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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human rights issue</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2009 <b>Human trafficking in Mauritania</b> was considered to be a controversial <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> issue. Mauritania was a suspected source and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">trafficking in persons</a>, specifically conditions of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial sexual exploitation">commercial sexual exploitation</a>. Supposedly, some women, men, and children from traditional <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave</a> <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a> were subjected to slavery-related practices, rooted in ancestral master-slave relationships, which continue to exist in a limited fashion in both rural and urban settings. These individuals, held for generations by slave-holding families, may have been forced to work without pay as cattle herders and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic servant">household help</a>. Mauritanian and <a href="/wiki/West_African" class="mw-redirect" title="West African">West African</a> boys - referred to as <a href="/wiki/Talibe" title="Talibe">talibes</a> - were recruited to study at <a href="/wiki/Koranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Koranic">Koranic</a> schools, but were sometimes subsequently subjected to forced <a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">begging</a> within the country by religious teachers known as <a href="/wiki/Marabouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Marabouts">marabouts</a>. Girls have been trafficked internally and from neighboring West African countries such as <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mali" title="Human trafficking in Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Senegal" title="Human trafficking in Senegal">Senegal</a>, and Gambia for <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">involuntary</a> domestic servitude. Mauritanian girls have been married off to wealthy men from the <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Middle East</a> and taken there in some cases for forced <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>. Mauritanian women were forced into prostitution within the country, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_States_of_the_Persian_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab States of the Persian Gulf">Arab States of the Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Mauritania">government of Mauritania</a> did not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so. The government did not show evidence of significant progress in <a href="/wiki/Prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution">prosecuting</a> and punishing trafficking offenders, protecting trafficking victims, and preventing new incidents of trafficking. Despite its acknowledgment of trafficking as a problem, the government is reluctant to acknowledge that <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> slavery currently exists in Mauritania, and prefers to talk about "the consequences of slavery". The government has stated it is willing to take action, but does not have the necessary resources to fund needed services, such as shelters for trafficking victims, <a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">legal assistance</a>, and training in life-skills and <a href="/wiki/Wages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wages">income</a> generating activities. Certain government and civil society leaders have expressed a willingness to work with foreign partners to improve the country's human rights record; however, in 2009, prosecutions of forced labor or forced prostitution offenses were nonexistent, and no government programs were put in place to assist victims of such crimes. </p><p>The U.S. State Department's <a href="/wiki/Office_to_Monitor_and_Combat_Trafficking_in_Persons" title="Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons">Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons</a> placed the country in <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_in_Persons_Report#Ranking_System" title="Trafficking in Persons Report">"Tier 3"</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2023 it was moved to Tier 2.<sup id="cite_ref-US2023_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, the United States Department of State states that the government of Mauritania has made considerable efforts to stop trafficking, although it remains in Tier 2.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country ratified the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_Especially_Women_and_Children" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children">2000 UN TIP Protocol</a> in July 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>National Action Plan to Fight Trafficking in Persons</i> was adopted in March 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan involves prosecution of offenders, protection of the vulnerable, and prevention of the offence.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosecution_(2009)"><span id="Prosecution_.282009.29"></span>Prosecution (2009)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prosecution (2009)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government did not demonstrate increased overall <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> efforts during the reporting period. Mauritanian <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> prohibits all forms of trafficking through its 2003 "Law Against Trafficking in Persons", which prescribes penalties of from five to 10 years' <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a>. These penalties are sufficiently stringent and exceed those prescribed for <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>. Slavery is prohibited by Law 2007-048, which was enacted in September 2007. The law's effectiveness, however, is hampered by its requirement that slaves file a <a href="/wiki/Legal_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal action">legal complaint</a> before a prosecution can be pursued, as well as its barring of NGOs from filing complaints on behalf of slaves. Many slaves are illiterate and unable to complete the paperwork involved in filing a complaint. According to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Mauritania)" title="Ministry of Justice (Mauritania)">Ministry of Justice</a>, there were neither investigations nor prosecutions of trafficking offenses, nor <a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">convictions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">sentences</a> of trafficking offenders in 2009. A local <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> organization reported that <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a> refused to investigate two child slavery cases brought to them during the year, either on slavery or <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a> grounds. The parties reached an informal agreement outside the <a href="/wiki/Court_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (law)">court</a>, and the children remained with their <a href="/wiki/Slavemaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavemaster">slave masters</a>. The government provided no support for programs to assist victims systematically to file complaints on slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-dos_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection_(2009)"><span id="Protection_.282009.29"></span>Protection (2009)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protection (2009)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Government of Mauritania demonstrated minimal efforts to protect victims of human trafficking, including of traditional slavery. In 2009, the government's National Center for the Protection of Children in Difficulty provided shelter for 270 children, including 60 talibes identified in <a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>, the capital. This center returned children to their families or <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a>, and asked for guarantees that the children would not be sent back to the streets to beg. Government-provided access to legal and <a href="/wiki/Medical_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical care">medical services</a> was very limited, and the government did not offer shelter or long-term housing benefits to victims aside from the aforementioned center for talibes. The government did not have a referral process in place to transfer victims who were <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detained</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrest" title="Arrest">arrested</a>, or placed in <a href="/wiki/Protective_custody" title="Protective custody">protective custody</a> by law enforcement authorities to institutions that provided short- or long-term care. The government's law enforcement, <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a> personnel did not have a formal system of proactively identifying victims of trafficking among high-risk persons with whom they came in contact. <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal migrants</a> were detained and placed in the Migrant Detention Center at <a href="/wiki/Nouadhibou" title="Nouadhibou">Nouadhibou</a> until their <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">expulsion from the country</a>, without the government making any effort to identify trafficking victims among them. Women suspected of prostitution were often <a href="/wiki/Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Jail">jailed</a>. The government made no attempts to screen