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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Child slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>French colonialism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_colonialism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle French colonialism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-French_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_abolitionist_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_abolitionist_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>French abolitionist policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_abolitionist_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role of religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_causes_of_persistence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_causes_of_persistence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of causes of persistence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_causes_of_persistence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_antislavery_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_antislavery_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of antislavery organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_antislavery_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="العبودية في موريتانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العبودية في موريتانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Робство в Мавритания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робство в Мавритания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei_in_Mauretanien" title="Sklaverei in Mauretanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sklaverei in Mauretanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud_en_Mauritania" title="Esclavitud en Mauritania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esclavitud en Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaveco_en_Ma%C5%ADritanio" title="Sklaveco en Maŭritanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sklaveco en Maŭritanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavage_en_Mauritanie" title="Esclavage en Mauritanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esclavage en Mauritanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbudakan_di_Mauritania" title="Perbudakan di Mauritania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perbudakan di Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavritaniyada_quldorlik" title="Mavritaniyada quldorlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mavritaniyada quldorlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niewolnictwo_w_Mauretanii" title="Niewolnictwo w Mauretanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niewolnictwo w Mauretanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravid%C3%A3o_na_Maurit%C3%A2nia" title="Escravidão na Mauritânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escravidão na Mauritânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Рабство в Мавритании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабство в Мавритании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Рабство в Мавританії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рабство в Мавританії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="毛里塔尼亞奴隸制度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毛里塔尼亞奴隸制度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1473458#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> has been called "deeply rooted" in the structure of the northwest African country of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and estimated to be "closely tied" to the ethnic composition of the country, although it has also been estimated that "Widespread slavery was traditional among ethnic groups of the largely nonpastoralist south, where it had no racial origins or overtones; masters and slaves alike were black",<sup id="cite_ref-middleeasteye_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the cessation of slavery across other African countries and an official ban on the practice since 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanem_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanem-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French colonial administration declared an end to slavery in Mauritania in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauritania ratified in 1961 the <a href="/wiki/Forced_Labour_Convention" title="Forced Labour Convention">Forced Labour Convention</a>, having already enshrined abolition of slavery, albeit implicitly, in its 1959 constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-middleeasteye_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, Mauritania became the last country in the world to officially abolish slavery,<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when a presidential decree abolished the practice. However, no criminal laws were passed to enforce the ban.<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, under international pressure, the government passed a law allowing slaveholders to be prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the official abolition of slavery, the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Global_Slavery_Index" title="Global Slavery Index">Global Slavery Index</a> estimated the number of slaves as 90,000 (or 2.1% of the population),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a reduction from the 155,600 reported in the 2014 index in which Mauritania ranked 31st of 167 countries by total number of slaves and first by prevalence, with 4% of the population. The Mauritanian government ranks 121st of 167 in its response to all forms of <a href="/wiki/Modern_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern slavery">modern slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-walkfree_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkfree-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> claimed that a total of 600,000 were living in slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A November 2009 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> mission headed by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur" title="United Nations special rapporteur">UN special rapporteur</a> Gulnara Shahinian evaluated slavery practices in Mauritania.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an August 2010 report to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> (UNHRC), the mission concluded that "despite laws, programmes and difference of opinion with regard to the existence of slavery in Mauritania,<span class="nowrap"> </span>... de-facto slavery continues to exist in Mauritania."