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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ottoman rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 French Mandate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pressure_on_German-occupied_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure_on_German-occupied_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Pressure on German-occupied France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure_on_German-occupied_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_from_Free_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_from_Free_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Independence from Free France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_from_Free_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_and_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_and_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Civil War and occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_and_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_revolution_and_spillover_of_the_Syrian_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_revolution_and_spillover_of_the_Syrian_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Post-war revolution and spillover of the Syrian conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_revolution_and_spillover_of_the_Syrian_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_crisis_(2019–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_crisis_(2019–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 National crisis (2019–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_crisis_(2019–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 LGBT rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Manufacturing and industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Media and cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Holidays and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 General references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lebanon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 254 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-254" aria-hidden="true" > 254 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubnan" title="Lubnan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5" title="ሊባኖስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊባኖስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="लेबनान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लेबनान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanus" title="Libanus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Libanus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لبنان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لبنان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%A2" title="ܠܒܢܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܒܢܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լիբանան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լիբանան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="লেবানন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লেবানন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_L%C3%ADbanu" title="El Líbanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="El Líbanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="लेवनान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लेवनान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADvano" title="Lívano – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Lívano" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livan" title="Livan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Livan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لوبنان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوبنان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9banon" title="Lébanon – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lébanon" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubenan" title="Lubenan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Lubenan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="লেবানন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেবানন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%AB-pa-l%C3%B9n" title="Lī-pa-lùn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lī-pa-lùn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ліван – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліван" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лібан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лібан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="लेबनान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लेबनान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ལེ་པ་ནོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལེ་པ་ནོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADban" title="Líban – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Líban" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libano" title="Libano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Libano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbano" title="Líbano – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Líbano" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanus" title="Libanus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Libanus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لبنان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبنان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AA%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ލުބުނާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލުބުނާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadtsoh_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Gadtsoh Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Gadtsoh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="लेवनान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लेवनान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="ལེ་བཱ་ནཱོན་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ལེ་བཱ་ནཱོན་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liibanon" title="Liibanon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liibanon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λίβανος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίβανος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbano" title="Líbano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Líbano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libano" title="Libano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbanu" title="Líbanu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Líbanu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libano" title="Libano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Libano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لبنان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لبنان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Liob%C3%A1in" title="An Liobáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Liobáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Livaan" title="Yn Livaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Livaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livan" title="Livan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Livan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabanon" title="Leabanon – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leabanon" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbano" title="Líbano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Líbano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="લેબેનાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લેબેનાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="लेबनॉन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लेबनॉन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AC-p%C3%A2-nun" title="Lì-pâ-nun – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lì-pâ-nun" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%94%EB%85%BC" title="레바논 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레바논" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepanona" title="Lepanona – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lepanona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լիբանան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիբանան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="लेबनान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेबनान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libano" title="Libano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="লেবানন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="লেবানন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libano" title="Libano – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Libano" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libano" title="Libano – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Libano" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbanon" title="Líbanon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líbanon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libano" title="Libano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="לבנון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לבנון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liiba%C5%8B" title="Liibaŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Liibaŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲೆಬನನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೆಬನನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbanu" title="Líbanu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Líbanu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლიბანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიბანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A0%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لؠبنان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لؠبنان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libani" title="Libani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Libani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanoni" title="Lebanoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lebanoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libnan" title="Libnan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Libnan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanon" title="Levanon – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Levanon" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanus" title="Libanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Libanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C4%81na" title="Libāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Libāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanas" title="Libanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Libanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libano" title="Libano – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Libano" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubnan" title="Lubnan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livanu" title="Livanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Livanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lu%27orgu%27e" title="lu'orgu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lu'orgu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="लेबनान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लेबनान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Либан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Либан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A0na" title="Libàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Libàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ലെബനാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലെബനാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanu" title="Libanu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Libanu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repanona" title="Repanona – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Repanona" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="लेबेनॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेबेनॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლიბანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიბანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لبنان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لبنان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لبنان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لبنان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubnan" title="Lubnan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯂꯦꯕꯥꯅꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯦꯕꯥꯅꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9-b%C4%83-n%C3%A2ung" title="Lé-bă-nâung – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lé-bă-nâung" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbano" title="Líbano – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Líbano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Либан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Либан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="လက်ဘနွန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်ဘနွန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="लेबनान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लेबनान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="लेबानन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लेबानन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3" title="レバノン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レバノン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbano" title="Libbano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Libbano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liibanon" title="Liibanon – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Liibanon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libaanon" title="Libaanon – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Libaanon" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livan" title="Livan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Livan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਲਿਬਨਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਬਨਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="लेबनान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="लेबनान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لبنان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لبنان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbano" title="Líbano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Líbano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لبنان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لبنان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanan" title="Lebanan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lebanan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="លីបង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="លីបង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ACban" title="Lìban – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lìban" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λίβανος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λίβανος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbano" title="Líbano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Líbano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livan" title="Livan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Livan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbnan" title="Lübnan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lübnan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipanu" title="Lipanu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lipanu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лібанон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лібанон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Либан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Либан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepanona" title="Lepanona – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Lepanona" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="लेबनान – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लेबनान" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ACbanu" title="Lìbanu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lìbanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libani" title="Libani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Libani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ACbbanu" title="Lìbbanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lìbbanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ලෙබනන් සමුහාණ්ඩුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලෙබනන් සමුහාණ්ඩුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لبنان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لبنان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILibhanoni" title="ILibhanoni – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="ILibhanoni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubnaan" title="Lubnaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Lubnaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لوبنان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لوبنان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Либан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Либан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="லெபனான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லெபனான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubnan" title="Lubnan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းလႄႇပႃႇၼွၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းလႄႇပႃႇၼွၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="లెబనాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లెబనాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbanu" title="Líbanu – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Líbanu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศเลบานอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเลบานอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лубнон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лубнон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepanoni" title="Lepanoni – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lepanoni" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbnan" title="Lübnan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lübnan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Liwan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ливан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨒᨙᨅᨊᨚᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨒᨙᨅᨊᨚᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ліван – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліван" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لبنان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لبنان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%89%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لىۋان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لىۋان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%ACbano" title="Łìbano – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łìbano" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livan" title="Livan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Livan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban%C3%A4n" title="Libanän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Libanän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liibanon" title="Liibanon – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Liibanon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban" title="Liban – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Liban" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黎巴嫩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libano" title="Libano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Libano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libaa" title="Libaa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Libaa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黎巴嫩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="לבנון – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לבנון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%B9%CC%81b%C3%A1n%E1%BB%8D%CC%81n%C3%AC" title="Lẹ́bánọ́nì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Lẹ́bánọ́nì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黎巴嫩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubnan" title="Lubnan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97bans" title="Lėbans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėbans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黎巴嫩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8banon" title="Lèbanon – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Lèbanon" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubnan" title="Lubnan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Libanon" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livan" title="Livan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Livan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q822#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lebanon&params=33_50_N_35_50_E_">33°50′N 35°50′E / 33.833°N 35.833°E / 33.833; 35.833</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected."><img alt="Page extended-confirmed-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lebanon (disambiguation)">Lebanon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Liban" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Liban_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Liban (disambiguation)">Liban (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lebanese Republic" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">its predecessor state</a> (1926–1946).</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lebanon&params=33_50_N_35_50_E_">33°50′N 35°50′E / 33.833°N 35.833°E / 33.833; 35.833</a> Lebanon,<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Lebanon,<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> region of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. Situated at the crossroads of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a> it is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to the north and east, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the west; <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> lies a short distance from the coastline. Lebanon has a population of more than five million and an area of 10,452 square kilometres (4,036 sq mi). <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> is the country's capital and largest city. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Lebanon</div><div class="ib-country-names">الجمهورية اللبنانية (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) al-Jumhūriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lebanon"><img alt="Flag of Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/125px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/188px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/250px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon" title="Flag of Lebanon">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>كلّنا للوطن‎</li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Lebanon" title="National Anthem of Lebanon">Kullunā li-l-waṭan</a></li><li>"All of us, for our country!"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Lebanese_national_anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Lebanese_national_anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Lebanese_national_anthem.ogg/Lebanese_national_anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALebanese_national_anthem.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALebanese_national_anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALebanese_national_anthem.ogg&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALebanese_national_anthem.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALebanese_national_anthem.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALebanese_national_anthem.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALebanese_national_anthem.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALebanese_national_anthem.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lebanon (in green)"><img alt="Location of Lebanon (in green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lebanon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Lebanon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lebanon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Lebanon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lebanon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Lebanon_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Lebanon (in green)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_-_Location_Map_(2012)_-_LBN_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lebanon"><img alt="Location of Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lebanon_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_LBN_-_UNOCHA.svg/250px-Lebanon_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_LBN_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lebanon_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_LBN_-_UNOCHA.svg/375px-Lebanon_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_LBN_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lebanon_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_LBN_-_UNOCHA.svg/500px-Lebanon_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_LBN_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="254" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lebanon&params=33_54_N_35_32_E_type:city">33°54′N 35°32′E / 33.900°N 35.533°E / 33.900; 35.533</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-article_11-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local vernacular</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised minority language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>95% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a></li><li>4% <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Armenian</a></li><li>1% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">confessionalism</a><a href="#cite_note-constitution-8">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aoun" title="Joseph Aoun">Joseph Aoun</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Salam" title="Nawaf Salam">Nawaf Salam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Speaker_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Speaker of Lebanon">Speaker of the Parliament</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nabih_Berri" title="Nabih Berri">Nabih Berri</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Emirate of Mount Lebanon">Emirate of Mount Lebanon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1516</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Double_Qaim-Maqamate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon">Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1843</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 June 1861</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 1926</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 November 1943</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French mandate</a> ended </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">French forces</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 April 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon#Withdrawal_from_South_Lebanon_(1999–2000)" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Israeli troops withdrawn</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 2000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Revolution#Withdrawal_of_Syrian_troops" title="Cedar Revolution">Syrian troops withdrawn</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 April 2005</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,452 km2 (4,036 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">161st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.8</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,364,482<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">117th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">513/km2 (1,328.7/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $78.233 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LB-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">108th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $11,793<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LB-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">114th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $21.780 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LB-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">103rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3,283<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LB-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">133rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 31.8<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-11">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.723<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-12">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">109th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Lebanese pound</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">LBP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Lebanon" title="Telephone numbers in Lebanon">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Lebanon" title="Telephone numbers in Lebanon">+961</a><a href="#cite_note-cia-13">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:LB" title="ISO 3166-2:LB">LB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.lb" title=".lb">.lb</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">.لبنان</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Human habitation in Lebanon dates to 5000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-byblos-15">[12]</a> From 3200 to 539 BC, it was part of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, a maritime civilization that spanned the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> In 64 BC, the region became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. After the seventh century, it came under the rule of different Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphates">caliphates</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a>. The 11th century saw the establishment of Christian <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>, which fell to the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluks</a>. Lebanon came under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule in the early 15th century. Under Ottoman sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a>, the first Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Quasi-state" title="Quasi-state">proto state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a>, was established as a home for <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Maronite Christians</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat#Reforms" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat reforms</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Lebanon came under the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a>, administered by <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, which established <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a>. By 1943, Lebanon had gained independence from <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> and established a distinct form of <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">confessional government</a>, with the state's major religious groups being <a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">apportioned specific political powers</a>. The new Lebanese state was relatively stable,<a href="#cite_note-dos-2010-03-22-17">[14]</a> but this was ultimately shattered by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990). Lebanon was also subjugated by two military occupations: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syria from 1976 to 2005</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Israel from 1985 to 2000</a>. It has been the scene of several <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict" title="Israeli–Lebanese conflict">conflicts with Israel</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">ongoing war</a> marks the fourth Israeli invasion since 1978. Lebanon is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>, ranked 112th on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> It has been classified as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">upper-middle-income state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">Lebanese liquidity crisis</a>, coupled with <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lebanon" title="Corruption in Lebanon">nationwide corruption</a> and disasters such as the <a href="/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion" title="2020 Beirut explosion">2020 Beirut explosion</a>, precipitated the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Lebanon's currency</a> and fomented political instability, widespread resource shortages, and <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Lebanon" title="Poverty in Lebanon">high unemployment and poverty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> has defined Lebanon's economic crisis as one of the world's worst since the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> Despite the country's small size,<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanese culture</a> is renowned both in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and globally, powered primarily by the large and influential <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> Lebanon is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organization of Islamic Cooperation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">root</a> lbn (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%A4%8B%F0%90%A4%81%F0%90%A4%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐤋𐤁𐤍">𐤋𐤁𐤍</a>) meaning "white", apparently from its snow-capped peaks.