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period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Crusader_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayyubid_interregnum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayyubid_interregnum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Ayyubid interregnum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayyubid_interregnum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Crusader_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Crusader_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Second Crusader period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Crusader_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Mamluk period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ottoman era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sixteenth-century_prosperity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixteenth-century_prosperity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Sixteenth-century prosperity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixteenth-century_prosperity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_decline,_attacks_and_natural_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_decline,_attacks_and_natural_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Political decline, attacks and natural disasters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_decline,_attacks_and_natural_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzimat_reforms_and_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzimat_reforms_and_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Tanzimat reforms and revival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzimat_reforms_and_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandatory_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandatory_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Mandatory Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandatory_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 State of Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mayors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Seismology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artists'_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists'_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Artists' colony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists'_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Historic sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Safed</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF" title="صفد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صفد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safet" title="Safet – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Safet" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Цфат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цфат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Сафед – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сафед" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed_(lungsod)" title="Safed (lungsod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Safed (lungsod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsfat" title="Tsfat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsfat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Σαφέντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαφέντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF" title="صفد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صفد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%ED%8C%8C%ED%8A%B8" title="제파트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제파트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Сафед – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сафед" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safad" title="Safad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Safad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="צפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ცფათი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცფათი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeda" title="Safeda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Safeda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ცფათი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცფათი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF" title="صفد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صفد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Цфат – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цфат" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ツファット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツファット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Цфат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цфат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF" title="صفد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صفد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cfat" title="Cfat – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cfat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Сафед – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сафед" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="சேப்பாத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சேப்பாத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Цфат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цфат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF" title="صفد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صفد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Safed" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="צפת – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צפת" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%87%E6%B3%95%E7%89%B9" title="采法特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="采法特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188336#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Safed" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Safed" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188336" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Safed&params=32_57_57_N_35_29_54_E_region:IL_type:city(42117)">32°57′57″N 35°29′54″E / 32.96583°N 35.49833°E / 32.96583; 35.49833</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in northern Israel</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Israel</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Safed</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>צְפַת</li><li>صفد</li></ul></div></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Tzfat</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Tzfat</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Hebrew transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">ISO 259</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Çpat</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Translit.</th><td class="infobox-data">Tz'fat</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Also spelled</th><td class="infobox-data">Tsfat, Tzefat, Zfat, Sfat, Ẕefat (official)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div style="background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsfat-the_old_town_croped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tsfat-the_old_town_croped.jpg/250px-Tsfat-the_old_town_croped.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tsfat-the_old_town_croped.jpg/330px-Tsfat-the_old_town_croped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="1833" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Safed1.jpg/139px-Safed1.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Safed1.jpg/209px-Safed1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Safed1.jpg/278px-Safed1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_48709_Safed_-_the_Old_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PikiWiki_Israel_48709_Safed_-_the_Old_City.jpg/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_48709_Safed_-_the_Old_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PikiWiki_Israel_48709_Safed_-_the_Old_City.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_48709_Safed_-_the_Old_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed_(3301183887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Safed_%283301183887%29.jpg/250px-Safed_%283301183887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Safed_%283301183887%29.jpg/330px-Safed_%283301183887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_65747_old_safed_the_dormant_spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PikiWiki_Israel_65747_old_safed_the_dormant_spring.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_65747_old_safed_the_dormant_spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PikiWiki_Israel_65747_old_safed_the_dormant_spring.jpg/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_65747_old_safed_the_dormant_spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PikiWiki_Israel_65747_old_safed_the_dormant_spring.jpg/960px-PikiWiki_Israel_65747_old_safed_the_dormant_spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Safed.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Safed"><img alt="Official logo of Safed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_Safed.svg/62px-Coat_of_arms_of_Safed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="62" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_Safed.svg/93px-Coat_of_arms_of_Safed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_Safed.svg/124px-Coat_of_arms_of_Safed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="823" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_outline_northeast.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Safed is located in Northeast Israel"><img alt="Safed is located in Northeast Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Israel_outline_northeast.png/250px-Israel_outline_northeast.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Israel_outline_northeast.png/500px-Israel_outline_northeast.png 1.5x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="628" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.268%;left:59.848%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Safed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Safed</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Northeast Israel</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Safed is located in Israel"><img alt="Safed is located in Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/250px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/500px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.718%;left:69.167%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Safed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Safed</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Israel</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Safed&params=32_57_57_N_35_29_54_E_region:IL_type:city(42117)">32°57′57″N 35°29′54″E / 32.96583°N 35.49833°E / 32.96583; 35.49833</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-district</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Safed_sub-district" class="mw-redirect" title="Safed sub-district">Safed</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1500 BCE<a href="#cite_note-Gorys-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Yossi Kakon</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">850 m (2,790 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">42,117</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews and others</a></th><td class="infobox-data">97.9%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arabs</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.1%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zefat.muni.il/Pages/default.aspx">www.zefat.muni.il</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Safed (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: صفد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Ṣafad), also known as Tzfat (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: צְפַת, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Ṣəfaṯ),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> is a city in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Located at an elevation of up to 937 m (3,074 ft), Safed is the highest city in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Safed has been identified with Sepph (Σέπφ), a fortified town in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a> mentioned in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Jewish">Roman Jewish</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> mentions Safed as one of five elevated spots where fires were lit to announce the <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">New Moon</a> and festivals during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. Safed attained local prominence under the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>, who built a large fortress there in 1168. It was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> 20 years later, and demolished by his grandnephew <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Isa" title="Al-Mu'azzam Isa">al-Mu'azzam Isa</a> in 1219. After reverting to the Crusaders in a treaty in 1240, a larger fortress was erected, which was expanded and reinforced in 1268 by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a>, who developed Safed into a major town and the capital of a new province spanning the Galilee. After a century of general decline, the stability brought by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> conquest in 1517 ushered in nearly a century of growth and prosperity in Safed, during which time Jewish immigrants from across Europe developed the city into a center for <a href="/wiki/Jewish_textile_industry_in_16th-century_Safed" title="Jewish textile industry in 16th-century Safed">wool and textile production</a> and the mystical <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> movement. It became known as one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Four Holy Cities</a> of Judaism. As the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Safad_Sanjak" class="mw-redirect" title="Safad Sanjak">Safad Sanjak</a>, it was the main population center of the Galilee, with large Muslim and Jewish communities. Besides during the fortunate governorship of <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_II" title="Fakhr al-Din II">Fakhr al-Din II</a> in the early 17th century, the city underwent a general decline and by the mid-18th century was eclipsed by <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. Its Jewish residents <a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed" title="1838 Druze attack on Safed">were targeted</a> in <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and local Muslim raids in the 1830s, and many perished in an <a href="/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee earthquake of 1837">earthquake</a> in that same decade – through the philanthropy of <a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a>, its Jewish synagogues and homes were rebuilt. Safed's population reached 24,000 toward the end of the 19th century; it was a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_cities" title="Mixed cities">mixed city</a>, divided roughly equally between Jews and Muslims with a small Christian community. Its Muslim merchants played a key role as middlemen in the <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> between the local farmers and the traders of Acre, while the Ottomans promoted the city as a center of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>. Safed's conditions improved considerably in the late 19th century, a municipal council was established along with a number of banks, though the city's jurisdiction was limited to the Upper Galilee. By 1922, Safed's population had dropped to around 8,700, roughly 60% Muslim, 33% Jewish and the remainder Christians. Amid rising ethnic tension throughout <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, Safed's Jews were attacked in an <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots#Safed_massacre,_29_August" title="1929 Palestine riots">Arab riot in 1929</a>. The city's population had risen to 13,700 by 1948, overwhelmingly Arab, though the city was proposed to be part of a Jewish state in the <a href="/wiki/1947_UN_Partition_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 UN Partition Plan">1947 UN Partition Plan</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 war</a>, Arab factions attacked and besieged the Jewish quarter which held out until Jewish paramilitary forces captured the city after heavy fighting, precipitating British forces to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi40-6">[6]</a> Most of the city's predominantly Palestinian-Arab population <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">fled or were expelled</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yiftach" title="Operation Yiftach">attacks by Jewish forces</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Ein_al-Zeitun_massacre" title="Ein al-Zeitun massacre">Ein al-Zeitun massacre</a>, and were not allowed to return after the war, such that today the city has an almost exclusively Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi40-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> That year, the city became part of the then-newly established state of Israel. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SafedDSCN4033.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SafedDSCN4033.JPG/220px-SafedDSCN4033.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SafedDSCN4033.JPG/330px-SafedDSCN4033.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SafedDSCN4033.JPG/440px-SafedDSCN4033.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Art in Safed: zodiac on ceramic disk</figcaption></figure> Safed has a large <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> community and remains a center for Jewish religious studies. Safed today hosts the Ziv Hospital as well as the <a href="/wiki/Zefat_Academic_College" title="Zefat Academic College">Zefat Academic College</a>. Safed is a major subject in Israeli art, it hosts an <a href="/wiki/Artists_Quarter_of_Safed" title="Artists Quarter of Safed">Artists' Quarter</a>. Several prominent art movements played a role in the city, most notably the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">École de Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> However the <a href="/wiki/Artists_Quarter_of_Safed" title="Artists Quarter of Safed">Artists' quarter</a> has declined since its golden age in the second half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Due to its high elevation, the city has warm summers and cold, often snowy winters.<a href="#cite_note-vilnai-11">[11]</a> Its mild climate and scenic views have made Safed a popular holiday resort frequented by Israelis and foreign visitors.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 2022 it had a population of 38,029.<a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_reference">Biblical reference</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical reference">edit</a>]</div> Legend has it that Safed was founded by a son of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_(Biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Flood (Biblical)">Great Flood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vilnai-11">[11]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%201:17&version=nrsv">Judges 1:17</a>), the area where Safed is located was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Naphtali" title="Tribe of Naphtali">tribe of Naphtali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' assertion that "a city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden"<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> referred to Safed.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> Safed has been identified with Sepph, a fortified town in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a> mentioned in the writings of the Roman-Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_of_Israel:_Safed-16">[16]</a> Safed is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> as one of five elevated spots where fires were lit to announce the <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">New Moon</a> and festivals during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-judaica-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader_era">Crusader era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crusader era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Crusader_village_and_tower">Pre-Crusader village and tower</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-Crusader village and tower">edit</a>]</div> There is scarce information about Safed before the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusader</a> conquest.