<sup id="cite_ref-UNHRC-8-2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHRC-8-2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While other countries in the region have people in "slavelike conditions", the situation in Mauritania is "unusually severe" according to African history professor Bruce Hall,<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consists largely of black Mauritanians held by Arab masters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mauritanian government's official position is that slavery is "totally finished<span class="nowrap"> </span>... all people are free."<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Nasser_Ould_Ethmane" title="Abdel Nasser Ould Ethmane">Abdel Nasser Ould Ethmane</a>, many Mauritanians believe that talk of slavery "suggests manipulation by the West, an act of enmity toward Islam, or influence from the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Jewish_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish conspiracy">Jewish conspiracy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some human-rights groups claim that the government may have jailed more anti-slavery activists than it had imprisoned slave owners.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one person, Oumoulmoumnine Mint Bakar Vall, has been prosecuted for owning slaves. She was sentenced to six months in jail in January 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academics Ahmed Meiloud and Mohamed El Mokhtar Sidi Haiba have criticized accusations of slavery in Mauritania alleged by anti-slavery organizations and writers as exaggerated with a lack of statistical sources and factual errors.<sup id="cite_ref-middleeasteye_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_practice">Background and practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">History of slavery in the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Afro-Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Saharan trade route">Trans-Saharan trade route</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Slavery in Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></div> <p>Slave status has been passed down through the generations.<sup id="cite_ref-DOS-2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOS-2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The descendants of black Africans captured during historical slave raids now live in Mauritania as "Black Moors" or <a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a>; some of them still serve as slaves to the lighter-skinned "White Moors" or <a href="/wiki/Beidane" title="Beidane">Beydan</a> ("Whites")<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanem_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanem-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which are <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> or mixed Berber-<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, descendants of slave owners known collectively as <i>al-beydan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-DOS-2014_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOS-2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although slavery also exists among the Sub-Saharan part of the population, with some Black Sub-Saharan Mauritanians owning slaves of the same skin color to them, and some estimates even stating that slavery is currently more widespread in that part of the population, in the south of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-middleeasteye_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Global Slavery Index, slavery of adults and children in Mauritania "primarily takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Slavery#Chattel_slavery" title="Slavery">chattel slavery</a>," meaning that slaves and their descendants "are the full property of their masters."<sup id="cite_ref-GSI2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSI2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves "may be bought and sold, rented out and given away as gifts".<sup id="cite_ref-GSI2013_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSI2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavery in Mauritania is "prevalent in both rural and urban areas", but women are reportedly "disproportionately affected" by slavery. Female slaves "usually work within the <a href="/wiki/Separate_spheres" title="Separate spheres">domestic sphere</a>," caring for children and performing domestic chores, but "may also herd animals and farm." Female slaves "are subject to sexual assault by their masters."<sup id="cite_ref-GSI2013_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSI2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because slave status is <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a>, slaves typically serve the same families that their mothers and grandmothers had served. They usually sleep and eat in the same quarters as the animals of their owning families.<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves are "not restrained by chains" but by "economic" and "psychological" factors. They are denied education in secular fields that provide job skills, and are taught that "questioning slavery is tantamount to questioning <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a "grey area"<sup id="cite_ref-Mark-27102014_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark-27102014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "a continuum" between slavery and freedom in Mauritania<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—also called the "vestiges of slavery"—in which sharecroppers and workers are exploited by Beydan landowners and bosses.<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ahmed Vall Ould Dine of Mauritanian Human Rights Watch, "Slaves tend to develop very close relations with their masters; the freed ones, who are poor and have inherited nothing from their parents, chose to remain under the auspices of their ex-masters as they provide them with basic necessities of life."<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanem_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanem-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Still today, masters lend their slaves' labor to other individuals, female slaves are sexually exploited and children are made to work and rarely receive an education. </p><p> Slavery particularly affects women and children, who are the most vulnerable among the vulnerable. Women of child-bearing age have a harder time emancipating because they are producers of slave labor and perceived as extremely valuable.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>From U.S. Dept. of State report on <i>Slavery in Mauritania,</i> 2009<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to the U.S. State Department's <i>2010 Human Rights Report</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abuses in Mauritania include: </p> <blockquote><p>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>mistreatment of detainees and prisoners; security force impunity; lengthy pretrial detention; harsh prison conditions; arbitrary arrests; limits on freedom of the press and assembly; corruption; discrimination against women; female genital mutilation (FGM); child marriage; political marginalization of southern-based ethnic groups; racial and ethnic discrimination; slavery and slavery-related practices; and child labor.