chicken, I only eat vegetables like an elephant". He also avoided alcohol and gave up drinking tea in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-kulinji-85">[85]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lungu" title="Edgar Lungu">Edgar Lungu</a> announced on his <a href="/wiki/Facebook_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook page">Facebook page</a> that Zambia will observe 21 days of <a href="/wiki/National_day_of_mourning" title="National day of mourning">national mourning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> On 21 June, <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Zambia" title="Vice-President of Zambia">Vice-President</a> <a href="/wiki/Inonge_Wina" title="Inonge Wina">Inonge Wina</a> announced that Kaunda's remains would be taken on a funeral procession around the country's provinces, with church services in each provincial capital, prior to a state funeral at <a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_Stadium" title="National Heroes Stadium">National Heroes Stadium</a> in Lusaka on 2 July and interment at the Presidential Burial Site on 7 July.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Several other nations also announced periods of state mourning. Zimbabwe declared fourteen days of mourning;<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> South Africa declared ten days of mourning;<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Botswana,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Malawi,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Namibia<a href="#cite_note-xinhuanet.com-92">[92]</a> and Tanzania<a href="#cite_note-xinhuanet.com-92">[92]</a> all declared seven days of mourning; Mozambique<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> declared six days of mourning; South Sudan<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> declared three days of mourning; Cuba<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> declared one day of mourning. <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President of Singapore</a> <a href="/wiki/Halimah_Yacob" title="Halimah Yacob">Halimah Yacob</a> offered her condolences to the politicians and people of Zambia for Kaunda's death.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Awards and honours">edit</a>]</div> National honours <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg/60px-ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg/90px-ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg/120px-ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia" title="Order of the Eagle of Zambia">Order of the Eagle of Zambia</a> (2003)</li></ul></li></ul> Kenneth Kaunda Day (28 April was declared to be a holiday by then President Edgar Chagwa Lungu, to honour Kenneth Kaunda's work and legacy) Foreign honours <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:ANG_Order_of_Agostinho_Neto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/ANG_Order_of_Agostinho_Neto.svg/60px-ANG_Order_of_Agostinho_Neto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/ANG_Order_of_Agostinho_Neto.svg/90px-ANG_Order_of_Agostinho_Neto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/ANG_Order_of_Agostinho_Neto.svg/120px-ANG_Order_of_Agostinho_Neto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="60" /></a> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Agostinho_Neto" title="Order of Agostinho Neto">Order of Agostinho Neto</a> (1992)</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_jose_marti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png/60px-Ribbon_jose_marti.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png/90px-Ribbon_jose_marti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png 2x" data-file-width="101" data-file-height="31" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="Order of José Martí">Order of José Martí</a> (1975)</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Jamaica_(neck_ribbon).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Order_of_Jamaica_%28neck_ribbon%29.png/60px-Order_of_Jamaica_%28neck_ribbon%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Order_of_Jamaica_%28neck_ribbon%29.png/90px-Order_of_Jamaica_%28neck_ribbon%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Order_of_Jamaica_%28neck_ribbon%29.png/120px-Order_of_Jamaica_%28neck_ribbon%29.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Jamaica" title="Order of Jamaica">Order of Jamaica</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Most_Courteous_Order_of_Lesotho_(1987).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Most_Courteous_Order_of_Lesotho_%281987%29.gif/60px-Most_Courteous_Order_of_Lesotho_%281987%29.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Most_Courteous_Order_of_Lesotho_%281987%29.gif/90px-Most_Courteous_Order_of_Lesotho_%281987%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Most_Courteous_Order_of_Lesotho_%281987%29.gif/120px-Most_Courteous_Order_of_Lesotho_%281987%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="45" /></a> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Courteous_Order_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Courteous Order of Lesotho">Most Courteous Order of Lesotho</a> — 4 October 2007<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Ordem_Eduardo_Chivambo_Mondlane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ordem_Eduardo_Chivambo_Mondlane.png/60px-Ordem_Eduardo_Chivambo_Mondlane.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ordem_Eduardo_Chivambo_Mondlane.png/90px-Ordem_Eduardo_Chivambo_Mondlane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ordem_Eduardo_Chivambo_Mondlane.png/120px-Ordem_Eduardo_Chivambo_Mondlane.png 2x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="58" /></a> Order of <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Mondlane" title="Eduardo Mondlane">Eduardo Mondlane</a>, 1st class (1983)</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/90px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/120px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Order of Prince Henry">Order of Prince Henry</a> — 28 May 1975<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_(ribbon_bar).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/60px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/90px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/120px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O._R._Tambo" title="Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo">Supreme Companion of O. R. Tambo</a> — 10 December 2002<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png/60px-Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png/90px-Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="30" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Great_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Yugoslav Great Star">Order of the Yugoslav Great Star</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li></ul></li></ul> Awards <ul><li>On 21 May 1963, he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>On 19 October 2007 Kaunda was the recipient of the 2007 Ubuntu Award.<a href="#cite_note-auto-80">[80]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1958" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth David (1958). Dominion Status for Central Africa?. Union of Democratic Control Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominion+Status+for+Central+Africa%3F&rft.pub=Union+of+Democratic+Control+Publications&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1962" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth David (1962). Zambia Shall Be Free: An Autobiography (illustrated, reprint ed.). Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435900045" title="Special:BookSources/9780435900045"><bdi>9780435900045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zambia+Shall+Be+Free%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780435900045&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-D._S._170–171-106">[106]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1966" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth David (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FhLAAAAMAAJ">Zambia, Independence and Beyond: The Speeches of Kenneth Kaunda</a>. Nelson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zambia%2C+Independence+and+Beyond%3A+The+Speeches+of+Kenneth+Kaunda&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FhLAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1969" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth David (1969). A Humanist in Africa: Letters to Colin M. Morris from Kenneth D. Kaunda, President of Zambia. Longmans, Green. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582640030" title="Special:BookSources/9780582640030"><bdi>9780582640030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Humanist+in+Africa%3A+Letters+to+Colin+M.+Morris+from+Kenneth+D.