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooganSmith2012177-26">[23]</a> Occurrences of the name have been found in different <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a> texts from the library of <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> and three of the twelve tablets of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>. The name is recorded in Egypt as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rmnn" class="extiw" title="wikt:rmnn">rmnn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>: 𓂋𓏠𓈖𓈖𓈉; it had no letter corresponding to l).<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> The name occurs nearly 70 times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as לְבָנוֹן Ləḇānon.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Lebanon as the name of an administrative unit (as opposed to the mountain range) that was introduced with the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Ottoman reforms of 1861</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: متصرفية جبل لبنان; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı), continued in the name of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دولة لبنان الكبير Dawlat Lubnān al-Kabīr; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: État du Grand Liban) in 1920, and eventually in the name of the sovereign Republic of Lebanon (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الجمهورية اللبنانية al-Jumhūriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah) upon its independence in 1943.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">History of Lebanon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Lebanon" title="History of ancient Lebanon">History of ancient Lebanon</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byblos_Libanon_2003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Byblos_Libanon_2003.JPG/220px-Byblos_Libanon_2003.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Byblos_Libanon_2003.JPG/330px-Byblos_Libanon_2003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Byblos_Libanon_2003.JPG/440px-Byblos_Libanon_2003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> is believed to have been first occupied between 8800 and 7000 BC<a href="#cite_note-PeltenburgWasse2004a-30">[27]</a> and continuously inhabited since 5000 BC,<a href="#cite_note-byblos1-31">[28]</a> making it among <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a> was the first to become sedentary at around 12000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Evidence of early settlement in Lebanon was found in <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, considered among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">oldest continuously inhabited cities</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-byblos-15">[12]</a> The evidence dates back to earlier than 5000 BC. Archaeologists discovered remnants of prehistoric huts with crushed limestone floors, primitive weapons, and <a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">burial jars</a> left by the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> fishing communities who lived on the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> over 7,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Lebanon was part of northern <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, and consequently became the homeland of Canaanite descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, a seafaring people based in the coastal strip of the northern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> who spread across the Mediterranean in the first millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> The most prominent Phoenician cities were <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Hiram_I" title="Hiram I">Hiram of Tyre</a> collaborated closely with <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, supplying cedar logs for <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> and sending skilled workers.<a href="#cite_note-:10-38">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Phoenicians</a> are credited with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">oldest verified alphabet</a>, which subsequently inspired the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> one thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> In the 9th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician colonies">Phoenician colonies</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, flourished throughout the Mediterranean. Subsequently, foreign powers, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, imposed tribute and attacked non-compliant cities. The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> took control in the 6th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-:10-38">[35]</a> In 539 BC, The cities of Phoenicia were then incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-40">[37]</a> The Phoenician city-states were later incorporated into the empire of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (332 BC)">siege of Tyre in 332 BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-40">[37]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianTrade_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PhoenicianTrade_EN.svg/220px-PhoenicianTrade_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PhoenicianTrade_EN.svg/330px-PhoenicianTrade_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PhoenicianTrade_EN.svg/440px-PhoenicianTrade_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, trade routes and the Phoenician colony of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Carthage" title="History of Carthage">Carthage</a></figcaption></figure> In 64 BC, the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> had the region of Syria annexed into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. The area was then split into two <a href="/wiki/Imperial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial province">Imperial Provinces</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Phoenice</a>, the latter which the land of present-day Lebanon was a part of. The region that is now Lebanon, as with the rest of Syria and much of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, became a major center of Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> during the early spread of the faith. During the late 4th and early 5th century, a hermit named <a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a> established a monastic tradition focused on the importance of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> near the Mediterranean mountain range known as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>. The monks who followed Maron spread his teachings among Lebanese in the region. These Christians became known as <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> and moved into the mountains to avoid religious persecution by Roman authorities.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> During the frequent <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a> that lasted for many centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> occupied what is now Lebanon from 619 till 629.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> During the 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslims conquered Syria</a> from the Byzantines, incorporating the region, including modern-day Lebanon, under the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Islamic Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:42-43">[40]</a> In the era of <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>'s caliphate (644–656), Islam gained significant influence in Damascus, led by <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya</a>, a relative of Uthman, serving as the governor. Mu'awiya sent forces to the coastal region of Lebanon, prompting conversions to Islam among the coastal population. However, the mountainous areas retained their Christian or other cultural practices.<a href="#cite_note-:10-38">[35]</a> Despite Islam and Arabic becoming officially dominant, the population's conversion from Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a> was gradual. The Maronite community, in particular, managed to maintain a large degree of autonomy despite the succession of rulers over Lebanon and Syria. The relative isolation of the Lebanese mountains meant the mountains served as a refuge in the times of religious and political crises in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. As such, the mountains displayed religious diversity and the existence of several well-established sects and religions, notably, <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Jacobites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> After the Islamic conquest, Mediterranean trade declined for three centuries due to conflicts with the Byzantines. The ports of Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, and Tripoli struggled to recover, sustaining small populations under <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> rule. Christians and Jews were often obligated to pay the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>, or poll tax levied on non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-:42-43">[40]</a> During the 980s, the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> took control of the Levant, including Mount Lebanon, resulting in the rejuvenation of Mediterranean trade along the Lebanese coast through renewed connections with Byzantium and Italy. This resurgence saw Tripoli and Tyre flourishing well into the 11th century, focusing on exports such as textiles, sugar, and glassware.<a href="#cite_note-:42-43">[40]</a> During the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze</a> religion emerged from a branch of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. The new religion gained followers in the southern portion of Mount Lebanon. The southern portion of Mount Lebanon was ruled by Druze feudal families till the early 14th century. The Maronite population increased gradually in Northern Mount Lebanon and the Druze have remained in Southern Mount Lebanon until the modern era. <a href="/wiki/Keserwan_District" title="Keserwan District">Keserwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Amel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Amel">Jabal Amel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> was ruled by Shia feudal families under the Mamluks and the Ottoman Empire. Major cities on the coast, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, and others, were directly administered by the Muslim Caliphs and the people became more fully absorbed by the Arab culture.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_(1289).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg/170px-Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg/255px-Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg/340px-Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2725" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tripoli_(1289)" title="Fall of Tripoli (1289)">Fall of Tripoli</a> to the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> and destruction of the Crusader state, the County of Tripoli, 1289</figcaption></figure> Following the fall of Roman <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to the Muslim Turks, the Byzantines put out a call to the Pope in Rome for assistance in the 11th century. The result was a series of wars known as the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> launched by the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Franks</a> from Western Europe to reclaim the former Byzantine Christian territories in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>). The <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> succeeded in temporarily establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a> as Roman Catholic Christian states along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> These crusader states made a lasting impact on the region, though their control was limited, and the region returned to full Muslim control after two centuries following the conquest by the Mamluks. Among the most lasting effects of the Crusades in this region was the contact between the Franks (i.e., the French) and the Maronites. Unlike most other Christian communities in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, who swore allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> or other local patriarchs, the Maronites proclaimed allegiance to the Pope in Rome. As such the Franks saw them as Roman Catholic brethren. These initial contacts led to centuries of support for the Maronites from France and Italy, even after the fall of the Crusader states in the region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon Emirate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon Eyalet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg/220px-DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg/330px-DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg/440px-DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fakhreddine_II_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhreddine II Palace">Fakhreddine II Palace</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> In 1516, Lebanon became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, with governance administered indirectly through local <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-46">[43]</a> Lebanon's area was organized into provinces: Northern and Southern Mount Lebanon, Tripoli, Baalbek and Beqaa Valley, and <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Amil" title="Jabal Amil">Jabal Amil</a>. In 1590, Druze tribal leader <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_II" title="Fakhr al-Din II">Fakhr al-Din II</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate#Qurqumaz_(1544–1585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Korkmaz</a> in southern Mount Lebanon and quickly asserted his authority as the paramount emir of the Druze in the Shouf region. Eventually, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">Sanjak-bey</a>, overseeing various Ottoman sub-provinces and tax collection. Expanding his influence extensively, he even constructed a fort in <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Castle" title="Palmyra Castle">Palmyra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> However, this expansion raised concerns for Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, leading to a punitive expedition in 1633. Fakhr al-Din II was captured, imprisoned for two years, and subsequently executed in April 1635, along with one of his sons.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Surviving members of his family continued to govern a reduced area under closer Ottoman supervision until the late 17th century. On the death of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ma%27n" title="Ahmad Ma'n">last Maan emir</a>, various members of the Shihab clan ruled Mount Lebanon until 1830. While the history of Druze-Christian relations in Lebanon has generally been marked by harmony and peaceful coexistence,<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> there were occasional periods of tension, notably during the <a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a>, during which around 10,000 Christians were killed by the Druze.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Shortly afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Emirate of Mount Lebanon">Emirate of Mount Lebanon</a>, which lasted about 400 years, was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a>, as a result of a European-Ottoman treaty called the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8glement_Organique_(Mount_Lebanon)" title="Règlement Organique (Mount Lebanon)">Règlement Organique</a>. The Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate<a href="#cite_note-UCS-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanasar-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-frg-56">[53]</a> (1861–1918, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: متصرفية جبل لبنان; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı) was one of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s subdivisions following the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reform. After 1861 there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian <a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">mutasarrıf</a>, which had been created as a homeland for the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Maronites</a> under European diplomatic pressure following the 1860 massacres. The <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "<a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Maronite-Druze dualism</a>" in Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.<a href="#cite_note-Deeb_2013-57">[54]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg/220px-Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg/331px-Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg/440px-Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8440" data-file-height="11302" /></a><figcaption>1862 map drawn by the French expedition of <a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie-Napol%C3%A9on_de_Beaufort_d%27Hautpoul" title="Charles-Marie-Napoléon de Beaufort d'Hautpoul">Beaufort d'Hautpoul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hakim2013-58">[55]</a> later used as a template for the 1920 borders of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a><a href="#cite_note-Firro2003-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rooke-60">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> The Baalbek and Beqaa Valley and Jabal Amel was ruled intermittently by various Shia feudal families, especially the <a href="/wiki/El_Assaad_Family" title="El Assaad Family">Al Ali Alsagheer</a> in Jabal Amel that remained in power until 1865 when Ottomans took direct ruling of the region. <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Bey_Karam" title="Youssef Bey Karam">Youssef Bey Karam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> a Lebanese nationalist played an influential role in Lebanon's independence during this era. Lebanon experienced profound devastation in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman army</a> assumed direct control, disrupting supplies and confiscating animals, ultimately leading to a severe famine.<a href="#cite_note-:8-46">[43]</a> During the war, approximately 100,000 people in Beirut and Mount Lebanon died due to starvation.<a href="#cite_note-Ilah-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Mandate">French Mandate</h3></div> Amidst the height of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> of 1916, a secret pact between Britain and France, delineated Lebanon and its surrounding areas as regions open to potential French influence or control.<a href="#cite_note-:8-46">[43]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> emerged victorious in the war, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> ultimately collapsed, losing control over the area. Soon after the war, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Elias_Peter_Hoayek" title="Elias Peter Hoayek">Elias Peter Hoayek</a>, representing the Maronite Christians, successfully campaigned for an expanded territory at the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>, also including areas with significant Muslim and Druze populations in addition to the Christian-dominated Mount Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-:8-46">[43]</a> In 1920, King <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a>'s independence and asserted control over Lebanon. However, following a defeat to the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a>, the kingdom was dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-:8-46">[43]</a> Around the same time, at the <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo Conference</a>, tasked with deciding the fate of former Ottoman territories, it was determined that Syria and Lebanon would fall under French rule; shortly afterward, the formal division of territories took place in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, signed a few months later.<a href="#cite_note-:8-46">[43]</a> On 1 September 1920, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a>, or Grand Liban, was officially established under French control as a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations Mandate</a>, following the terms outlined in the proposed <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a>. Greater Lebanon united the regions of Mount Lebanon, North Lebanon, South Lebanon, and the Bekaa, with Beirut as its designated capital.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-46">[43]</a> These specified boundaries later evolved into the present-day configuration of Lebanon. This arrangement was later ratified in July 1922.<a href="#cite_note-:8-46">[43]</a> The Lebanese Republic was officially proclaimed on 1 September 1926, with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">adoption of a constitution</a> inspired by the French constitution on 23 May of the same year. While a Lebanese government was established, the country continued to be under French control.<a href="#cite_note-:8-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pressure_on_German-occupied_France">Pressure on German-occupied France</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/220px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/330px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/440px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate</a> and the states created in 1920</figcaption></figure> Lebanon gained a measure of independence while France was occupied by Germany.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dentz" title="Henri Dentz">Henri Dentz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</a> <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High commissioner</a> for Syria and Lebanon, played a major role in the independence of the nation. The Vichy authorities in 1941 allowed Germany to move aircraft and supplies through <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> where they were used against British forces. The United Kingdom, fearing that <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> would gain full control of Lebanon and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> by pressure on the weak Vichy government, <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">sent its army into Syria and Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> After the fighting ended in Lebanon, General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> visited the area. Under political pressure from both inside and outside Lebanon, de Gaulle recognized the independence of Lebanon. On 26 November 1941, General <a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a> announced that Lebanon would become independent under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> government. Elections were held in 1943 and on 8 November 1943 the new Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the mandate. The French reacted by imprisoning the new government. Lebanese nationalists declared a provisional government, and the British diplomatically intervened on their behalf. In the face of intense British pressure and protests by Lebanese nationalists, the French reluctantly released the government officials on 22 November 1943, and accepted the independence of Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut%27s_Martyrs%27_Square_during_celebrations_marking_the_release_by_the_French_of_Lebanon%27s_government_from_Rashayya_prison_on_November_22,_1943,_the_day_of_Lebanon%27s_independence._Adib_Ibrahim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Beirut%27s_Martyrs%27_Square_during_celebrations_marking_the_release_by_the_French_of_Lebanon%27s_government_from_Rashayya_prison_on_November_22%2C_1943%2C_the_day_of_Lebanon%27s_independence._Adib_Ibrahim.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Beirut%27s_Martyrs%27_Square_during_celebrations_marking_the_release_by_the_French_of_Lebanon%27s_government_from_Rashayya_prison_on_November_22%2C_1943%2C_the_day_of_Lebanon%27s_independence._Adib_Ibrahim.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Beirut%27s_Martyrs%27_Square_during_celebrations_marking_the_release_by_the_French_of_Lebanon%27s_government_from_Rashayya_prison_on_November_22%2C_1943%2C_the_day_of_Lebanon%27s_independence._Adib_Ibrahim.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Beirut" title="Martyrs' Square, Beirut">Martyrs' Square in Beirut</a> during celebrations marking the release by the French of Lebanon's government from <a href="/wiki/Rashayya_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashayya prison">Rashayya prison</a> on 22 November 1943</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_from_Free_France">Independence from Free France</h3></div> Following the end of World War II in Europe the French mandate may be said to have been terminated without any formal action on the part of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> or its successor the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. The mandate was ended by the declaration of the mandatory power, and of the new states themselves, of their independence, followed by a process of piecemeal unconditional recognition by other powers, culminating in formal admission to the United Nations. Article 78 of the UN Charter ended the status of tutelage for any member state: "The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality."<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> So when the UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after ratification of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">five permanent members</a>, as both Syria and Lebanon were founding member states, the French mandate for both was legally terminated on that date and full independence attained.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> The last French troops withdrew in December 1946. Lebanon's unwritten <a href="/wiki/National_Pact" title="National Pact">National Pact</a> of 1943 required that its president be Maronite Christian, its <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker of the parliament</a> to be a <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Shia Muslim</a>, its prime minister be <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslim</a>, and the Deputy Speaker of Parliament and the Deputy Prime Minister be <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Greek_Orthodox_Christians" title="Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians">Greek Orthodox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Lebanon's history since independence has been marked by alternating periods of political stability and turmoil interspersed with prosperity built on <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>'s position as a regional center for finance and trade.<a href="#cite_note-dos-2009-01-70">[67]</a> In May 1948, Lebanon supported neighboring Arab countries in a <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">war against Israel</a>. While some irregular forces crossed the border and carried out minor skirmishes against Israel, it was without the support of the Lebanese government, and Lebanese troops did not officially invade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2008524-71">[68]</a> Lebanon agreed to support the forces with covering artillery fire, armored cars, volunteers and logistical support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2008259-72">[69]</a> On 5–6 June 1948, the Lebanese army – led by the then <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Lebanon)">Minister of National Defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majid_Arslan" title="Majid Arslan">Emir Majid Arslan</a> – captured <a href="/wiki/Al-Malkiyya" title="Al-Malkiyya">Al-Malkiyya</a>. This was Lebanon's only success in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2008260-73">[70]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camille_Chamoun_com_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_em_visita_ao_Brasil,_1954_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Camille_Chamoun_com_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_em_visita_ao_Brasil%2C_1954_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Camille_Chamoun_com_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_em_visita_ao_Brasil%2C_1954_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Camille_Chamoun_com_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_em_visita_ao_Brasil%2C_1954_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Camille_Chamoun_com_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_em_visita_ao_Brasil%2C_1954_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Camille_Chamoun_com_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_em_visita_ao_Brasil%2C_1954_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Camille_Chamoun_com_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_em_visita_ao_Brasil%2C_1954_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Under <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chamoun" title="Camille Chamoun">Camille Chamoun</a>'s presidency, Lebanon experienced economic growth.</figcaption></figure> 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Lebanon" title="Palestinians in Lebanon">Palestinians</a> fled to Lebanon because of the war. Israel <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">did not permit their return</a> after the cease-fire.<a href="#cite_note-amn-74">[71]</a> As of 2017, between 174,000 and 450,000 Palestinian refugees live in Lebanon with about half in refugee camps (although these are often decades old and resemble neighborhoods).<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-75">[72]</a> Often Palestinians are legally barred from owning property or performing certain occupations.<a href="#cite_note-Butters-76">[73]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, Palestinian refugees in Lebanon live in "appalling social and economic conditions." In 1958, during the last months of President <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chamoun" title="Camille Chamoun">Camille Chamoun</a>'s term, <a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">an insurrection</a> broke out, instigated by Lebanese Muslims who wanted to make Lebanon a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>. Chamoun requested assistance, and 5,000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marines">United States Marines</a> were briefly dispatched to Beirut on 15 July. After the crisis, a new government was formed, led by the popular former general <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Chehab" title="Fouad Chehab">Fouad Chehab</a>. Until the early 1970s, Lebanon was dubbed "the Switzerland of the Middle East" for its unique status as both a snow-capped holiday destination and secure banking hub for <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Arab">Gulf Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Beirut was also nicknamed "the Paris of the Middle East."<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_and_occupation">Civil War and occupation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon</a></div>With the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Black September in Jordan">defeat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a> in Jordan, many Palestinian militants relocated to Lebanon, increasing their <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">armed campaign</a> against Israel. The relocation of Palestinian bases also led to increasing sectarian tensions between Palestinians versus the Maronites and other Lebanese factions.