</p></blockquote> <p>The 2010 report continued: "Government efforts were not sufficient to enforce the antislavery law. No cases have been successfully prosecuted under the antislavery law despite the fact that 'de facto' slavery exists in Mauritania." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_slavery">Child slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Child slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Child labor also remains prevalent throughout Mauritania. The Mauritanian government conducted a raid in Nouakchott in November 2017 and rescued 42 child slaves who were held by Koranic instructors.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the United States Department of Labor, violation of child slavery laws is rarely punished. The Special Brigade for Minors investigated 406 cases of child exploitation; however, it is unclear whether the Mauritanian legal system further investigated or punished anyone involved in those particular cases.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Child slavery continues to be an issue in Mauritania because the status is passed down maternally from mother to child. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_colonialism">French colonialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French colonized Mauritania in 1904 during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>. Mauritania and other territories owned by France were known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sociétés esclavagistes</i></span> or "slave societies" because slavery was a tradition with which the French interacted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French reshaped slavery socially because "French administrators and French missionaries created a role for themselves<span class="nowrap"> </span>... that was, for the most part, compatible with local cultural customs."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the economic impact was limited, as prices were not raised to a level high enough to promote a greater supply of slaves. </p><p>There were several interpretations of the impact that colonialism had on African societies. Mahmood Madani believed that colonialism allowed slave masters' power to remain unchecked because of the authority that backed them. However, other scholars believed that African institutions did not change because Europeans were simply consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French controlled their territories by the use of African employees from those territories. Mauritanian employees worked low-level positions and the "colonial hierarchy operated on the assumption that its African employees would act as transparent, unthinking conduits who would link white colonial authorities to black African colonial subjects."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The African employees were not seen as a threat despite the fact that they had the ability to control the flow of information between the Mauritanians and the French because of the language barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_abolitionist_policies">French abolitionist policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French abolitionist policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French implemented abolitionist policies after their territories failed to comply with a law freeing all slaves. Mauritanian administrators told the French that slavery was a custom in Mauritania and they could not simply abolish it without societal distress, so they enforced certain policies but still allowed slavery. Slaves in Mauritania were returned to their masters and treated as runaway children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, African men who were recruited into the French army,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tirailleurs</i></span>, were allowed to take slave wives, but they had to have been free before they were married, and had to remain in the colony. Tirailleurs could claim their children by proving they were born legitimately; if not, they were slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French established <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">villages de liberté</i></span> ("liberty villages") so that slaves would have an area to be free in Mauritania. They could take refuge there and be taxed by the French. However, within three months the slave could be reclaimed by their masters, and the villages had few resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, France officially reported to the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> that slavery had been abolished in all French territories in Africa, including Mauritania.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the French liberated their other territories successfully, because Islam was so intertwined with slavery the French believed it would go against tradition to enforce abolition in Mauritania. The French also believed that "slaves themselves were simply 'not ready' to be wrenched from their social security, to do so would be to 'sow social disorder'." Consequently, domestic slavery and colonial slavery were still permitted in Mauritania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_religion">Role of religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role of religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">History of slavery in the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">History of concubinage in the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Islamic views on concubinage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abd_(Arabic)" title="Abd (Arabic)">Abd (Arabic)</a></div> <p>Islam is by far the most widely practiced religion in Mauritania, with the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> as the dominant form. Maliki Islam in precolonial West Africa campaigned assiduously against the transatlantic slave trade, but in the 19th and 20th centuries many Malikis justified continued slavery inside Mauritania in some or all of its forms.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, a dominant majority of Mauritanians believe that former slaves (irrespective of the status of their manumission) cannot be full and equal citizens or become <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to end slavery in colonial Mauritania largely failed because abolitionism was molded by <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the ideology that Africans were "exotic, intellectually retarded, emotionally sensual, governmentally despotic, culturally passive, and politically penetrable."