+Kaunda%2C+President+of+Zambia&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780582640030&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1973" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth D (1973). The Humanist Outlook. London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Humanist+Outlook&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1974" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth (1974). Humanism in Zambia: A Guide to Its Implementation. Lusaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism+in+Zambia%3A+A+Guide+to+Its+Implementation&rft.place=Lusaka&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1980" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth (1980). Morris, Colin (ed.). The Riddle of Violence. San Francisco: Harper & Rowe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riddle+of+Violence&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Rowe&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1980" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Collin M., ed. (1980). Kaunda on Violence. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaunda+on+Violence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Zambia" title="Portal:Zambia">Zambia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sata" title="Michael Sata">Michael Sata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nkumbula" title="Harry Nkumbula">Harry Nkumbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kapwepwe" title="Simon Kapwepwe">Simon Kapwepwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Zambia">History of Christianity in Zambia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Arnold-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2021" class="citation news cs1">Arnold, Guy (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/17/kenneth-kaunda-obituary">"Kenneth Kaunda obituary"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kenneth+Kaunda+obituary&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjun%2F17%2Fkenneth-kaunda-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNBBAQAAIAAJ&q=%22vote+kk%22+%22kaunda%22">The Listener</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111319/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WNBBAQAAIAAJ&q=%22vote+kk%22+%22kaunda%22&dq=%22vote+kk%22+%22kaunda%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3w6rO_-PjAhUHXsAKHSbGAxEQ6AEIMzAC">Archived</a> 18 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volume 110, BBC, 1983, page 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-zambias-first-president-had-to-go-to-court-in-1999-to-prove-he-was-not-a-malawian">"How Zambia's first president had to go to court in 1999 to prove he was not a Malawian"</a>. Face2Face Africa. 24 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617160126/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-zambias-first-president-had-to-go-to-court-in-1999-to-prove-he-was-not-a-malawian">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Face2Face+Africa&rft.atitle=How+Zambia%27s+first+president+had+to+go+to+court+in+1999+to+prove+he+was+not+a+Malawian&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fface2faceafrica.com%2Farticle%2Fhow-zambias-first-president-had-to-go-to-court-in-1999-to-prove-he-was-not-a-malawian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasuka2012" class="citation book cs1">Kasuka, Bridgette (7 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TpRQwsE-PmYC&q=Kenneth+Kaunda+28+april&pg=PA13">Independence Leaders of Africa</a>. Bankole Kamara Taylor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4700-4175-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4700-4175-5"><bdi>978-1-4700-4175-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 October 2019 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independence+Leaders+of+Africa&rft.pub=Bankole+Kamara+Taylor&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4700-4175-5&rft.aulast=Kasuka&rft.aufirst=Bridgette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTpRQwsE-PmYC%26q%3DKenneth%2BKaunda%2B28%2Bapril%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KK-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KK_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KK_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enca.com/news/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies">"Former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda dies | eNCA"</a>. enca.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111618/https://www.enca.com/news/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enca.com&rft.atitle=Former+Zambian+president+Kenneth+Kaunda+dies+%7C+eNCA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enca.com%2Fnews%2Fformer-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJforKaunda-6"><a href="#cite_ref-WSJforKaunda_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGroarty2021" class="citation news cs1">McGroarty, Patrick (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/kenneth-kaunda-zambias-longtime-leader-dies-at-97-11623945143via=ProQuest">"Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, Last Leader of Africa's Liberation Era, Dies at 97"</a>. The Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Kenneth+Kaunda+of+Zambia%2C+Last+Leader+of+Africa%27s+Liberation+Era%2C+Dies+at+97&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=McGroarty&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fkenneth-kaunda-zambias-longtime-leader-dies-at-97-11623945143via%3DProQuest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCKen-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCKen_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCKen_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCKen_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCKen_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCKen_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCKen_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCKen_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCKen_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCKen_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCKen_7-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16039411">"Kenneth Kaunda: Zambia's independence hero"</a>. BBC. 17 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618014202/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16039411">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kenneth+Kaunda%3A+Zambia%27s+independence+hero&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-16039411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KasukaPALSI-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KasukaPALSI_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KasukaPALSI_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KasukaPALSI_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KasukaPALSI_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KasukaPALSI_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KasukaPALSI_8-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasuka2012" class="citation book cs1">Kasuka, Bridgette (8 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&q=When+was+kaunda+a+vice+secretary+of+the+nchanga+branch+of+congress&pg=PA336">Prominent African Leaders Since Independence</a>. Bankole Kamara Taylor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4700-4358-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4700-4358-2"><bdi>978-1-4700-4358-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228044130/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&q=When+was+kaunda+a+vice+secretary+of+the+nchanga+branch+of+congress&pg=PA336#v=snippet&q=When%20was%20kaunda%20a%20vice%20secretary%20of%20the%20nchanga%20branch%20of%20congress&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prominent+African+Leaders+Since+Independence&rft.pub=Bankole+Kamara+Taylor&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4700-4358-2&rft.aulast=Kasuka&rft.aufirst=Bridgette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRagu4v8r--4C%26q%3DWhen%2Bwas%2Bkaunda%2Ba%2Bvice%2Bsecretary%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bnchanga%2Bbranch%2Bof%2Bcongress%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyBrit-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyBrit_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyBrit_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyBrit_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kenneth-Kaunda">"Kenneth Kaunda"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929214634/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kenneth-Kaunda">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Kenneth+Kaunda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FKenneth-Kaunda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/politicalreforms/Kenneth-Kaunda-and-the-vision-of-a-united-Africa/1843776-4927886-sdjmt8z/index.html">"Kenneth Kaunda and the vision of a united Africa"</a>. The Citizen. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Citizen&rft.atitle=Kenneth+Kaunda+and+the+vision+of+a+united+Africa&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecitizen.co.tz%2Fmagazine%2Fpoliticalreforms%2FKenneth-Kaunda-and-the-vision-of-a-united-Africa%2F1843776-4927886-sdjmt8z%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/18/archives/a-disciple-of-gandhi-kenneth-kaunda-son-of-a-missionary.html">"A Disciple of Gandhi; Kenneth Kaunda Son of a Missionary"</a>. The New York Times. 