<a href="#cite_note-Drory163-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A document from the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a>, composed in 1034, mentions a transaction made in Tiberias in 1023 by a certain Jew, Musa ben Hiba ben Salmun with the <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">nisba</a> (Arabic descriptive suffix) "al-Safati" (of Safed),<a href="#cite_note-Drory163-18">[18]</a> indicating the presence of a Jewish community living alongside Muslims in Safed in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-Barbé_2016,_p._63-20">[20]</a> According to the Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad">Ibn Shaddad</a> (d. 1285), at the beginning of the 12th century, a "flourishing village" beneath a tower called Burj Yatim had existed at the site of Safed on the eve of the Crusaders' capture of the area in 1101–1102 and that "nothing" about the village was mentioned in "the early Islamic history books".<a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum179n15-21">[21]</a> Although Ibn Shaddad mistakenly attributes the tower's construction to the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, the modern historian <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Ellenblum" title="Ronnie Ellenblum">Ronnie Ellenblum</a> asserts that the tower was likely built during the early Muslim period (mid-7th–11th centuries).<a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum179n15-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Crusader_period">First Crusader period</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First Crusader period">edit</a>]</div> The Frankish chronicler <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a> noted the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">burgus</a> (tower) in Safed, which he called "Castrum Saphet" or "Sephet", in 1157.<a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum179n16-22">[22]</a> Safed was the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">castellany</a> (area governed by a castle) by at least 1165, when its castellan (appointed castle governor) was Fulk, constable of <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The castle of Safed was purchased from Fulk by King <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalric of Jerusalem">Amalric of Jerusalem</a> in 1168.<a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum179n16-22">[22]</a> He subsequently reinforced the castle and transferred it to the Templars in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum179n16-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Libellus_de_locis_sanctis" title="Libellus de locis sanctis">Theoderich the Monk</a>, describing his visit to the area in 1172, noted that the expanded fortification of the castle of Safed was meant to check the raids of the Turks (the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid dynasty</a> ruled the area east of the Kingdom).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Testifying to the considerable expansion of the castle, the chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry" title="Jacques de Vitry">Jacques de Vitry</a> (d. 1240) wrote that it was practically built anew.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The remains of Fulk's castle can now be found under the citadel excavations, on a hill above the old city.<a href="#cite_note-Sachar190-26">[26]</a> In the estimation of modern historian Havré Barbé, the castellany of Safed comprised approximately 376 square kilometers (145 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Barbé_2016,_p._63-20">[20]</a> According to Barbé, its western boundary straddled the domains of Acre, including the fief of <a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Asad#Crusader_era" title="Deir al-Asad">St. George de la Beyne</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Sajur" title="Sajur">Sajur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beit_Jann" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Jann">Beit Jann</a>, and the fief of Geoffrey le Tor, which included <a href="/wiki/Akbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbara">Akbara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurfeish" title="Hurfeish">Hurfeish</a>, and in the southwest ran north of <a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sallama" title="Sallama">Sallama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Its northern boundary was marked by the <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Dishon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Dishon">Nahal Dishon</a> (Wadi al-Hindaj) stream,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> its southern boundary was likely formed near Wadi al-Amud, separating it from the fief of Tiberias,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> while its eastern limits were the marshes of the <a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> There were several Jewish communities in the castellany of Safed, as testified in the accounts of Jewish pilgrims and chroniclers between 1120 and 1293.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>, who visited the town in 1170, does not record any Jews living in Safed proper.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ayyubid_interregnum">Ayyubid interregnum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ayyubid interregnum">edit</a>]</div> Safed was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a> led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> in 1188 after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Safed_(1188)" title="Siege of Safed (1188)">a month-long siege</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> in 1187.<a href="#cite_note-Sharon152-33">[33]</a> Saladin ultimately allowed its residents to relocate to <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sharon152-33">[33]</a> He granted Safed and Tiberias as an <a href="/wiki/Iqta" class="mw-redirect" title="Iqta">iqta</a> (akin to a fief) to Sa'd al-Din Mas'ud ibn Mubarak (d. 1211), the son of his niece, after which it was bequeathed to Sa'd al-Din's son Ahmad.<a href="#cite_note-Drory164-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Samson" title="Samuel ben Samson">Samuel ben Samson</a>, who visited the town in 1210, mentions the existence of a Jewish community of at least fifty there.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> He also noted that two Muslims guarded and maintained the cave tomb of a rabbi, Hanina ben Horqano, in Safed.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The iqta of Safed was taken from the family of Sa'd al-Din by the Ayyubid emir of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Isa" title="Al-Mu'azzam Isa">al-Mu'azzam Isa</a>, in 1217.<a href="#cite_note-Luz34-37">[37]</a> Two years later, during the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1218%E2%80%931219)" title="Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)">siege of Damietta</a>, al-Mu'azzam Isa had the Safed castle demolished to prevent its capture and reuse by potential future Crusaders.<a href="#cite_note-Luz34-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Crusader_period">Second Crusader period</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Crusader period">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Safedcitadel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Safedcitadel.jpg/200px-Safedcitadel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Safedcitadel.jpg/300px-Safedcitadel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Safedcitadel.jpg/400px-Safedcitadel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Safed" title="Citadel of Safed">Citadel of Safed</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kulat_Safed_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kulat_Safed_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg/120px-Kulat_Safed_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kulat_Safed_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg/250px-Kulat_Safed_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="2427" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1871–1877 <a href="/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine" title="PEF Survey of Palestine">PEF Survey of Palestine</a> map</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluk</a>-era fortress of Safed</div></div></div></div> As an outcome of the treaty negotiations between the Crusader leader <a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Theobald I of Navarre</a> and the Ayyubid <a href="/wiki/Al-Salih_Ismail,_Emir_of_Damascus" title="Al-Salih Ismail, Emir of Damascus">al-Salih Ismail, Emir of Damascus</a>, in 1240 Safed once again passed to Crusader control.<a href="#cite_note-Luz34-37">[37]</a> Afterward, the Templars were tasked with rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Safed" title="Citadel of Safed">Citadel of Safed</a>, with efforts spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Alignan" title="Benedict of Alignan">Benedict of Alignan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Marseille">Bishop of Marseille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Luz34-37">[37]</a> The rebuilding is recorded in a short treatise, <a href="/wiki/De_constructione_castri_Saphet" title="De constructione castri Saphet">De constructione castri Saphet</a>, from the early 1260s.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The reconstruction was completed at the considerable expense of 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">bezants</a> in 1243.<a href="#cite_note-Luz34-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmitaiPreiss757-39">[39]</a> The new fortress was larger than the original, with a capacity for 2,200 soldiers in time of war, and with a resident force of 1,700 in peacetime.<a href="#cite_note-AmitaiPreiss757-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The garrison's goods and services were provided by the town or large village growing rapidly beneath the fortress, which, according to Benoit's account, contained a market, "numerous inhabitants" and was protected by the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-Luz35-41">[41]</a> The settlement also benefited from trade with travelers on the route between <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> and the Jordan Valley, which passed through Safed.<a href="#cite_note-Luz34-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mamluk period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed-83-n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Safed-83-n.jpg/260px-Safed-83-n.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Safed-83-n.jpg/390px-Safed-83-n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Safed-83-n.jpg/520px-Safed-83-n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>The Red Mosque in Safed, 2001. It was originally built by the Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a> in 1275, and renovated or expanded by the Ottomans in 1671/72</figcaption></figure> The Ayyubids of Egypt had been supplanted by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluks</a> in 1250 and the Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> with his army in 1261. Thereafter, he led a series of campaigns over several years against Crusader strongholds across the Syrian coastal mountains.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Safed, with its position overlooking the Jordan River and allowing the Crusaders early warnings of Muslim troop movements in the area, had been a consistent aggravation for the Muslim regional powers.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> After a six-week siege,<a href="#cite_note-Luz35-41">[41]</a> Baybars <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Safed_(1266)" title="Siege of Safed (1266)">captured Safed</a> in July 1266,<a href="#cite_note-Drory163-18">[18]</a> after which he had nearly the entire garrison killed.<a href="#cite_note-AmitaiPreiss758-44">[44]</a> The siege occurred during a Mamluk military campaign to subdue Crusader strongholds in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and followed a failed attempt to capture the Crusaders' coastal stronghold of Acre.<a href="#cite_note-Drory163-18">[18]</a> Unlike the Crusader fortresses along the coastline, which were demolished upon their capture by the Mamluks, Baybars spared the fortress of Safed.<a href="#cite_note-Drory165-45">[45]</a> He likely preserved it because of the strategic value stemming from its location on a high mountain and its isolation from other Crusader fortresses.<a href="#cite_note-Drory165-45">[45]</a> Moreover, Baybars determined that in the event of a renewed Crusader invasion of the coastal region, a strongly fortified Safed could serve as an ideal headquarters to confront the Crusader threat.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 1268, he had the fortress repaired, expanded and strengthened.<a href="#cite_note-Drory165-45">[45]</a> He commissioned numerous building works in the town of Safed, including <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">markets</a> and baths, and converted the town's church into a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-Drory166-47">[47]</a> The mosque, called Jami al-Ahmar (the Red Mosque), was completed in 1275.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> By the end of Baybars's reign, Safed had developed into a prosperous town and fortress.<a href="#cite_note-Drory166-47">[47]</a> Baybars assigned fifty-four <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluks</a>, at the head of whom was Emir Ala al-Din Kandaghani, to oversee the management of Safed and its dependencies.<a href="#cite_note-Barbé71-2-49">[49]</a> From the time of its capture, the city was made the administrative center of Mamlakat Safad,<a href="#cite_note-Sharonxii-50">[50]</a> one of seven mamlakas (provinces), whose governors were typically appointed from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, which made up <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Mamluk Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Initially, its jurisdiction corresponded roughly with the Crusader castellany.<a href="#cite_note-Barbé71-2-49">[49]</a> After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Montfort_Castle" title="Montfort Castle">Montfort Castle</a> to the Mamluks in 1271, the castle and its dependency, the <a href="/wiki/Beit_HaKerem_Valley" title="Beit HaKerem Valley">Shaghur</a> district, were incorporated into Mamlakat Safad.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The territorial jurisdiction of the mamlaka eventually spanned the entire Galilee and the lands further south down to <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sharonxii-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed-73-n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Safed-73-n.jpg/250px-Safed-73-n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Safed-73-n.jpg/330px-Safed-73-n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Safed-73-n.jpg/500px-Safed-73-n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>The Mamluk mausoleum of Zawiyat Banat Hamid, originally built in 1372</figcaption></figure> The geographer <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Ansari_al-Dimashqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams al-Din al-Ansari al-Dimashqi">al-Dimashqi</a>, who died in Safed in 1327, wrote around 1300 that Baybars built a "round tower and called it Kullah ..." after leveling the old fortress. The tower was built in three stories, and provided with provisions, halls, and <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazines</a>. Under the structure, a <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> collected enough rainwater to regularly supply the garrison.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The governor of Safed, Emir Baktamur al-Jukandar (the Polomaster; <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1309–1311), built a mosque later called after him in the northeastern section of the city.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The geographer <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l Fida">Abu'l Fida</a> (1273–1331), the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, described Safed as follows:<blockquote>[Safed] was a town of medium size. It has a very strongly built castle, which dominates the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Tabariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Tabariyyah">Lake of Tabariyyah</a> [Sea of Galilee]. There are underground watercourses, which bring drinking-water up to the castle-gate...Its suburbs cover three hills... Since the place was conquered by Al Malik Adh Dhahir [Baybars] from the Franks [Crusaders], it has been made the central station for the troops who guard all the coast-towns of that district."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></blockquote> The native <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> (Islamic head judge) of Safed, Shams al-Din al-Uthmani, composed a text about Safed called Ta'rikh Safad (the History of Safed) during the rule of its governor Emir Alamdar (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1372–1376).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The extant parts of the work consisted of ten folios largely devoted to Safed's distinguishing qualities, its dependent villages, agriculture, trade and geography, with no information about its history.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> His account reveals the city's dominant features were its citadel, the Red Mosque and its towering position over the surrounding landscape.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> He noted Safed lacked "regular urban planning", <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> (schools of Islamic law), <a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">ribats</a> (hostels for military volunteers) and defensive walls, and that its houses were clustered in disarray and its streets were not distinguishable from its squares.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> He attributed the city's shortcomings to the dearth of generous patrons.<a href="#cite_note-Luz180-60">[60]</a> A device for transporting buckets of water called the satura existed in the city mainly to supply the soldiers of the citadel; surplus water was distributed to the city's residents.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Al-Uthmani praised the natural beauty of Safed, its therapeutic air, and noted that its residents took strolls in the surrounding gorges and ravines.<a href="#cite_note-Luz180-60">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> brought about a decline in the population in Safed from 1348 onward.<a href="#cite_note-AmitaiPreiss758-44">[44]</a> There is little available information about the city and its dependencies during the last century of Mamluk rule (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1418 – c. 1516), though travelers' accounts describe a general decline precipitated by famine, plagues, natural disasters and political instability.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ottoman era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sixteenth-century_prosperity">Sixteenth-century prosperity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sixteenth-century prosperity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed-79-n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Safed-79-n.jpg/250px-Safed-79-n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Safed-79-n.jpg/330px-Safed-79-n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Safed-79-n.jpg/500px-Safed-79-n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>The Red Mosque</figcaption></figure> The Ottomans conquered Mamluk Syria following their victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">Battle of Marj Dabiq</a> in northern Syria in 1516.<a href="#cite_note-Rhode18-63">[63]</a> Safed's inhabitants sent the keys of the town citadel to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> after he captured Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-Layish67-64">[64]</a> No fighting was recorded around Safed, which was bypassed by Selim's army on the way to Mamluk Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Rhode18-63">[63]</a> The sultan had placed the district of Safed under the jurisdiction of the Mamluk governor of Damascus, <a href="/wiki/Janbirdi_al-Ghazali" title="Janbirdi al-Ghazali">Janbirdi al-Ghazali</a>, who defected to the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-Layish67-64">[64]</a> Rumors in 1517 that Selim was slain by the Mamluks precipitated a revolt against the newly appointed Ottoman governor by the townspeople of Safed, which resulted in wide-scale killings, many of which <a href="/wiki/1517_Safed_attacks" title="1517 Safed attacks">targeted the city's Jews</a>, who were viewed as sympathizers of the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Safed became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Safed_Sanjak" title="Safed Sanjak">Safed Sanjak</a>, roughly corresponding with Mamlakat Safad but excluding most of the Jezreel Valley and the area of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin" title="Château Pèlerin">Atlit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> part of the larger province of <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus Eyalet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi50-67">[67]</a> In 1525/26, the population of Safed consisted of 633 Muslim families, 40 Muslim bachelors, 26 Muslim religious persons, nine Muslim disabled, 232 Jewish families, and 60 military families.