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain aspects of religion might have had an impact in the preservation of slavery-based structures. <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a>, for example, was <a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">admitted in Islam</a> and quite common. Concubines were expected to be treated humanely.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impressions of freedom were molded by notions of social order and the belief that God would forgive the sins of slaves if they behaved obediently for their masters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1980, Mauritania's <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> (clerical scholarly community) concluded that no slaves had been acquired through <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>, so there was no <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>-based legitimacy to continue enslavement.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_position">Government position</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slave_owner,_rights_activists_convicted_in_Mauritania_(5369376161).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Slave_owner%2C_rights_activists_convicted_in_Mauritania_%285369376161%29.jpg/220px-Slave_owner%2C_rights_activists_convicted_in_Mauritania_%285369376161%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Slave_owner%2C_rights_activists_convicted_in_Mauritania_%285369376161%29.jpg/330px-Slave_owner%2C_rights_activists_convicted_in_Mauritania_%285369376161%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Slave_owner%2C_rights_activists_convicted_in_Mauritania_%285369376161%29.jpg/440px-Slave_owner%2C_rights_activists_convicted_in_Mauritania_%285369376161%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie-Jos%C3%A9_Domestici-Met&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie-José Domestici-Met (page does not exist)">Marie-José Domestici-Met</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commission_nationale_consultative_des_droits_de_l%27homme" title="Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme">CNCDH</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Biram_Dah_Abeid" title="Biram Dah Abeid">Biram Dah Abeid</a>, who in 2009 was sentenced to six months in prison for taking part in unauthorised rally</figcaption></figure> <p>The government of Mauritania (which is dominated by Beydanes)<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denies that slavery exists in the country. According to <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Nasser_Ould_Ethmane" title="Abdel Nasser Ould Ethmane">Abdel Nasser Ould Ethmane</a>, a political adviser to the African Union and a cofounder of the abolitionist group SOS Slaves, the Mauritanian government officially says: "Slavery no longer exists, and talk of it suggests manipulation by the West, an act of enmity toward Islam, or influence from the worldwide Jewish conspiracy."<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responding to accusations of human rights abuse, in 2012 the Mauritanian Minister of rural development, Brahim Ould M'Bareck Ould Med El Moctar, stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I must tell you that in Mauritania, freedom is total: freedom of thought, equality—of all men and women of Mauritania<span class="nowrap"> </span>... in all cases, especially with this government, this is in the past. There are probably former relationships—slavery relationships and familial relationships from old days and of the older generations, maybe, or descendants who wish to continue to be in relationships with descendants of their old masters, for familial reasons, or out of affinity, and maybe also for economic interests. But (slavery) is something that is totally finished. All people are free in Mauritania and this phenomenon no longer exists. And I believe that I can tell you that no one profits from this commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In March 2013, the President established an agency to "combat slavery", known as the "National Agency to Fight against the Vestiges of Slavery, Integration, and Fight against Poverty".<sup id="cite_ref-GSI2013_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSI2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The director, Hamdi Ould Mahjoub, a Beydane, told <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> author Alexis Okeowo, "Slavery as an institution, as something accepted by society, does not exist" in Mauritania, and that his agency was working on a program to help farmers and others to build clinics and improve access to water.<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Mauritanian government, it has taken action to end all forms of slavery. In 2015, the government expanded the definition of slavery to include child labor, although they have difficulty enforcing anti-slavery laws. The government is underfunded and ill-equipped to deal with slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_causes_of_persistence">List of causes of persistence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of causes of persistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Many of the slaves are isolated by illiteracy, poverty, and geography, and do not know that life outside servitude is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The difficulty of enforcing any laws in the country's vast desert.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Poverty that limits opportunities for slaves to support themselves if freed.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dependence on masters who provide food and clothing to slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-anti-slavery_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anti-slavery-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Difficulty of "running away" and leaving families in large parts of the country that are desert.<sup id="cite_ref-anti-slavery_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anti-slavery-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Belief that slavery is part of the natural order of this society.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Belief in an interpretation of Islam in which slaves are "told that their paradise is bound to their master and that if they do what the master tells them, they will go to heaven".<sup id="cite_ref-anti-slavery_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anti-slavery-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mauritanian laws, which place the burden of proof on the slave, require that a victim file a complaint before an investigation is launched, and that human rights organisations may not file a case on behalf of a victim, despite the fact that most slaves are illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-GSI2013_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSI2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In November 2016, an appeals court in Mauritania overturned the jail convictions of three anti-slavery activists and reduced the sentences of seven others to time served leaving three in custody, for their alleged role in a riot in June, as reported by Amnesty International.