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Line,_Beirut_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg/220px-Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg/330px-Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg/440px-Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Lebanon)" title="Green Line (Lebanon)">Green Line</a> that separated west and east Beirut, 1982</figcaption></figure> In 1975, following increasing sectarian tensions, largely boosted by <a href="/wiki/Fatahland" title="Fatahland">Palestinian militant relocation</a> into South Lebanon, a full-scale civil war broke out in Lebanon. The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> pitted a coalition of Christian groups against the joint forces of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Organization">PLO</a>, left-wing Druze and Muslim militias. In June 1976, Lebanese President <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lias_Sarkis" title="Élias Sarkis">Élias Sarkis</a> asked for the Syrian Army to intervene on the side of the Christians and help restore peace.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> In October 1976 the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> agreed to establish a predominantly Syrian <a href="/wiki/Arab_Deterrent_Force" title="Arab Deterrent Force">Arab Deterrent Force</a>, which was charged with restoring calm.<a href="#cite_note-fco-cpl-80">[77]</a> PLO attacks from Lebanon into Israel in 1977 and 1978 escalated tensions between the countries. On 11 March 1978, 11 Fatah fighters landed on a beach in northern Israel and hijacked two buses full of passengers on the Haifa – Tel-Aviv road, shooting at passing vehicles in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a>. They killed 37 and wounded 76 Israelis before being killed in a firefight with Israeli forces.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Israel invaded Lebanon four days later in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Litani" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Litani">Operation Litani</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Army">Israeli Army</a> occupied most of the area south of the <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_425" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 425">Resolution 425</a> calling for immediate Israeli withdrawal and creating the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon</a> (UNIFIL), charged with attempting to establish peace.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueLine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BlueLine.jpg/220px-BlueLine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BlueLine.jpg/330px-BlueLine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BlueLine.jpg/440px-BlueLine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(border)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Line (border)">Blue Line</a> demarcation line between Lebanon and Israel, established by the UN after the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 1978</figcaption></figure> Israeli forces withdrew later in 1978, but retained control of the southern region by managing a 19-kilometre-wide (12 mi) security zone along the border. These positions were held by the <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a> (SLA), a Christian militia under the leadership of Major <a href="/wiki/Saad_Haddad" title="Saad Haddad">Saad Haddad</a> backed by Israel. The Israeli Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a>, compared the plight of the Christian minority in southern Lebanon (then about 5% of the population in SLA territory) to that of European Jews during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The PLO routinely <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">attacked</a> Israel during the period of the cease-fire, with over 270 documented attacks.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> People in Galilee regularly had to leave their homes during these shellings. Documents captured in PLO headquarters after the invasion showed they had come from Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> PLO leader <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> refused to condemn these attacks on the grounds that the cease-fire was only relevant to Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> In April 1980 the killing of two UNIFIL soldiers and the injuring of a third by the South Lebanon Army, near <a href="/wiki/At_Tiri" class="mw-redirect" title="At Tiri">At Tiri</a>, in the buffer zone led to the <a href="/wiki/At_Tiri_incident" title="At Tiri incident">At Tiri incident</a>. On 17 July 1981, Israeli aircraft bombed multi-story apartment buildings in Beirut that contained offices of PLO associated groups. The Lebanese delegate to the United Nations Security Council claimed that 300 civilians had been killed and 800 wounded. The bombing led to worldwide condemnation, and a temporary embargo on the export of U.S. aircraft to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> In August 1981, defense minister <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> began to draw up plans to attack PLO military infrastructure in West Beirut, where PLO headquarters and command bunkers were located.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_war_Lebanon_map_1983a.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Civil_war_Lebanon_map_1983a.gif/220px-Civil_war_Lebanon_map_1983a.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Civil_war_Lebanon_map_1983a.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Map showing power balance in Lebanon, 1983: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  controlled by <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  controlled by Christian groups</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  controlled by Israel</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  controlled by the UN</div></figcaption></figure> In 1982, <a href="/wiki/PLO_in_Lebanon" title="PLO in Lebanon">PLO</a> attacks from Lebanon on Israel led to <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">an Israeli invasion</a>, aiming to support Lebanese forces in driving out the PLO. A <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">multinational force</a> of American, French and Italian contingents (joined in 1983 by a British contingent) were deployed in Beirut after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Beirut" title="Siege of Beirut">the Israeli siege of the city</a>, to supervise the evacuation of the PLO. The civil war re-emerged in September 1982 after the assassination of Lebanese President <a href="/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel" title="Bachir Gemayel">Bachir Gemayel</a>, an Israeli ally, and subsequent fighting. During this time a number of sectarian massacres occurred, such as in <a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Camps" title="War of the Camps">several refugee camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> The multinational force was withdrawn in the spring of 1984, following <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">a devastating bombing attack</a> during the previous year. During the early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, a Shiite Islamist militant group and political party, came into existence through the efforts of Shiite clerics who were <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Hezbollah–Iran relations">financially supported and trained by Iran</a>. Arising in the aftermath of the 1982 war and drawing inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution in Iran</a>, Hezbollah actively engaged in combat against Israel as well as <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bombings</a> and assassinations. Their objectives encompassed eliminating Israel, fighting for the Shia cause in the Lebanese civil war, ending Western presence in Lebanon, and establishing a Shiite <a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> In the late 1980s, as <a href="/wiki/Amine_Gemayel" title="Amine Gemayel">Amine Gemayel</a>'s second term as president drew to an end, the Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">pound</a> collapsed. At the end of 1987 US$1 was worth £L500. This meant the legal minimum wage was worth just $17 a month. Most goods in shops were priced in dollars. A <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a> director estimated that 200,000–300,000 children were in need of assistance and were living almost entirely on bread, which was subsidized by the government. Those who could relied on foreign assistance. Hezbollah was receiving about $3–5 million a month from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> In September 1988, the Parliament failed to elect a successor to President Gemayel as a result of differences between the Christians, Muslims, and Syrians. The Arab League Summit of May 1989 led to the formation of a Saudi–Moroccan–Algerian committee to solve the crisis. On 16 September 1989 the committee issued a peace plan which was accepted by all. A ceasefire was established, the ports and airports were re-opened and refugees began to return.<a href="#cite_note-fco-cpl-80">[77]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visit_of_Rafik_Hariri,_Libanese_Prime_Minister,_to_the_EC_P0009170125H_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Visit_of_Rafik_Hariri%2C_Libanese_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_P0009170125H_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Visit_of_Rafik_Hariri%2C_Libanese_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_P0009170125H_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Visit_of_Rafik_Hariri%2C_Libanese_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_P0009170125H_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Visit_of_Rafik_Hariri%2C_Libanese_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_P0009170125H_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Visit_of_Rafik_Hariri%2C_Libanese_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_P0009170125H_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Visit_of_Rafik_Hariri%2C_Libanese_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_P0009170125H_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rafic_Hariri" title="Rafic Hariri">Rafic Hariri</a>, prime minister of Lebanon in 1996</figcaption></figure>In the same month, the Lebanese Parliament agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Taif_Agreement" title="Taif Agreement">Taif Agreement</a>, which included an outline timetable for Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon and a formula for the de-confessionalization of the Lebanese political system.<a href="#cite_note-fco-cpl-80">[77]</a> The civil war ended at the end of 1990 after 16 years; it had caused massive loss of human life and property and devastated the country's economy. It is estimated that 150,000 people were killed and another 200,000 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Nearly a million civilians were displaced by the war, and some never returned.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Parts of Lebanon were left in ruins.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> The Taif Agreement has still not been implemented in full and Lebanon's political system continues to be divided along sectarian lines. Conflict between Israel and Lebanese militants continued, leading to a series of violent events and clashes including the <a href="/wiki/Qana_massacre" title="Qana massacre">Qana massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> In May 2000, Israeli forces fully withdrew from Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Since then, 25 May is regarded by the Lebanese as the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_and_Liberation_Day_(Lebanon)" title="Resistance and Liberation Day (Lebanon)">Liberation Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[93]</a> The internal political situation in Lebanon significantly changed in the early 2000s. After the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon and the death of former president <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> in 2000, the Syrian military presence faced criticism and resistance from the Lebanese population.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cedar_Revolution_Demonstrators.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cedar_Revolution_Demonstrators.jpg/220px-Cedar_Revolution_Demonstrators.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cedar_Revolution_Demonstrators.jpg/330px-Cedar_Revolution_Demonstrators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cedar_Revolution_Demonstrators.jpg/440px-Cedar_Revolution_Demonstrators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrations in Lebanon triggered by the assassination of the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on 14 February 2005</figcaption></figure>On 14 February 2005, former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rafic_Hariri" title="Rafic Hariri">Rafic Hariri</a> was assassinated in a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> explosion.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a> accused <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> of the attack,<a href="#cite_note-Syria-assassin-105">[102]</a> while Syria and the <a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a> claimed that Israel was behind the assassination. The Hariri assassination marked the beginning of a series of assassinations that resulted in the death of many prominent Lebanese figures.<a href="#cite_note-106">[nb 1]</a> The assassination triggered the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Revolution" title="Cedar Revolution">Cedar Revolution</a>, a series of demonstrations which demanded the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the establishment of an international commission to investigate the assassination. Under pressure from the West, Syria began withdrawing,<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> and by 26 April 2005 all Syrian soldiers had returned to Syria.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1595" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1595">UNSC Resolution 1595</a> called for an investigation into the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_Independent_Investigation_Commission" title="United Nations International Independent Investigation Commission">United Nations International Independent Investigation Commission</a> published preliminary findings on 20 October 2005 in the <a href="/wiki/Mehlis_report" title="Mehlis report">Mehlis report</a>, which cited indications that the assassination was organized by Syrian and Lebanese intelligence services.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_S2005662-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_revolution_and_spillover_of_the_Syrian_conflict">Post-war revolution and spillover of the Syrian conflict</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Lebanese_protests" title="2011 Lebanese protests">2011 Lebanese protests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/17_October_Revolution" title="17 October Revolution">17 October Revolution</a></div> On 12 July 2006, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> launched a series of rocket attacks and <a href="/wiki/2006_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2006 Hezbollah cross-border raid">raids</a> into Israeli territory, where they killed three Israeli soldiers and captured two others.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> Israel responded with <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrikes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> fire on targets in Lebanon, and a ground invasion of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">southern Lebanon</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>. The conflict was officially ended by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1701" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701">UNSC Resolution 1701</a> on 14 August 2006, which ordered a ceasefire, the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon, and the disarmament of Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> Some 1,191 Lebanese<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> and 160 Israelis<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-118">[114]</a> were <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_2006_Lebanon_War" title="Casualties of the 2006 Lebanon War">killed</a> in the conflict. Beirut's southern suburb was heavily damaged by Israeli airstrikes.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Nahr_al-Bared" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahr al-Bared">Nahr al-Bared</a> refugee camp became the center of the <a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a> between the Lebanese Army and <a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a>. At least 169 soldiers, 287 insurgents and 47 civilians were killed in the battle. Funds for the reconstruction of the area have been slow to materialize.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> Between 2006 and 2008, <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Lebanese_political_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–2008 Lebanese political protests">a series of protests</a> led by groups opposed to the pro-Western Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Siniora" title="Fouad Siniora">Fouad Siniora</a> demanded the creation of a national unity government, over which the mostly Shia opposition groups would have veto power. When <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Lahoud" title="Émile Lahoud">Émile Lahoud</a>'s presidential term ended in October 2007, the opposition refused to vote for a successor unless a power-sharing deal was reached, leaving Lebanon without a president. On 9 May 2008, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal</a> forces, sparked by a government declaration that Hezbollah's communications network was illegal, seized western <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Global_Politician-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> the most important Sunni center in Lebanon, leading to an <a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict" title="2008 Lebanon conflict">intrastate military conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> The Lebanese government denounced the violence as a coup attempt.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> At least 62 people died in the resulting clashes between pro-government and opposition militias.<a href="#cite_note-Doha_NYT-125">[121]</a> On 21 May 2008, the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Agreement_(2008)" title="Doha Agreement (2008)">Doha Agreement</a> ended the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Politician-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doha_NYT-125">[121]</a> As part of the accord, which ended 18 months of political paralysis,<a href="#cite_note-Doha-126">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Suleiman" title="Michel Suleiman">Michel Suleiman</a> became president and a national unity government was established, granting a veto to the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Politician-121">[117]</a> The agreement was a victory for opposition forces, as the government caved in to all their main demands.<a href="#cite_note-Doha_NYT-125">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shatila_-_street_view_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Shatila_-_street_view_%283%29.jpg/220px-Shatila_-_street_view_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Shatila_-_street_view_%283%29.jpg/330px-Shatila_-_street_view_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Shatila_-_street_view_%283%29.jpg/440px-Shatila_-_street_view_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Over 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_Lebanon" title="Syrians in Lebanon">Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a> live in the <a href="/wiki/Shatila_refugee_camp" title="Shatila refugee camp">Shatila refugee camp</a> on the outskirts of Beirut.</figcaption></figure> In early January 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_government_of_November_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese government of November 2009">national unity government</a> collapsed due to growing tensions stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" title="Special Tribunal for Lebanon">Special Tribunal for Lebanon</a>, which was expected to indict Hezbollah members for the Hariri assassination.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_collapse-127">[123]</a> The parliament elected <a href="/wiki/Najib_Mikati" title="Najib Mikati">Najib Mikati</a>, the candidate for the Hezbollah-led <a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a>, Prime Minister of Lebanon, making him responsible for forming a new government.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_collapse-128">[124]</a> Hezbollah leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> later accused Israel of assassinating Hariri.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> A report leaked by the <a href="/wiki/Al_Akhbar_(Lebanon)" title="Al Akhbar (Lebanon)">Al-Akhbar</a> newspaper in November 2010 stated that Hezbollah had drafted plans for a violent takeover of the country in case the Special Tribunal for Lebanon issued an indictment against its members.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> threatened to spill over in Lebanon, causing <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">incidents of sectarian violence</a> and armed clashes between <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunnis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alawites_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawites in Lebanon">Alawites</a> in Tripoli.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>, the number of <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Syrian refugees</a> in Lebanon increased from around 250,000 in early 2013 to 1,000,000 in late 2014.<a href="#cite_note-refugees-132">[128]</a> In 2013, The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Forces Party">Lebanese Forces Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> voiced concerns that the country's sectarian based political system is being undermined by the influx of Syrian refugees.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> On 6 May 2015, <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> suspended registration of Syrian refugees at the request of the Lebanese government.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> In February 2016, the Lebanese government signed the Lebanon Compact, granting a minimum of €400 million of support for refugees and vulnerable Lebanese citizens.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> As of October 2016, the government estimated that the country hosts 1.5 million Syrians.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_crisis_(2019–present)">National crisis (2019–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/17_October_Revolution" title="17 October Revolution">17 October Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">Lebanese liquidity crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-i---i-_(49140926886).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/-i---i-_%2849140926886%29.jpg/220px--i---i-_%2849140926886%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/-i---i-_%2849140926886%29.jpg/330px--i---i-_%2849140926886%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/-i---i-_%2849140926886%29.jpg/440px--i---i-_%2849140926886%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Arab Spring">2019 protests</a> were non-sectarian, crossing the Sunni–Shia Muslim / Christian sociological and religious divide.</figcaption></figure> On 17 October 2019, the first of a series of mass civil demonstrations erupted;<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> they were initially triggered by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco and online phone calls such as through <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> but quickly expanded into a country-wide condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> rule,<a href="#cite_note-:2-143">[139]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">stagnant economy and liquidity crisis</a>, unemployment, endemic corruption in the public sector,<a href="#cite_note-:2-143">[139]</a> legislation (such as banking secrecy) that is perceived to shield the ruling class from accountability<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> and failures from the government to provide basic services such as electricity, water and sanitation.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WomenLine_RiadElSolh_19Nov2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/WomenLine_RiadElSolh_19Nov2019.jpg/220px-WomenLine_RiadElSolh_19Nov2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/WomenLine_RiadElSolh_19Nov2019.jpg/330px-WomenLine_RiadElSolh_19Nov2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/WomenLine_RiadElSolh_19Nov2019.jpg/440px-WomenLine_RiadElSolh_19Nov2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Women protesters forming a line between riot police and protesters in Riad el Solh, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>; 19 November 2019</figcaption></figure> As a result of the protests, Lebanon entered a political crisis, with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Saad_Hariri" title="Saad Hariri">Saad Hariri</a> tendering his resignation and echoing protestors' demands for a government of independent specialists.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Other politicians targeted by the protests have remained in power. On 19 December 2019, former Minister of Education <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Diab" title="Hassan Diab">Hassan Diab</a> was designated the next prime minister and tasked with forming a new cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> Protests and acts of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> have since continued, with protesters denouncing and condemning the designation of Diab as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> Lebanon is suffering the worst <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">economic crisis</a> in decades.<a href="#cite_note-:1-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-153">[149]</a> Lebanon is the first country in the Middle East and North Africa to see its inflation rate exceed 50% for 30 consecutive days, according to Steve H. Hanke, professor of applied economics at the Johns Hopkins University.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> On 4 August 2020, <a href="/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion" title="2020 Beirut explosion">an explosion at the port of Beirut</a>, Lebanon's main port, destroyed the surrounding areas, killing over 200 people, and injuring thousands more. The cause of the explosion was later determined to be 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate that had been unsafely stored, and accidentally set on fire that Tuesday afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> Protests resumed within days following the explosion, which resulted in the resignation of Prime Minister Hassan Diab and his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hassan_Diab" title="Cabinet of Hassan Diab">cabinet</a> on 10 August 2020, nonetheless continuing to stay in office in a <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker capacity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Demonstrations continued into 2021 with Lebanese blocking the roads with burned tires protesting against the poverty and the economic crisis. On 11 March 2021 the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Water_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of Energy and Water (Lebanon)">caretaker minister of energy</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ghajar" title="Raymond Ghajar">Raymond Ghajar</a> warned that Lebanon was threatened with "total darkness" at the end of March if no money was secured to buy fuel for power stations.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> In August 2021, a <a href="/wiki/2021_Akkar_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Akkar explosion">large fuel explosion in northern Lebanon</a> killed 28 people.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> September saw the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Third_Cabinet_of_Najib_Mikati" title="Third Cabinet of Najib Mikati">new cabinet</a> led by former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Najib_Mikati" title="Najib Mikati">Najib Mikati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> On 9 October 2021, the entire nation lost power for 24 hours after its two main power stations ran out of power due to the currency and fuel shortage.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Days later, <a href="/wiki/2021_Beirut_clashes" title="2021 Beirut clashes">sectarian violence in Beirut</a> killed a number of people in the deadliest clashes in the country since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> By January 2022, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> reported that the crisis in Lebanon had deepened further, with the value of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Lebanese pound</a> plummeting and a <a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">scheduled general election expected to be delayed indefinitely</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> The postponement of parliamentary elections was said to prolong the political deadlock in the country. The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> called Lebanon's present situation a 'man-made disaster caused by a handful of men across the political class'.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> In May 2022, Lebanon held its first <a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">election</a> since a painful economic crisis dragged it to the brink of becoming a <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failed state</a>. Lebanon's crisis has been so severe that more than 80 percent of the population is now considered poor by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> In the election the Shia Muslim <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> movement (and its allies) lost their parliamentary majority. Hezbollah did not lose any of its seats, but its allies lost seats. Hezbollah's ally, President <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a>, was no longer the biggest Christian party after the election. A rival Christian party, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Samir_Geagea" title="Samir Geagea">Samir Geagea</a>, became the largest Christian-based party in parliament. The Sunni <a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a>, led by former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Saad_Hariri" title="Saad Hariri">Saad Hariri</a>, did not participate in the election, leaving a political vacuum for other Sunni politicians to fill.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> The Lebanese crisis became so severe that multiple boats left the coast holding migrants in a desperate run from the country. Many proved unsuccessful and fatal. In April 2022, 6 people died and around 50 people were rescued after an overloaded boat sunk in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> And on 22 September, at least 94 people were killed when a boat carrying migrants from Lebanon capsized off Syria's coast. 9 people survived. Many were declared missing and some were found either dead or injured. Dead bodies were sent to nearby hospitals. 40 people are still missing as of 24 September.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> On 1 February 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Banque_du_Liban" title="Banque du Liban">central bank</a> of Lebanon devalued the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Lebanese pound</a> by 90% amid the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> This was the first time Lebanon had devalued its official exchange rate in 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-:4-171">[167]</a> As of 2023, Lebanon is considered to have become a <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failed state</a>, suffering from chronic poverty, economic mismanagement and a banking collapse.