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 1549, under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, a wall was constructed and troops were garrisoned to protect the city.<a href="#cite_note-David2010.96-69">[69]</a> In 1553/54, the population consisted of 1,121 Muslim households, 222 Muslim bachelors, 54 Muslim religious leaders, 716 Jewish households, 56 Jewish bachelors, and 9 disabled persons.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-70">[70]</a> At least in the 16th century, Safed was the only kasaba (city) in the sanjak and in 1555 was divided into nineteen mahallas (quarters), seven Muslim and twelve Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-Rhode34-71">[71]</a> The total population of Safed rose from 926 households in 1525–26 to 1,931 households in 1567–1568.<a href="#cite_note-Petersen2001-72">[72]</a> Among these, the Jewish population rose from a mere 233 households in 1525 to 945 households in 1567–1568.<a href="#cite_note-Petersen2001-72">[72]</a> The Muslim quarters were Sawawin, located west of the fortress; Khandaq (the moat); Ghazzawiyah, which had likely been settled by <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gazans</a>; Jami' al-Ahmar (the Red Mosque), located south of the fortress and named for the local mosque; al-Akrad,<a href="#cite_note-Rhode3435-73">[73]</a> which dated to the Middle Ages and continued to exist through the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-ADiS-74">[74]</a> and whose inhabitants mainly were <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>; al-Wata (the lower), the southernmost quarter of Safed and situated below the city; and al-Suq, named after the market or mosque located within the quarter.<a href="#cite_note-Rhode3435-73">[73]</a> The Jewish quarters were all situated west of the fortress. Each quarter was named for the place of origin of its inhabitants: Purtuqal (Portugal), Qurtubah (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a>), Qastiliyah (<a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castille</a>), Musta'rib (Jews of local, Arabic-speaking origin), Magharibah (northwestern Africa), Araghun ma' Qatalan (<a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>), Majar (Hungary), Puliah (<a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>), Qalabriyah (<a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>), Sibiliyah (<a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>), Taliyan (Italian) and Alaman (German).<a href="#cite_note-Rhode3435-73">[73]</a> In the 15th and 16th centuries there were several well-known <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> (mystics) of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">ibn Arabi</a> living in Safed.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Sufi sage Ahmad al-Asadi (1537–1601) established a <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">zawiya</a> (Sufi lodge) called Sadr Mosque in the city.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Safed became a center of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> (Jewish mysticism) during the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-jvl-77">[77]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492</a>, many prominent <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> found their way to Safed, among them the Kabbalists <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero" title="Moses ben Jacob Cordovero">Moses ben Jacob Cordovero</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caro" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Caro">Joseph Caro</a>, the author of the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Alkabetz" title="Solomon Alkabetz">Solomon Alkabetz</a>, composer of the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> hymn "<a href="/wiki/Lekha_Dodi" title="Lekha Dodi">Lekha Dodi</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The kabbalistic response to the trauma of the exile varied widely, ranging from a quietistic approach adopted by the Italian and North African kabbalists, to a more activist apocalyptic approach which sought signs of the imminent redemption. The expulsion was seen by many as the tribulation that would herald the beginning of the messianic age as foretold in rabbinic literature. The spiritualization of religious life culminated in the creative outburst of religious innovation in Safed in the second half of the sixteenth century as a response to the expulsion. This spiritual revolution spread from Safed and transformed the practice of Judaism throughout the Jewish world.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></blockquote> The influx of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>—reaching its peak under the rule of sultans <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a>—made Safed a global center for Jewish learning and a regional center for trade throughout the 15th and 16th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-jvl-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Sephardi Jews and other Jewish immigrants by then outnumbered <a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Musta'arabi Jews</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-AmitaiPreiss758-44">[44]</a> During this period, the Jewish community <a href="/wiki/Jewish_textile_industry_in_16th-century_Safed" title="Jewish textile industry in 16th-century Safed">developed the textile industry in Safed</a>, transforming the town into an important and lucrative wool production and textile manufacturing centre.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> There were more than 7,000 Jews in Safed in 1576 when <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> proclaimed the forced deportation of 1,000 wealthy Jewish families to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> to boost the island's economy. There is no evidence that the edict or a second one issued the following year for removing 500 families, was enforced.<a href="#cite_note-David2010-81">[81]</a> In 1584, there were 32 <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> registered in the town.<a href="#cite_note-DavidOrdan2010.117-82">[82]</a> A Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Global_spread_of_the_printing_press" title="Global spread of the printing press">first in West Asia</a>, was established in Safed in 1577 by Eliezer ben Isaac Ashkenazi of Prague and his son, Isaac.<a href="#cite_note-judaica-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_decline,_attacks_and_natural_disasters">Political decline, attacks and natural disasters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political decline, attacks and natural disasters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seraya_-_Ottoman_fortress_-_Safed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seraya_-_Ottoman_fortress_-_Safed.jpg/220px-Seraya_-_Ottoman_fortress_-_Safed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seraya_-_Ottoman_fortress_-_Safed.jpg/330px-Seraya_-_Ottoman_fortress_-_Safed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seraya_-_Ottoman_fortress_-_Safed.jpg/440px-Seraya_-_Ottoman_fortress_-_Safed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Originally built as a <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a> by the Ottomans in the mid-1700s, the "Saraya" (house of the governor) currently serves as a community centre<a href="#cite_note-Winter1999-84">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> By the early part of the 17th century, Safed was a small town.<a href="#cite_note-AmitaiPreiss758-44">[44]</a> In 1602, the paramount chief of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Druze" title="Lebanese Druze">Druze in Mount Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_II" title="Fakhr al-Din II">Fakhr al-Din II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n dynasty</a>, was appointed the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">sanjak-bey</a> (district governor) of Safed, in addition to his governorship of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sidon-Beirut_Sanjak" title="Sidon-Beirut Sanjak">Sidon-Beirut Sanjak</a> to the north. In the preceding years, the Safed Sanjak had entered a state of ruin and desolation and was often the scene of conflict between the local Druze and Shia Muslim peasants and the Ottoman authorities. By 1605, Fakhr al-Din had established peace and security in the sanjak, with highway brigandage and <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> raids having ceased under his watch. Trade and agriculture consequently thrived and the population prospered.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> He formed close relations with the city's <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> (religious scholars), particularly the <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Khalidi_al-Safadi" title="Al-Khalidi al-Safadi">al-Khalidi al-Safadi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> (Islamic jurisprudence), who became his practical court historian.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The Ottomans drove Fakhr al-Din into European exile in 1613, but his son Ali became governor in 1615.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Fakhr al-Din returned to his domains in 1618 and five years later regained the governorship of Safed, which the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n dynasty</a> had lost, after his victory against the governor of Damascus at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anjar" title="Battle of Anjar">Battle of Anjar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1625, the orientalist <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Quaresmius" title="Franciscus Quaresmius">Franciscus Quaresmius</a> spoke of Safed being inhabited "chiefly by Hebrews, who had their synagogues and schools, and for whose sustenance contributions were made by the Jews in other parts of the world."<a href="#cite_note-Robinson1841-89">[89]</a> According to the historian Louis Finkelstein, the Jewish community of Safed was plundered by the Druze under <a href="/wiki/Mulhim_ibn_Yunus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulhim ibn Yunus">Mulhim ibn Yunus</a>, nephew of Fakhr al-Din.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein63-90">[90]</a> Five years later, Fakhr al-Din was routed by the Ottoman governor of Damascus, Mulhim abandoned Safed, and its Jewish residents returned.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein63-90">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Safed#Dubious" title="Talk:Safed">discuss</a>] The Druze again attacked the Jews of Safed in 1656.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein63-90">[90]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">power struggle between Fakhr al-Din's heirs</a> (1658–1667), each faction attacked Safed.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein63-90">[90]</a> In the intra-communal turmoil among the Druze following the death of Mulhim, the <a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Safed" title="1660 destruction of Safed">1660 destruction of Safed</a> targeted the Jews there and in Tiberias; only a few of the former Jewish residents returned to the city before 1662.<a href="#cite_note-rappel-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-barnai14-92">[92]</a> Survivors relocated mainly to <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Safed_Sanjak" title="Safed Sanjak">Safed Sanjak</a> and the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sidon-Beirut_Sanjak" title="Sidon-Beirut Sanjak">Sidon-Beirut Sanjak</a> to the north were administratively separated from Damascus in 1660 to form the <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon Eyalet</a>, of which Safed was briefly the capital.<a href="#cite_note-Salibi66-93">[93]</a> The province was created by the imperial government to check the power of the Druze of Mount Lebanon, as well as the Shia of <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Amil" title="Jabal Amil">Jabal Amil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salibi66-93">[93]</a> As nearby Tiberias remained desolate for several decades, Safed gained a key position among <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilean</a> Jewish communities. In 1665, the <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Sevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatai Sevi">Sabbatai Sevi</a> movement arrived in Safed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1670s, the account of the Turkish traveller <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> recorded that Safed contained three <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, seven zawiyas, and six <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmitaiPreiss758-44">[44]</a> The Red Mosque was restored by Safed's governor Salih Bey in 1671/72, at which point it measured about 120 by 80 feet (37 m × 24 m), had all masonry interior, a cistern to collect rainwater in the winter for drinking and a tall <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> over its southern entrance; the minaret had been destroyed before the end of the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Tiberias-based sheikh <a href="/wiki/Zahir_al-Umar" title="Zahir al-Umar">Zahir al-Umar</a> of the local Arab <a href="/wiki/Al-Zayadina" title="Al-Zayadina">Zaydan</a> clan, whose father <a href="/wiki/Umar_al-Zaydani" title="Umar al-Zaydani">Umar al-Zaydani</a> had been the governor and tax farmer of Safed in 1702–1706, wrested control of Safed and its <a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">tax farm</a> from its native strongman, Muhammad Naf'i, through military pressure and diplomacy by 1740.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The Naf'i, Shahin, and Murad families continued to farm the taxes of Safed and its countryside into the 1760s as Zahir's subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> By the 1760s, Zahir entrusted Safed to his son Ali, who made the town his headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> After Zahir was killed by Ottoman imperial forces, the governor of Sidon, <a href="/wiki/Jazzar_Pasha" title="Jazzar Pasha">Jazzar Pasha</a>, moved to oust Zahir's sons from their Galilee strongholds. Ali made a final, unsuccessful stand against Jazzar Pasha from Safed, which was afterward captured and garrisoned by the governor.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The simultaneous rise of Acre, established by Zahir as his capital in 1750 and which served as the capital of the Sidon Eyalet under Jazzar Pasha (1775–1804) and his successors, <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Pasha_al-Adil" title="Sulayman Pasha al-Adil">Sulayman Pasha al-Adil</a> (1805–1819) and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Pasha_ibn_Ali" title="Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali">Abdullah Pasha</a> (1820–1831), contributed to the political decline of Safed. It became a subdistrict center with limited local influence, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Acre_Sanjak" title="Acre Sanjak">Acre Sanjak</a> .<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi50-67">[67]</a> Underdevelopment and a series of natural disasters further contributed to Safed's decline during the 17th–mid-19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi50-67">[67]</a> An outbreak of plague decimated the population in 1742 and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East_earthquakes_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Near East earthquakes of 1759">Near East earthquakes of 1759</a> left the city in ruins, killing 200 residents.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> An influx of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jew">Russian Jews</a> in 1776 and 1781, and of <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jew">Lithuanian Jews</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a> movement in 1809 and 1810, reinvigorated the Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1812, another plague killed 80% of the Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-Franco633-101">[101]</a> Following Abdullah Pasha of Acre's ordered killing of his Jewish vizier <a href="/wiki/Haim_Farhi" title="Haim Farhi">Haim Farhi</a>, who served the same post under Jazzar and Sulayman, the governor imprisoned the Jewish residents of Safed on 12 August 1820, accusing them of tax evasion under the concealment of Farhi; they were released upon paying a ransom.<a href="#cite_note-Franco633-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The war between Abdullah Pasha and the influential Farhi brothers in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and Damascus in 1822–1823 prompted Jewish flight from the Galilee in general, though by 1824 Jewish immigrants were steadily moving to the city.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The forces of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> wrested control of the Levant from the Ottomans in 1831 and in the same year many Jews who had fled the Galilee, including Safed, under Abdullah Pasha returned as a result of Muhammad Ali's liberal policies toward Jews.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Safed was raided by Druze in 1833 at the approach of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a>, the Egyptian governor of the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-Franco633-101">[101]</a> In the following year, the Muslim notables of the city, led by Salih al-Tarshihi, opposed to the Egyptian policy of conscription, joined the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_revolt_in_Palestine" title="Peasants' revolt in Palestine">peasants' revolt in Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Safi-105">[105]</a> During the revolt, rebels <a href="/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed" title="1834 looting of Safed">plundered the city</a> for over thirty days.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Emir <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Shihab_II" title="Bashir Shihab II">Bashir Shihab II</a> of Mount Lebanon and his Druze fighters entered its environs in support of the Egyptians and compelled Safed's leaders to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-Safi-105">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee earthquake of 1837">Galilee earthquake of 1837</a> killed about half of Safed's 4,000-strong Jewish community,<a href="#cite_note-Lieber256-107">[107]</a> destroyed all fourteen of its synagogues and prompted the flight of 600 <a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a> for Jerusalem;<a href="#cite_note-Idinopulos1998-108">[108]</a> the surviving Sephardic and Hasidic Jews mostly remained.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Among the 2,158 residents of Safed who had died, 1,507 were Ottoman subjects, the rest foreign citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Ambraseys933-110">[110]</a> The Jewish quarter was situated on the hillside and was particularly hard hit;<a href="#cite_note-Lieber256-107">[107]</a> the southern and Muslim section of the town experienced considerably less damage.<a href="#cite_note-Ambraseys933-110">[110]</a> The following year, in 1838, Druze rebels and local Muslims <a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed" title="1838 Druze attack on Safed">raided Safed</a> for three days. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanzimat_reforms_and_revival">Tanzimat reforms and revival</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tanzimat reforms and revival">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed_iii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Safed_iii.jpg/330px-Safed_iii.