18 April 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Disciple+of+Gandhi%3B+Kenneth+Kaunda+Son+of+a+Missionary&rft.date=1962-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1962%2F04%2F18%2Farchives%2Fa-disciple-of-gandhi-kenneth-kaunda-son-of-a-missionary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2004" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Timothy H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Dsuf5gBtAC&q=kenneth+kaunda+Pathfinder+Scout&pg=PT126">Race, Resistance, and the Boy Scout Movement in British Colonial Africa</a>. Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-1596-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8214-1596-4"><bdi>0-8214-1596-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Resistance%2C+and+the+Boy+Scout+Movement+in+British+Colonial+Africa&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8214-1596-4&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Timothy+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3Dsuf5gBtAC%26q%3Dkenneth%2Bkaunda%2BPathfinder%2BScout%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMfula2021" class="citation web cs1">Mfula, Chris (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619190535/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/zambia-s-founding-president--kenneth-kaunda--dies-aged-97/46713898">"Zambia's founding president, Kenneth Kaunda, dies aged 97"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swissinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Swissinfo">Swissinfo</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/zambia-s-founding-president--kenneth-kaunda--dies-aged-97/46713898">the original</a> on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swissinfo&rft.atitle=Zambia%27s+founding+president%2C+Kenneth+Kaunda%2C+dies+aged+97&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Mfula&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Freuters%2Fzambia-s-founding-president--kenneth-kaunda--dies-aged-97%2F46713898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTischler2012" class="citation book cs1">Tischler, Julia (8 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=enZCvIio6RgC&q=kaunda+imprisoned+1955+nkumbula&pg=PA274">Light and Power for a Multiracial Nation: The Kariba Dam Scheme in the Central African Federation</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137268778" title="Special:BookSources/9781137268778"><bdi>9781137268778</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+and+Power+for+a+Multiracial+Nation%3A+The+Kariba+Dam+Scheme+in+the+Central+African+Federation&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft.isbn=9781137268778&rft.aulast=Tischler&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DenZCvIio6RgC%26q%3Dkaunda%2Bimprisoned%2B1955%2Bnkumbula%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNYTimes-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TNYTimes_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TNYTimes_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/10/obituaries/harry-nkumbula-dies-led-african-congress.html">"Harry Nkumbula Dies; Led African Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 10 October 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214322/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/10/obituaries/harry-nkumbula-dies-led-african-congress.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Harry+Nkumbula+Dies%3B+Led+African+Congress&rft.date=1983-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F10%2F10%2Fobituaries%2Fharry-nkumbula-dies-led-african-congress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biography.yourdictionary.com/kenneth-david-kaunda">"Kenneth David Kaunda"</a>. biography.yourdictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518104214/https://biography.yourdictionary.com/kenneth-david-kaunda">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biography.yourdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Kenneth+David+Kaunda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiography.yourdictionary.com%2Fkenneth-david-kaunda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youthvillagezm.com/2019/06/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-reuben-chitandika-kamanga/">"10 Things You Didn't Know About Reuben Chitandika Kamanga | Youth Village Zambia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518125925/https://youthvillagezm.com/2019/06/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-reuben-chitandika-kamanga/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Reuben+Chitandika+Kamanga+%7C+Youth+Village+Zambia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyouthvillagezm.com%2F2019%2F06%2F10-things-you-didnt-know-about-reuben-chitandika-kamanga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchola" class="citation web cs1">Achola, Paul P. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/332451468764125887/pdf/multi-page.pdf">"Implementing Educational Policies in Zambia"</a> (PDF). World Bank Discussion: Papers Africa Technical Department Series. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202218/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/332451468764125887/pdf/multi-page.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Implementing+Educational+Policies+in+Zambia&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=World+Bank+Discussion%3A+Papers+Africa+Technical+Department+Series&rft.aulast=Achola&rft.aufirst=Paul+P.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F332451468764125887%2Fpdf%2Fmulti-page.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia">"Zambia – Education"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117034837/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Zambia+%E2%80%93+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FZambia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> An Introduction to African Politics by Alex Thomson. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2006" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&dq=Kaunda+%22education%22&pg=PA900">Encyclopedia of the Developing World</a>. Routledge. p. 900. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-388-0"><bdi>978-1-57958-388-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111331/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_the_Developing_World/3mE04D9PMpAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kaunda+%22education%22&pg=PA900&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pages=900&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-388-0&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mE04D9PMpAC%26dq%3DKaunda%2B%2522education%2522%26pg%3DPA900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbu.ac.zm/sbe/about/">"About"</a>. School of the Built Environment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518134707/https://www.cbu.ac.zm/sbe/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=School+of+the+Built+Environment&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbu.ac.zm%2Fsbe%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unza.zm/confucius/livingstone-institute-of-business-and-engineering-studies#:~:text=The%20institute%20was%20established%20in,programmes%20in%20Carpentry%20and%20Bricklaying.&text=LIBES%20is%20one%20of%20the,University%20of%20Zambia%20in%202011.">"Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies – Confucius Institute"</a>. unza.zm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518134830/https://www.unza.zm/confucius/livingstone-institute-of-business-and-engineering-studies#:~:text=The%20institute%20was%20established%20in,programmes%20in%20Carpentry%20and%20Bricklaying.&text=LIBES%20is%20one%20of%20the,University%20of%20Zambia%20in%202011.">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unza.zm&rft.atitle=Livingstone+Institute+of+Business+and+Engineering+Studies+%E2%80%93+Confucius+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unza.zm%2Fconfucius%2Flivingstone-institute-of-business-and-engineering-studies%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520institute%2520was%2520established%2520in%2Cprogrammes%2520in%2520Carpentry%2520and%2520Bricklaying.%26text%3DLIBES%2520is%2520one%2520of%2520the%2CUniversity%2520of%2520Zambia%2520in%25202011.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFundanga2005" class="citation web cs1">Fundanga, Caleb M (7 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/review/r050203g.pdf">"Zambia's economic outlook - what have we learnt in the last 40 years and where do we go from here?"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901025422/https://www.bis.org/review/r050203g.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zambia%27s+economic+outlook+-+what+have+we+learnt+in+the+last+40+years+and+where+do+we+go+from+here%3F&rft.date=2005-01-07&rft.aulast=Fundanga&rft.aufirst=Caleb+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Freview%2Fr050203g.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/aconf191cp9zam.en.pdf">"Presentation of the Government of Zambia: Action Programme for the Development of Zambia"</a> (PDF). UNCTAD. 