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> sparked a <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">renewed Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Hezbollah has said it will not stop attacking Israel until Israel ceases its attacks in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> Starting with the Israeli <a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Lebanon pager explosions">explosion of Lebanese pagers and walkie talkies</a> in September 2024,<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> the conflict escalated severely,<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/September_2024_Lebanon_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="September 2024 Lebanon strikes">23 September 2024 Israeli airstrikes on Lebanon</a> killing at least 558 people,<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> and sparking a mass exodus from southern Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> On 27 September 2024, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah was <a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">killed</a> in an Israeli airstrike.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> On 1 October 2024, <a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Lebanon was invaded by Israel</a> with the objective of destroying infrastructure belonging to Hezbollah in the south of the country.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> In November 2024, a <a href="/wiki/2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_ceasefire_agreement" title="2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement">ceasefire deal</a> was signed between Israel and the Lebanese armed group Hezbollah to end 13 months of conflict. According to the agreement, Hezbollah was given 60 days to end its armed presence in southern Lebanon and Israeli forces were obliged to withdraw from the area over the same period.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">The fall of Assad’s Baathist regime</a> in Syria was another blow to its Lebanese ally, Hezbollah, which was alredy weakened because of Israeli military actions.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> The Syrian regime change in December 2024 was said to start a new chapter in Lebanese politics.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> In January 2025, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aoun" title="Joseph Aoun">Joseph Aoun</a>, the Lebanese army commander, was elected Lebanese 14th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">president</a> after a two-year vacancy.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> In February 2025, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Salam" title="Nawaf Salam">Nawaf Salam</a>, former president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ), formed a new government of 24 ministers after two-year caretaker cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> On 26 February 2025, Lebanon's government of Nawaf Salam won a confidence vote in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Geography of Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qadisha_Valley,_Aerial_View_From_Qannoubine_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Qadisha_Valley%2C_Aerial_View_From_Qannoubine_Monastery.jpg/220px-Qadisha_Valley%2C_Aerial_View_From_Qannoubine_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Qadisha_Valley%2C_Aerial_View_From_Qannoubine_Monastery.jpg/330px-Qadisha_Valley%2C_Aerial_View_From_Qannoubine_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Qadisha_Valley%2C_Aerial_View_From_Qannoubine_Monastery.jpg/440px-Qadisha_Valley%2C_Aerial_View_From_Qannoubine_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4056" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kadisha_Valley" title="Kadisha Valley">Kadisha Valley</a>, a view from <a href="/wiki/Qannoubine" title="Qannoubine">Qannoubine</a> Monastery</figcaption></figure> Lebanon is located in West Asia between latitudes <a href="/wiki/33rd_parallel_north" title="33rd parallel north">33°</a> and <a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_north" title="35th parallel north">35° N</a> and longitudes <a href="/wiki/35th_meridian_east" title="35th meridian east">35°</a> and <a href="/wiki/37th_meridian_east" title="37th meridian east">37° E</a>. Its land straddles the "northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a>".<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> The country's surface area is 10,452 square kilometres (4,036 sq mi) of which 10,230 square kilometres (3,950 sq mi) is <a href="/wiki/Land_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Land area">land</a>. Lebanon has a coastline and border of 225 kilometres (140 mi) on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the west, a 375 kilometres (233 mi) border shared with <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to the north and east and a 79 kilometres (49 mi) long border with Israel to the south.<a href="#cite_note-enbr-188">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Line (Lebanon)">border</a> with the Israeli-occupied <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> is disputed by Lebanon in a small area called <a href="/wiki/Shebaa_Farms" title="Shebaa Farms">Shebaa Farms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg/170px-Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg/255px-Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg/340px-Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Lebanon from space. Snow cover can be seen on the western <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon Mountains">Mount Lebanon</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon</a> mountain ranges.</figcaption></figure> Lebanon is divided into four distinct <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physiographic</a> regions: the coastal plain, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon Mountains">Lebanon mountain</a> range, the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a>. The narrow and discontinuous <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">coastal plain</a> stretches from the Syrian border in the north where it widens to form the <a href="/wiki/Akkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkar">Akkar</a> plain to <a href="/wiki/Naqoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqoura">Ras al-Naqoura</a> at the border with Israel in the south. The fertile coastal plain is formed of marine sediments and river deposited <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> alternating with sandy bays and rocky beaches. Lebanon's mountains rise steeply parallel to the Mediterranean coast and form a ridge of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> that runs for most of the country's length. The mountain range varies in width between 10 km (6 mi) and 56 km (35 mi); it is carved by narrow and deep gorges. The Lebanon mountains peak at 3,088 metres (10,131 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qurnat_as_Sawda%27" title="Qurnat as Sawda'">Qurnat as Sawda'</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North Lebanon</a> and gradually slope to the south before rising again to a height of 2,695 metres (8,842 ft) in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sannine" title="Mount Sannine">Mount Sannine</a>. The Beqaa valley sits between the Lebanon mountains in the west and the Anti-Lebanon range in the east; it is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a> system. The valley is 180 km (112 mi) long and 10 to 26 km (6 to 16 mi) wide, its fertile soil is formed by alluvial deposits. The Anti-Lebanon range runs parallel to the Lebanon mountains, its highest peak is in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a> at 2,814 metres (9,232 ft).<a href="#cite_note-enbr-188">[184]</a> The mountains of Lebanon are drained by <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent stream">seasonal torrents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">rivers</a> foremost of which is the 145 kilometres (90 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Litani_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Litani river">Leontes</a> that rises in the Beqaa Valley to the west of <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a> and empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre.<a href="#cite_note-enbr-188">[184]</a> Lebanon has <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Lebanon" title="List of rivers of Lebanon">16 rivers</a> all of which are <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">non-navigable</a>; 13 rivers originate from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> and run through the steep gorges and into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, the other three arise in the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MOTE-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Lebanon">Climate of Lebanon</a></div> Lebanon has a moderate <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>. In coastal areas, winters are generally cool and rainy whilst summers are hot and humid. In more elevated areas, temperatures usually drop below freezing during the winter with heavy snow cover that remains until early summer on the higher mountaintops.<a href="#cite_note-enbr-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> Although most of Lebanon receives a relatively large amount of rainfall, when measured annually in comparison to its arid surroundings, certain areas in north-eastern Lebanon receives only little because of the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> created by the high peaks of the western mountain range.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Storm_Adam" title="Storm Adam">Storm Adam</a> 2025 saw severe polar weather system affecting Lebanon with low tempertures and snow expected to fall at elevations as low as 300 meters above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Lebanon" title="Wildlife of Lebanon">Wildlife of Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_environmental_issues_in_Lebanon" title="Marine environmental issues in Lebanon">Marine environmental issues in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cedar_of_Lebanon_(Cedar_of_God),_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cedar_of_Lebanon_%28Cedar_of_God%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg/220px-Cedar_of_Lebanon_%28Cedar_of_God%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cedar_of_Lebanon_%28Cedar_of_God%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg/330px-Cedar_of_Lebanon_%28Cedar_of_God%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cedar_of_Lebanon_%28Cedar_of_God%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg/440px-Cedar_of_Lebanon_%28Cedar_of_God%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cedrus_libani" title="Cedrus libani">Lebanon cedar</a> is the national emblem of Lebanon.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilgrimage_to_the_Cedars_of_Libanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pilgrimage_to_the_Cedars_of_Libanon.jpg/220px-Pilgrimage_to_the_Cedars_of_Libanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pilgrimage_to_the_Cedars_of_Libanon.jpg/330px-Pilgrimage_to_the_Cedars_of_Libanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pilgrimage_to_the_Cedars_of_Libanon.jpg/440px-Pilgrimage_to_the_Cedars_of_Libanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="2673" /></a><figcaption>'Pilgrimage to the Cedars of Libanon' – painting by a Hungarian painter, <a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Csontv%C3%A1ry_Kosztka" title="Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka">Csontváry Kosztka Tivadar</a></figcaption></figure> In ancient times, Lebanon was covered by large forests of <a href="/wiki/Cedrus_libani" title="Cedrus libani">cedar trees</a>, the national emblem of the country.<a href="#cite_note-cedar-194">[190]</a> Millennia of deforestation have altered the hydrology in Mount Lebanon and changed the regional climate adversely.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> As of 2012, forests covered 13.4% of the Lebanese land area;<a href="#cite_note-WB-196">[192]</a> they are under constant threat from <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a> caused by the long dry summer season.<a href="#cite_note-IPSs-197">[193]</a> As a result of longstanding exploitation, few old cedar trees remain in pockets of forests in Lebanon, but there is an active program to conserve and regenerate the forests. The Lebanese approach has emphasized natural regeneration over planting by creating the right conditions for <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a> and growth. The Lebanese state has created several nature reserves that contain cedars, including the <a href="/wiki/Al_Shouf_Cedar_Nature_Reserve" title="Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve">Shouf Biosphere Reserve</a>, the Jaj Cedar Reserve, the <a href="/wiki/Tannourine" title="Tannourine">Tannourine</a> Reserve, the Ammouaa and Karm Shbat Reserves in the Akkar district, and the Forest of the <a href="/wiki/Cedars_of_God" title="Cedars of God">Cedars of God</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bsharri" title="Bsharri">Bsharri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> Lebanon had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 3.76/10, ranking it 141st globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-201">[197]</a> In 2010, the Environment Ministry set a 10-year plan to increase the national forest coverage by 20%, which is equivalent to the planting of two million new trees each year.<a href="#cite_note-dailystar1-202">[198]</a> The plan, which was funded by the United States Agency for International Development (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a>), and implemented by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> (USFS), through the Lebanon Reforestation Initiative (LRI), was inaugurated in 2011 by planting cedar, pine, wild almond, juniper, fir, oak and other seedlings, in ten regions around Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-dailystar1-202">[198]</a> As of 2016, forests covered 13.6% of Lebanon, and other wooded lands represented a further 11%.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> Since 2011, over 600,000 trees, including cedars and other native species, have been planted throughout the country as part of the Lebanon Reforestation Initiative (LRI).<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> Lebanon contains two terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer%E2%80%93sclerophyllous%E2%80%93broadleaf_forests" title="Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests">Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Anatolian_montane_conifer_and_deciduous_forests" title="Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests">Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-205">[201]</a> Beirut and Mount Lebanon have been facing a severe garbage crisis. After the closure of the Bourj Hammoud dump in 1997, the al-Naameh dumpsite was opened by the government in 1998. The al-Naameh dumpsite was planned to contain 2 million tons of waste for a limited period of six years at the most. It was designed to be a temporary solution, while the government would have devised a long-term plan. Sixteen years later al-Naameh was still open and exceeded its capacity by 13 million tons. In July 2015 the residents of the area, already protesting in the recent years, forced the closure of the dumpsite. The inefficiency of the government, as well as the corruption inside of the waste management company Sukleen in charge of managing the garbage in Lebanon, have resulted in piles of garbage blocking streets in Mount Lebanon and Beirut.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bsharridistrictmountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bsharridistrictmountains.jpg/220px-Bsharridistrictmountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bsharridistrictmountains.jpg/330px-Bsharridistrictmountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bsharridistrictmountains.jpg/440px-Bsharridistrictmountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> is a mountain range in Lebanon. It averages above 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in elevation.</figcaption></figure> In December 2015, the Lebanese government signed an agreement with Chinook Industrial Mining, part owned by <a href="/wiki/Chinook_Sciences" title="Chinook Sciences">Chinook Sciences</a>, to export over 100,000 tons of untreated waste from <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> and the surrounding area. The waste had accumulated in temporary locations following the government closure of the county's largest land fill site five months earlier. The contract was jointly signed with Howa International which has offices in the Netherlands and Germany. The contract is reported to cost $212 per ton. The waste, which is compacted and infectious, would have to be sorted and was estimated to be enough to fill 2,000 containers.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> Initial reports that the waste was to be exported to <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> have been denied by diplomats.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> In February 2016, the government withdrew from negotiations after it was revealed that documents relating to the export of the trash to Russia were forgeries.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> On 19 March 2016, the Cabinet reopened the Naameh landfill for 60 days in line with a plan it passed a few days earlier to end the trash crisis. The plan also stipulates the establishment of landfills in <a href="/wiki/Bourj_Hammoud" title="Bourj Hammoud">Bourj Hammoud</a> and Costa Brava, east and south of Beirut respectively. Sukleen trucks began removing piled garbage from Karantina and heading to Naameh. Environment Minister Mohammad Machnouk announced during a chat with activists that over 8,000 tons of garbage had been collected up to that point in only 24 hours as part of the government's trash plan. The plan's execution was ongoing at last report.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> In 2017, Human Rights Watch found that Lebanon's garbage crisis, and <a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">open burning of waste</a> in particular, was posing a health risk to residents and violating the state's obligations under international law.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> In September 2018, Lebanon's parliament passed a law that banned open dumping and burning of waste. Despite penalties set in case of violations, Lebanese municipalities have been openly burning the waste, putting the lives of people in danger. In October 2018, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> researchers witnessed the open burning of dumps in al-Qantara and <a href="/wiki/Qabrikha" title="Qabrikha">Qabrikha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> On Sunday 13 October 2019 at night, a series of about 100 <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_forest_fire_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon forest fire 2019">forest fires</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Civil_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Defense">Lebanese Civil Defense</a>, broke out and spread over large areas of Lebanon's forests. Lebanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Saad_Hariri" title="Saad Hariri">Saad Al-Hariri</a> confirmed his contact with a number of countries to send assistance via helicopters and firefighting planes,<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> Cyprus, Jordan, Turkey and Greece participated in firefighting. According to press reports on Tuesday (15 October), fire has decreased in different places due to the rains.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> Lebanon's ongoing economic crisis has precipitated electricity shortages, prompting an increased reliance on diesel generators and subsequently contributing to environmental deterioration and health hazards. The scarcity of power has led to a heightened contamination of water sources. The compromised infrastructure, marked by sewage infiltrating drinking water, has given rise to significant health concerns, including an increase in cases of <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a>. The health service, grappling with workforce shortages due to emigration, struggles amid a growing public health crisis.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics of Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Beirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parliament_Beirut.jpg/220px-Parliament_Beirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parliament_Beirut.jpg/330px-Parliament_Beirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parliament_Beirut.jpg/440px-Parliament_Beirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese parliament">Lebanese Parliament</a> building at the <a href="/wiki/Nejmeh_Square" title="Nejmeh Square">Place de l'Étoile</a></figcaption></figure> Lebanon is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">confessionalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Pact" title="National Pact">National Pact</a>, erected in 1943, laid out a governing arrangement intended to harmonize the interests of the country's major religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-:7-217">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a> has to be a <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Maronite Christian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a> a <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Speaker_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Speaker of Lebanon">Speaker of the Parliament</a> a <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shi'a Muslim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and the Deputy Speaker of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon">Eastern Orthodox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-confessional-218">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> This system is intended to deter sectarian conflict and to represent fairly the demographic distribution of the 18 recognized religious groups in government.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> Until 1975, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> considered Lebanon to be among only two (together with Israel) <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">politically free</a> countries in the Middle East and North Africa region.<a href="#cite_note-fh-historic-222">[218]</a> The country lost this status with the outbreak of the Civil War, and has not regained it since. Lebanon was rated "Partly Free" in 2013. Even so, Freedom House still ranks Lebanon as among the most democratic nations in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-fh-historic-222">[218]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Lebanon is 2023 the second most <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">electoral democratic country in the Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-223">[219]</a> Until 2005, <a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Lebanon" title="Palestinians in Lebanon">Palestinians</a> were forbidden to work in over 70 jobs because they did not have <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Lebanese citizenship</a>. After liberalization laws were passed in 2007, the number of banned jobs dropped to around 20.<a href="#cite_note-amn-74">[71]</a> In 2010, Palestinians were granted the same rights to work as other foreigners in the country.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> Lebanon's national legislature is the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament of Lebanon</a>. Its 128 seats are <a href="/wiki/Reserved_political_positions" title="Reserved political positions">divided</a> equally between Christians and Muslims, proportionately between the 18 different denominations and proportionately between its 26 regions.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> Prior to 1990, the ratio stood at 6:5 in favor of Christians, but the <a href="/wiki/Taif_Agreement" title="Taif Agreement">Taif Agreement</a>, which put an end to the 1975–1990 civil war, adjusted the ratio to grant equal representation to followers of the two religions.<a href="#cite_note-confessional-218">[214]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_protest_in_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beirut_protest_in_2010.jpg/220px-Beirut_protest_in_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beirut_protest_in_2010.jpg/330px-Beirut_protest_in_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beirut_protest_in_2010.jpg/440px-Beirut_protest_in_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>One of many protests in Beirut</figcaption></figure> The Parliament is elected for a four-year term by popular vote on the basis of sectarian proportional representation.<a href="#cite_note-cia-13">[10]</a> The executive branch consists of the President, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, and the Prime Minister, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. The parliament elects the president for a non-renewable six-year term by a two-thirds majority. The president appoints the Prime Minister,<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> following consultations with the parliament. The president and the prime minister form a cabinet, which must also adhere to the sectarian distribution set out by confessionalism. In an unprecedented move, the Lebanese parliament has extended its own term twice amid protests, the last being on 5 November 2014,<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> an act which comes in direct contradiction with democracy and article #42 of the Lebanese constitution as no elections have taken place.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-8">[5]</a> Lebanon was without a President between May 2014 and October 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Aoun-228">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> Nationwide elections were finally scheduled for <a href="/wiki/2018_Lebanese_general_election" title="2018 Lebanese general election">May 2018</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> As of August 2019, the Lebanese cabinet included two ministers directly affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, in addition to a close but officially non-member minister.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> The most recent parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">elections</a> were held on 15 May 2022.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorates of Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">Districts of Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Lebanon">Municipalities of Lebanon</a></div> Lebanon is divided into nine <a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">governorates</a> (muḥāfaẓāt, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: محافظات; singular <a href="/wiki/Muhafazah" title="Muhafazah">muḥāfaẓah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: محافظة) which are further subdivided into twenty-five districts (aqdyah, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: أقضية; singular: <a href="/wiki/Qadaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadaa">qadāʾ</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: قضاء).<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> The districts themselves are also divided into several municipalities, each enclosing a group of cities or villages. The governorates and their respective districts are listed below: <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 360px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lebanon_districts_2020.png/360px-Lebanon_districts_2020.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lebanon_districts_2020.png/540px-Lebanon_districts_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Lebanon_districts_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="740" /> <div style="position:absolute; left:166.8px; top:28px"><a href="/wiki/Akkar_Governorate" title="Akkar Governorate">Akkar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:112.8px; top:79.12px"><a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:242.4px; top:42.4px"><a href="/wiki/Akkar_District" title="Akkar District">Akkar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:212.88px; top:79.48px"><a href="/wiki/Miniyeh-Danniyeh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniyeh-Danniyeh District">Miniyeh- Danniyeh</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186.6px; top:98.2px"><a href="/wiki/Zgharta_District" title="Zgharta District">Zgharta</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:159.6px; top:105.4px"><a href="/wiki/Koura_District" title="Koura District">Koura</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:152.4px; top:55px"><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_District,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli District, Lebanon">Tripoli</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:199.2px; top:120.52px"><a href="/wiki/Bsharri_District" title="Bsharri District">Bsharri</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:159.6px; top:125.2px"><a href="/wiki/Batroun_District" title="Batroun District">Batroun</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:64.2px; top:143.2px"><a href="/wiki/Keserwan-Jbeil_Governorate" title="Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate">Keserwan - Jbeil</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:163.92px; top:152.2px"><a href="/wiki/Byblos_District" title="Byblos District">Byblos</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:147px; top:181px"><a href="/wiki/Kesrwan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesrwan District">Kesrwan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:39px; top:222.4px"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate" title="Mount Lebanon Governorate">Mount Lebanon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:138px; top:206.2px"><a href="/wiki/Matn_District" title="Matn District">Matn</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:49.8px; top:197.2px"><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Governorate" title="Beirut Governorate">Beirut</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:100.92px; top:204.4px"><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">♦</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:133.32px; top:224.56px"><a href="/wiki/Baabda_District" title="Baabda District">Baabda</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:112.8px; top:242.2px"><a href="/wiki/Aley_District" title="Aley District">Aley</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:98.4px; top:276.4px"><a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Chouf</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:-2.4px; top:323.2px"><a href="/wiki/South_Governorate" title="South Governorate">South</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:90.12px; top:305.2px"><a href="/wiki/Jezzine_District" title="Jezzine District">Jezzine</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:48.36px; top:332.92px"><a href="/wiki/Sidon_District" title="Sidon District">Sidon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:36.12px; top:389.08px"><a href="/wiki/Tyre_District" title="Tyre District">Tyre</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:292.8px; top:197.2px"><a href="/wiki/Baalbek-Hermel_Governorate" title="Baalbek-Hermel Governorate">Baalbek-Hermel</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:274.8px; top:85.6px"><a href="/wiki/Hermel_District" title="Hermel District">Hermel</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246px; top:168.4px"><a href="/wiki/Baalbek_District" title="Baalbek District">Baalbek</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:228px; top:273.52px"><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Governorate" title="Beqaa Governorate">Beqaa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:184.8px; top:233.2px"><a href="/wiki/Zahle_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahle District">Zahle</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:149.88px; top:273.52px"><a href="/wiki/Western_Beqaa_District" title="Western Beqaa District">Western Beqaa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:154.2px; top:312.4px"><a href="/wiki/Rashaya_District" title="Rashaya District">Rashaya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:130.8px; top:395.2px"><a href="/wiki/Nabatieh_Governorate" title="Nabatieh Governorate">Nabatieh</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:129px; top:352px"><a href="/wiki/Hasbaya_District" title="Hasbaya District">Hasbaya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:67.08px; top:355.6px"><a href="/wiki/Nabatieh_District" title="Nabatieh District">Nabatieh</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:87.6px; top:384.4px"><a href="/wiki/Marjeyoun_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Marjeyoun District">Marjeyoun</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:65.28px; top:406px"><a href="/wiki/Bint_Jbeil_District" title="Bint Jbeil District">Bint Jbeil</a></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon,_Baalbek,_Temple_of_Jupiter_in_Baalbek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Jupiter_in_Baalbek.jpg/220px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Jupiter_in_Baalbek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Jupiter_in_Baalbek.jpg/330px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Jupiter_in_Baalbek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Jupiter_in_Baalbek.jpg/440px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Jupiter_in_Baalbek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_(column)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (column)">capitals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Roman_Heliopolis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter (Roman Heliopolis)">Temple of Jupiter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Governorate" title="Beirut Governorate">Beirut Governorate</a> <ul><li>Beirut Governorate comprises the city of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> and is not divided into districts.