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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==Life== ===Early life=== Pompilio Ruggieri was born in [[Spinazzola]], [[Apulia]], then part of the [[Kingdom of Naples]], in 1543. He obtained a [[Doctor of both laws|doctorate in civil and canon law]] at the [[University of Naples]] and was employed in the administration of [[Philip II of Naples|Philip II]]. He entered the [[Society of Jesus]] in [[Rome]] on 27 October 1572<ref name=ri/> taking the name "Michele". After completing the Jesuit usual spiritual and intellectual formation, Ruggieri volunteered for the Asian missions and left for [[Lisbon]], where he was [[Catholic ordination|ordained]] in March 1578 while waiting for a ship to take him to [[Portuguese Goa|Goa]].<ref name=Witek>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/r/ruggieri-michele.php |title="Michele Ruggieri", Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity |access-date=2015-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409185159/http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/r/ruggieri-michele.php |archive-date=2015-04-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Missionary work=== [[File:Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png|thumb|upright|A page from the manuscript Portuguese-Chinese dictionary created by Ruggieri, Ricci, and Fernandez (between 1583–88)]] Ruggieri left Europe with a group of missionaries which included [[Rudolph Acquaviva]] and [[Matteo Ricci]]. Arriving in [[Portuguese India|India]] (September 1578), he promptly started to study the language used on the [[Malabar coast]] and in 6 months reached such proficiency that he could hear [[Confession (religion)|confession]]. It is probably this gift for language that made him an ideal choice for the beginning of the [[Jesuit China missions|Chinese mission]]. Ruggieri was assigned to [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] to study the Chinese language and customs, arriving 20 July 1579.<ref name=Witek/> He landed at the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] trade centre and started at once to learn to read and write Chinese. In the process, and aware that several would be following him, he set up Shengma'erding Jingyuan ("St Martin House"), the first school for teaching Chinese to foreigners. Ruggieri's and Ricci's intent was to settle somewhere in "real" China – not just Macao, and to that end Ruggieri made trips to Canton (Guangzhou) and [[Zhaoqing]] (the residence of the Governor General of Guangdong and Guangxi), making useful contacts with the local authorities. He is one of the first Christian missionaries to have entered [[Ming Dynasty]] [[Mainland China]]. After several failed attempts to obtain permission to establish a permanent mission within China, such a permission was finally obtained in 1582, and in 1583 Ricci and Ruggieri finally settled in [[Zhaoqing]], the first stage on the Jesuits' "long ascent" to [[Beijing]].<ref name=ri>{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060913210503/http://ricci.rt.usfca.edu/biography/view.aspx?biographyID=1071 Biography] at the Ricci 21st Century Roundtable database.</ref> In 1584 Ruggieri published the first Chinese catechism.<ref name=Witek/> Visiting villages in the region he baptized several families that formed the nucleus of further Christian communities in mainland China. During 1583–88, Michele Ruggieri, with [[Matteo Ricci]] as co-author, created a Portuguese-Chinese dictionary – the first ever European-Chinese dictionary, for which they developed a consistent system for transcribing Chinese words in Latin alphabet. The dictionary's Romanisation was Ruggieri's.<ref name = "Yang" />{{rp|182}}<ref name="YongPeng2008">{{cite book|author1=Heming Yong|author2=Jing Peng|title=Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYFBtTUZFxEC&pg=PA385|date=14 August 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-156167-2|pages=385–}}</ref> A Chinese Jesuit Lay Brother [[Sebastiano Fernandez]], who had grown up and been trained in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]], assisted in this work.<ref name=ri/> The manuscript was misplaced in the [[Jesuit]] Archives in Rome, and re-discovered only in 1934, by [[Pasquale d'Elia]]. This dictionary was finally published in 2001.<ref name=camus>Yves Camus, [http://www.riccimac.org/doc/JesuitsJourneys.pdf "Jesuits’ Journeys in Chinese Studies"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090942/http://www.riccimac.org/doc/JesuitsJourneys.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}</ref><ref name=ricciDict>"Dicionário Português-Chinês : Pu Han ci dian : Portuguese-Chinese dictionary", by Michele Ruggieri, Matteo Ricci; edited by John W. Witek. Published 2001, Biblioteca Nacional. {{ISBN|972-565-298-3}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A7h5YbM5M60C Partial preview] available on [[Google Books]]</ref> To Ruggieri is attributed one of the first collections of handwritten maps of China, translated into Latin from Chinese sources (atlases and maps), dating back to 1606, or nearly fifty years before the manuscript maps of the Polish Jesuit [[Michael Boym]] and the Novus Atlas Sinensis of the Trentino Jesuit [[Martino Martini]] (printed by the publisher Johan Blaeu in Amsterdam in 1655 and immediately translated into several languages). The manuscript is now preserved in the State Archives of Rome, ms. 493. Ruggieri was accused by Cai Yilong (<small>[[Wade-Giles|w]]</small>{{nbsp}}Ts‘ai I-lung) of adultery with the wife of Lo Hung in October 1587. After trial, the judge ordered Cai to be severely punished, to the point he died of his wounds.<ref name = "Yang">{{cite book|last=Yang|first=Paul Fu-Mien|title=The Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary of Michele Ruggieri and Matteo Richi: An Historical and Linguistic Introduction|publisher=Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History (University of San Francisco) and Biblioteca Nacional Portugal, Instituto Português do Oriente |editor=John W Witek|date=2001}}</ref>{{rp|182}} ===Return to Europe=== In November 1588, Ruggieri left China for [[Rome]] in order to get the pope to send an embassy to the [[Wanli Emperor]]. This plan had been proposed as a means to allow Jesuits to reach Beijing and to be received by the emperor. But nothing became of it, the frequent death of Roman Pontiffs, and the deterioration of his own health, preceded the weary Jesuit's retirement to [[Salerno]], where he died in 1607 without ever going to China again.<ref name=ri/><ref>[[Matteo Ricci]], [[Nicolas Trigault]]. ''[[De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu]]'', Book Two, Chapter 12, "Father Ruggieri goes to Rome to arrange for an embassy from the Pope...". Pages 193–194 in the English translation: Louis J. Gallagher (1953). "China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matteo Ricci: 1583–1610", Random House, New York, 1953. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iLsWAAAAQAAJ The original Latin text] can be found on [[Google Books]].</ref> In [[Salerno]], the retired Jesuit carried on intellectual work that would make China better known in Europe. He completed the Latin translation of the ''[[Four Books]]''{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} (the classic Chinese introduction to [[Confucius]]’ [[philosophy]]), wrote [[poetry]] in Chinese, and circulated copies of Chinese maps he had brought along with him from Zhaoqing. Ruggieri was also a much sought after spiritual guide and confessor in the school of Salerno. 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