6 March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502060612/https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/aconf191cp9zam.en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNCTAD&rft.atitle=Presentation+of+the+Government+of+Zambia%3A+Action+Programme+for+the+Development+of+Zambia&rft.date=2001-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fofficial-document%2Faconf191cp9zam.en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79842003/">"Mineral dispute settled"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 24 October 1984. p. 1 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mineral+dispute+settled&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1984-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F79842003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"obituary". 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618215143/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/01/world/south-african-and-zambian-meet-in-bush-country.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=SOUTH+AFRICAN+AND+ZAMBIAN+MEET+IN+BUSH+COUNTRY+%28Published+1982%29&rft.date=1982-05-01&rft.aulast=Lelyveld&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F05%2F01%2Fworld%2Fsouth-african-and-zambian-meet-in-bush-country.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww5.aptnlibrary.com/">"aptnlibrary.com"</a>. ww5.aptnlibrary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015142834/http://ww5.aptnlibrary.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ww5.aptnlibrary.com&rft.atitle=aptnlibrary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww5.aptnlibrary.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> See: "Message of President Kenneth D. Kaunda to the International Conference on Non-alignment", in: <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Hans Köchler</a>, ed., The Principles of Non-alignment. London: Third World Centre, 1983, pp. 12–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WlaLuBO-YBMC&dq=%22kenneth+D.+kaunda%22&pg=PA12">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508190906/https://books.google.com/books?id=WlaLuBO-YBMC&pg=PA12&dq=%22kenneth+D.+kaunda%22&hl=en">Archived</a> 8 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503231449/http://www.bg.ac.rs/csrp/nauka/pocasni_doktori.php">"University of Belgrade: Honorary Doctors"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bg.ac.rs/csrp/nauka/pocasni_doktori.php">the original</a> on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Belgrade%3A+Honorary+Doctors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bg.ac.rs%2Fcsrp%2Fnauka%2Fpocasni_doktori.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/33083c.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321043508/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/33083c.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reagan.utexas.edu%2Farchives%2Fspeeches%2F1983%2F33083c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3945291.stm">"In pictures: 40 years of Zambia"</a>. BBC News. 24 October 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514003944/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3945291.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=In+pictures%3A+40+years+of+Zambia&rft.date=2004-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_pictures%2F3945291.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lati_Zamb-53"><a href="#cite_ref-lati_Zamb_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-25-mn-291-story.html">"Zambian Lectures Briton on Apartheid"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Reuters. 25 July 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618133923/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-25-mn-291-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Zambian+Lectures+Briton+on+Apartheid&rft.date=1986-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1986-07-25-mn-291-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iris_Kaun-54"><a href="#cite_ref-iris_Kaun_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2008" class="citation news cs1">Fitzgerald, Mary (25 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/kaunda-lauds-chinese-role-as-force-for-good-in-continent-1.934172">"Kaunda lauds Chinese role as 'force for good' in continent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518152025/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/kaunda-lauds-chinese-role-as-force-for-good-in-continent-1.934172">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Kaunda+lauds+Chinese+role+as+%27force+for+good%27+in+continent&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fkaunda-lauds-chinese-role-as-force-for-good-in-continent-1.934172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oklahoman.com/article/1926465/african-statesman-tells-of-saddambrzambian-tried-to-halt-iraqs-kuwait-invasion">"African statesman tells of Saddam Zambian tried to halt Iraqs Kuwait invasion"</a>. 26 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009123402/https://www.oklahoman.com/article/1926465/african-statesman-tells-of-saddambrzambian-tried-to-halt-iraqs-kuwait-invasion">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+statesman+tells+of+Saddam+Zambian+tried+to+halt+Iraqs+Kuwait+invasion&rft.date=2003-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oklahoman.com%2Farticle%2F1926465%2Fafrican-statesman-tells-of-saddambrzambian-tried-to-halt-iraqs-kuwait-invasion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyambiMangenaPfukwa2016" class="citation book cs1">Nyambi, Oliver; Mangena, Tendai; Pfukwa, Charles (17 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_FckDQAAQBAJ">The Postcolonial Condition of Names and Naming Practices in Southern Africa</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443899239" title="Special:BookSources/9781443899239"><bdi>9781443899239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Postcolonial+Condition+of+Names+and+Naming+Practices+in+Southern+Africa&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft.isbn=9781443899239&rft.aulast=Nyambi&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Mangena%2C+Tendai&rft.au=Pfukwa%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_FckDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-16-mn-268-story.html">Iraq Frees Nurse Held for Aiding 'Spy'</a>, Reuters, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, 16 July 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2010" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC">Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1</a>. OUP. p. 636. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210158/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=636&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlez1990" class="citation news cs1">Perlez, Jane (1 July 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/01/world/failed-zambia-coup-weakens-leader.html">"Failed Zambia Coup Weakens Leader"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017173754/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/01/world/failed-zambia-coup-weakens-leader.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Failed+Zambia+Coup+Weakens+Leader&rft.date=1990-07-01&rft.aulast=Perlez&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F07%2F01%2Fworld%2Ffailed-zambia-coup-weakens-leader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/26/world/zambia-s-leader-announces-plan-to-free-1000-prisoners.html">"Zambia's Leader Announces Plan to Free 1,000 Prisoners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Associated Press. 26 July 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302195701/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/26/world/zambia-s-leader-announces-plan-to-free-1000-prisoners.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Zambia%27s+Leader+Announces+Plan+to+Free+1%2C000+Prisoners&rft.date=1990-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F07%2F26%2Fworld%2Fzambia-s-leader-announces-plan-to-free-1000-prisoners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/25/world/zambian-leader-assents-to-multiparty-vote.html">"Zambia Leader Assents To Multiparty Vote"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Associated Press. 25 September 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027130050/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/25/world/zambian-leader-assents-to-multiparty-vote.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Zambia+Leader+Assents+To+Multiparty+Vote&rft.date=1990-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F09%2F25%2Fworld%2Fzambian-leader-assents-to-multiparty-vote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/18/world/after-17-years-zambia-allows-opposition.html">"After 17 Years, Zambia Allows Opposition"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. 18 December 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184631/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/18/world/after-17-years-zambia-allows-opposition.