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkar_Governorate" title="Akkar Governorate">Akkar Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkar_District" title="Akkar District">Akkar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek-Hermel_Governorate" title="Baalbek-Hermel Governorate">Baalbek-Hermel Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek_District" title="Baalbek District">Baalbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermel_District" title="Hermel District">Hermel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Governorate" title="Beqaa Governorate">Beqaa Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashaya_District" title="Rashaya District">Rashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Beqaa_District" title="Western Beqaa District">Western Beqaa</a> (al-Beqaa al-Gharbi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahle_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahle District">Zahle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keserwan-Jbeil_Governorate" title="Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate">Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_District" title="Byblos District">Byblos</a> (Jbeil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keserwan_District" title="Keserwan District">Keserwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate" title="Mount Lebanon Governorate">Mount Lebanon Governorate</a> (Jabal Lubnan/Jabal Lebnen) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aley_District" title="Aley District">Aley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baabda_District" title="Baabda District">Baabda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Chouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matn_District" title="Matn District">Matn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabatieh_Governorate" title="Nabatieh Governorate">Nabatieh Governorate</a> (Jabal Amel) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bint_Jbeil_District" title="Bint Jbeil District">Bint Jbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasbaya_District" title="Hasbaya District">Hasbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjeyoun_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Marjeyoun District">Marjeyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabatieh_District" title="Nabatieh District">Nabatieh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North Governorate</a> (ash-Shamal/shmel) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batroun_District" title="Batroun District">Batroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bsharri_District" title="Bsharri District">Bsharri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koura_District" title="Koura District">Koura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniyeh-Danniyeh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniyeh-Danniyeh District">Miniyeh-Danniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_District,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli District, Lebanon">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zgharta_District" title="Zgharta District">Zgharta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Governorate" title="South Governorate">South Governorate</a> (al-Janoub/Jnub) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jezzine_District" title="Jezzine District">Jezzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_District" title="Sidon District">Sidon</a> (Saida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre_District" title="Tyre District">Tyre</a> (Sur)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon">Foreign relations of Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNbeirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/UNbeirut.jpg/220px-UNbeirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/UNbeirut.jpg/330px-UNbeirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/UNbeirut.jpg/440px-UNbeirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>United Nations Lebanon headquarters in Beirut</figcaption></figure> Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002. It is included in the European Union's <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> (ENP), which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. Lebanon also has bilateral trade agreements with several Arab states and is working toward accession to the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. Lebanon enjoys good relations with virtually all of the other Arab countries (despite historic tensions with <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>), and hosted an <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> Summit in <a href="/wiki/2002_Arab_League_summit" title="2002 Arab League summit">March 2002</a> for the first time in over 35 years. Lebanon is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a> countries and hosted the Francophonie Summit in October 2002 as well as the <a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a> in <a href="/wiki/2009_Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="2009 Jeux de la Francophonie">2009</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanese Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanese_Armed_Forces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lebanese_Armed_Forces.jpg/170px-Lebanese_Armed_Forces.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lebanese_Armed_Forces.jpg/255px-Lebanese_Armed_Forces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lebanese_Armed_Forces.jpg/341px-Lebanese_Armed_Forces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the Lebanese army, 2009</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF)</a> has 72,000 active personnel,<a href="#cite_note-Lebanon-234">[230]</a> including 1,100 in the air force, and 1,000 in the navy.<a href="#cite_note-Stinson-235">[231]</a> The LAF is considered less powerful and influential than <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> in Lebanon. Hezbollah has 20,000 active fighters and 20,000 in reserves and is supplied with advanced weaponry, including rockets and drones from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> The Lebanese Armed Forces' primary missions include defending Lebanon and its citizens against external aggression, maintaining internal stability and security, confronting threats against the country's vital interests, engaging in social development activities, and undertaking relief operations in coordination with public and humanitarian institutions.<a href="#cite_note-lafmission-238">[234]</a> Lebanon is a major recipient of foreign military aid.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> With over $400 million since 2005, it is the second largest per capita recipient of <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_aid" title="United States military aid">American military aid</a> behind Israel.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> Hezbollah effectively controls large portions of southern Lebanon, and has greater military strength than the Lebanese armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> The government of Lebanon has been unable or unwilling to prevent Hezbollah attacks on Israel, and violent conflict between Israel and Hezbollah in southern Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> Many Islamist and Palestinian militias operate in refugee camps because of an agreement that prevents the Lebanese Army from entering them. Many people wanted by the Lebanese government are believed to have taken refuge in the camp as a result of the lack of Lebanese authority.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg/190px-Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg/285px-Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg/380px-Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption><bdi><a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Serail">Grand Serail</a> from Riad El Solh Square, Beirut</bdi></figcaption></figure> There are 18 officially recognized religious groups in Lebanon, each with its own family law legislation and set of religious courts.<a href="#cite_note-unesco1-243">[239]</a> The Lebanese legal system is based on the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">French system</a>, and is a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> country, with the exception for matters related to personal status (succession, marriage, divorce, adoption, etc.), which are governed by a separate set of laws designed for each sectarian community. For instance, the Islamic personal status laws are inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law.<a href="#cite_note-globalex-244">[240]</a> For Muslims, these tribunals deal with questions of marriage, divorce, custody, and inheritance and wills. For non-Muslims, personal status jurisdiction is split: the law of inheritance and wills falls under national civil jurisdiction, while Christian and Jewish religious courts are competent for marriage, divorce, and custody. Catholics can additionally appeal before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Vatican Rota court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> The most notable set of codified laws is the Code des Obligations et des Contrats promulgated in 1932 and equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/French_Civil_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="French Civil Code">French Civil Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-globalex-244">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a> is still de facto used to sanction certain crimes, but no longer enforced.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="De facto or de jure? The reference only says that it's still used for certain crimes, it doesn't say anything about de facto or de jure, but certainly claiming it's used "de facto" but then "no longer enforced" seems confusing and contradictory (August 2024)">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-globalex-244">[240]</a> The Lebanese court system consists of three levels: courts of first instance, courts of appeal, and the court of cassation. The Constitutional Council rules on constitutionality of laws and electoral frauds. There also is a system of religious courts having jurisdiction over personal status matters within their own communities, with rules on matters such as marriage and inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-246">[242]</a> In 1990, article 95 was amended to provide that the parliament shall take necessary measures to abolish political structure based on religious affiliation, but that until such time only the highest positions in public civil service, including the judiciary, military, security forces, public and mixed institutions, shall be divided equally between <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> without regard to the denominational affiliation within each community.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Lebanon" title="LGBTQ rights in Lebanon">LGBTQ rights in Lebanon</a></div> Male homosexuality is illegal in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> Discrimination against <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Lebanon" title="LGBTQ rights in Lebanon">LGBTQ people</a> in Lebanon is widespread.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> According to 2019 survey by the Pew Research Center, 85% of Lebanese respondents believe that <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> should not be accepted by society.<a href="#cite_note-pew2020-251">[247]</a> A gender and sexuality conference, held annually in Lebanon, since 2013, was moved abroad in 2019 after a religious group on Facebook called for the organizers' arrest and the cancellation of the conference for "inciting immorality." General Security Forces shut down the 2018 conference and indefinitely denied non-Lebanese LGBT activists who attended the conference permission to re-enter the country.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Economy of Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seafront_Towers_at_Zaitunay_Bay,_Downtown_Beirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Seafront_Towers_at_Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut.jpg/220px-Seafront_Towers_at_Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Seafront_Towers_at_Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut.jpg/330px-Seafront_Towers_at_Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Seafront_Towers_at_Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut.jpg/440px-Seafront_Towers_at_Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4250" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Lebanon's constitution</a> states that 'the economic system is free and ensures private initiative and the right to private property'. Lebanon's economy follows a <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-expus-253">[249]</a> Most of the economy is <a href="/wiki/Dollarized" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollarized">dollarized</a>, and the country has no restrictions on the movement of capital across its borders.<a href="#cite_note-expus-253">[249]</a> The Lebanese government's intervention in foreign trade is minimal.<a href="#cite_note-expus-253">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Investment_Development_Authority_of_Lebanon" title="Investment Development Authority of Lebanon">Investment Development Authority of Lebanon</a> was established with the aim of promoting investment in Lebanon. In 2001, Investment Law No.360<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> was enacted to reinforce the organisation's mission. Lebanon is now suffering the worst <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">economic crisis</a> in decades.<a href="#cite_note-:1-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-153">[149]</a> As of 2023, the GDP has shrunk by 40% since 2018, and the currency has experienced a significant depreciation of 95%.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> The annual inflation rate exceeds 200%, rendering the minimum wage equivalent to approximately $1 per day.<a href="#cite_note-:6-256">[252]</a> This was the first time Lebanon had devalued its official exchange rate in 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-:4-171">[167]</a> According to the United Nations, three out of every four Lebanese individuals fall below the poverty line.<a href="#cite_note-:6-256">[252]</a> The crisis stems from a long-term <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi scheme</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Banque_du_Liban" title="Banque du Liban">Central Bank of Lebanon</a>, borrowing dollars at high interest rates to sustain deficits and maintain a currency peg. By 2019, insufficient new deposits led to an unsustainable situation, resulting in weeks-long bank closures, arbitrary capital controls, and ultimately, the country's default in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:5-257">[253]</a> Throughout the Ottoman and French mandatory periods and into the 1960s, Lebanon experienced prosperity, serving as a hub for banking, financial services, and a key distribution center for the Middle East. The local economy thrived with a foundation in industries related to food processing, clothing, jewelry, and carpets. This prosperity was later marred by four decades of conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:7-217">[213]</a> Following the end of the civil war, Lebanon has developed a service-based economy centered around finance, real estate, and tourism.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> Nearly 65% of the Lebanese workforce attain employment in the services sector.<a href="#cite_note-workforce-259">[255]</a> The GDP contribution, accordingly, amounts to roughly 67.3% of the annual Lebanese GDP.<a href="#cite_note-dos-2010-03-22-17">[14]</a> However, dependence on the tourism and banking sectors leaves the economy vulnerable to political instability.<a href="#cite_note-Canada-260">[256]</a> The urban population in Lebanon is noted for its commercial enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> Emigration has yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> In 2008, Remittances from Lebanese abroad totalled $8.2 billion<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> and account for one-fifth of the country's economy.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> In 2005, Lebanon had the largest proportion of skilled labor among Arab States.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lebanon" title="Agriculture in Lebanon">agricultural sector</a> in Lebanon employs 20–25% of the total <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:9-266">[262]</a> and contributed 3.1% to the country's GDP,<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> as of 2020. Lebanon has the highest proportion of cultivable land in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-agriculture-268">[264]</a> Major crops include apples, peaches, oranges, and lemons.<a href="#cite_note-dos-2010-03-22-17">[14]</a> A significant portion of the country's factories, approximately one-third, is dedicated to producing packaged food items, ranging from poultry to pickles.<a href="#cite_note-:9-266">[262]</a> However, despite favorable conditions for farming and diverse microclimates, the country depends on food imports, constituting 80% of its consumption. This is mainly attributed to the small scale of many farms, preventing the benefits of economies of scale.<a href="#cite_note-:9-266">[262]</a> The ongoing economic crisis and devaluation of the Lebanese pound have also negatively impacted the agricultural sector, particularly through elevated costs for essential imports such as seeds and fertilizers. This economic strain compounds existing burdens for farmers, including escalating debts and inefficient agricultural practices. Consequently, farmers are observing a decline in revenues and encountering difficulties in meeting loan repayment obligations.<a href="#cite_note-:9-266">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">commodities market</a> in Lebanon includes substantial <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coin</a> production, however according to <a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a> (IATA) standards, they must be declared upon exportation to any foreign country.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_and_industry">Manufacturing and industry</h3></div> Industry in Lebanon is mainly limited to small businesses that reassemble and package imported parts. In 2004, industry ranked second in workforce, with 26% of the Lebanese working population,<a href="#cite_note-workforce-259">[255]</a> and second in GDP contribution, with 21% of Lebanon's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-dos-2010-03-22-17">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> has recently been discovered inland and in the seabed between Lebanon, Cyprus, Israel and Egypt and talks are underway between <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to reach an agreement regarding the exploration of these resources. The seabed separating Lebanon and Cyprus is believed to hold significant quantities of crude oil and natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> On 10 May 2013, the Lebanese minister of energy and water clarified that seismic images of the Lebanese sea bed are undergoing detailed explanation of their contents and that up till now, approximately 10% have been covered. Preliminary inspection of the results showed, with over 50% probability, that 10% of Lebanon's exclusive economic zone held up to 660 million barrels of oil and up to 30×1012 cu ft of gas.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> Lebanon has a <a href="/wiki/Drug_economy_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug economy in Lebanon">significant drug industry</a>, including both production and trade. Western intelligence estimate an annual production of over 4 million pounds of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Lebanon" title="Cannabis in Lebanon">hashish</a> and 20,000 pounds of <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, generating profits exceeding $4 billion. In recent decades, Hezbollah has intensified its engagement in the drug economy, with narcotics serving as a significant revenue stream for the group. Despite some of the harvest being retained for local use, a significant amount is smuggled worldwide. Despite ongoing efforts, the government's inability to control the drug-producing Beqaa Valley and address illicit <a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Captagon</a> factories allows for the persistent occurrence of drug trades, impacting Lebanon's economy and regional stability.<a href="#cite_note-:52-273">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-274">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-275">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USJ_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/USJ_Campus.jpg/220px-USJ_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/USJ_Campus.jpg/330px-USJ_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/USJ_Campus.jpg/440px-USJ_Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University_of_Beirut" title="Saint Joseph University of Beirut">Saint Joseph University of Beirut</a>'s Campus of Innovation and Sports on Damascus Street, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></figcaption></figure> Lebanon was ranked 94th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024, down from 88th in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> Notable scientists from Lebanon include <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Kamel_Al-Sabbah" title="Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah">Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rammal_Rammal" title="Rammal Rammal">Rammal Rammal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Choueiri" title="Edgar Choueiri">Edgar Choueiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> In 1960, a science club from a university in Beirut started a Lebanese space program called "<a href="/wiki/The_Lebanese_Rocket_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lebanese Rocket Society">the Lebanese Rocket Society</a>". They achieved great success until 1966 where the program was stopped because of both war and external pressure.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div> In the 1950s, GDP growth was the second highest in the world. Despite having no oil reserves, Lebanon, as the Arab world's banking center<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> and among its trading center, had a high national income.<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Real-gdp-per-capita-PennWT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Real-gdp-per-capita-PennWT.png/220px-Real-gdp-per-capita-PennWT.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Real-gdp-per-capita-PennWT.png/330px-Real-gdp-per-capita-PennWT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Real-gdp-per-capita-PennWT.png/440px-Real-gdp-per-capita-PennWT.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Lebanese real GDP 1970–2017</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">1975–1990 civil war</a> heavily damaged Lebanon's economic infrastructure,<a href="#cite_note-Stinson-235">[231]</a> cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's position as a West Asian <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> and banking hub.<a href="#cite_note-cia-13">[10]</a> The subsequent period of relative peace enabled the central government to restore control in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, begin collecting taxes, and regain access to key port and government facilities. Economic recovery has been helped by a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and medium-scale manufacturers, with family remittances, banking services, manufactured and farm exports, and international aid as the main sources of foreign exchange.<a href="#cite_note-cia2001-285">[281]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Guy,_Beirut_Dock%27s_you_can_just_about_see_the_snow-capped_peaks_(2213410431).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Frances_Guy%2C_Beirut_Dock%27s_you_can_just_about_see_the_snow-capped_peaks_%282213410431%29.jpg/220px-Frances_Guy%2C_Beirut_Dock%27s_you_can_just_about_see_the_snow-capped_peaks_%282213410431%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Frances_Guy%2C_Beirut_Dock%27s_you_can_just_about_see_the_snow-capped_peaks_%282213410431%29.jpg/330px-Frances_Guy%2C_Beirut_Dock%27s_you_can_just_about_see_the_snow-capped_peaks_%282213410431%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Frances_Guy%2C_Beirut_Dock%27s_you_can_just_about_see_the_snow-capped_peaks_%282213410431%29.jpg/440px-Frances_Guy%2C_Beirut_Dock%27s_you_can_just_about_see_the_snow-capped_peaks_%282213410431%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Port of Beirut</figcaption></figure>Until July 2006, Lebanon enjoyed considerable stability, Beirut's reconstruction was almost complete,<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> and increasing numbers of tourists poured into the nation's resorts.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-287">[283]</a> The economy witnessed growth, with bank assets reaching over 75 billion US dollars,<a href="#cite_note-economy-stat-288">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">Market capitalization</a> was also at an all-time high, estimated at $10.9 billion at the end of the second quarter of 2006.<a href="#cite_note-economy-stat-288">[284]</a> The month-long <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 war</a> severely damaged Lebanon's fragile economy, especially the tourism sector. According to a preliminary report published by the Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of Finance (Lebanon)">Ministry of Finance</a> on 30 August 2006, a major economic decline was expected as a result of the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> Over the course of 2008 Lebanon rebuilt its infrastructure mainly in the real estate and tourism sectors, resulting in a comparatively robust post war economy. Major contributors to the reconstruction of Lebanon include <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (with US$1.5 billion pledged),<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> the European Union (with about $1 billion)<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> and a few other Persian Gulf countries with contributions of up to $800 million.<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_Corniche,_Beirut,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/220px-Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/330px-Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/440px-Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> is the tourism hub of the country.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Lebanon" title="Tourism in Lebanon">Tourism in Lebanon</a></div>The tourism industry accounts for about 10% of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lebtourecon-293">[289]</a> Lebanon attracted around 1,333,000 tourists in 2008, thus placing it as 79th out of 191 countries.<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> In 2009, The New York Times ranked Beirut the No. 1 travel destination worldwide due to its nightlife and hospitality.<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> In January 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of Tourism (Lebanon)">Ministry of Tourism</a> announced that 1,851,081 tourists had visited Lebanon in 2009, a 39% increase from 2008.<a href="#cite_note-lebanon-tourism1-296">[292]</a> In 2009, Lebanon hosted the largest number of tourists to date, eclipsing the previous record set before the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_2009_Tourism_Record-297">[293]</a> Tourist arrivals reached two million in 2010, but fell by 37% for the first 10 months of 2012, a decline caused by the war in neighbouring Syria.<a href="#cite_note-lebtourecon-293">[289]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, Jordan, and Japan were the three most popular origin countries of foreign tourists to Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> In summer, a considerable number of visitors to Lebanon consists of Lebanese expatriates coming to visit their hometowns.<a href="#cite_note-:5-257">[253]</a> In 2012, it was reported that an influx of Japanese tourists had caused a rise in popularity of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a> in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Demographics of Lebanon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese people</a></div> Lebanon had an estimated population of 5,592,631 in 2021, with the number of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese nationals</a> estimated at 4,680,212 in July;<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-300">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-301">[297]</a> however, no official census has been conducted since 1932 due to the sensitive <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">confessional political balance</a> between Lebanon's various religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> Identifying all Lebanese as ethnically <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> is a widely employed example of <a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">panethnicity</a>, as the Lebanese "are descended from many different peoples who are either indigenous, or have occupied, invaded, or settled this corner of the world", making Lebanon, "a mosaic of closely interrelated cultures".<a href="#cite_note-305">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stokes,_Jamie_page_406-306">[301]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> fell from 5.00 in 1971 to 1.75 in 2004. Fertility rates vary considerably among the different religious groups: in 2004, it was 2.10 for <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Lebanon">Shiites</a>, 1.76 for <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunnis</a> and 1.61 for <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Maronites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-demo-reality-307">[302]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirutpic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Beirutpic.jpg/220px-Beirutpic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Beirutpic.jpg/330px-Beirutpic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Beirutpic.jpg/440px-Beirutpic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, is the most populous city in Lebanon.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese people</a> have a long history of emigration stretching back to the 19th century; including partial ancestry, more Lebanese live outside the country than in Lebanon itself. The country has experienced a series of migration waves since independence: over 1.8 million people emigrated from the country between 1975 and 2011.<a href="#cite_note-demo-reality-307">[302]</a> Consequently, millions of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">people of Lebanese descent</a> are spread throughout the world, especially in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>;<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Brazilians" title="Lebanese Brazilians">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Argentines" title="Lebanese Argentines">Argentina</a> have the largest Lebanese communities,<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> with the former having the largest population in the world, at 5-7 million. North America likewise hosts a large diaspora, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Canadians" title="Lebanese Canadians">Canada</a> (approximately 250,000–700,000) and the United States (around 2 million).