these women for victimization. The government did not encourage victims to assist in the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases, and there were no precedents of victims filing <a href="/wiki/Civil_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil suit">civil suits</a> or seeking legal action against trafficking offenders. In slavery cases, civil society representatives claimed that judges attempted to broker informal agreements between the masters and disgruntled slaves. Courts often dropped cases and avoided conducting investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-dos_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention_(2009)"><span id="Prevention_.282009.29"></span>Prevention (2009)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prevention (2009)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Government of Mauritania made inadequate efforts to raise awareness of trafficking during the last year. In 2009, the government, in conjunction with civil society, conducted a public awareness campaign in local newspapers about the plight of domestic workers, and also about the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Anti-slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-slavery">anti-slavery</a> law, as part of the government's "Program to Eradicate the Consequences of Slavery". The government did not monitor immigration and <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> patterns for evidence of trafficking. There was no mechanism for coordination and communication between various agencies on trafficking-related matters. In 2009 the government worked in association with an international organization to draft a National Action Plan to Fight Trafficking in Persons, to be released in 2010. The government made no efforts to reduce the demand for forced labor.<sup id="cite_ref-dos_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mauritania" title="Human rights in Mauritania">Human rights in Mauritania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Mauritania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dos_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618114845/http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm">"Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 Country Narratives - Countries G Through M"</a>. US Department of State. 2010-06-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm">the original</a> on 2010-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trafficking+in+Persons+Report+2010+Country+Narratives+-+Countries+G+Through+M&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft.date=2010-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2F2010%2F142760.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+trafficking+in+Mauritania" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm">"Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements"</a>. <i>www.state.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=Trafficking+in+Persons+Report+2017%3A+Tier+Placements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fj%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2F2017%2F271117.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+trafficking+in+Mauritania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US2023-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US2023_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Trafficking-in-Persons-Report-2023_Introduction-Additional-Pagesv4_FINAL.pdf">US Government website, <i>Trafficking in Persons Report 2023</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/mauritania/#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20the%20Islamic,Mauritania%20remained%20on%20Tier%202.">"Mauritania"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Mauritania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2024-trafficking-in-persons-report%2Fmauritania%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Government%2520of%2520the%2520Islamic%2CMauritania%2520remained%2520on%2520Tier%25202.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+trafficking+in+Mauritania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&clang=_en">United Nations Treaty Collection website, Chapter XVIII Penal Matters section, <i>Section 12a</i>, retrieved August 19, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niameydeclarationguide.org/countryprofiles/mauritania">Niamey Declaration Guide website, <i>Mauritania</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/mauritania/#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20the%20Islamic,Mauritania%20remained%20on%20Tier%202.">"Mauritania"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Mauritania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2024-trafficking-in-persons-report%2Fmauritania%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Government%2520of%2520the%2520Islamic%2CMauritania%2520remained%2520on%2520Tier%25202.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+trafficking+in+Mauritania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_trafficking_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Human trafficking in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Algeria" title="Human trafficking in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Angola" title="Human trafficking in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Benin" title="Human trafficking in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Botswana" title="Human trafficking in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Human trafficking in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Burundi" title="Human trafficking in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cameroon" title="Human trafficking in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Human trafficking in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human trafficking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human trafficking in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Djibouti" title="Human trafficking in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Eritrea" title="Human trafficking in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Eswatini" title="Human trafficking in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ethiopia" title="Human trafficking in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Gabon" title="Human trafficking in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Gambia" title="Human trafficking in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ghana" title="Human trafficking in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Human trafficking in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Human trafficking in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Kenya" title="Human trafficking in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Lesotho" title="Human trafficking in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Liberia" title="Human trafficking in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Libya" title="Human trafficking in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Madagascar" title="Human trafficking in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Malawi" title="Human trafficking in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mali" title="Human trafficking in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Human trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Morocco" title="Human trafficking in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mozambique" title="Human trafficking in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Namibia" title="Human trafficking in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Niger" title="Human trafficking in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Human trafficking in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Rwanda" title="Human trafficking in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Senegal" title="Human trafficking in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Human trafficking in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human trafficking in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_South_Africa" title="Human trafficking in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Sudan" title="Human trafficking in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Tanzania" title="Human trafficking in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Togo" title="Human trafficking in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Tunisia" title="Human trafficking in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Uganda" title="Human trafficking in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Zambia" title="Human trafficking in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Zimbabwe" title="Human trafficking in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Human trafficking in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Mauritania&oldid=1244523052">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Mauritania&oldid=1244523052</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_trafficking_by_country" title="Category:Human trafficking by country">Human trafficking by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_trafficking_in_Africa" title="Category:Human trafficking in Africa">Human trafficking in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Mauritania" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Mauritania">Human rights abuses in Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crime_in_Mauritania" title="Category:Crime in Mauritania">Crime in Mauritania</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_August_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2018">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2018</a></li><li><a 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