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+17+Years%2C+Zambia+Allows+Opposition&rft.date=1990-12-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F12%2F18%2Fworld%2Fafter-17-years-zambia-allows-opposition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Niererk1994" class="citation news cs1">Van Niererk, Phillip (3 December 1994). "A transcendent approach to peace Mozambique / Both the crime and accident rates are down and the rains have come. The President credits TM as the fount of all good things". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ont. p. A.21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=A+transcendent+approach+to+peace+Mozambique+%2F+Both+the+crime+and+accident+rates+are+down+and+the+rains+have+come.+The+President+credits+TM+as+the+fount+of+all+good+things&rft.pages=A.21&rft.date=1994-12-03&rft.aulast=Van+Niererk&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minet.org/TM-EX/Fall-91">Meditation guru and Zambian strongman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519202133/http://minet.org/TM-EX/Fall-91">Archived</a> 19 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Philadelphia Inquirer, 18 October 24 October 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman1991" class="citation news cs1">Lyman, Rick (16 October 1991). "Heaven's Strange Bedfellows; Meditation Guru and Zambian Strongman". Philadelphia Inquirer. p. A.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Heaven%27s+Strange+Bedfellows%3B+Meditation+Guru+and+Zambian+Strongman&rft.pages=A.1&rft.date=1991-10-16&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thea_Obit-66"><a href="#cite_ref-thea_Obit_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatiashe2021" class="citation web cs1">Matiashe, Farai Shawn (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theafricareport.com/99206/obituary-zambias-kenneth-kaunda-helped-liberate-southern-african-countries/">"Obituary: Zambia's Kenneth Kaunda helped liberate Southern African countries"</a>. The Africa Report.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619190047/https://www.theafricareport.com/99206/obituary-zambias-kenneth-kaunda-helped-liberate-southern-african-countries/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Report.com&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Zambia%27s+Kenneth+Kaunda+helped+liberate+Southern+African+countries&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Matiashe&rft.aufirst=Farai+Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F99206%2Fobituary-zambias-kenneth-kaunda-helped-liberate-southern-african-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirambo1995" class="citation news cs1">Chirambo, Kondwani (18 October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/ae0eb3de3304b81da293add5f95362f9">"Former Ruler Kaunda Facing Deportation, Says Government"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zambia%27s+first+president+Kenneth+Kaunda+dies+at+age+97&rft.pub=MSN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fzambia-s-first-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies-at-age-97%2Far-AAL9uv4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mwebantu.com/kks-body-will-be-taken-to-all-10-provinces-but-there-will-be-no-body-viewing-says-govt/">"KK's body will be taken to all 10 Provinces, but there will be no body viewing, says govt"</a>. Mwebantu. 21 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621175236/https://www.mwebantu.com/kks-body-will-be-taken-to-all-10-provinces-but-there-will-be-no-body-viewing-says-govt/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=KK%27s+body+will+be+taken+to+all+10+Provinces%2C+but+there+will+be+no+body+viewing%2C+says+govt.&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwebantu.com%2Fkks-body-will-be-taken-to-all-10-provinces-but-there-will-be-no-body-viewing-says-govt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.pindula.co.zw/2021/06/19/zimbabwe-extends-period-of-mourning-kaunda-to-14-days/">"Zimbabwe Extends Period of Mourning Kaunda to 14 Days – Pindula News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228140328/https://news.pindula.co.zw/2021/06/19/zimbabwe-extends-period-of-mourning-kaunda-to-14-days/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+Extends+Period+of+Mourning+Kaunda+to+14+Days+%E2%80%93+Pindula+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.pindula.co.zw%2F2021%2F06%2F19%2Fzimbabwe-extends-period-of-mourning-kaunda-to-14-days%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabcnews.com/president-ramaphosa-declares-10-days-of-mourning-to-honour-kaunda/">"President Ramaphosa declares 10 days of mourning to honour Kaunda"</a>. 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Ramaphosa+declares+10+days+of+mourning+to+honour+Kaunda&rft.date=2021-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabcnews.com%2Fpresident-ramaphosa-declares-10-days-of-mourning-to-honour-kaunda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMkondani2021" class="citation web cs1">Mkondani, Yvonne (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111627/https://www.zbcnews.co.zw/botswana-declares-seven-day-mourning-period-in-honour-of-kaunda/">"Botswana declares seven day mourning period in honour of Kaunda"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zbcnews.co.zw/botswana-declares-seven-day-mourning-period-in-honour-of-kaunda/">the original</a> on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Botswana+declares+seven+day+mourning+period+in+honour+of+Kaunda&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Mkondani&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zbcnews.co.zw%2Fbotswana-declares-seven-day-mourning-period-in-honour-of-kaunda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.pindula.co.zw/2021/06/19/malawi-declares-7-days-of-mourning-kaunda/">"Malawi Declares 7 Days of Mourning Kaunda – Pindula News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507122955/https://news.pindula.co.zw/2021/06/19/malawi-declares-7-days-of-mourning-kaunda/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malawi+Declares+7+Days+of+Mourning+Kaunda+%E2%80%93+Pindula+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.pindula.co.zw%2F2021%2F06%2F19%2Fmalawi-declares-7-days-of-mourning-kaunda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xinhuanet.com-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xinhuanet.com_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xinhuanet.com_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/19/c_1310017111.htm">"Roundup: African countries mourn passing of Zambia's founding president Kaunda - Xinhua | English.news.cn"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102321/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/19/c_1310017111.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roundup%3A+African+countries+mourn+passing+of+Zambia%27s+founding+president+Kaunda+-+Xinhua+%26%23124%3B+English.news.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2021-06%2F19%2Fc_1310017111.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-06/18/c_1310016013.htm">"National mourning decreed in Mozambique to honor late Kenneth Kaunda - Xinhua | English.news.cn"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619201642/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-06/18/c_1310016013.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+mourning+decreed+in+Mozambique+to+honor+late+Kenneth+Kaunda+-+Xinhua+%26%23124%3B+English.news.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fafrica%2F2021-06%2F18%2Fc_1310016013.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthSudanGov2021" class="citation web cs1">@SouthSudanGov (22 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/SouthSudanGov/status/1407394598536855553">"In honour of the late former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda, President Kiir has declared 3 days of mourning acros…"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+honour+of+the+late+former+Zambian+president+Kenneth+Kaunda%2C+President+Kiir+has+declared+3+days+of+mourning+acros%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.au=SouthSudanGov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FSouthSudanGov%2Fstatus%2F1407394598536855553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/261379-cuba-observes-official-mourning-for-the-death-of-the-founding-father-of-the-republic-of-zambia">"Cuba observes official mourning for the death of the founding father of the Republic of Zambia"</a>. radiohc.cu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915100123/https://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/261379-cuba-observes-official-mourning-for-the-death-of-the-founding-father-of-the-republic-of-zambia">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2021. 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Retrieved 15 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scoop.co.nz&rft.atitle=Lesotho+Celebrates+40+Years+of+Independence&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoop.co.nz%2Fstories%2FWL0610%2FS01576%2Fcablegate-lesotho-celebrates-40-years-of-independence.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1">"Entidades Estrangeiras Agraciadas Com Ordens Portuguesas – Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas"</a>. ordens.presidencia.pt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117004213/http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2013. 