<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> Australia is home to over 270,000 <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Australian">Lebanese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> Large numbers of Lebanese migrated to <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> particularly to the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> (100,000)<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Senegal" title="Lebanese people in Senegal">30,000</a>).<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> The Persian Gulf hosts many Lebanese expatriates,<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> led by Saudi Arabia with 269,000 Lebanese citizens.<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> Around a third of the Lebanese workforce, about 350,000, reportedly live in Gulf countries according to some sources.<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> Over 50% of the Lebanese diaspora are Christian, partly due to the large period of Christian emigration before 1943.<a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a> Lebanon has the largest number of refugees per capita in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:11-319">[314]</a> As of 2024,<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> Lebanon hosted over 1.6 million <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> seekers: 449,957 from <a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Lebanon" title="Palestinians in Lebanon">Palestine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cia-13">[10]</a> 100,000 from <a href="/wiki/Iraqis_in_Lebanon" title="Iraqis in Lebanon">Iraq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> over 1.1 million from <a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_Lebanon" title="Syrians in Lebanon">Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cia-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a> and at least 4,000 from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> According to the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia of the United Nations, among the Syrian refugees, 71% live in poverty and 80% lack legal residency.<a href="#cite_note-chronicle.fanack.com-324">[319]</a> Other estimates put the Syrian refugee population at 1.5 million in 2024,<a href="#cite_note-:11-319">[314]</a> compared to over 1.25 million according to a 2013 estimate by the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-refugees-132">[128]</a> In the last three decades, lengthy and destructive <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflicts</a> have ravaged the country. The majority of Lebanese have been affected by armed conflict; those with direct personal experience include 75% of the population, and most others report suffering a range of hardships. In total, almost the entire population (96%) has been affected in some way – either personally or because of the wider consequences of armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Lebanon <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source?</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Lebanon">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorate</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Lebanon">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorate</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirutcity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beirut"><img alt="Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Beirutcity.jpg/120px-Beirutcity.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Beirutcity.jpg/180px-Beirutcity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Beirutcity.jpg/240px-Beirutcity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="522" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> <a href="/wiki/File:OldTripoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tripoli"><img alt="Tripoli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/OldTripoli.jpg/120px-OldTripoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/OldTripoli.jpg/180px-OldTripoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/OldTripoli.jpg/240px-OldTripoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Governorate" title="Beirut Governorate">Beirut</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,916,100</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nabatieh" title="Nabatieh">Nabatieh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nabatieh_Governorate" title="Nabatieh Governorate">Nabatieh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,000 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Jounieh_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jounieh"><img alt="Jounieh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jounieh_Lebanon.jpg/120px-Jounieh_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jounieh_Lebanon.jpg/180px-Jounieh_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jounieh_Lebanon.jpg/240px-Jounieh_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jounieh" title="Jounieh">Jounieh</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Zahle,Lebanon.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Zahlé"><img alt="Zahlé" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG/120px-Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG/180px-Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG/240px-Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,150,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zgharta" title="Zgharta">Zgharta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jounieh" title="Jounieh">Jounieh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate" title="Mount Lebanon Governorate">Mount Lebanon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">450,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bint_Jbeil" title="Bint Jbeil">Bint Jbeil</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nabatieh_Governorate" title="Nabatieh Governorate">Nabatieh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Governorate" title="Beqaa Governorate">Beqaa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">130,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bsharri" title="Bsharri">Bsharri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Governorate" title="South Governorate">South</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">110,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baakleen" title="Baakleen">Baakleen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate" title="Mount Lebanon Governorate">Mount Lebanon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aley" title="Aley">Aley</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate" title="Mount Lebanon Governorate">Mount Lebanon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Governorate" title="South Governorate">South</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate" title="Mount Lebanon Governorate">Mount Lebanon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baalbek-Hermel_Governorate" title="Baalbek-Hermel Governorate">Baalbek-Hermel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North Governorate</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,000 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Religion in Lebanon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Islam in Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christianity in Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Lebanon" title="Irreligion in Lebanon">Irreligion in Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Lebanon">Secularism in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg/190px-Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg/285px-Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg/380px-Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="3484" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of main religious groups of Lebanon according to 2009 municipal election data<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a></figcaption></figure>Lebanon is the most religiously diverse country in West Asia and the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> Because the relative sizes of different religions and religious sects remains a sensitive issue, a national census has not been conducted since 1932.<a href="#cite_note-freedom-328">[323]</a> There are 18 state-recognized religious sects: four <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Muslim</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christian</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Jews">Jewish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-freedom-328">[323]</a> The Lebanese government counts its <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> citizens as part of its <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> population,<a href="#cite_note-DruzeAreCountedAsMuslimsInLebanon-329">[324]</a> although most <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> today do not identify as <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> It is believed that there has been a decline in the ratio of Christians to Muslims over the past 60 years, due to higher emigration rates of Christians, and a higher birth rate in the Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-freedom-328">[323]</a> When the last census was held in 1932, Christians made up 53% of Lebanon's population.<a href="#cite_note-demo-reality-307">[302]</a> In 1956, it was estimated that the population was 54% Christian and 44% Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-demo-reality-307">[302]</a> A demographic study conducted[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] by the research firm Statistics Lebanon found that approximately 27% of the population was <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunni</a>, 27% <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Shia</a>, 21% <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Maronite</a>, 8% <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon">Greek Orthodox</a>, 5% <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze</a>, 5% <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkite Christianity in Lebanon">Melkite</a>, and 1% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Lebanon">Protestant</a>, with the remaining 6% mostly belonging to smaller non-native to Lebanon Christian denominations.<a href="#cite_note-freedom-328">[323]</a> The <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> estimates (2020) the following (data does not include Lebanon's sizable Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations): <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Muslim</a> 67.8% (31.9% <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunni</a>, 31.2% <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Shia</a>, smaller percentages of <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christian</a> 32.4% (<a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Catholics</a> are the largest Christian group), <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze</a> 4.5%, and very small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Lebanon">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baha%27i_Faith_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha'i Faith in Lebanon">Baha'is</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Lebanon">Buddhists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Lebanon">Hindus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciab-332">[327]</a> Other sources like <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[328]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid-based</a> diary <a href="/wiki/La_Raz%C3%B3n_(Madrid)" title="La Razón (Madrid)">La Razón</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a> estimate the percentage of Christians to be around 53%. A study based on voter registration numbers shows that by 2011, the Christian population was stable compared to that of previous years, making up 34.35% of the population; Muslims, the Druze included, were 65.47% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> of 2014 put the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> in Lebanon at 3.3%.<a href="#cite_note-WVS-336">[331]</a> Survey data indicates a decrease in religious faith within Lebanon, especially noticeable among young people.<a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunni residents</a> primarily live in Western Beirut, the Southern coast of Lebanon, and <a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon" title="North Lebanon">Northern Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LOC_glossary-338">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Shi'a residents</a> primarily live in Southern Beirut, the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LOC_glossary-338">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Maronite Catholic residents</a> primarily live in Eastern Beirut and around <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LOC_glossary-338">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Greek_Orthodox_Christians" title="Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians">Greek Orthodox residents</a> primarily live in the <a href="/wiki/Koura_District" title="Koura District">Koura region</a>, Akkar, Metn, and Beirut (<a href="/wiki/Achrafieh" title="Achrafieh">Achrafieh</a>).<a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Melkite_Christians" title="Lebanese Melkite Christians">Melkite Catholic residents</a> live mainly in Beirut, on the eastern slopes of the Lebanon mountains, and in <a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Druze" title="Lebanese Druze">Druze residents</a> are concentrated in the rural, mountainous areas east and south of Beirut. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Languages of Lebanon</a></div> Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> is to be used".<a href="#cite_note-article_11-4">[2]</a> The majority of Lebanese people speak <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a>, which is grouped in a larger category called <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> is mostly used in magazines, newspapers, and formal broadcast media. <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Sign Language">Lebanese Sign Language</a> is the language of the Deaf community. There is also significant presence <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Lebanon" title="French language in Lebanon">of French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Lebanon" title="English language in Lebanon">of English</a>. Almost 40% of Lebanese are considered francophone, and another 15% "partial francophone", and 70% of Lebanon's secondary schools use French as a second language of instruction.<a href="#cite_note-NadeauBarlow2008-342">[337]</a> By comparison, English is used as a secondary language in 30% of Lebanon's secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-NadeauBarlow2008-342">[337]</a> The use of French is a legacy of France's historic ties to the region, including its <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> over Lebanon following World War I; as of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanon&action=edit">[update]</a>, some 20% of the population used French on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-343">[338]</a> The use of Arabic by Lebanon's educated youth is declining, as they usually prefer to speak in French and, to a lesser extent, English, which are seen as more fashionable.<a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a> English is increasingly used in science and business interactions.<a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Lebanese citizens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Lebanon" title="Greeks in Lebanon">Greek</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Lebanon" title="Assyrians in Lebanon">Assyrian</a> descent often speak their ancestral languages with varying degrees of fluency. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanon&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were around 150,000 Armenians in Lebanon, or around 5% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-348">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Education in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CISUSJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/CISUSJ.jpg/220px-CISUSJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/CISUSJ.jpg/330px-CISUSJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/CISUSJ.jpg/440px-CISUSJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Innovation and Sports Campus of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph University">Saint Joseph University</a></figcaption></figure>According to surveys from the World Economic Forum's 2013 Global Information Technology Report, Lebanon has been ranked globally as the fourth best country for math and science education, and as the tenth best overall for quality of education. In quality of management schools, the country was ranked 13th worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a> The United Nations assigned Lebanon an education index of 0.871 in 2008. The index, which is determined by the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio, ranked the country 88th out of the 177 countries participating.<a href="#cite_note-undp-350">[345]</a> All Lebanese schools are required to follow a prescribed curriculum designed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Higher_Education_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of Education and Higher Education (Lebanon)">Ministry of Education</a>. Some of the 1400 private schools offer <a href="/wiki/IB_program" class="mw-redirect" title="IB program">IB programs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a> and may also add more courses to their curriculum with approval from the Ministry of Education. The first eight years of education are, by law, compulsory.<a href="#cite_note-dos-2010-03-22-17">[14]</a> Lebanon has forty-one nationally accredited universities, several of which are internationally recognized.<a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a> (AUB) and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph University">Saint Joseph University of Beirut</a> (USJ) were the first Anglophone and the first Francophone universities to open in Lebanon, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a> Universities in Lebanon, both public and private, largely operate in French or English.<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a> The top-ranking universities in the country are the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a> (#2 in the Middle East as of 2022 and #226 worldwide),<a href="#cite_note-357">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Balamand" title="University of Balamand">University of Balamand</a> (#17 in the region and #802–850 worldwide),<a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_American_University" title="Lebanese American University">Lebanese American University</a> (#17 in the region and #501 worldwide),<a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a> <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Saint_Joseph_de_Beyrouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth">Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth</a> (#2 in Lebanon and #631–640 worldwide),<a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Libanaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Libanaise">Université Libanaise</a> (#577 worldwide) and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_University_of_Kaslik" title="Holy Spirit University of Kaslik">Holy Spirit University of Kaslik</a> (#600s worldwide as of 2020).<a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_University%E2%80%93Louaize" title="Notre Dame University–Louaize">Notre Dame University-Louaize</a> (NDU) (#701 as of 2021).<a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Lebanon" title="Health in Lebanon">Health in Lebanon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Covid-19_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Covid-19 in Lebanon">Covid-19 in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CF008854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CF008854.jpg/220px-CF008854.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CF008854.jpg/330px-CF008854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CF008854.jpg/440px-CF008854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>Belluve Medical Center</figcaption></figure> In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 7.03% of the country's GDP. In 2009, there were 31.29 physicians and 19.71 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a> The life expectancy at birth was 72.59 years in 2011, or 70.48 years for males and 74.80 years for females.<a href="#cite_note-364">[359]</a> By the end of the civil war, only one-third of the country's public hospitals were operational, each with an average of 20 beds. By 2009, the country had 28 public hospitals, with a total of 2,550 beds.<a href="#cite_note-healthref-365">[360]</a> At public hospitals, hospitalized uninsured patients pay 5% of the bill, in comparison with 15% in private hospitals, with the Ministry of Public Health reimbursing the remainder.<a href="#cite_note-healthref-365">[360]</a> The Ministry of Public Health contracts with 138 private hospitals and 25 public hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-statbul11-366">[361]</a> In 2011, there were 236,643 subsidized admissions to hospitals; 164,244 in private hospitals, and 72,399 in public hospitals. More patients visit private hospitals than public hospitals, because the private beds supply is higher.<a href="#cite_note-statbul11-366">[361]</a> According to the Ministry of Public Health in Lebanon, the top 10 leading causes of reported hospital deaths in 2017 were: malignant neoplasm of bronchus or lung (4.6%), Acute <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> (3%), <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> (2.2%), exposure to unspecified factor, unspecified place (2.1%), <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a> (1.4%), intra-cerebral hemorrhage (1.2%), malignant neoplasm of colon (1.2%), malignant neoplasm of pancreas (1.1%), malignant neoplasm of prostate (1.1%), malignant neoplasm of bladder (0.8%).<a href="#cite_note-367">[362]</a> Recently,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] there has been an increase in foodborne illnesses in Lebanon. This has raised public awareness on the importance of food safety, including in the realms of food storage, preservation, and preparation. More restaurants are seeking information and compliance with <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kebabs-368">[363]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Asfouriyeh_Hospital" title="Asfouriyeh Hospital">Asfouriyeh Hospital</a>, founded in 1896 in Lebanon, is considered the first modern mental health hospital in the Middle East. The devastating impact of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> led to the hospital's closure in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-:03-369">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Culture of Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon,_Baalbek,_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg/220px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg/330px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg/440px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a> is considered among the best preserved <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> temples in the world, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150 AD.</figcaption></figure> The culture of Lebanon reflects the legacy of various civilizations spanning thousands of years. Originally home to the <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a>-<a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, and then subsequently conquered and occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, the Arabs, the Crusaders, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> and most recently the French, Lebanese culture has over the millennia evolved by borrowing from all of these groups. Lebanon's diverse population, composed of different ethnic and religious groups, has further contributed to the country's festivals, musical styles and literature as well as cuisine. Despite the ethnic, linguistic, religious and denominational diversity of the Lebanese, they "share an almost common culture".<a href="#cite_note-StokesJamie-370">[365]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a> is universally spoken while food, music, and literature are deep-rooted "in wider Mediterranean and Levantine norms".<a href="#cite_note-StokesJamie-370">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> In visual arts, <a href="/wiki/Moustafa_Farroukh" title="Moustafa Farroukh">Moustafa Farroukh</a> was among Lebanon's most prominent painters of the 20th century. Formally trained in Rome and Paris, he exhibited in venues from Paris to New York to Beirut over his career.<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a> Many more contemporary artists are active, such as <a href="/wiki/Walid_Raad" title="Walid Raad">Walid Raad</a>, a contemporary media artist residing in New York.<a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a> In the field of photography, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Image_Foundation" title="Arab Image Foundation">Arab Image Foundation</a> has a collection of over 400,000 photographs from Lebanon and the Middle East. The photographs can be viewed in a research center and various events and publications have been produced in Lebanon and worldwide to promote the collection. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> In literature, <a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran" title="Kahlil Gibran">Kahlil Gibran</a> is the third best-selling poet of all time, behind <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a> He is particularly known for his book <a href="/wiki/The_Prophet_(book)" title="The Prophet (book)">The Prophet</a> (1923), which has been translated into over twenty different languages.<a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a> was a major figure in the mahjar literary movement developed by Arab emigrants in North America, and an early theorist of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Naimy" title="Mikhail Naimy">Mikhail Naimy</a> is widely recognized as among the most important figures in modern Arabic letters and among the most important spiritual writers of the 20th century. Several contemporary Lebanese writers have also achieved international success; including <a href="/wiki/Elias_Khoury" title="Elias Khoury">Elias Khoury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amin_Maalouf" title="Amin Maalouf">Amin Maalouf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanan_al-Shaykh" title="Hanan al-Shaykh">Hanan al-Shaykh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sch%C3%A9had%C3%A9" title="Georges Schéhadé">Georges Schéhadé</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Music of Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairuz_in_btd_concert_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Fairuz_in_btd_concert_2001.jpg/188px-Fairuz_in_btd_concert_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Fairuz_in_btd_concert_2001.jpg/282px-Fairuz_in_btd_concert_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Fairuz_in_btd_concert_2001.jpg/376px-Fairuz_in_btd_concert_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fairuz" title="Fairuz">Fairuz</a></figcaption></figure>While traditional folk music remains popular in Lebanon, modern music reconciling Western and traditional Arabic styles, pop, and <a href="/wiki/Fusion_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion (music)">fusion</a> are rapidly advancing in popularity.<a href="#cite_note-Traditional-375">[370]</a> Lebanese artists like <a href="/wiki/Fairuz" title="Fairuz">Fairuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majida_El_Roumi" title="Majida El Roumi">Majida El Roumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadih_El_Safi" title="Wadih El Safi">Wadih El Safi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_(singer)" title="Sabah (singer)">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Boutros" title="Julia Boutros">Julia Boutros</a> or <a href="/wiki/Najwa_Karam" title="Najwa Karam">Najwa Karam</a> are widely known and appreciated in Lebanon and in the Arab world. Radio stations feature a variety of music, including traditional Lebanese, classical Arabic, Armenian<a href="#cite_note-376">[371]</a> and modern French, English, American, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> tunes.<a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_cinema">Media and cinema</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">cinema of Lebanon</a>, according to film critic and historian, Roy Armes, was the only cinema in the Arabic-speaking region, besides the dominant <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egyptian cinema</a>,<a href="#cite_note-378">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a> that could amount to a national cinema.<a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a> Cinema in Lebanon has been in existence since the 1920s, and the country has produced over 500 films with many films including Egyptian filmmakers and film stars.<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Lebanon">media of Lebanon</a> is not only a regional center of production but also the most liberal and free in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a> According to Press freedom's <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, "the media have more freedom in Lebanon than in any other Arab country".<a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a> Despite its small population and geographic size, Lebanon plays an influential role in the production of information in the Arab world and is "at the core of a regional media network with global implications".<a href="#cite_note-b1-384">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_festivals">Holidays and festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Lebanon" title="Public holidays in Lebanon">Public holidays in Lebanon</a></div>Lebanon celebrates national and both <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Muslim</a> holidays. Christian holidays are celebrated following both the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon">Greek Orthodox</a> (with the exception of Easter), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Lebanon">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Lebanon">Protestants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkite Christianity in Lebanon">Melkite</a> Christians follow the Gregorian Calendar and thus celebrate Christmas on 25 December. Armenian <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Apostolic</a> Christians celebrate Christmas on 6 January, as they follow the Julian Calendar. Muslim holidays are followed based on the Islamic lunar calendar. Muslim holidays that are celebrated include Eid al-Fitr (the three-day feast at the end of the Ramadan month), Eid al-Adha (The Feast of the Sacrifice) which is celebrated during the annual pilgrimage to Mecca and also celebrates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son to God, the Birth of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and Ashura (the Shiite Day of Mourning). Lebanon's National Holidays include Workers Day, Independence Day, and Martyrs Day. Music festivals, often hosted at historical sites, are a customary element of Lebanese culture.<a href="#cite_note-Festivals-385">[380]</a> Among the most famous are <a href="/wiki/Baalbeck_International_Festival" title="Baalbeck International Festival">Baalbeck International Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byblos_International_Festival" title="Byblos International Festival">Byblos International Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beiteddine_Festival" title="Beiteddine Festival">Beiteddine International Festival</a>, Jounieh International Festival, Broumana Festival, Batroun International Festival, Ehmej Festival, Dhour Chwer Festival and Tyr Festival.