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Safed_iii.jpg/500px-Safed_iii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Safed_iii.jpg/620px-Safed_iii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Safed in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> Ottoman rule was restored across the Levant in 1840. The Empire-wide <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms, which were first adopted in the 1840s, brought about a steady rise in Safed's population and economy.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi50-67">[67]</a> In 1849 Safed had a total estimated population of 5,000, of whom 2,940–3,440 were Muslims, 1,500-2,000 were Jews and 60 were Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi52-111">[111]</a> The population was estimated at 7,000 in 1850–1855, of whom 2,500–3,000 were Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi52-111">[111]</a> The Jewish population increased in the last half of the 19th century by immigration from <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Franco633-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a> (d. 1885) visited Safed seven times and financed much of the rebuilding of Safed's synagogues and Jewish houses.<a href="#cite_note-Franco633-101">[101]</a> In 1864 the Sidon Eyalet was absorbed into the new province of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria Vilayet</a>. In the new province, Safed remained part of the Acre Sanjak and served as the center of a <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">kaza</a> (third-level subdivision), whose jurisdiction covered the villages around the city and the subdistrict of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meron" title="Mount Meron">Mount Meron</a> (Jabal Jarmaq).<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi50-67">[67]</a> In the Ottoman survey of Syria in 1871, Safed had 1,395 Muslim households, 1,197 Jewish households and three Christian households.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi52-111">[111]</a> The survey recorded a relatively high number of businesses in the city, namely 227 shops, fifteen mills, fourteen bakeries and four olive oil factories, an indicator of Safed's long-established role as an economic hub for the people of the Upper Galilee, the <a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> and parts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lebanon">South Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi54-112">[112]</a> Through the late 19th century, Safed's merchants served as middlemen in the Galilee grain trade, selling the wheat, pulses and fruit grown by the peasants of the Galilee to the traders of Acre, who in turn exported at least part of the merchandise to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi54-112">[112]</a> Safed also maintained extensive trade with the port of Tyre.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi54-112">[112]</a> The bulk of trade in Safed, which was traditionally dominated by the city's Jews, largely passed to its Muslim merchants during the late 19th century, particularly trade with the local villagers; Muslim traders offered higher credit to the peasants and were able to obtain government assistance for debt repayments.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi54-112">[112]</a> The wealth of Safed's Muslims increased and a number of the city's leading Muslim families made an opportunity from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Land_Code_of_1858" title="Ottoman Land Code of 1858">Ottoman Land Code of 1858</a> to purchase extensive tracts around Safed.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi56-113">[113]</a> The major Muslim landowning clans were the Soubeh, Murad and Qaddura.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The latter owned about 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a> toward the end of the century, including eight villages around Safed.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Safed1908.jpg/250px-Safed1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Safed1908.jpg/330px-Safed1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Safed1908.jpg/500px-Safed1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>Muslim quarter of Safed circa 1908</figcaption></figure> In 1878 the municipal council of Safed was established.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi51-116">[116]</a> In 1888 the Acre Sanjak, including the Safed Kaza, became part of the new province of <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut Vilayet</a>, an administrative state of affairs which persisted until the Empire's fall in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The centralization and stability brought by the imperial reforms solidified the political status and practical influence of Safed in the Upper Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi51-116">[116]</a> The Ottomans developed Safed into a center for <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> to counterbalance the influence of non-Muslim communities in its environs and the Shia Muslims of Jabal Amil.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi53-118">[118]</a> Along with the three major landowning families, the Muslim ulema (religious scholarly) families of Nahawi, Qadi, Mufti and Naqib comprised the urban elite (a'yan) of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi56-113">[113]</a> The Sunni courts of Safed arbitrated over cases in <a href="/wiki/Akbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbara">Akbara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ein_al-Zeitun" title="Ein al-Zeitun">Ein al-Zeitun</a> and as far away as <a href="/wiki/Majdel_Selm" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdel Selm">Mejdel Islim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADiS-74">[74]</a> According to the late 19th-century account of British missionary E. W. G. Masterman, the Muslim families of Safed included Kurds, Damascenes, <a href="/wiki/Algerian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian people">Algerians</a>, Bedouin from the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>, and people from the villages around Safed.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abbasi53-118">[118]</a> Many Damascenes had been settled in the city by Baybars when he conquered Safed in 1266.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi53-118">[118]</a> Until the late 19th century the Muslims of Safed maintained strong social and cultural connections with Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi53-118">[118]</a> The government settled Algerian and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> exiles in the countryside of Safed in the 1860s and 1878, respectively, possibly in an effort to strengthen the Muslim character of the area.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi53-118">[118]</a> At least two Muslim families in the city itself, Arabi and Delasi, were of Algerian origin, though they accounted for a small proportion of the city's overall Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi53-118">[118]</a> Masterman noted that the Muslims of Safed were conservative, "active and hardy", who "dress[ed] well and move[d] about more than the people from the region of southern Palestine".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> They lived mainly in three quarters of the city: al-Akrad, whose residents were mostly laborers, Sawawin, home to the Muslim a'yan households and the city's Catholic community, and al-Wata, whose inhabitants were largely shopkeepers and minor traders.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi53-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schumacher188-121">[121]</a> The entire Jewish population lived in the Gharbieh (western) quarter.<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher188-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed._Kunstenaarskolonie_weg_met_aan_weerzijden_muren_met_zicht_op_het_atelier,_Bestanddeelnr_255-9230.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Safed._Kunstenaarskolonie_weg_met_aan_weerzijden_muren_met_zicht_op_het_atelier%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-9230.jpg/220px-Safed._Kunstenaarskolonie_weg_met_aan_weerzijden_muren_met_zicht_op_het_atelier%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-9230.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Safed._Kunstenaarskolonie_weg_met_aan_weerzijden_muren_met_zicht_op_het_atelier%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-9230.jpg/330px-Safed._Kunstenaarskolonie_weg_met_aan_weerzijden_muren_met_zicht_op_het_atelier%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-9230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Safed._Kunstenaarskolonie_weg_met_aan_weerzijden_muren_met_zicht_op_het_atelier%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-9230.jpg/440px-Safed._Kunstenaarskolonie_weg_met_aan_weerzijden_muren_met_zicht_op_het_atelier%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-9230.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a> in Safed</figcaption></figure> Safed's population reached over 15,000 in 1879, 8,000 of whom were Muslims and 7,000 Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi53-118">[118]</a> A population list from about 1887 showed that Safad had 24,615 inhabitants; 2,650 Jewish households, 2,129 Muslim households and 144 Roman Catholic households.<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher188-121">[121]</a> Arab families in Safed whose social status rose as a result of the Tanzimat reforms included the <a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Asad#Endowment_to_Muhammad_al-Asad" title="Deir al-Asad">Asadi</a>, whose presence in Safed dated to the 16th century, Hajj Sa'id, Hijazi, Bisht, Hadid, Khouri, a Christian family whose progenitor moved to the city from Mount Lebanon during the <a href="/wiki/1860_Mount_Lebanon_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Mount Lebanon civil war">1860 civil war</a>, and Sabbagh, a long-established Christian family in the city related to Zahir al-Umar's fiscal adviser Ibrahim al-Sabbagh;<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi56-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> many members of these families became officials in the civil service, local administrations or businessmen.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi56-113">[113]</a> When the Ottomans established a branch of the Agricultural Bank in the city in 1897, all of its board members were resident Arabs, the most influential of whom were Husayn Abd al-Rahim Effendi, Hajj Ahmad al-Asadi, As'ad Khouri and Abd al-Latif al-Hajj Sa'id. The latter two also became board members of the Chamber of Commerce and Agriculture branch opened in Safed in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In the last decade of the 19th century, Safed contained 2,000 houses, four mosques, three churches, two public bathhouses, one caravanserai, two public <a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">sabils</a>, nineteen mills, seven olive oil presses, ten bakeries, fifteen coffeehouses, forty-five stalls and three shops.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandatory_Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mandatory Palestine">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:250px;"> <div class="switcher-container"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Safed_2020_street_map_overlaid_on_Survey_of_Palestine_map_from_1942.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Safed_2020_street_map_overlaid_on_Survey_of_Palestine_map_from_1942.png/250px-Safed_2020_street_map_overlaid_on_Survey_of_Palestine_map_from_1942.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Safed_2020_street_map_overlaid_on_Survey_of_Palestine_map_from_1942.png/500px-Safed_2020_street_map_overlaid_on_Survey_of_Palestine_map_from_1942.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="785" /></a> 2018 street map overlaid on 1942 map</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Safed_Survey_of_Palestine_map_from_1942.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Safed_Survey_of_Palestine_map_from_1942.png/250px-Safed_Survey_of_Palestine_map_from_1942.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Safed_Survey_of_Palestine_map_from_1942.png/500px-Safed_Survey_of_Palestine_map_from_1942.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="786" /></a> 1942 map without overlay</div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Safed street map (date 2018, white text and light grey streets) overlaid on a <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Palestine" title="Survey of Palestine">Survey of Palestine</a> map (date 1942, black text, red urban areas and black streets), showing the relative locations of Safed to its three Mandate-era satellite villages: <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyya_al-Tahta" title="Al-Zahiriyya al-Tahta">Al-Zahiriyya al-Tahta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ein_al-Zeitun" title="Ein al-Zeitun">Ein al-Zeitun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biriyya" title="Biriyya">Biriyya</a>.</div></div></div> Safed was the centre of <a href="/wiki/Safad_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Safad Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Safad Subdistrict</a>. According to a <a href="/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine" title="1922 census of Palestine">census</a> conducted in 1922 by the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate authorities</a>, Safed had a population of 8,761 inhabitants, consisting of 5,431 Muslims, 2,986 Jews, 343 Christians and others.<a href="#cite_note-Census1922-126">[126]</a> Safed remained a mixed city during the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a> and ethnic tensions between Jews and Arabs rose during the 1920s. During the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a>, Safed and Hebron became major clash points. In the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots#Safed_massacre,_29_August" title="1929 Palestine riots">Safed massacre</a> 20 Jewish residents were killed by local Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Safed was included in the part of Palestine recommended to be included in the proposed Jewish state under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> By 1948 the city was home to about 12,000 Arabs and about 1,700 Jews, mostly religious and elderly.<a href="#cite_note-vilnai-11">[11]</a> On 5 January 1948, Arabs attacked the Jewish Quarter.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In February 1948, during the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine">civil war</a>, Muslim Arabs attacked a Jewish bus attempting to reach Safed, and the Jewish quarter of the town came under siege by the Muslims. British forces that were present did not intervene. According to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a>, food supplies ran short. "Even water and flour were in desperately short supply. Each day, the Arab attackers drew closer to the heart of the Jewish quarter, systematically blowing up Jewish houses as they pressed in on the central area."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> On April 16, the same day that British forces evacuated Safed, 200 local Arab militiamen, supported by over 200 <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> soldiers, tried to take over the city's Jewish Quarter. They were repelled by the Jewish garrison, consisting of some 200 <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> fighters, men and women, boosted by a <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> platoon.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The Palmach ground attack on the Arab section of Safed took place on 6 May, as a part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yiftah" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Yiftah">Operation Yiftach</a>. The first phase of the Palmach plan to capture Safed, was to secure a corridor through the mountains by capturing the Arab village of <a href="/wiki/Biriyya" title="Biriyya">Biriyya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert,_1998,_p._177-132">[132]</a> The Arab Liberation Army placed artillery pieces on a hill adjacent to the Jewish quarter and started its shelling.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The Palmach's Third Battalion failed to take the main objective, the "citadel", but "terrified" the Arab population sufficiently to prompt further flight, as well as urgent appeals for outside help and an effort to obtain a truce.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The secretary-general of the Arab League <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Hassan_Azzam" title="Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam">Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam</a> stated that the goal of Plan Dalet was to drive out the inhabitants of Arab villages along the Syrian and Lebanese frontiers, particularly places on the roads by which Arab regular forces could enter the country. He noted that Acre and Safed were in particular danger.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> However, the appeals for help were ignored, and the British, now less than a week away from the end of the British Mandate of Palestine, also did not intervene against the second and final Haganah attack, which began on the evening of 9 May, with a mortar barrage on key sites in Safed. Following the barrage, Palmach infantry, in bitter fighting, took the citadel, Beit Shalva and the police fort, Safed's three dominant buildings. Through 10 May, Haganah mortars continued to pound the Arab neighbourhoods, causing fires in the marked area and in the fuel dumps, which exploded. "The Palmah 'intentionally left open the exit routes for the population to "facilitate" their exodus...' "<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> According to Gilbert, "The Arabs of Safed began to leave, including the commander of the Arab forces, <a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Adib Shishakli</a> (later Prime Minister of Syria). With the <a href="/wiki/Birya_Fortress" title="Birya Fortress">police fort</a> on Mount Canaan isolated, its defenders withdrew without fighting. The fall of Safed was a blow to Arab morale throughout the region... With the invasion of Palestine by regular Arab armies believed to be imminent – once the British had finally left in eleven or twelve days' time – many Arabs felt that prudence dictated their departure until the Jews had been defeated and they could return to their homes.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert,_1998,_p._177-132">[132]</a> According to Abbasi, the exodus of the Arabs of Safed had three phases.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi40-6">[6]</a> The first was due to the departure of the British compounded by the failure of an attack on the Jewish quarter and a disagreement between the Jordanian and Syrian commanders.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi40-6">[6]</a> The second was due to the fall of nearby Ein al-Zeitun and the <a href="/wiki/Ein_al-Zeitun_massacre" title="Ein al-Zeitun massacre">massacre</a> that Jewish forces committed there.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi40-6">[6]</a> The third was due to the deliberate creation of panic by Jewish forces.<a href="#cite_note-Abbasi40-6">[6]</a> Some 12,000 Arabs, with some estimates reaching 15,000, fled Safed and were a "heavy burden on the Arab war effort".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Among them was the family of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Honig-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[a]</a> The city was fully under the control of Jewish paramilitary forces by May 11, 1948.<a href="#cite_note-vilnai-11">[11]</a> Early in June, Jewish dignitaries from Safed journeyed to Tel Aviv to ask the government to block the return of Arabs to the city, threatening to abandon it if the latter were allowed back. They reasoned that since most of the Arabs' property had been seized or stolen in the meantime, the Jewish community would be unable to withstand the pressure of the returnees' demands for restitution.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoltan_Kluger._Safed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Safad 1937"><img alt="Safad 1937" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Zoltan_Kluger._Safed.jpg/120px-Zoltan_Kluger._Safed.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Zoltan_Kluger._Safed.jpg/180px-Zoltan_Kluger._Safed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Zoltan_Kluger._Safed.jpg/240px-Zoltan_Kluger._Safed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="2091" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Safad 1937</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed_iv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandate Police station at Mount Canaan, above Safed (1948)"><img alt="Mandate Police station at Mount Canaan, above Safed (1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Safed_iv.jpg/120px-Safed_iv.