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Retrieved 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepresidency.gov.za%2Fpebble.asp%3Frelid%3D7679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?pv_page_id=99640">"Počeli jugoslavensko-zambijski razgovori"</a>. Slobodna Dalmacija (7829): 1. 8 May 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727115750/https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?pv_page_id=99640">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slobodna+Dalmacija&rft.atitle=Po%C4%8Deli+jugoslavensko-zambijski+razgovori&rft.issue=7829&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1970-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr%2Fpvpages%2Fpvpages%2FviewPage%2F%3Fpv_page_id%3D99640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1963" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth D (1963). Speech by The Honorable Kenneth D. Kaunda at the ceremonies at which he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Fordham University, Tuesday, May 21, 1963. Duquesne University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13884584">13884584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speech+by+The+Honorable+Kenneth+D.+Kaunda+at+the+ceremonies+at+which+he+received+the+honorary+degree+of+Doctor+of+Laws+from+Fordham+University%2C+Tuesday%2C+May+21%2C+1963.&rft.pub=Duquesne+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13884584&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1958" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth D. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2977403">Dominion status for Central Africa?</a>. Published by Union of Democratic Control Publications for the Union of Democratic Control. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2977403">2977403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominion+status+for+Central+Africa%3F&rft.pub=Published+by+Union+of+Democratic+Control+Publications+for+the+Union+of+Democratic+Control&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2977403&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F2977403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1958" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth D (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2977403">Dominion status for Central Africa?</a>. London: Published by Union of Democratic Control Publications for the Union of Democratic Control. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2977403">2977403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominion+status+for+Central+Africa%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Published+by+Union+of+Democratic+Control+Publications+for+the+Union+of+Democratic+Control&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2977403&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F2977403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1958" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth David (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gpsQAQAAIAAJ">Dominion Status for Central Africa?</a>. Union of Democratic Control Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominion+Status+for+Central+Africa%3F&rft.pub=Union+of+Democratic+Control+Publications&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpsQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-D._S._170–171-106"><a href="#cite_ref-D._S._170–171_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._S.1963" class="citation journal cs1">D. S. (April 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095104">"Zambia Shall be Free"</a>. African Affairs. 62 (247): 170–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a095104">10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2621">1468-2621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=Zambia+Shall+be+Free&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=247&rft.pages=170-171&rft.date=1963-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a095104&rft.issn=1468-2621&rft.au=D.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a095104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1966" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth D (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1312519">Zambia, independence and beyond: the speeches of Kenneth Kaunda;</a>. London: Nelson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1312519">1312519</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505222420/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1312519">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zambia%2C+independence+and+beyond%3A+the+speeches+of+Kenneth+Kaunda%3B&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1312519&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1312519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.com/Zambia-Independence-Beyond-Speeches-Kenneth-Kaunda/1948968203/bd">"Zambia, Independence and Beyond : The Speeches of Kenneth Kaunda by Kaunda, Kenneth David [ Legum, Colin; editor: ]: orig. boards (1966) | Expatriate Bookshop of Denmark"</a>. abebooks.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050939/https://www.abebooks.com/Zambia-Independence-Beyond-Speeches-Kenneth-Kaunda/1948968203/bd">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abebooks.com&rft.atitle=Zambia%2C+Independence+and+Beyond+%3A+The+Speeches+of+Kenneth+Kaunda+by+Kaunda%2C+Kenneth+David+%5B+Legum%2C+Colin%3B+editor%3A+%5D%3A+orig.+boards+%281966%29+%7C+Expatriate+Bookshop+of+Denmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2FZambia-Independence-Beyond-Speeches-Kenneth-Kaunda%2F1948968203%2Fbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1978" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth David (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlTYswEACAAJ&q=zambia,+independence+and+beyond+by++kenneth+kaunda">Zambia: Independence and Beyond the Speeches of Kenneth Kaunda</a>. Nelson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zambia%3A+Independence+and+Beyond+the+Speeches+of+Kenneth+Kaunda&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvlTYswEACAAJ%26q%3Dzambia%2C%2Bindependence%2Band%2Bbeyond%2Bby%2B%2Bkenneth%2Bkaunda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1969" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth David (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z75DAAAACAAJ&q=the+humanist+outlook+by++kenneth+kaunda">A Humanist in Africa: Letters to Colin M. Morris from Kenneth D. Kaunda, President of Zambia</a>. Longmans, Green. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-64003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-64003-0"><bdi>978-0-582-64003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Humanist+in+Africa%3A+Letters+to+Colin+M.+Morris+from+Kenneth+D.+Kaunda%2C+President+of+Zambia&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-582-64003-0&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz75DAAAACAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bhumanist%2Boutlook%2Bby%2B%2Bkenneth%2Bkaunda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1971" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth David (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDR7xgEACAAJ">Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to Its Implementation</a>. Zambia Information Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism+in+Zambia+and+a+Guide+to+Its+Implementation&rft.pub=Zambia+Information+Services&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDR7xgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.com/riddle-violence-Kaunda-Kenneth-Harper-Row/31093194479/bd">"The riddle of violence by Kaunda, Kenneth D: New Paperback (1981) | Save With Sam"</a>. abebooks.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050938/https://www.abebooks.com/riddle-violence-Kaunda-Kenneth-Harper-Row/31093194479/bd">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abebooks.com&rft.atitle=The+riddle+of+violence+by+Kaunda%2C+Kenneth+D%3A+New+Paperback+%281981%29+%7C+Save+With+Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2Friddle-violence-Kaunda-Kenneth-Harper-Row%2F31093194479%2Fbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/the-riddle-of-violence_kenneth-d-kaunda/1203813/">"The riddle of violence book by Kenneth D. Kaunda"</a>. ThriftBooks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050939/https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/the-riddle-of-violence_kenneth-d-kaunda/1203813/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThriftBooks&rft.atitle=The+riddle+of+violence+book+by+Kenneth+D.