<a href="#cite_note-Festivals-385">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[381]</a> These festivals are promoted by Lebanon's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of Tourism (Lebanon)">Ministry of Tourism</a>. Lebanon hosts about 15 concerts from international performers each year, ranking 1st for nightlife in the Middle East, and 6th worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-387">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese cuisine</a></div> Lebanese cuisine is similar to those of many countries in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, such as Syria, Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus. The Lebanese national dishes are the <a href="/wiki/Kibbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibbe">kibbe</a>, a meat pie made from finely minced <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burghul" class="mw-redirect" title="Burghul">burghul</a> (cracked <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">tabbouleh</a>, a salad made from <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burghul" class="mw-redirect" title="Burghul">burghul</a> wheat. Lebanese restaurant meals begin with a wide array of <a href="/wiki/Mezze" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezze">mezze</a> – small savoury dishes, such as dips, salads, and pastries. The mezze are typically followed by a selection of grilled <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>. In general, meals are finished with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a> and fresh <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, though sometimes a selection of traditional sweets will be offered as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Lebanon" title="Sport in Lebanon">Sport in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camille_Chamoun_Sports_City_Stadium_2018_-_Beirut_derby_(Nejmeh_fans).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Camille_Chamoun_Sports_City_Stadium_2018_-_Beirut_derby_%28Nejmeh_fans%29.png/220px-Camille_Chamoun_Sports_City_Stadium_2018_-_Beirut_derby_%28Nejmeh_fans%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Camille_Chamoun_Sports_City_Stadium_2018_-_Beirut_derby_%28Nejmeh_fans%29.png/330px-Camille_Chamoun_Sports_City_Stadium_2018_-_Beirut_derby_%28Nejmeh_fans%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Camille_Chamoun_Sports_City_Stadium_2018_-_Beirut_derby_%28Nejmeh_fans%29.png/440px-Camille_Chamoun_Sports_City_Stadium_2018_-_Beirut_derby_%28Nejmeh_fans%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chamoun_Sports_City_Stadium" title="Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium">Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></figcaption></figure> Lebanon has six <a href="/wiki/Skiing_in_Lebanon" title="Skiing in Lebanon">ski resorts</a>. The country's unique geography makes it possible to go skiing in the morning and swimming in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in the afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-Aikman2009-388">[383]</a> At the competitive level, basketball and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> are among Lebanon's most popular sports. <a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">rafting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a>, swimming, sailing and <a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">caving</a> are among the other common leisure sports in Lebanon. The <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Marathon" title="Beirut Marathon">Beirut Marathon</a> is held every fall, drawing top runners from Lebanon and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Lebanon" title="Rugby league in Lebanon">Rugby league</a> is a relatively new but growing sport in Lebanon. The <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_national_rugby_league_team" title="Lebanon national rugby league team">Lebanon national rugby league team</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2000 Rugby League World Cup">2000 Rugby League World Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-390">[385]</a> and narrowly missed qualification for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2008 Rugby League World Cup">2008</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[386]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2013 Rugby League World Cup">2013</a> tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a> They qualified again for the <a href="/wiki/2017_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2017 Rugby League World Cup">2017 World Cup</a> reaching the quarter-finals, narrowly losing 24–22 to <a href="/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_league_team" title="Tonga national rugby league team">Tonga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a> This ensured qualification for <a href="/wiki/2021_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2021 Rugby League World Cup">2021</a>. However, their 2021 quarterfinal was not as competitive, losing 48–4 to eventual champions <a href="/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team" title="Australia national rugby league team">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a> Lebanon also took part in the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 European Cup">2009 European Cup</a> where, after narrowly failing to qualify for the final, the team defeated <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_league_team" title="Ireland national rugby league team">Ireland</a> to finish 3rd in the tournament.<a href="#cite_note-395">[390]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-21_Ahed_vs_Ansar_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2020-21_Ahed_vs_Ansar_02.jpg/220px-2020-21_Ahed_vs_Ansar_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2020-21_Ahed_vs_Ansar_02.jpg/330px-2020-21_Ahed_vs_Ansar_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2020-21_Ahed_vs_Ansar_02.jpg/440px-2020-21_Ahed_vs_Ansar_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Ansar_FC" title="Al Ansar FC">Al Ansar FC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></figcaption></figure>Lebanon participates in <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Lebanon men's national basketball team">Lebanese National Team</a> qualified for the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA World Championship">FIBA World Championship</a> three times in a row.<a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[392]</a> Dominant basketball teams are <a href="/wiki/Sporting_Al_Riyadi_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting Al Riyadi Beirut">Sporting Al Riyadi Beirut</a>,<a href="#cite_note-398">[393]</a> who are the Arab and Asian champions, and <a href="/wiki/Sagesse_SC_(basketball)" title="Sagesse SC (basketball)">Club Sagesse</a>, who have earned the Asian and Arab championships. <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Lebanon" title="Football in Lebanon">Football</a> is also among the more popular sports in the country. The top football league is the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Premier_League" title="Lebanese Premier League">Lebanese Premier League</a>, whose most successful clubs are <a href="/wiki/Al_Ansar_FC" title="Al Ansar FC">Al Ansar FC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nejmeh_SC" title="Nejmeh SC">Nejmeh SC</a>. In recent years, Lebanon has hosted the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[394]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[395]</a> Lebanon hosted the <a href="/wiki/2009_Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="2009 Jeux de la Francophonie">2009 Jeux de la Francophonie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-401">[396]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_at_the_Olympics" title="Lebanon at the Olympics">have participated</a> in every <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> since its independence, winning a total of four medals.<a href="#cite_note-402">[397]</a> Water sports have also shown to be very active in the past years, in Lebanon. Since 2012 and with the emergence of the Lebanon Water Festival NGO, more emphasis has been placed on those sports, and Lebanon has been pushed forward as a water sport destination internationally.<a href="#cite_note-403">[398]</a> They host different contests and water show sports that encourage their fans to participate and win big.<a href="#cite_note-404">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">Outline of Lebanon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɛbənɒn, -nən/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2e\/En-US-Lebanon.ogg\/En-US-Lebanon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-US-Lebanon.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-US-Lebanon.ogg/En-US-Lebanon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-US-Lebanon.ogg" title="File:En-US-Lebanon.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LEB-ən-on, -⁠ən</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: لُبْنَان, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Lubnān, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">local</a> pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">[lɪbˈneːn]</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Article 11 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution of Lebanon</a> states: "Arabic is the official national language. A law shall determine the cases in which the French language can be used." See <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Lebanon" title="French language in Lebanon">French language in Lebanon</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianist</a> activists are known to oppose being characterized as Arab,<a href="#cite_note-Khashan_723–744-303">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-304">[300]</a> but from a statistical perspective are often counted as such. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> 2005: <a href="/wiki/Bassel_Fleihan" title="Bassel Fleihan">Bassel Fleihan</a>, Lebanese legislator and Minister of Economy and Commerce; <a href="/wiki/Samir_Kassir" title="Samir Kassir">Samir Kassir</a>, Columnist and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Movement_(Lebanon)" title="Democratic Left Movement (Lebanon)">Democratic Left Movement</a> leader; <a href="/wiki/George_Hawi" title="George Hawi">George Hawi</a>, former head of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">Lebanese Communist Party</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gibran_Tueni" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibran Tueni">Gibran Tueni</a>, Editor in Chief of "An Nahar" newspaper. 2006: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel" title="Pierre Gemayel">Pierre Gemayel</a>, Minister of Industry. 2007: <a href="/wiki/Walid_Eido" title="Walid Eido">Walid Eido</a>, MP; <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Ghanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Ghanim">Antoine Ghanim</a>, MP. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcGowen1989" class="citation book cs1">McGowen, Afaf Sabeh (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.lb">"Historical Setting"</a>. In Collelo, Thomas (ed.). Lebanon: A Country Study. Area Handbook Series (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: The Division. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18907889">18907889</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Setting&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Area+Handbook+Series&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+Division&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18907889&rft.aulast=McGowen&rft.aufirst=Afaf+Sabeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.lb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-article_11-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-article_11_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-article_11_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxel_Tschentscher,_LL.M." class="citation web cs1">Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/le00000_.html#A011_">"Article 11 of the Lebanese Constitution"</a>. Servat.unibe.ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235845/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/le00000_.html#A011_">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+11+of+the+Lebanese+Constitution&rft.pub=Servat.unibe.ch&rft.au=Axel+Tschentscher%2C+LL.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.servat.unibe.ch%2Ficl%2Fle00000_.html%23A011_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2019" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Andrew (2 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kpSBDwAAQBAJ&dq=lebanese+arabic+lebanon+language+and+society+an+introduction&pg=PT21">Language and Society: An Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094020-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094020-1"><bdi>978-0-19-094020-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Society%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-094020-1&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkpSBDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlebanese%2Barabic%2Blebanon%2Blanguage%2Band%2Bsociety%2Ban%2Bintroduction%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society">"Lebanon – the World Factbook"</a>. 23 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111113708/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon+%E2%80%93+the+World+Factbook&rft.date=2021-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Flebanon%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119201440/http://presidency.gov.lb/English/LebaneseSystem/Documents/Lebanese%20Constitution.pdf">"The Lebanese Constitution"</a> (PDF). Presidency of Lebanon. 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Oxford University Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517610-0"><bdi>978-0-19-517610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+guide+to+people+and+places+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517610-0&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft.au=Coogan%2C+Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Kelley L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125040619/http://friesian.com/egypt.htm">"The Pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian"</a>. The Proceedings of the Friesian School, Fourth Series. Friesian School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friesian.com/egypt.htm">the original</a> on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Proceedings+of+the+Friesian+School%2C+Fourth+Series&rft.atitle=The+Pronunciation+of+Ancient+Egyptian&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Kelley+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friesian.com%2Fegypt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBienkowskiMillard2000" class="citation book cs1">Bienkowski, Piotr; Millard, Alan Ralph (2000). Dictionary of the ancient Near East. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3557-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3557-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-3557-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3557-9&rft.aulast=Bienkowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Millard%2C+Alan+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeltenburgWasse2004a-30"><a href="#cite_ref-PeltenburgWasse2004a_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkel,_Yosef2004" class="citation book cs1">Garfinkel, Yosef (2004). ""Néolithique" and "Énéolithique" Byblos in Southern Levantine Context". In E. J. Peltenburg; Alexander Wasse (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mKBAAAAMAAJ">Neolithic Revolution: New Perspectives on Southwest Asia in Light of Recent Discoveries on Cyprus</a>. Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-132-5"><bdi>978-1-84217-132-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216215004/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mKBAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22N%C3%A9olithique%22+and+%22%C3%89n%C3%A9olithique%22+Byblos+in+Southern+Levantine+Context&rft.btitle=Neolithic+Revolution%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Southwest+Asia+in+Light+of+Recent+Discoveries+on+Cyprus&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-132-5&rft.au=Garfinkel%2C+Yosef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mKBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-byblos1-31"><a href="#cite_ref-byblos1_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumperStanleyAbu-Lughod2006" class="citation book cs1">Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.; Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 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Retrieved 22 July 2009. <q>Archaeological excavations at Byblos indicate that the site has been continually inhabited since at least 5000 B.C.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-57607-919-8&rft.aulast=Dumper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Bruce+E.&rft.au=Abu-Lughod%2C+Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26q%3Dbyblos%2Bcontinually%2Binhabited%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Byblos">"Byblos"</a>. 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Destinationlebanon.gov.lb. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://destinationlebanon.gov.lb/eng/Byblos/History.asp">the original</a> on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Virtual+Tours%3A+Byblos&rft.pub=Destinationlebanon.gov.lb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdestinationlebanon.gov.lb%2Feng%2FByblos%2FHistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_lebanonphoenicians.htm">"Lebanon in Ancient Times"</a>. 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Egbert J. Bakker, 2010, Wiley-Blackwell). </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.nl-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorenson2009" class="citation book cs1">Sorenson, David S. (12 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7fr8WGPS_gC&pg=PA8">Global Security Watch—Lebanon: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook</a>. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313365799" title="Special:BookSources/9780313365799"><bdi>9780313365799</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012124444/https://books.google.com/books?id=L7fr8WGPS_gC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017. 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Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576073353" title="Special:BookSources/9781576073353"><bdi>9781576073353</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012124706/https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA338">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017. 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New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–28, 232, 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518111-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+A+History%2C+600%E2%80%932011&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y&rft.series=Studies+in+Middle+Eastern+history&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E28%2C+232%2C+247&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518111-1&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Hitti" title="Philip K. Hitti">Hitti, Philip</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.53848">Lebanon in History</a>. Macmillan and Co Ltd. p. 246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon+in+History&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.53848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand,_Carole2000" class="citation book cs1">Hillenbrand, Carole (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC">The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-354-5"><bdi>978-1-57958-354-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905174853/https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+Islamic+Perspectives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-354-5&rft.au=Hillenbrand%2C+Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUalnoF5MBHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_46-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_46-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_46-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_46-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajemAmore2021" class="citation book cs1">Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C. (2021). "Chronology; Introduction". Historical Dictionary of Lebanon (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. xxi–xxxv, 2–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2043-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2043-9"><bdi>978-1-5381-2043-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology%3B+Introduction&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Lebanon&rft.place=Lanham+Boulder+New+York+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxxv%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2043-9&rft.aulast=Najem&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Amore%2C+Roy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorton,_T.J.2013" class="citation book cs1">Gorton, T.J. (25 April 2013). Renaissance Emir. Quartet Books. pp. 160–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780704372979" title="Special:BookSources/9780704372979"><bdi>9780704372979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Emir&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.isbn=9780704372979&rft.au=Gorton%2C+T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorton,_T.J.2013" class="citation book cs1">Gorton, T.J. (25 April 2013). Renaissance Emir. Quartet Books. pp. 195–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780704372979" title="Special:BookSources/9780704372979"><bdi>9780704372979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Emir&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.isbn=9780704372979&rft.au=Gorton%2C+T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazran2013" class="citation book cs1">Hazran, Yusri (2013). The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation. Routledge. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317931737" title="Special:BookSources/9781317931737"><bdi>9781317931737</bdi></a>. <q>the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+Community+and+the+Lebanese+State%3A+Between+Confrontation+and+Reconciliation&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317931737&rft.aulast=Hazran&rft.aufirst=Yusri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtzi1984" class="citation book cs1">Artzi, Pinḥas (1984). Confrontation and Coexistence. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652260499" title="Special:BookSources/9789652260499"><bdi>9789652260499</bdi></a>. <q>.. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confrontation+and+Coexistence&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Bar-Ilan+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9789652260499&rft.aulast=Artzi&rft.aufirst=Pin%E1%B8%A5as&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCHURCHILL1862" class="citation book cs1">CHURCHILL (1862). The Druzes and the Maronites. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25. <q>..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes+and+the+Maronites&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Montserrat+Abbey+Library&rft.date=1862&rft.au=CHURCHILL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobby1985" class="citation book cs1">Hobby (1985). Near East/South Asia Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53. <q>the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+East%2FSouth+Asia+Report&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Foreign+Broadcast+Information+Service&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Hobby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+lb0026)">"Lebanon"</a>. Library of Congress Country Studies. December 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123851/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+lb0026%29">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.atitle=Lebanon&rft.date=1987-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Blb0026%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCS-54"><a href="#cite_ref-UCS_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk,_RobertDebevoise,_MalcolmKassir,_Samir2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Fisk, Robert</a>; Debevoise, Malcolm; Kassir, Samir (2010). Beirut. University of California Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25668-2"><bdi>978-0-520-25668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beirut&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25668-2&rft.au=Fisk%2C+Robert&rft.au=Debevoise%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Kassir%2C+Samir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanasar-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanasar_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalwa_C._Nassar_Foundation1969" class="citation book cs1">Salwa C. Nassar Foundation (1969). Cultural resources in Lebanon. Beirut: Librarie du Liban. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+resources+in+Lebanon&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Librarie+du+Liban&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Salwa+C.+Nassar+Foundation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frg-56"><a href="#cite_ref-frg_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinslow,_Charles1996" class="citation book cs1">Winslow, Charles (1996). Lebanon: war and politics in a fragmented society. Routledge. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14403-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14403-2"><bdi>978-0-415-14403-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+war+and+politics+in+a+fragmented+society&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14403-2&rft.au=Winslow%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deeb_2013-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Deeb_2013_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeb2013" class="citation book cs1">Deeb, Marius (2013). Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817916664" title="Special:BookSources/9780817916664"><bdi>9780817916664</bdi></a>. <q>the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%2C+Iran%2C+and+Hezbollah%3A+The+Unholy+Alliance+and+Its+War+on+Lebanon&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780817916664&rft.aulast=Deeb&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakim2013-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Hakim2013_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2013" class="citation book cs1">Hakim, Carol (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3asKDHYERwC&pg=PA287">The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea, 1840–1920</a>. University of California Press. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27341-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27341-2"><bdi>978-0-520-27341-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621114243/http://books.google.com/books?id=W3asKDHYERwC&pg=PA287">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Lebanese+National+Idea%2C+1840%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27341-2&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3asKDHYERwC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firro2003-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Firro2003_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirro,_Kais2003" class="citation book cs1">Firro, Kais (8 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRwOcE9wJAQC&pg=PA18">Inventing Lebanon: Nationalism and the State Under the Mandate</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-857-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-857-1"><bdi>978-1-86064-857-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621074704/http://books.google.com/books?id=zRwOcE9wJAQC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Lebanon%3A+Nationalism+and+the+State+Under+the+Mandate&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2003-02-08&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-857-1&rft.au=Firro%2C+Kais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzRwOcE9wJAQC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rooke-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Rooke_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetz_Rooke2013" class="citation book cs1">Tetz Rooke (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykTYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">"Writing the Boundary: "Khitat al-Shăm" by Muhammad Kurd ʹAli"</a>. In Hiroyuki (ed.). Concept Of Territory In Islamic Thought. Routledge. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-18453-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-18453-6"><bdi>978-1-136-18453-6</bdi></a>. <q>His [(<a href="/wiki/Thongchai_Winichakul" title="Thongchai Winichakul">Thongchai Winichakul</a>'s)] study shows that the modern map in some cases predicted the nation instead of just recording it; rather than describing existing borders it created the reality it was assumed to depict. The power of the map over the mind was great:"[H]ow could a nation resist being found if a nineteenth-century map had predicted it?" In the Middle East, Lebanon seems to offer a corresponding example. When the idea of a Greater Lebanon in 1908 was put forward in a book by Bulus Nujaym, a Lebanese Maronite writing under the pseudonym of M. Jouplain, he suggested that the natural boundaries of Lebanon were exactly the same as drawn in the 1861 and 1863 staff maps of the French military expedition to Syria, maps that added territories on the northern, eastern and southern borders, plus the city of Beirut, to the Mutasarrifiyya of Mount Lebanon. In this case, too, the prior existence of a European military map seems to have created a fact on the ground.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+the+Boundary%3A+%22Khitat+al-Sh%C4%83m%22+by+Muhammad+Kurd+%CA%B9Ali&rft.btitle=Concept+Of+Territory+In+Islamic+Thought&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-18453-6&rft.au=Tetz+Rooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DykTYAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ehdenfamilytree.org/getperson.php?personID=I1&tree=ehden">"Youssef KARAM, I b. May 1823 Ehden, Zgharta, Lebanon d. 7 Apr 1889 Naples, Italy: Ehden Family Tree"</a>. www.ehdenfamilytree.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ehdenfamilytree.org&rft.atitle=Youssef+KARAM%2C+I+b.+May+1823+Ehden%2C+Zgharta%2C+Lebanon+d.+7+Apr+1889+Naples%2C+Italy%3A+Ehden+Family+Tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehdenfamilytree.org%2Fgetperson.php%3FpersonID%3DI1%26tree%3Dehden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilah-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Ilah_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaadi,_Abdul-Ilah2008" class="citation web cs1">Saadi, Abdul-Ilah (12 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110319/http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/arabunity/2008/02/2008525183842614205.html">"Dreaming of Greater Syria"</a>. Al Jazeera. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/arabunity/2008/02/2008525183842614205.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dreaming+of+Greater+Syria&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.au=Saadi%2C+Abdul-Ilah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Ffocus%2Farabunity%2F2008%2F02%2F2008525183842614205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeggiani,_Chorbishop_Seely" class="citation web cs1">Beggiani, Chorbishop Seely. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629110712/http://stmaron.org/marhist11.html">"Aspects of Maronite History (Part Eleven) The twentieth century in Western Asia"</a>. Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn. 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WWII Behind Closed Doors. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/glossary.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WWII+Behind+Closed+Doors&rft.atitle=Glossary%3A+Cross-Channel+invasion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fbehindcloseddoors%2Fglossary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2011" class="citation book cs1">Barr, James (27 October 2011). A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle that Shaped the Middle East. London: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84983-903-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84983-903-7"><bdi>978-1-84983-903-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/990782374">990782374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Line+in+the+Sand%3A+Britain%2C+France+and+the+Struggle+that+Shaped+the+Middle+East&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F990782374&rft.isbn=978-1-84983-903-7&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2020" class="citation web cs1">Barr, James (10 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unherd.com/2020/08/who-are-lebanons-real-friends/">"Who are Lebanon's real friends?"</a>. 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U.S. Department of State. January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306215351/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/lebanon/116354.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021. 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Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Hezbollah+allies+projected+to+suffer+losses+in+Lebanon+elections&rft.aulast=Chehayeb&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F5%2F16%2Fhezbollah-allies-projected-to-lose-seats-lebanese-parliamentary-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChehayeb" class="citation news cs1">Chehayeb, Kareem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/4/lebanon-sunni-vote">"Hariri's absence leaves Sunni voters unsure ahead of Lebanon poll"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528120724/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/4/lebanon-sunni-vote">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022. 