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another court had originally sentenced the 13 human rights activists and members of the Resurgence of the Abolitionist Movement (IRA) to 15 years in prison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_antislavery_organizations">List of antislavery organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of antislavery organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_the_Resurgence_of_the_Abolitionist_Movement" title="Initiative for the Resurgence of the Abolitionist Movement">Initiative for the Resurgence of the Abolitionist Movement</a> (IRA-Mauritania), is led by <a href="/wiki/Biram_Dah_Abeid" title="Biram Dah Abeid">Biram Dah Abeid</a>, a former slave</li> <li>Al'Hor الحر (translated as "the free")</li> <li>In'itaq إنعتاق (translated as "emancipation")</li> <li>SOS Esclaves (meaning "SOS Slaves" in French) aids slaves to escape from their masters, and petitions the government and the clergy to address the problem of slavery, but stops short of aggressively confronting authorities like IRA-Mauritania. SOS was co-founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boubacar_Messaoud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boubacar Messaoud (page does not exist)">Boubacar Messaoud</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Ould_Messaoud" class="extiw" title="fr:Boubacar Ould Messaoud">fr</a>]</span>, a former slave who went on to study engineering and architecture in Mali and Moscow. As of 2014, he was in his late sixties and so, according to Messaoud, may represent an older generation. In 2011, Messaoud and <a href="/wiki/Biram_Dah_Abeid" title="Biram Dah Abeid">Biram Dah Abeid</a> held a hunger strike in a Nouakchott police station until the police put a slave owner in jail.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_pressure">International pressure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a result of Mauritania's failing to curb slavery, in January 2018, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> officially reprimanded the Mauritanian government. The ruling was based on a case involving two brothers, Said Salem and Yarg Ould Salem, who were slaves since birth. The African Union ordered Mauritania to compensate the two brothers, causing activists to claim that the ruling would lay the groundwork enforcing anti-slavery laws within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the Mauritanian government expanded the definition of slavery to include child labor.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extreme poverty and Islamic norms discourage many slaves from attempting to escape. Racial and ethnic division plays a role in Mauritanian government and society, as most slaves in Mauritania are black Mauritanians while members of the ruling class tend to be Arab.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The international community is increasingly pressuring Mauritania to enforce its anti-slavery laws. Along with the African Union's recent ruling, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a> is considering downgrading its trade relations with Mauritania because of its poor record on enforcing its anti-slavery laws.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mauritania" title="Human rights in Mauritania">Human rights in Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mauritania" title="Human trafficking in Mauritania">Human trafficking in Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islamic views on slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery in Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Slavery in contemporary Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Slavery in Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Slavery in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-middleeasteye-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/essays/slavery-mauritania-differentiating-between-facts-and-fiction-103800371">"Slavery in Mauritania: Differentiating between facts and fiction"</a>. <i>Middleeasteye.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mauritania-slavery-idUKKBN13D2JQ">the original</a> on November 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Mauritania+court+frees+10+anti-slavery+activists+%E2%80%93+Amnesty&rft.date=2016-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-mauritania-slavery-idUKKBN13D2JQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Mauritania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellyHodal2018" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Annie; Hodal, Kate (January 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jan/29/african-union-mauritania-failing-to-tackle-pervasive-slavery">"Mauritania failing to tackle pervasive slavery, says African Union"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mauritania+failing+to+tackle+pervasive+slavery%2C+says+African+Union&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft.au=Hodal%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2018%2Fjan%2F29%2Fafrican-union-mauritania-failing-to-tackle-pervasive-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Mauritania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307090317/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265490.pdf">"Mauritania 2016 Human Rights Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States: Department of State. March 7, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265490.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mauritania+2016+Human+Rights+Report&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Department+of+State&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F265490.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Mauritania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNossiter2013" class="citation news cs1">Nossiter, Adam (November 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/12/world/africa/mauritania-confronts-long-legacy-of-slavery.html">"Mauritania Confronts Long Legacy of Slavery"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mauritania+Confronts+Long+Legacy+of+Slavery&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.aulast=Nossiter&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F11%2F12%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fmauritania-confronts-long-legacy-of-slavery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Mauritania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezaian2018" class="citation news cs1">Rezaian, Jason (7 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/slavery-is-still-alive-in-mauritania-can-a-new-court-ruling-help-change-that/">"Slavery is still alive in Mauritania. Can a new court ruling help change that?