+Kaunda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thriftbooks.com%2Fw%2Fthe-riddle-of-violence_kenneth-d-kaunda%2F1203813%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaundaMorris1981" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth D; Morris, Colin (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6815260">The riddle of violence</a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250450-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250450-0"><bdi>978-0-06-250450-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6815260">6815260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+riddle+of+violence&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6815260&rft.isbn=978-0-06-250450-0&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D&rft.au=Morris%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F6815260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1981" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth David (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-DYzAQAAIAAJ">The Riddle of Violence</a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250450-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250450-0"><bdi>978-0-06-250450-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riddle+of+Violence&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-06-250450-0&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-DYzAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/2513206-the-riddle-of-violence">"The Riddle of Violence"</a>. goodreads.com. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goodreads.com&rft.atitle=The+Riddle+of+Violence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fwork%2Fbest_book%2F2513206-the-riddle-of-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/382510103858">"Kaunda on Violence by Kaunda, Kenneth David Hardback Book The Fast Free Shipping"</a>. eBay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050938/https://www.ebay.com/itm/382510103858">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eBay&rft.atitle=Kaunda+on+Violence+by+Kaunda%2C+Kenneth+David+Hardback+Book+The+Fast+Free+Shipping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebay.com%2Fitm%2F382510103858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/kaunda-on-violence_kenneth-d-kaunda/2061019/">"Kaunda on Violence book by Kenneth D. Kaunda"</a>. ThriftBooks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050938/https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/kaunda-on-violence_kenneth-d-kaunda/2061019/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThriftBooks&rft.atitle=Kaunda+on+Violence+book+by+Kenneth+D.+Kaunda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thriftbooks.com%2Fw%2Fkaunda-on-violence_kenneth-d-kaunda%2F2061019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaundaMorris1980" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth D; Morris, Colin (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7004165">Kaunda on violence</a>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-216143-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-216143-5"><bdi>978-0-00-216143-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7004165">7004165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaunda+on+violence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7004165&rft.isbn=978-0-00-216143-5&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D&rft.au=Morris%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F7004165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunda1980" class="citation book cs1">Kaunda, Kenneth David (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9o-tswEACAAJ">Kaunda on Violence</a>. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-216143-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-216143-5"><bdi>978-0-00-216143-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaunda+on+Violence&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-00-216143-5&rft.aulast=Kaunda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9o-tswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.com/signed/KAUNDA-VIOLENCE-LENGTHY-PERSONAL-INSCRIPTION-Kenneth/64251078/bd">"Kaunda on Violence – Lengthy Personal Inscription by Kaunda"</a>. abebooks.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050938/https://www.abebooks.com/signed/KAUNDA-VIOLENCE-LENGTHY-PERSONAL-INSCRIPTION-Kenneth/64251078/bd">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abebooks.com&rft.atitle=Kaunda+on+Violence+%E2%80%93+Lengthy+Personal+Inscription+by+Kaunda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2Fsigned%2FKAUNDA-VIOLENCE-LENGTHY-PERSONAL-INSCRIPTION-Kenneth%2F64251078%2Fbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>DeRoche, Andy. Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa (London: Bloomsbury, 2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-3849">"Kaunda, Kenneth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 19 May 2006.</li> <li>Hall, Richard. The High Price of Principles: Kaunda and the White South (1969)</li> <li>Ipenburg, At. All Good Men: The Development of Lubwa Mission, Chinsali, Zambia, 1905–1967 (1992)</li> <li>Macpherson, Fergus. Kenneth Kaunda: The Times and the Man (1974)</li> <li>Mulford, David C. Zambia: The Politics of Independence, 1957–1964 (1967)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kenneth_Kaunda" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm">1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm">Archived</a> 5 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WlaLuBO-YBMC&dq=%22kenneth+D.+kaunda%22&pg=PA12">Kaunda on the non-aligned movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508190906/https://books.google.com/books?id=WlaLuBO-YBMC&pg=PA12&dq=%22kenneth+D.+kaunda%22&hl=en">Archived</a> 8 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6728015.stm">Kaunda on Mugabe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411032258/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6728015.stm">Archived</a> 11 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/kenneth-kaunda-the-united-states-and-southern-africa-9781474267625">Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa by Andy deRoche</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002182237/http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/kenneth-kaunda-the-united-states-and-southern-africa-9781474267625/">Archived</a> 2 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsQFmp9CDcw">Faces of Africa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918172147/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsQFmp9CDcw&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> 18 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?52082">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp62482">Portraits of Kenneth Kaunda</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Welensky" title="Roy Welensky">Roy Welensky</a></div>as Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zambia" title="Prime Minister of Zambia">Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia</a> 1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div>as President of Zambia </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div>as Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zambia" title="President of Zambia">President of Zambia</a> 1964–1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Frederick Chiluba</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Chairperson of the Non-Aligned Movement</a> 1970–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Houari Boumédiène</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Zambia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Zambia" title="Template:Presidents of Zambia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Zambia" title="Template talk:Presidents of Zambia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Zambia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Zambia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Zambia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Zambia" title="President of Zambia">Presidents of Zambia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Frederick Chiluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupiah_Banda" title="Rupiah Banda">Rupiah Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sata" title="Michael Sata">Michael Sata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Scott" title="Guy Scott">Guy Scott</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lungu" title="Edgar Lungu">Edgar Lungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema" title="Hakainde Hichilema">Hakainde Hichilema</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Zambia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_President_of_Zambia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_President_of_Zambia.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_President_of_Zambia.