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Safed_iv.jpg/250px-Safed_iv.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="486" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandate Police station at Mount Canaan, above Safed (1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Safed (1948)"><img alt="Safed (1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Safed_1948.jpg/120px-Safed_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Safed_1948.jpg/250px-Safed_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="495" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Safed (1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed_citadel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Safed Citadel (1948)"><img alt="Safed Citadel (1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Safed_citadel.jpg/120px-Safed_citadel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Safed_citadel.jpg/250px-Safed_citadel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="449" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Safed Citadel (1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Safad_v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Safad Municipal Police Station after the battle (1948)"><img alt="Safad Municipal Police Station after the battle (1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Safad_v.jpg/120px-Safad_v.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Safad_v.jpg/180px-Safad_v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Safad_v.jpg/240px-Safad_v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="495" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Safad Municipal Police Station after the battle (1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Safad_i.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bussel House, Safad, 11 April 1948: Yiftach Brigade headquarters"><img alt="Bussel House, Safad, 11 April 1948: Yiftach Brigade headquarters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Safad_i.jpg/120px-Safad_i.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Safad_i.jpg/250px-Safad_i.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="467" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bussel House, Safad, 11 April 1948: <a href="/wiki/Yiftach_Brigade" title="Yiftach Brigade">Yiftach Brigade</a> headquarters</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Canaan_iv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Safed from Mount Canaan (1948)"><img alt="View of Safed from Mount Canaan (1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mount_Canaan_iv.jpg/120px-Mount_Canaan_iv.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mount_Canaan_iv.jpg/180px-Mount_Canaan_iv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mount_Canaan_iv.jpg/240px-Mount_Canaan_iv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="426" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Safed from Mount Canaan (1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Canaan_Police_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandate administration building on the eastern outskirts of Safed (1948)"><img alt="Mandate administration building on the eastern outskirts of Safed (1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mount_Canaan_Police_station.jpg/120px-Mount_Canaan_Police_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mount_Canaan_Police_station.jpg/250px-Mount_Canaan_Police_station.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="495" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandate administration building on the eastern outskirts of Safed (1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed_v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yiftach Brigade, with their Hotchkiss machine guns, based at Bussel House, 1948"><img alt="Yiftach Brigade, with their Hotchkiss machine guns, based at Bussel House, 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Safed_v.jpg/120px-Safed_v.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Safed_v.jpg/180px-Safed_v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Safed_v.jpg/240px-Safed_v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="473" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yiftach_Brigade" title="Yiftach Brigade">Yiftach Brigade</a>, with their <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1929_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotchkiss M1929 machine gun">Hotchkiss</a> machine guns, based at Bussel House, 1948</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_in_Safad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Druze parading in Safed after the Palmach victory in 1948"><img alt="Druze parading in Safed after the Palmach victory in 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Druze_in_Safad.jpg/120px-Druze_in_Safad.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Druze_in_Safad.jpg/180px-Druze_in_Safad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Druze_in_Safad.jpg/240px-Druze_in_Safad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="451" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Druze parading in Safed after the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> victory in 1948</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Israel">State of Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: State of Israel">edit</a>]</div> In 1974, 25 Israeli Jews (mainly school children) from Safed, were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a>. Over 1990s and early 2000s, the town accepted thousands of Russian Jewish immigrants and Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-safed.co.il-142">[141]</a> In July 2006, <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">"Katyusha"</a> rockets fired by <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> from Southern Lebanon hit Safed, killing one man and injuring others. Many residents fled the town for the duration of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Myre-143">[142]</a> On July 22, four people were injured in a rocket attack. The town has retained its unique status as a Jewish studies centre, incorporating numerous facilities.<a href="#cite_note-safed.co.il-142">[141]</a> In 2010, eighteen senior rabbis led by the chief rabbi of Safed, <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Eliyahu" title="Shmuel Eliyahu">Shmuel Eliyahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/December_2010_Israeli_rabbi_letter_controversy" title="December 2010 Israeli rabbi letter controversy">issued an edict</a> urging the city's residents not to rent or sell property to Arabs, warning of an "Arab takeover"; Arabs constitute a fractional proportion of the population, and the statement was generally perceived to be directed at the 1,300 Arab students enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Zefat_Academic_College" title="Zefat Academic College">Zefat Academic College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SherwoodGuardian-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mayors">Mayors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mayors">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Muhammad Afadani Hassan Abd al-Rahman (elected in 1927)</li> <li>Salah Izz al-Din Qaddura (elected in 1934)</li> <li>Ali Reza al-Nakhawi (1934–1939)</li> <li>Zaki Qaddura</li> <li>Moshe Padhatzur (1948–1955)</li> <li>Avraham HaCohen (1955–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Meivar" title="Meir Meivar">Meir Meivar</a> (March–November 1965; November 1969–September 1971)</li> <li>Yaakov Hopert (November 1966–April 1966; April 1967–November 1969)</li> <li>Israel Chaim Berkowitz (April 1966–April 1967)</li> <li>Eli Kadoush (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Nahmias" title="Aharon Nahmias">Aharon Nahmias</a> (1973–1983)</li> <li>Ze'ev Perl (1983–1993)</li> <li>Moshe Chaniya (1993–1998)</li> <li>Yosef Oz (1998–2001)</li> <li>Oded HaMairi (2001–2003)</li> <li>Yishai Maimon (2003–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Shohat" title="Ilan Shohat">Ilan Shohat</a> (2008–2018)</li> <li>Shuki Ohana (2018–February 2024)</li> <li>Yossi Kakun (2024–)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> In 2008, the population of Safed was 32,000.<a href="#cite_note-cbs_populations2009-147">[146]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">CBS</a> figures in 2001, the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.2% <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> and non-Arab, with no significant <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Arab">Arab</a> population. 43.2% of the residents were 19 years of age or younger, 13.5% between 20 and 29, 17.1% between 30 and 44, 12.5% from 45 to 59, 3.1% from 60 to 64, and 10.5% 65 years of age or older. The city is home to a relatively large community of <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SherwoodGuardian-144">[143]</a> The village of <a href="/wiki/Akbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbara">Akbara</a> in the city's southwestern outskirts, which had a population of about 500 Arab Muslims, most of whom belonged to a single clan, the Halihal, is under Safed's municipal jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seismology">Seismology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Seismology">edit</a>]</div> The city is located above the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Transform" title="Dead Sea Transform">Dead Sea Transform</a>, and is one of the cities in Israel most at risk of <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> (along with Tiberias, <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona" title="Kiryat Shmona">Kiryat Shmona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>).<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> Safed is 40 kilometers (25 mi) east of Acre and 20 kilometers (12 mi) north of Tiberias.<a href="#cite_note-AmitaiPreiss757-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Safed has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: Csa) with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy and occasionally snowy winters. The city receives 682 mm (27 in) of precipitation per year. Summers are rainless and hot with an average high temperature of 31 °C (88 °F) and an average low temperature of 20 °C (68 °F). Winters are cool and wet, and precipitation is occasionally in the form of snow. Winters have an average high temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) and an average low temperature of 5 °C (41 °F). <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Safed (Har Kenaan) (2004-2022, extremes 1939–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1 (100.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 (104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 (107.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1 (86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.0 (107.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.0 (55.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4 (20.5) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4 (25.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7 (28.9) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2 (26.2) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−9.0 (15.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #00EE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.1 (7.17) </td> <td style="background: #36FF36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.9 (4.84) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4 (2.42) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (1.37) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (0.48) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (0.03) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (0.13) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3 (0.84) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3 (2.85) </td> <td style="background: #29FF29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.4 (5.65) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">654.7 (25.78) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.3 </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Israel Meteorological Service<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> According to CBS, the city has 25 schools and 6,292 students. There are 18 elementary schools with a student population of 3,965, and 11 high schools with a student population of 2,327. 40.8% of Safed's 12th graders were eligible for a matriculation (<a href="/wiki/Bagrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrut">bagrut</a>) certificate in 2001. The <a href="/wiki/Zefat_Academic_College" title="Zefat Academic College">Zefat Academic College</a>, originally an extension of <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a>, was granted independent accreditation by Israel's Council of Higher Education in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> For the 2011–2012 school year, the college began a program designed specifically for <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OmerMan2011-153">[152]</a> It was created in order to allow haredi women living in the Upper Galilee access to higher education, while still maintaining strict religious practice.<a href="#cite_note-OmerMan2011-153">[152]</a> The program accomplishes this goal through separate classes for male and female students.<a href="#cite_note-OmerMan2011-153">[152]</a> The classes are also taught during certain hours as to allow women to fulfill other aspects of their religiosity.<a href="#cite_note-OmerMan2011-153">[152]</a> In October 2011, Israel's fifth medical school opened in Safed, housed in a renovated historic building in the centre of town that was once a branch of <a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Medical_Center" title="Hadassah Medical Center">Hadassah Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine opened in 2011 as an extension of Bar-Ilan University, created to train physicians in the Upper Galilee region.<a href="#cite_note-:1-155">[154]</a> The schools conducts clinical instructions in six hospitals in the region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tzafon_Medical_Center" title="Tzafon Medical Center">Tzafon Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziv_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziv Medical Center">Ziv Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Galilee_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Galilee Hospital">Western Galilee Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMMS_Nazareth_Hospital" title="EMMS Nazareth Hospital">EMMS Nazareth Hospital</a></li> <li>The Holy Family Hospital</li> <li>Mazra Mental Health Center <a href="#cite_note-:1-155">[154]</a></li></ul> On March 8, 2021, the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime-Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> announced that Israel is to establish its 10th university in Safed, after a growing need for a university in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">northern district of Israel</a>. Plans have been in place to establish a university in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> since 2005, but no progress was made until 2015 when Netanyahu vowed to start working on the project during a Galilee Conference.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> As one of Judaism's Holy Cities, Safed hosts several <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshivas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> Yeshivat Tzfat <a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> and associated institutions are <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh Yeshiva">headed</a> by Rabbi Mordechai Kaplan. The <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">Religious Zionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a> <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:ישיבת ההסדר צפת">Yeshiva of Tzfat</a> <a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> was founded in 1997 by Rabbi <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8" class="extiw" title="he:בניהו ברונר">Benyahu Broner</a> and is today headed by Rabbi <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95" class="extiw" title="he:שמואל אליהו">Shemuel Eliyahu</a> with approximately 120 students. For women, Sharei Bina is a <a href="/wiki/Midrasha" title="Midrasha">midrasha</a> (seminary) offering a one-year post high school program,<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> with an increased focus on Jewish spirituality - including formal study of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalistic">Kabbalistic</a> topics.<a href="#cite_note-Rothenberg2005-160">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> has several institutions including Machon Alte <a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> for women, and the advanced <a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a> Tzemach Tzedek.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Livnot_U%27Lehibanot" title="Livnot U'Lehibanot">Livnot U'Lehibanot</a> program in Safed provides an open, non-denominational atmosphere for young Jewish adults that combines volunteering, hiking and study with exploring Jewish heritage.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_door_in_Beit_Castel_gallery,_Safed,_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Blue_door_in_Beit_Castel_gallery%2C_Safed%2C_Israel.jpg/330px-Blue_door_in_Beit_Castel_gallery%2C_Safed%2C_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Blue_door_in_Beit_Castel_gallery%2C_Safed%2C_Israel.jpg/500px-Blue_door_in_Beit_Castel_gallery%2C_Safed%2C_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Blue_door_in_Beit_Castel_gallery%2C_Safed%2C_Israel.jpg/960px-Blue_door_in_Beit_Castel_gallery%2C_Safed%2C_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beit_Castel" title="Beit Castel">Beit Castel</a> gallery in the artists' colony</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artists'_colony">Artists' colony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Artists' colony">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artists_Quarter_of_Safed" title="Artists Quarter of Safed">Artists Quarter of Safed</a></div> In the 1950s and 1960s, Safed was known as Israel's art capital. An artists' colony established in the old Arab quarter was a hub of creativity that drew artists from around the country, among them <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Yitzhak Frenkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yosl_Bergner" title="Yosl Bergner">Yosl Bergner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Castel" title="Moshe Castel">Moshe Castel</a>, Menachem Shemi, <a href="/wiki/Shimshon_Holzman" title="Shimshon Holzman">Shimshon Holzman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolly_Schaffer" title="Rolly Schaffer">Rolly Schaffer</a>. In honor of the opening of the Glitzenstein Art Museum in 1953, the artist <a href="/wiki/Mane_Katz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mane Katz">Mane Katz</a> donated eight of his paintings to the city. Today the area contains a large number of galleries and workshops run by individual artists and art vendors. There are several museums and galleries that function in the historical homes of major Israeli artists such as the <a href="/wiki/Frenkel_Frenel_Museum" title="Frenkel Frenel Museum">Frenkel Frenel Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beit_Castel" title="Beit Castel">Beit Castel</a> gallery (in <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Castel" title="Moshe Castel">Moshe Castel</a>'s former home).<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITN-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> In the 1960s, Safed was home to the country's top nightclubs, hosting the debut performances of <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Shemer" title="Naomi Shemer">Naomi Shemer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aris_San" title="Aris San">Aris San</a>, and other singers.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Nowadays, Safed has been hailed as the <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a> capital of the world, hosting an annual Klezmer Festival that attracts top musicians from around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> A school of world music, especially eastern music called Maqamat operates in the <a href="/wiki/Artists_Quarter_of_Safed" title="Artists Quarter of Safed">Artists' Quarter of Safed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Beit Hameiri museum documents Safed's Jewish community over the past 200 years.