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Slavery+is+still+alive+in+Mauritania.+Can+a+new+court+ruling+help+change+that%3F&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft.aulast=Rezaian&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2018%2F02%2F07%2Fslavery-is-still-alive-in-mauritania-can-a-new-court-ruling-help-change-that%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Mauritania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slavery_in_Mauritania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Slavery in Mauritania">Slavery in Mauritania</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/essays/slavery-mauritania-differentiating-between-facts-and-fiction-103800371">Slavery – Mauritania differentiating between facts and fiction</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Eye" title="Middle East Eye">Middle East Eye</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174915/http://www.antislavery.org/archive/submission/submission2002-mauritania.htm">Anti-Slavery International: Forced labour in Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060811200908/http://www.iabolish.org/activist_ctr/abolitionists/abdel-nasser-ould-yessa.html">Interview with a former slaveholder from Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Group" title="American Anti-Slavery Group">iabolish.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww4report.com/node/1022">African Liberation Forces of Mauritania on opposition to slavery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2009/05/090515_slaverydoc.shtml">Freedom from Slavery in Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC Radio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html">Slavery’s last stronghold</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> documentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/programs/specials/racism/010828.mauritania.html">Slavery Lives on in Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/slavery/rapporteur/index.htm">UNHR Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of slavery</a></li></ul> <div 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_Mauritania" title="Precolonial Mauritania">Precolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania_(1960%E2%80%931978)" title="History of Mauritania (1960–1978)">1960–1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania_(1978%E2%80%931984)" title="History of Mauritania (1978–1984)">1978–1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania_(1984%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Mauritania (1984–present)">1984–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritania" title="Geography of Mauritania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mauritania" title="Constitution of Mauritania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mauritania" title="Elections in Mauritania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mauritania" title="Foreign relations of Mauritania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mauritania" title="Law enforcement in Mauritania">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Mauritania">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_Parliament" title="Mauritanian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mauritania" title="List of political parties in Mauritania">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mauritania" title="List of heads of state of Mauritania">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Mauritania">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mauritania" title="Agriculture in Mauritania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Mauritania" title="Central Bank of Mauritania">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_ouguiya" title="Mauritanian ouguiya">Ouguiya <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mauritania" title="Tourism in Mauritania">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mauritania" title="Transport in Mauritania">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mauritania" title="Category:Society of Mauritania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Mauritania" title="Child marriage in Mauritania">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mauritania" title="Crime in Mauritania">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mauritania" title="Demographics of Mauritania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritania" title="Education in Mauritania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mauritanian_films" title="List of Mauritanian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mauritania" title="Flag of Mauritania">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mauritania" title="Health in Mauritania">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mauritania" title="Human rights in Mauritania">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Leblouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mauritania">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mauritania" title="Polygamy in Mauritania">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mauritania" title="Sport in Mauritania">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritania" title="Women in Mauritania">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mauritania" title="Outline of Mauritania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mauritania-related_articles" title="Index of Mauritania-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mauritania" title="Category:Mauritania">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mauritania" title="Portal:Mauritania">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavery_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Uganda (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&oldid=1245891318">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&oldid=1245891318</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_by_country" title="Category:Slavery by country">Slavery by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Category:Slavery in Mauritania">Slavery in Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mauritania" title="Category:Society of Mauritania">Society of Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Mauritania" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Mauritania">Human rights abuses in Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_history_of_Mauritania" title="Category:Social history of Mauritania">Social history of Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-black_racism_in_Africa" title="Category:Anti-black racism in Africa">Anti-black racism in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_and_slavery" title="Category:Islam and slavery">Islam and slavery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racism_in_Mauritania" title="Category:Racism in Mauritania">Racism in Mauritania</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a 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