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* Acting President</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Zambia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Zambia" title="Template:Prime ministers of Zambia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Zambia" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Zambia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Zambia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Zambia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Zambia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zambia" title="Prime Minister of Zambia">Prime ministers of Zambia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Republic of Zambia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>abolished (1964–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainza_Chona" title="Mainza Chona">Mainza Chona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Mudenda" title="Elijah Mudenda">Elijah Mudenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainza_Chona" title="Mainza Chona">Mainza Chona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lisulo" title="Daniel Lisulo">Daniel Lisulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalumino_Mundia" title="Nalumino Mundia">Nalumino Mundia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebby_Musokotwane" title="Kebby Musokotwane">Kebby Musokotwane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malimba_Masheke" title="Malimba Masheke">Malimba Masheke</a></li> <li>abolished (1991–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity_and_the_African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation of African Unity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah" title="Joseph Arthur Ankrah">Ankrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahidjo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ould_Daddah" title="Moktar Ould Daddah">Daddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Gowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam" title="Seewoosagur Ramgoolam">Ramgoolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Nimeiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tolbert" title="William Tolbert">Tolbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Babangida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Chiluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Mwanawasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Chissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete" title="Jakaya Kikwete">Kikwete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Mutharika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Obiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Déby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Sall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Assoumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Ghazouani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAMSecretary-General" title="Template:NAMSecretary-General"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAMSecretary-General" title="Template talk:NAMSecretary-General"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAMSecretary-General" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAMSecretary-General"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Chair" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Chairs of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gopallawa" title="William Gopallawa">Gopallawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">Jayewardene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">F. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Drnov%C5%A1ek" title="Janez Drnovšek">Drnovšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borisav_Jovi%C4%87" title="Borisav Jović">Jović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Mesić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Kosti%C4%87" title="Branko Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrica_%C4%86osi%C4%87" title="Dobrica Ćosić">Ćosić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Samper" title="Ernesto Samper">Samper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Pastrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">F. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">R. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawi">Tantawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Aliyev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-Africanism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Africanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Africanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Movement" title="Uhuru Movement">Uhuru Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikism" title="Zikism">Zikism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_century" title="African century">African century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanists" title="Category:Pan-Africanists">Proponents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Akumu" title="Dennis Akumu">Dennis Akumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Amílcar Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Comissiong" title="David Comissiong">David Comissiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochola_Ogaye_Mak%27Anyengo" title="Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo">Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdias_do_Nascimento" title="Abdias do Nascimento">Abdias do Nascimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nyathi_Pokela" title="John Nyathi Pokela">John Nyathi Pokela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson">I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marimba_Ani" title="Marimba Ani">Marimba Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">Edward Wilmot Blyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke">John Henrik Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin R. Delany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Ashwood_Garvey" title="Amy Ashwood Garvey">Amy Ashwood Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Jackson_(writer)" title="John G. Jackson (writer)">John G. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Leonard Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Ben-Jochannan" title="Yosef Ben-Jochannan">Yosef Ben-Jochannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kinloch" title="Alice Kinloch">Alice Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Mafeje" title="Archie Mafeje">Archie Mafeje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephania_Mothopeng" title="Zephania Mothopeng">Zephania Mothopeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">George Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motsoko_Pheko" title="Motsoko Pheko">Motsoko Pheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoko_Rashidi" title="Runoko Rashidi">Runoko Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Robinson" title="Randall Robinson">Randall Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Issa Laye Thiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Frances Cress Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sylvester_Williams" title="Henry Sylvester Williams">Henry Sylvester Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_N._Wilson" title="Amos N. Wilson">Amos N. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela">Omali Yeshitela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanist_organizations" title="Category:Pan-Africanist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy" title="African Leadership Academy">African Leadership Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_University" title="African Leadership University">African Leadership University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Trade_Union_Federation" title="All-African Trade Union Federation">All-African Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente">Conseil de l'Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">First Pan-African Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_African_Service_Bureau" title="International African Service Bureau">International African Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity" title="Organisation of African Trade Union Unity">Organisation of African Trade Union Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Association" title="Pan African Association">Pan African Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Freedom_Movement_for_East_and_Central_Africa" title="Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa">Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_and_Social_League_of_the_Great_Sahara_Tribes" title="Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes">Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Rassemblement Démocratique Africain">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Star_of_Africa" title="Black Star of Africa">Black Star of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">Le Marron Inconnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">Pan-African flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">Conflicts in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">African-American leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference">All-African Peoples' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanism" title="Category:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Africa category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pan-Africanism" title="Portal:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105480#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105480#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118776924">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80037605">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12022651w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12022651w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36555348">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna20211127378&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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