</li> <li>The Museum of the Art of Printing displays the first Hebrew printing press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_sites">Historic sites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Historic sites">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_60503_the_scottish_church_in_safed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PikiWiki_Israel_60503_the_scottish_church_in_safed.jpg/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_60503_the_scottish_church_in_safed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PikiWiki_Israel_60503_the_scottish_church_in_safed.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_60503_the_scottish_church_in_safed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PikiWiki_Israel_60503_the_scottish_church_in_safed.jpg/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_60503_the_scottish_church_in_safed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3301" /></a><figcaption>Scottish church in Safed</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Citadel Hill</dt></dl> The Citadel Hill, in Hebrew HaMetzuda, rises east of the Old City and is named after the huge Crusader and then Mamluk castle built there during the 12th and 13th centuries, which continued in use until being totally destroyed by the 1837 earthquake. Its ruins are still visible. On the western slope beneath the ruins stands the former British police station, still pockmarked by bullet holes from the 1948 war. <dl><dt>Old Jewish Quarter</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyLindmanAbuhav1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RoyLindmanAbuhav1.jpg/220px-RoyLindmanAbuhav1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RoyLindmanAbuhav1.jpg/330px-RoyLindmanAbuhav1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RoyLindmanAbuhav1.jpg/440px-RoyLindmanAbuhav1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abuhav_Synagogue" title="Abuhav Synagogue">Abuhav Synagogue</a>, one of the city's historic synagogues</figcaption></figure> Before 1948, most of Safed's Jewish population used to live in the northern section of the old city. Currently home to 32 synagogues, it is also referred to as the synagogue quarter and includes synagogues named after prominent rabbis of the town: the <a href="/wiki/Abuhav_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuhav synagogue">Abuhav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Alshich" title="Moshe Alshich">Alsheich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karo" title="Joseph Karo">Karo</a> and two named for Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>: one <a href="/wiki/Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue" title="Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue">Ashkenazi</a>, the other Sephardi. <dl><dt>Mamluk-period buildings</dt></dl> Further south are two monumental Mamluk-period buildings: <ul><li>the Red Mosque with a khan (1276)</li> <li>the Mamluk mausoleum, now used by <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">freemasons</a>. The mausoleum was built for a Mamluk na'ib (governor) of Safed, Muzaffar ad-Din Musa ibn Hajj al-Ruqtay Musa Muzaffar al-Din ibn Ruqtay al-Hajj, who died in AH 762/AD 1360–61).<a href="#cite_note-Egypt-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a></li></ul> Southeast of the Artists' Quarter is the <a href="/wiki/Saray_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saray (building)">Saraya</a>, the fortified governor's residence built by Zahir al-Umar (1689/90–1775). A report about the "obliteration of non-Jewish historic sites in Safed" mentions a mausoleum, an ancient grave and an ancient mosque that was converted into a clubhouse.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_people_from_Safed" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable people from Safed">List of notable people from Safed</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Israel" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel">List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel</a></div> Safed is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Erzs%C3%A9betv%C3%A1ros" title="Erzsébetváros">Erzsébetváros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guarda,_Portugal" title="Guarda, Portugal">Guarda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lille,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Lille, France">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nikopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Beach County">Palm Beach County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castile%E2%80%93La_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Castile–La Mancha">Castile–La Mancha</a>, Spain</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Meron_181.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument to the Israeli soldiers who fought in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War"><img alt="Monument to the Israeli soldiers who fought in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Meron_181.jpg/120px-Meron_181.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Meron_181.jpg/250px-Meron_181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="864" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument to the Israeli soldiers who fought in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Safed in 2009"><img alt="Safed in 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Safed_2009.jpg/120px-Safed_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Safed_2009.jpg/180px-Safed_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Safed_2009.jpg/240px-Safed_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Safed in 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed_view_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Safed"><img alt="View of Safed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Safed_view_02.JPG/120px-Safed_view_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Safed_view_02.JPG/250px-Safed_view_02.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Safed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed_view_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Safed"><img alt="View of Safed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Safed_view_01.jpg/120px-Safed_view_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Safed_view_01.jpg/250px-Safed_view_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Safed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Houses in Safed"><img alt="Houses in Safed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Safed_01.JPG/120px-Safed_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Safed_01.JPG/180px-Safed_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Safed_01.JPG/240px-Safed_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Houses in Safed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SafedDSCN4022.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Doorway in Beit Castel gallery, Safed"><img alt="Doorway in Beit Castel gallery, Safed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SafedDSCN4022.JPG/90px-SafedDSCN4022.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SafedDSCN4022.JPG/135px-SafedDSCN4022.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SafedDSCN4022.JPG/180px-SafedDSCN4022.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Doorway in <a href="/wiki/Beit_Castel" title="Beit Castel">Beit Castel</a> gallery, Safed</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_Safed_and_Mount_Meron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Panorama_Safed_and_Mount_Meron.jpg/1000px-Panorama_Safed_and_Mount_Meron.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Panorama_Safed_and_Mount_Meron.jpg/1500px-Panorama_Safed_and_Mount_Meron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Panorama_Safed_and_Mount_Meron.jpg/2000px-Panorama_Safed_and_Mount_Meron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15898" data-file-height="3421" /></a><figcaption>Panorama Safed and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meron" title="Mount Meron">Mount Meron</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_Safed_%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%AA_(Sea_of_Galilee_in_the_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Panorama_Safed_%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%AA_%28Sea_of_Galilee_in_the_background%29.jpg/1000px-Panorama_Safed_%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%AA_%28Sea_of_Galilee_in_the_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Panorama_Safed_%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%AA_%28Sea_of_Galilee_in_the_background%29.jpg/1500px-Panorama_Safed_%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%AA_%28Sea_of_Galilee_in_the_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Panorama_Safed_%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%AA_%28Sea_of_Galilee_in_the_background%29.jpg/2000px-Panorama_Safed_%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%AA_%28Sea_of_Galilee_in_the_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>View to the east and <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_clock_towers" title="List of clock towers">List of clock towers</a> – Safed has its own, the Ottoman clock tower of the "Saraya" (government house), inaugurated in 1900</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Abbas is quoted as saying "People were motivated to run away... They feared retribution from Zionist terrorist organizations – particularly from the Safed ones. Those of us from Safed especially feared that the Jews harbored old desires to avenge what happened during the 1929 uprising.... They realized the balance of forces was shifting and therefore the whole town was abandoned on the basis of this rationale – saving our lives and our belongings."<a href="#cite_note-Honig-138">[138]</a> In 2012 Abbas stated "I visited Safed before once. I want to see Safed. It's my right to see it, but not to live there."<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gorys-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Gorys_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErhard_Gorys1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erhard Gorys (1996). Heiliges Land. Kunst-Reiseführer (in German). Cologne: DuMont. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7701-3860-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-7701-3860-0"><bdi>3-7701-3860-0</bdi></a>. <q>Der ägyptische Pharao Thutmosis III (1490–1436) erwähnte in seiner Liste der eroberten Städte Kanaans auch Saft, das möglicherweise mit Zefat identisch war. 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Retrieved 2022-05-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Safed+%7C+History%2C+Location%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FZefat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeout.com/israel/attractions/tzfat-a-guide-to-the-mystical-city">"An in depth guide to the mystical city of Tzfat (or Safed)"</a>. Time Out Israel. 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Retrieved December 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safed&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library+Article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fvie-safed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbasi40-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbasi40_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbasi40_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbasi40_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbasi40_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbasi40_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbasi40_6-5">f</a> Abbasi (2004) pp. 40–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Morris (2004) 221–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHecht_Museum2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hecht Museum (2013). After the School of Paris (in English and Hebrew). Israel: Mané-Katz Museum, <a href="/wiki/Haifa_Museum_of_Art" title="Haifa Museum of Art">Haifa Museums</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789655350272" title="Special:BookSources/9789655350272"><bdi>9789655350272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+School+of+Paris&rft.place=Israel&rft.pub=Man%C3%A9-Katz+Museum%2C+Haifa+Museums&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789655350272&rft.au=Hecht+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safed.co.il/ArtistQuarterofSafed.html">"Artist Quarter of Safed"</a>. www.safed.co.il. Retrieved 2023-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.safed.co.il&rft.atitle=Artist+Quarter+of+Safed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safed.co.il%2FArtistQuarterofSafed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mushecht.haifa.ac.il/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:2015-01-27-09-53-19&catid=208&lang=he&Itemid=169">"The School of Paris and the Artists' Quarter of Safed"</a>. Hecht Museum. 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hecht+Museum&rft.atitle=The+School+of+Paris+and+the+Artists%27+Quarter+of+Safed&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmushecht.haifa.ac.il%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D57%3A2015-01-27-09-53-19%26catid%3D208%26lang%3Dhe%26Itemid%3D169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vilnai-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vilnai_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vilnai_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vilnai_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vilnai_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVilnay,_Zev1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zev_Vilnay" title="Zev Vilnay">Vilnay, Zev</a> (1972). "Tsefat". 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Retrieved 2009-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hadassah+Magazine&rft.pub=Hadassah.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadassah.org%2Fnews%2Fcontent%2Fper_hadassah%2Farchive%2F2004%2F04_DEC%2Ftraveler.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+5:14&version=nkjv">Matthew 5:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/ellicott/matthew/5.htm">Ellicott's Commentary for Modern Readers</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/meyer/matthew/5.htm">Meyer's NT Commentary</a> on Matthew 5, both accessed 9 December 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography_of_Israel:_Safed-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Geography_of_Israel:_Safed_16-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_17270.html">Geography of Israel: Safed</a>, accessed 9 December 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-judaica-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-judaica_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-judaica_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Safed". 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Footprint Handbooks. p. 714. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900949-48-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900949-48-4"><bdi>978-1-900949-48-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Saraya was originally built as a caravanserai in the Ottoman period, though it was later used by both the Turks and the British as an administrative building.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+Handbook%3A+With+the+Palestinian+Authority+Areas&rft.pages=714&rft.pub=Footprint+Handbooks&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-900949-48-4&rft.au=Dave+Winter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhvaiOGV9BjkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Abu-Husayn 1985, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Abu-Husayn 1993, pp. 5–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Abu-Husayn 1985, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Abu-Husayn 1985, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson1841-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson1841_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Robinson1841" class="citation book cs1">Edward Robinson (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft">Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: a journal of travels in the year 1838</a>. Crocker and Brewster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft/page/333">333</a>. Retrieved 4 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Researches+in+Palestine%2C+Mount+Sinai+and+Arabia+Petraea%3A+a+journal+of+travels+in+the+year+1838&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Crocker+and+Brewster&rft.date=1841&rft.au=Edward+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiblicalresearch03robiuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein63-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein63_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein63_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein63_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein63_90-3">d</a> Finkelstein 1960, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-rappel-91"><a href="#cite_ref-rappel_91-0">^</a> Joel Rappel. History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), Vol.2, p.531. "In 1662 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabbathai_Sevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabbathai Sevi (page does not exist)">Sabbathai Sevi</a> arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned..." </li> <li id="cite_note-barnai14-92"><a href="#cite_ref-barnai14_92-0">^</a> Barnai, Jacob. The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0572-7">978-0-8173-0572-7</a>; p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Salibi66-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi66_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi66_93-1">b</a> Salibi 1988, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Petersen 2001, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Joudah 1987, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Cohen 1973, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Cohen 1973, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Cohen 1973, pp. 93–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Sa'ar H. When Israel trembles: former earthquakes. Ynet online. 11.05.2012. (in Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Morgenstern 2006, p. </li> <li id="cite_note-Franco633-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franco633_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franco633_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franco633_101-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franco633_101-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franco633_101-4">e</a> Franco 1916, p. 633. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Morgenstern 2006, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Morgenstern 2006, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Morgenstern 2006, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-Safi-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Safi_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Safi_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSafi2008" class="citation cs2">Safi, Khaled M. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/483">"Territorial Awareness in the 1834 Palestinian Revolt"</a>, in Roger Heacock (ed.), Of Times and Spaces in Palestine: The Flows and Resistances of Identity, Beirut: Presses de l'Ifpo, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351592656" title="Special:BookSources/9782351592656"><bdi>9782351592656</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Territorial+Awareness+in+the+1834+Palestinian+Revolt&rft.btitle=Of+Times+and+Spaces+in+Palestine%3A+The+Flows+and+Resistances+of+Identity&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%27Ifpo&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782351592656&rft.aulast=Safi&rft.aufirst=Khaled+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Sicker 1999, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieber256-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lieber256_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieber256_107-1">b</a> Lieber 1992, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticsmissionar0000lieb/page/256">256</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Idinopulos1998-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Idinopulos1998_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_A._Idinopulos1998" class="citation book cs1">Thomas A. 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Dee. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-189-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-189-1"><bdi>978-1-56663-189-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weathered+by+Miracles%3A+A+History+of+Palestine+from+Bonaparte+and+Muhammad+Ali+to+Ben-Gurion+and+the+Mufti&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-189-1&rft.au=Thomas+A.+Idinopulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgoVtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Lieber 1992, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ambraseys933-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ambraseys933_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambraseys933_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmbraseys1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ambraseys, N. 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Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M6300">the original</a> on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemina%C3%A7%C3%B5es+de+Cidades+e+Vilas&rft.pub=Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Nacional+de+Munic%C3%ADpios+Portugueses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anmp.pt%2Fanmp%2Fpro%2Fmun1%2Fgem101l0.php%3Fcod_ent%3DM6300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218193628/http://www.leparisien.fr/lille-59000/la-ville-de-lille-met-en-veille-son-jumelage-avec-safed-en-israel-07-10-2014-4195033.php">"La ville de Lille "met en veille" son jumelage avec Safed en Israël"</a>. leparisien.fr. 31 August 2015. 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Retrieved 11 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leparisien.fr&rft.atitle=La+ville+de+Lille+%22met+en+veille%22+son+jumelage+avec+Safed+en+Isra%C3%ABl&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Flille-59000%2Fla-ville-de-lille-met-en-veille-son-jumelage-avec-safed-en-israel-07-10-2014-4195033.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.g-news.co.il/article.asp?news=9574&article=9574">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018072534/http://www.g-news.co.il/article.asp?news=9574&article=9574">Archived</a> 2015-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbbasi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Abbasi, Mustafa (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oldwebsite.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/17_safad_2.pdf">"The Arab Community of Safad 1840–1918: A Critical Period"</a> (PDF). 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Lanham, Maryland and London: Middle East Institute and University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916808-43-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-916808-43-2"><bdi>0-916808-43-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Biographical+Note&rft.btitle=Hasib+Sabbagh%3A+From+Palestinian+Refugee+to+Citizen+of+the+World&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland+and+London&rft.pub=Middle+East+Institute+and+University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-916808-43-2&rft.aulast=Deeb&rft.aufirst=Mary-Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPqM3Z7GvlXcC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrory2004" class="citation book cs1">Drory, Joseph (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NBBMJJTEoKMC&pg=PA163">"Founding a New Mamlaka"</a>. In Winter, Michael; Levanoni, Amalia (eds.). The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004132863" title="Special:BookSources/9789004132863"><bdi>9789004132863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Founding+a+New+Mamlaka&rft.btitle=The+Mamluks+in+Egyptian+and+Syrian+Politics+and+Society&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789004132863&rft.aulast=Drory&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNBBMJJTEoKMC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbiedYoung1975" class="citation book cs1">Ebied, R. Y.; Young, M. J. L. (1975). Some Arabic Legal Documents of the Ottoman Period: From the Leeds Manuscript Collection University of Leeds, Dept. of Semitic Studies. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04401-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04401-9"><bdi>90-04-04401-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Arabic+Legal+Documents+of+the+Ottoman+Period%3A+From+the+Leeds+Manuscript+Collection+University+of+Leeds%2C+Dept.+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=90-04-04401-9&rft.aulast=Ebied&rft.aufirst=R.+Y.&rft.au=Young%2C+M.+J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllenblum2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Ellenblum" title="Ronnie Ellenblum">Ellenblum, R.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiYgyRyL97oC">Crusader Castles and Modern Histories</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139462556" title="Special:BookSources/9781139462556"><bdi>9781139462556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusader+Castles+and+Modern+Histories&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781139462556&rft.aulast=Ellenblum&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoiYgyRyL97oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranco1916" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Franco, M. (1916). "Safed". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sr85AQAAMAAJ">The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day</a>. Vol. 10. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls Company. pp. 633–636.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Safed&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Descriptive+Record+of+the+History%2C+Religion%2C+Literature%2C+and+Customs+of+the+Jewish+People+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E633-%3C%2Fspan%3E636&rft.pub=Funk+and+Wagnalls+Company&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsr85AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Palestine,_Department_of_Statistics1945" class="citation book cs1">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390">Village Statistics, April, 1945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+Statistics%2C+April%2C+1945&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Government+of+Palestine%2C+Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.nli.org.il%2Fsites%2Fnli%2FHebrew%2Flibrary%2FPages%2FBookReader.aspx%3Fpid%3D856390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHadawi1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sami_Hadawi" title="Sami Hadawi">Hadawi, S.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html">Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine</a>. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+Statistics+of+1945%3A+A+Classification+of+Land+and+Area+ownership+in+Palestine&rft.pub=Palestine+Liberation+Organization+Research+Center&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hadawi&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestineremembered.com%2FArticles%2FGeneral-2%2FStory3150.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolt1995" class="citation book cs1">Holt, P. M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2oeolaGUCEC">Early Mamluk Diplomacy, 1260–1290: Treaties of Baybars and Qalāwūn with Christian Rulers</a>. Leiden and New York: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10246-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10246-9"><bdi>90-04-10246-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Mamluk+Diplomacy%2C+1260%E2%80%931290%3A+Treaties+of+Baybars+and+Qal%C4%81w%C5%ABn+with+Christian+Rulers&rft.place=Leiden+and+New+York&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-10246-9&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2oeolaGUCEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLayish1987" class="citation journal cs1">Layish, Aharon (1987). ""Waqfs" and Ṣūfī Monasteries in the Ottoman Policy of Colonization: Sulṭan Selīm I's "waqf" of 1516 in Favour of Dayr al-Asad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 50 (1): 61–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00053192">10.1017/S0041977X00053192</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/616894">616894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161757141">161757141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=%22Waqfs%22+and+%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABf%C4%AB+Monasteries+in+the+Ottoman+Policy+of+Colonization%3A+Sul%E1%B9%ADan+Sel%C4%ABm+I%27s+%22waqf%22+of+1516+in+Favour+of+Dayr+al-Asad&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161757141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F616894%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00053192&rft.aulast=Layish&rft.aufirst=Aharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLe_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange, G.</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft">Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</a>. Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestineundermo00lestuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLieber1992" class="citation book cs1">Lieber, Sherman (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticsmissionar0000lieb">Mystics and missionaries: the Jews in Palestine, 1799–1840</a>. University of Utah Press. p. [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticsmissionar0000lieb/">https://archive.org/details/mysticsmissionar0000lieb/</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-391-4"><bdi>978-0-87480-391-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystics+and+missionaries%3A+the+Jews+in+Palestine%2C+1799%E2%80%931840&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysticsmissionar0000lieb%2F&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-391-4&rft.aulast=Lieber&rft.aufirst=Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysticsmissionar0000lieb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuz2014" class="citation book cs1">Luz, Nimrod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeFSAwAAQBAJ">The Mamluk City in the Middle East: History, Culture, and the Urban Landscape</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04884-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04884-3"><bdi>978-1-107-04884-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mamluk+City+in+the+Middle+East%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+the+Urban+Landscape&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04884-3&rft.aulast=Luz&rft.aufirst=Nimrod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeFSAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills,_E.1932" class="citation book cs1">Mills, E., ed. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas">Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas</a>. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+Palestine+1931.+Population+of+Villages%2C+Towns+and+Administrative+Areas&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgenstern2006" class="citation book cs1">Morgenstern, Arie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dFh-fYvjokC">Hastening Redemption: Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel</a>. Translated by Joel A. Linsider. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530578-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530578-4"><bdi>978-0-19-530578-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hastening+Redemption%3A+Messianism+and+the+Resettlement+of+the+Land+of+Israel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530578-4&rft.aulast=Morgenstern&rft.aufirst=Arie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dFh-fYvjokC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, B.</a> (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00967-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00967-7"><bdi>0-521-00967-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-00967-7&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2001" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux_2wXFXYewC">A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine, Part 1</a>. London: Council for British Research in the Levant. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-727011-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-727011-0"><bdi>978-0-19-727011-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gazetteer+of+Buildings+in+Muslim+Palestine%2C+Part+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Council+for+British+Research+in+the+Levant&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-727011-0&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUx_2wXFXYewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPringle1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (1985). "Review Article: Reconstructing the Castle of Safad". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 117 (2): 139–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1985.117.2.139">10.1179/peq.1985.117.2.139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Review+Article%3A+Reconstructing+the+Castle+of+Safad&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fpeq.1985.117.2.139&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhode1979" class="citation thesis cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Rhode" title="Harold Rhode">Rhode, H.</a> (1979). The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safad in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). Columbia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Administration+and+Population+of+the+Sancak+of+Safad+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.inst=Columbia+University&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Rhode&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi" title="Kamal Salibi">Salibi, K.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4vOJ15vTZV4C">A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07196-4"><bdi>978-0-520-07196-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+of+Many+Mansions%3A+The+History+of+Lebanon+Reconsidered&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07196-4&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4vOJ15vTZV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1888" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Schumacher" title="Gottlieb Schumacher">Schumacher, G.</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale">"Population list of the Liwa of Akka"</a>. Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Statement+-+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.atitle=Population+list+of+the+Liwa+of+Akka&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarterlystateme19pale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharon1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Sharon, M.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC">Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, A</a>. Vol. 1. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10833-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10833-5"><bdi>90-04-10833-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Arabicarum+Palaestinae%2C+A&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10833-5&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj1rSzWgHMjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharon2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Sharon, M.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1d8xHcor0psC">Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Addendum</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15780-4"><bdi>978-90-04-15780-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Arabicarum+Palaestinae%2C+Addendum&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15780-4&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1d8xHcor0psC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSicker1999" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWBxUi5fVS0C">Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922</a>. Westport and London: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96639-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96639-9"><bdi>0-275-96639-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reshaping+Palestine%3A+From+Muhammad+Ali+to+the+British+Mandate%2C+1831-1922&rft.place=Westport+and+London&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-275-96639-9&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTWBxUi5fVS0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafed" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safed&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Safed#Q188336" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Safed">Safed</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zefat.muni.il/Pages/default.aspx">City Council website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802202224/https://www.zefat.muni.il/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> 2021-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zefat.net/">zefat.net</a> (in Hebrew)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125212133/http://www.safed-home.com/TouristInformation.html">Tourist Information Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbn.org.il/life-in-israel/community-and-housing/community-guide/tzfat/">Nefesh B' Nefesh Community Guide for Tzfat</a></li> <li>Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8367">IAA</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.04.jpg">Wikimedia commons</a>; Safed on the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">PEF</a> Map</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northern_District_of_Israel182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Template:Northern District (Israel)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Template talk:Northern District (Israel)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northern District (Israel)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northern_District_of_Israel182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_council_(Israel)" title="City council (Israel)">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">Afula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmiel" title="Karmiel">Karmiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona" title="Kiryat Shmona">Kiryat Shmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot-Tarshiha" title="Ma'alot-Tarshiha">Ma'alot-Tarshiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_HaEmek" title="Migdal HaEmek">Migdal HaEmek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nof_HaGalil" title="Nof HaGalil">Nof HaGalil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamra" title="Tamra">Tamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokneam_Illit" title="Yokneam Illit">Yokneam Illit</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_District_in_Israel_(%2Bdisputed_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg/50px-Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg/75px-Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg/100px-Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_council_(Israel)" title="Local council (Israel)">Local councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Snan" title="Abu Snan">Abu Snan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Arraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmat_Tab%27un" title="Basmat Tab'un">Basmat Tab'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitegen">Beitegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%27ina" title="Bi'ina">Bi'ina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_al-Maksur" title="Bir al-Maksur">Bir al-Maksur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%27eine_Nujeidat" title="Bu'eine Nujeidat">Bu'eine Nujeidat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daburiyya" title="Daburiyya">Daburiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Asad" title="Deir al-Asad">Deir al-Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Hanna" title="Deir Hanna">Deir Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilabun" title="Eilabun">Eilabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Mahil" title="Ein Mahil">Ein Mahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fassuta" title="Fassuta">Fassuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurfeish" title="Hurfeish">Hurfeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatzor_HaGlilit" title="Hatzor HaGlilit">Hatzor HaGlilit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27billin" title="I'billin">I'billin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iksal" title="Iksal">Iksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilut" title="Ilut">Ilut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeidi-Makr" title="Jadeidi-Makr">Jadeidi-Makr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jish" title="Jish">Jish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julis" title="Julis">Julis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre" title="Ka'abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre">Ka'abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul,_Israel" title="Kabul, Israel">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kanna" title="Kafr Kanna">Kafr Kanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Manda" title="Kafr Manda">Kafr Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukab_Abu_al-Hija" title="Kaukab Abu al-Hija">Kaukab Abu al-Hija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Kama" title="Kfar Kama">Kfar Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Tavor" title="Kfar Tavor">Kfar Tavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Vradim" title="Kfar Vradim">Kfar Vradim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisra-Sumei" title="Kisra-Sumei">Kisra-Sumei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majd_al-Krum" title="Majd al-Krum">Majd al-Krum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad,_Israel" title="Mashhad, Israel">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazra%27a" title="Mazra'a">Mazra'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metula" title="Metula">Metula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal,_Israel" title="Migdal, Israel">Migdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27ilya" title="Mi'ilya">Mi'ilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahf" title="Nahf">Nahf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramat_Yishai" title="Ramat Yishai">Ramat Yishai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reineh" title="Reineh">Reineh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Pinna" title="Rosh Pinna">Rosh Pinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajur" title="Sajur">Sajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ab,_Israel" title="Sha'ab, Israel">Sha'ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomi,_Israel" title="Shlomi, Israel">Shlomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli%E2%80%93Umm_al-Ghanam" title="Shibli–Umm al-Ghanam">Shibli–Umm al-Ghanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba-Zangariyye" title="Tuba-Zangariyye">Tuba-Zangariyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur%27an" title="Tur'an">Tur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yafa_an-Naseriyye" title="Yafa an-Naseriyye">Yafa an-Naseriyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanuh-Jat" title="Yanuh-Jat">Yanuh-Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarka" title="Yarka">Yarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavne%27el" title="Yavne'el">Yavne'el</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesud_HaMa%27ala" title="Yesud HaMa'ala">Yesud HaMa'ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzir" title="Zarzir">Zarzir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buq%27ata" title="Buq'ata">Buq'ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Qiniyye" title="Ein Qiniyye">Ein Qiniyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghajar" title="Ghajar">Ghajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ade" title="Mas'ade">Mas'ade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzrin" title="Katzrin">Katzrin</a> (Israeli settlement)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(Israel)" title="Regional council (Israel)">Regional councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Batuf_Regional_Council" title="Al-Batuf Regional Council">Al-Batuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emek_HaMaayanot_Regional_Council" title="Emek HaMaayanot Regional Council">Beit She'an Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_al-Marj_Regional_Council" title="Bustan al-Marj Regional Council">Bustan al-Marj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emek_HaYarden_Regional_Council" title="Emek HaYarden Regional Council">Northern Jordan Valley (Emek HaYarden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilboa_Regional_Council" title="Gilboa Regional Council">Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley_Regional_Council" title="Jezreel Valley Regional Council">Jezreel Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee_Regional_Council" title="Lower Galilee Regional Council">Lower Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Yosef_Regional_Council" title="Ma'ale Yosef Regional Council">Ma'ale Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateh_Asher_Regional_Council" title="Mateh Asher Regional Council">Mateh Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megiddo_Regional_Council" title="Megiddo Regional Council">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merom_HaGalil_Regional_Council" title="Merom HaGalil Regional Council">Merom HaGalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevo%27ot_HaHermon_Regional_Council" title="Mevo'ot HaHermon Regional Council">Mevo'ot HaHermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misgav_Regional_Council" title="Misgav Regional Council">Misgav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee_Regional_Council" title="Upper Galilee Regional Council">Upper Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Regional_Council" title="Golan Regional Council">Golan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holy_places_in_Judaism139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holy_places_in_Judaism" title="Template:Holy places in Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_places_in_Judaism" title="Template talk:Holy places in Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_places_in_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy places in Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_places_in_Judaism139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_places#Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy places">Holy places</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Land_of_Israel(Laws_and_customs)96" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Laws and customs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holy_cities38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_cities_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy cities of Judaism">Holy cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jerusalem(Holiness)54" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">Holiness</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Temple_inJerusalem48" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of burial places of biblical figures">Tombs of biblical figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Matriarchs" title="Tomb of the Matriarchs">Matriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Benjamin" title="Tomb of Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David%27s_Tomb" title="David's Tomb">David</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tomb" title="Joseph's Tomb">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Joshua" title="Tomb of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Samuel" title="Tomb of Samuel">Samuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aaron" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_Tomb" title="Ezekiel's Tomb">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Daniel" title="Tomb of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum#Tomb" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra%27s_Tomb" title="Ezra's Tomb">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_High_Priest#Tomb" title="Joshua the High Priest">Joshua the High Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai" title="Tomb of Esther and Mordechai">Esther and Mordechai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israeli_cities115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_Israeli_cities" title="Template:Largest Israeli cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_Israeli_cities" title="Template talk:Largest Israeli cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_Israeli_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest Israeli cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israeli_cities115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">Israeli cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (East, West)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–299,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Yam" title="Bat Yam">Bat Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beit Shemesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadera" title="Hadera">Hadera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzliya" title="Herzliya">Herzliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Saba" title="Kfar Saba">Kfar Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi%27in-Maccabim-Re%27ut" title="Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut">Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000–99,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">Afula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%27ad" title="El'ad">El'ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givatayim" title="Givatayim">Givatayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod_HaSharon" title="Hod HaSharon">Hod HaSharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Ata" title="Kiryat Ata">Kiryat Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Gat" title="Kiryat Gat">Kiryat Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_Ziona" title="Ness Ziona">Ness Ziona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27anana" title="Ra'anana">Ra'anana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netivot" title="Netivot">Netivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_HaAyin" title="Rosh HaAyin">Rosh HaAyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Fahm" title="Umm al-Fahm">Umm al-Fahm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Yavne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15,000–49,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Arraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqa_al-Gharbiyye" title="Baqa al-Gharbiyye">Baqa al-Gharbiyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona">Dimona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv%27at_Shmuel" title="Giv'at Shmuel">Giv'at Shmuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim" title="Kafr Qasim">Kafr Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmiel" title="Karmiel">Karmiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Yona" title="Kfar Yona">Kfar Yona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Bialik" title="Kiryat Bialik">Kiryat Bialik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi" title="Kiryat Malakhi">Kiryat Malakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Motzkin" title="Kiryat Motzkin">Kiryat Motzkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Ono" title="Kiryat Ono">Kiryat Ono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona" title="Kiryat Shmona">Kiryat Shmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Yam" title="Kiryat Yam">Kiryat Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot-Tarshiha" title="Ma'alot-Tarshiha">Ma'alot-Tarshiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_HaEmek" title="Migdal HaEmek">Migdal HaEmek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesher" title="Nesher">Nesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nof_HaGalil" title="Nof HaGalil">Nof HaGalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofakim" title="Ofakim">Ofakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Or_Akiva" title="Or Akiva">Or Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Or_Yehuda" title="Or Yehuda">Or Yehuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramat_HaSharon" title="Ramat HaSharon">Ramat HaSharon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sderot" title="Sderot">Sderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shefa-Amr" title="Shefa-Amr">Shefa-Amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamra" title="Tamra">Tamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayibe" title="Tayibe">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tira,_Israel" title="Tira, Israel">Tira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirat_Carmel" title="Tirat Carmel">Tirat Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud-Monosson" title="Yehud-Monosson">Yehud-Monosson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokneam_Illit" title="Yokneam Illit">Yokneam Illit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crusader_sites811" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crusader_sites" title="Template:Crusader sites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crusader_sites" title="Template talk:Crusader sites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crusader_sites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crusader sites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crusader_sites811" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles" title="List of Crusader castles">sites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Sorted_by_modern_states,_with_crusader_names_in_parentheses_()145">Sorted by modern states, with crusader names in parentheses ()</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Cyprus" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Egypt" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Greece" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_monastery_in_Abu_Ghosh" title="Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a> (Fontenoid) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achziv</a> (Casal Imbertia) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/20px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/40px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel#Knights'_Halls" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> (Saint Jean d'Acre) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/20px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/40px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf" title="Apollonia–Arsuf">Apollonia–Arsuf</a> (Arsur) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastelet" title="Chastelet">Ateret Fortress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" title="Siege of Jacob's Ford">siege</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazur" title="Yazur">Yazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_%27Itab" title="Bayt 'Itab">Bayt 'Itab</a> (Bethaatap) <a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/20px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/40px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a> (Beth Gibelin) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> (Bethsan) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Castle_(Israel)" title="Belvoir Castle (Israel)">Belvoir Fortress</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgata" title="Burgata">Burgata</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafarlet" title="Cafarlet">Cafarlet</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin" title="Château Pèlerin">Château Pèlerin</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Destroit" title="Le Destroit">Destroit</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burj,_Ramle" title="Al-Burj, Ramle">Castle Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Hemed" title="Ein Hemed">Ein Hemed</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Crusader_period" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Crusader period">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/20px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/40px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Lazarus_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/17px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/26px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/34px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/20px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/40px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> (Caypha) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a> (Toron) <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunin" title="Hunin">Hunin</a> (Château Neuf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27ilya" title="Mi'ilya">Mi'ilya</a> (Castellum Regis) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/20px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/40px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_Afek" title="Migdal Afek">Migdal Afek</a> (Mirabel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Castle" title="Montfort Castle">Montfort</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/20px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/40px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a> (Calanson) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaqun" title="Qaqun">Qaqun</a> (Caco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qastal,_Jerusalem" title="Al-Qastal, Jerusalem">Qastal</a> (Beauverium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qula" title="Qula">Qula</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Safed</a> (Saphet) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taibe,_Galilee" title="Taibe, Galilee">Taibe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Afek" title="Tel Afek">Tel Afek</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hanaton" title="Tel Hanaton">Tel Hanaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Safi" title="Tell es-Safi">Tell es-Safi</a> (Blanche Garde) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Tanninim" title="Tel Tanninim">Tel Tanninim (Torin Selin)</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba,_Jerusalem" title="Suba, Jerusalem">Suba</a> (Belmont) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Yokneam" title="Tel Yokneam">Tel Yokneam</a> (Caymont) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibna" title="Yibna">Yavne</a> (Ibelin) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> (La Sephorie) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Khalid" title="Umm Khalid">Umm Khalid</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Jiddin" title="Khirbat Jiddin">Khirbat Jiddin</a> (Judin) <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/20px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/40px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Castle" title="Ajloun Castle">Ajloun Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_(castle)" title="Montreal (castle)">Montreal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafilah" title="Tafilah">Tafilah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27ayra_Castle" title="Wu'ayra Castle">Vaux Moise</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Castle,_Lebanon" title="Beaufort Castle, Lebanon">Beaufort Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Castle" title="Beirut Castle">Beirut Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belhacem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belhacem (page does not exist)">Belhacem</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_Castle" title="Byblos Castle">Byblos Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqra,_Lebanon#Doubay_or_'Qal'at_ad-Dubba" title="Shaqra, Lebanon">Dubay Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibelacar" title="Gibelacar">Gibelacar</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliath" title="Coliath">Coliath</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/20px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/40px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Kifa#Castle" title="Deir Kifa">Deir Kifa Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasbaya#The_Citadel" title="Hasbaya">Hasbaya Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moinetre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moinetre (page does not exist)">Moinetre</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mseilha_Fort" title="Mseilha Fort">Puy du Connétable, Castrum Constabularii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Nephin</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Castle" title="Saint Louis Castle">Saint Louis Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandelion_Castle" title="Scandelion Castle">Scandelion Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Sea_Castle" title="Sidon Sea Castle">Sidon Sea Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/20px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/40px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Syria" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Turkey" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Associations</dt> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/20px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/40px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Lazarus_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/17px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/26px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/34px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Lazarus" title="Order of Saint Lazarus">Order of Saint Lazarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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