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Retrieved 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Six+drown+off+Lebanon+coast+after+overloaded+boat+capsizes%2C+says+Lebanese+navy&rft.date=2022-04-24&rft.aulast=Mello&rft.aufirst=Charbel&rft.au=Kourdi%2C+Eyad&rft.au=Alberti%2C+Mia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F04%2F24%2Fworld%2Flebanon-migrant-boat-capsize-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/death-toll-from-lebanon-migrant-boat-climbs-to-73-minister-says-1.90782359">"Death toll from Lebanon migrant boat climbs to 73, minister says"</a>. gulfnews.com. 23 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018193049/https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/death-toll-from-lebanon-migrant-boat-climbs-to-73-minister-says-1.90782359">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Death+toll+from+Lebanon+migrant+boat+climbs+to+73%2C+minister+says&rft.date=2022-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fmena%2Fdeath-toll-from-lebanon-migrant-boat-climbs-to-73-minister-says-1.90782359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassamGebeilyAzhari2023" class="citation news cs1">Bassam, Laila; Gebeily, Maya; Azhari, Timour (31 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/lebanon-devalue-currency-by-90-feb-1-cbank-chief-says-2023-01-31/">"Lebanon to devalue currency by 90% on Feb. 1, central bank chief says"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Lebanon+to+devalue+currency+by+90%25+on+Feb.+1%2C+central+bank+chief+says&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft.aulast=Bassam&rft.aufirst=Laila&rft.au=Gebeily%2C+Maya&rft.au=Azhari%2C+Timour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Fcurrencies%2Flebanon-devalue-currency-by-90-feb-1-cbank-chief-says-2023-01-31%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/2/1/lebanon-devalues-official-exchange-rate-by-90-percent">"Lebanon devalues official exchange rate by 90 percent"</a>. Aljazeera.com. 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Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Lebanon+devalues+official+exchange+rate+by+90+percent&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Feconomy%2F2023%2F2%2F1%2Flebanon-devalues-official-exchange-rate-by-90-percent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/lebanon-struggles-to-emerge-from-financial-crisis-and-government-corruption">"Lebanon struggles to emerge from financial crisis and government corruption"</a>. pbs.org. 3 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240213163019/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/lebanon-struggles-to-emerge-from-financial-crisis-and-government-corruption">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.org&rft.atitle=Lebanon+struggles+to+emerge+from+financial+crisis+and+government+corruption&rft.date=2023-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fshow%2Flebanon-struggles-to-emerge-from-financial-crisis-and-government-corruption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-772795">"Gallant threatens Hezbollah: 'What we can do in Gaza, we can do in Beirut'"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+No+Action+to+Enforce+New+Waste+Law&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2018%2F10%2F18%2Flebanon-no-action-enforce-new-waste-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2019/10/15/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9">"الحريري يستغيث بأوروبا.. حرائق مهولة تلتهم أحراج لبنان"</a> [Massive fires devour the forest of Lebanon]. Al Jazeera (in Arabic). 15 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414165455/https://www.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2019/10/15/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%AB+%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7..+%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82+%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%85+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC+%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F10%2F15%2F%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%2582-%25D8%25BA%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AB%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFبيروت2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">بيروت, واس- (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alyaum.com/articles/6216373/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86">"الأمطار تشارك في إطفاء حرائق لبنان"</a> [Rain participates in extinguishing the fires of Lebanon]. Al Yaum (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022080843/https://www.alyaum.com/articles/6216373/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Yaum&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82+%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.aulast=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA&rft.aufirst=%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alyaum.com%2Farticles%2F6216373%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B9%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2585%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B7%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%2582-%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/10/06/lebanons-economic-crisis-is-wrecking-the-environment-too">"Lebanon's economic crisis is wrecking the environment, too"</a>. The Economist. 6 October 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225155400/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/10/06/lebanons-economic-crisis-is-wrecking-the-environment-too">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Lebanon%27s+economic+crisis+is+wrecking+the+environment%2C+too&rft.date=2023-10-06&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2022%2F10%2F06%2Flebanons-economic-crisis-is-wrecking-the-environment-too&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor2003" class="citation web cs1">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (31 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18281.htm">"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2002: Lebanon"</a>. US Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225073712/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18281.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices+%E2%80%93+2002%3A+Lebanon&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft.date=2003-03-31&rft.au=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2002%2F18281.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_217-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2015" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Saul Bernard (2015). "Chapter 12: The Middle East Shatterbelt". Geopolitics: the geography of international relations (3rd ed.). 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United States Institute of Peace. 22 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2006/0330_lebanon_confessionalism.html">the original</a> on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon%27s+Confessionalism%3A+Problems+and+Prospects&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.date=2009-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fpubs%2Fusipeace_briefings%2F2006%2F0330_lebanon_confessionalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie-Joëlle_Zahar" class="citation web cs1">Marie-Joëlle Zahar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143921/http://www.prio.no/files/file46602_zahar_-_power_sharing_in_lebanon.doc">"Chapter 9 Power sharing in Lebanon: Foreign protectors, domestic peace, and democratic failure"</a>. 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World Politics. 21 (2): 207–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009820">10.2307/2009820</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009820">2009820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251572712">251572712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Consociational+Democracy&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251572712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2009820%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2009820&rft.au=Lijphart%2C+Arend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Lijphart, Arend. 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Retrieved 10 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World%2C+Country+Ratings+by+Region%2C+1972%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCountry%2520Status%2520and%2520Ratings%2520By%2520Region%252C%25201973-2013_0.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdem_dataset-223"><a href="#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023" class="citation web cs1">V-Dem Institute (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">"The V-Dem Dataset"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. 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Retrieved 21 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar%27s+population+by+nationality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbqdoha.com%2F2013%2F12%2Fpopulation-qatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProject" class="citation web cs1">Project, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13017/SA">"Arab, Lebanese in Saudi Arabia"</a>. joshuaproject.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407021814/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13017/SA">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. 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Retrieved 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Lebanon+starts+to+feel+the+pinch+of+financial+crisis&rft.date=2008-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Flebanon-starts-to-feel-the-pinch-of-financial-crisis-1.148112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115011357/http://www.hamline.edu/cla/academics/international_studies/diaspora2002/Lebanese/Paper.htm">"Senior Seminar: Transnational Migration and Diasporic Communities"</a>. Hamline University. 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Emigration Pre-1943 </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_319-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-69059929">"Lebanon's shift from safe haven to hostile country for Syrian refugees"</a>. 27 May 2024. 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Retrieved 20 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraqi+refugees+in+Lebanon+%27left+behind%2C+forgotten%27%3A+charity&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-foundation-refugees-lebanon-iraq%2Firaqi-refugees-in-lebanon-left-behind-forgotten-charity-idUSKCN0IA1CV20141021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/506ac00c9.html">"Registered Syrian refugees in surrounding states triple in three months"</a>. 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Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+Today%3A+Political%2C+Geographical+and+Cultural+Perspectives&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781135980795&rft.aulast=J.+Stewart&rft.aufirst=Dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciab-332"><a href="#cite_ref-ciab_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society">"Lebanon — The World Factbook"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon+%E2%80%94+The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency%2C+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Flebanon%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://es.euronews.com/2012/09/15/el-santo-padre-sigue-de-visita-en-el-libano/">«El santo padre sigue de visita en el Líbano»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427192823/http://es.euronews.com/2012/09/15/el-santo-padre-sigue-de-visita-en-el-libano/">Archived</a> 27 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larazon.es/noticia/6261-el-papa-viaja-manana-al-libano-en-medio-de-la-tension-que-vive-la-zona">«El Papa viaja mañana al Líbano en medio de la tensión que vive la zona»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105092349/http://www.larazon.es/noticia/6261-el-papa-viaja-manana-al-libano-en-medio-de-la-tension-que-vive-la-zona">Archived</a> 5 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Raz%C3%B3n_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Razón (Spain)">La Razón</a>. Consultado el 15 de septiembre de 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2013/Feb-07/205420-study-shows-stable-christian-population-in-lebanon.ashx">"Study shows stable Christian population in Lebanon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Lebanon)" title="The Daily Star (Lebanon)">The Daily Star</a>. 7 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415230548/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2013/Feb-07/205420-study-shows-stable-christian-population-in-lebanon.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Study+shows+stable+Christian+population+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FLocal-News%2F2013%2FFeb-07%2F205420-study-shows-stable-christian-population-in-lebanon.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WVS-336"><a href="#cite_ref-WVS_336-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp">"WVS Database"</a>. World Values Survey. Institute for Comparative Survey Research. March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105141038/http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Values+Survey&rft.atitle=WVS+Database&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvaluessurvey.org%2FWVSOnline.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/12/15/miracles-are-on-the-rise-in-lebanon">"Miracles are on the rise in Lebanon"</a>. The Economist. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029015611/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/12/15/miracles-are-on-the-rise-in-lebanon">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Miracles+are+on+the+rise+in+Lebanon&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2018%2F12%2F15%2Fmiracles-are-on-the-rise-in-lebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC_glossary-338">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_glossary_338-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_glossary_338-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_glossary_338-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowen1989" class="citation book cs1">McGowen, Afaf Sabeh (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.lb">"Glossary"</a>. In Collelo, Thomas (ed.). Lebanon: A Country Study. Area Handbook Series (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Division. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18907889">18907889</a>. 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Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-8123-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-8123-2"><bdi>978-1-5381-8123-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+a+Prophet%3A+A+Spiritual+Journey+with+Kahlil+Gibran&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2023-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-8123-2&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Paul-Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmNK8EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAchrafieh%2Bgreek%2Borthodox%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalafKongstad2022" class="citation book cs1">Khalaf; Kongstad (7 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1ebEAAAQBAJ&dq=Achrafieh+greek+orthodox&pg=PA20">Hamra of Beirut: A Case of Rapid Urbanization</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49139-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49139-7"><bdi>978-90-04-49139-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamra+of+Beirut%3A+A+Case+of+Rapid+Urbanization&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft.isbn=978-90-04-49139-7&rft.au=Khalaf&rft.au=Kongstad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1ebEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAchrafieh%2Bgreek%2Borthodox%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1985" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, William (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327124">"The View from Zahle: Security and Economic Conditions in the Central Bekaa 1980–1985"</a>. Middle East Journal. 39 (3): 270–286. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327124">4327124</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507192511/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327124">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. 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Macmillan. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-34184-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-34184-8"><bdi>978-0-312-34184-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511134912/http://books.google.com/books?id=NN5oc0HFC7QC&pg=PA311">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. 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Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Facts On File, 2009, p. 406 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816071586" title="Special:BookSources/0816071586">0816071586</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307122305/http://www.kaftoun.com/component/content/article/197-moustafa-farroukh/358-moustafa-farroukh">"Moustafa Farroukh"</a>. Kaftoun.com. 2 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaftoun.com/component/content/article/197-moustafa-farroukh/358-moustafa-farroukh">the original</a> on 7 March 2012. 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Marshall Cavendish Children's Books. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2081-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-2081-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arts&rft.btitle=Lebanon&rft.series=Cultures+of+the+World&rft.pages=105&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Children%27s+Books&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2081-1&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=Latif+Zawiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcA-RDzlwVVAC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> McKenzie, Robert. Comparing Media from Around the World, Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2006, p. 372 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-40242-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-40242-9">0-205-40242-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamalipourRampal_Kuldip2001" class="citation book cs1">Kamalipour, Yahya; Rampal Kuldip (15 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yL3l0GwdNcsC&pg=PA265">"Between Globalization and Localization"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mediasexviolence0000unse/page/265">Media, sex, violence, and drugs in the global village</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mediasexviolence0000unse/page/265">265</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0061-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-0061-7</bdi></a>. 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Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001654928002600202">10.1177/001654928002600202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-5492">0016-5492</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144015456">144015456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazette+%28Leiden%2C+Netherlands%29&rft.atitle=Cairo%3A+the+Hollywood+of+the+Arab+World&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1980-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144015456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0016-5492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001654928002600202&rft.aulast=Dajani&rft.aufirst=Karen+Finlon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F001654928002600202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Armes2010" class="citation book cs1">Roy Armes (23 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHT8LjR_kC4C&pg=PA26">Arab filmmakers of the Middle East: a dictionary</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 26–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35518-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35518-8"><bdi>978-0-253-35518-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018165125/http://books.google.com/books?id=rHT8LjR_kC4C&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2013. 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Anderson (1 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newmediainmuslim00dale">New media in the Muslim world: the emerging public sphere</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newmediainmuslim00dale/page/63">63</a>–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34252-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34252-2"><bdi>978-0-253-34252-2</bdi></a>. 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Marshall Cavendish Children's Books. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2081-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-2081-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leisure&rft.btitle=Lebanon&rft.series=Cultures+of+the+World&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Children%27s+Books&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2081-1&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcA-RDzlwVVAC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterDunston_Lara2004" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Terry; Dunston Lara (1 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EskzgI-229IC&pg=PA11">"Getting Started"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781864503333/page/11">Syria & Lebanon</a>. 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Retrieved 28 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nine+days+of+sport+and+culture+in+Beirut&rft.pub=FRANCE+24&rft.date=2009-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20090927-culture-sports-lebanon-beirut-games-francophone-youth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/athletes">"Athletes | Heroes"</a>. International Olympic Committee. 26 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529111510/http://www.olympic.org/athletes">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athletes+%26%23124%3B+Heroes&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fathletes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lebanonwaterfestival.com/">"Lebanon Water Festival"</a>. lebanonwaterfestival.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150817071438/http://lebanonwaterfestival.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lebanonwaterfestival.com&rft.atitle=Lebanon+Water+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flebanonwaterfestival.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lebanonwaterfestival.com/past-festivals/">"Past Festivals « Lebanon Water Festival"</a>. lebanonwaterfestival.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905192243/http://lebanonwaterfestival.com/past-festivals/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lebanonwaterfestival.com&rft.atitle=Past+Festivals+%C2%AB+Lebanon+Water+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flebanonwaterfestival.com%2Fpast-festivals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooganSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D.; Smith, Mark S. (15 March 2012). Stories from Ancient Canaan, Second Edition. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23242-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23242-9"><bdi>978-0-664-23242-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+from+Ancient+Canaan%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23242-9&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Mark+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2008" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC">1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12696-9"><bdi>978-0-300-12696-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320123844/https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+A+History+of+the+First+Arab-Israeli+War&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-04&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12696-9&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCC7381HrLqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3></div> <ul><li>Arkadiusz, Plonka. L’idée de langue libanaise d’après Sa‘īd ‘Aql, Paris, Geuthner, 2004 (French) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7053-3739-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-7053-3739-3">2-7053-3739-3</a></li> <li>Firzli, Nicola Y. Al-Baath wa-Lubnân [Arabic only] ("The Baath and Lebanon"). Beirut: Dar-al-Tali'a Books, 1973</li> <li>Fisk, Robert. Pity the Nation: The Abduction of Lebanon. New York: Nation Books, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Glass" title="Charles Glass">Glass, Charles</a>, "Tribes with Flags: A Dangerous Passage Through the Chaos of the Middle East", Atlantic Monthly Press (New York) and Picador (London), 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-436-18130-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-436-18130-4">0-436-18130-4</a></li> <li>Gorton, TJ and Feghali Gorton, AG. Lebanon: through Writers' Eyes. London: Eland Books, 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Khuri_Hitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Khuri Hitti">Hitti Philip K.</a> History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine, Vol. 2 (2002) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931956-61-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-931956-61-8">1-931956-61-8</a>)</li> <li>Norton, Augustus R. Amal and the Shi'a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon. Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1987.</li> <li>Sobelman, Daniel. New Rules of the Game: Israel and Hizbollah After the Withdrawal From Lebanon, Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel-Aviv University, 2004.</li> <li>Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.</li> <li>Salibi, Kamal. A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.</li> <li>Schlicht, Alfred. The role of Foreign Powers in the History of Syria and Lebanon 1799–1861 in: Journal of Asian History 14 (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Corm" title="Georges Corm">Georges Corm</a>, Le Liban contemporain. Histoire et société (La découverte, 2003 et 2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Lebanon <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Lebanon">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Lebanon&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=LB">Key Development Forecasts for Lebanon</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.gov.lb/English">Presidency</a> – official website of the president of Lebanon</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcm.gov.lb">Prime Minister</a> – official website of the prime minister of Lebanon</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cas.gov.lb/">Statistics</a> – Official website of Central Administration Statistics</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ministryinfo.gov.lb/inc/uploads/2015/12/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE.docx">"History"</a> – Lebanese History at Ministry of Information</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Lebanon" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Lebanon">Wikimedia Atlas of Lebanon</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/184843">Lebanon</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Lebanese Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Revolution" title="Cedar Revolution">Cedar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War_spillover_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon">Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Lebanon" title="Template:Borders of Lebanon">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebaa_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Shebaa farms">Shebaa farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Lebanon" title="Wildlife of Lebanon">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lebanon" title="Corruption in Lebanon">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Lebanon">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker of Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lebanon" title="Agriculture in Lebanon">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_du_Liban" title="Banque du Liban">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Lebanon" title="International rankings of Lebanon">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Pound (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Lebanon" title="Tourism in Lebanon">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lebanon" title="Transport in Lebanon">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_economy_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug economy in Lebanon">Drug industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lebanon" title="Architecture of Lebanon">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon" title="Flag of Lebanon">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Lebanon" title="Public holidays in Lebanon">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Lebanon" title="Sport in Lebanon">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Lebanon" title="Television in Lebanon">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lebanon" title="Category:Lebanon">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template talk:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Denkalya_subregion" title="Southern Denkalya subregion">Southern Denkalya subregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai Governorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea249" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea249" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-Aligned_Movement168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template talk:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-Aligned_Movement168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Members,_observers_and_guests" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Members</a> and the NAM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement">Cyprus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Malta and the Non-Aligned Movement">Malta</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Tanzania and the Non-Aligned Movement">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Yugoslavia</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Zimbabwe and the Non-Aligned Movement">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Bureau_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement">Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Centre_for_South-South_Technical_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation">Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Youth_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization">NAM Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAM_News_Network" title="NAM News Network">NAM News Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_News_Agencies_Pool" title="Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool">News Agencies Pool</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Josip_Broz_Tito%22_Art_Gallery_of_the_Nonaligned_Countries" title=""Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries">"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement_Summits" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement Summits">Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Meeting" title="Brioni Meeting">Brioni Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Non-Alignment" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno#Figurehead_president" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser#Adoption_of_neutralism" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene#Foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro#Foreign_wars_and_NAM_Presidency:_1975–1979" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#Foreign_affairs" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/21px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/42px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/21px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/32px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/42px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Lebanon at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_/_Liban" class="extiw" title="c:لبنان / Liban">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Lebanon" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Lebanon">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lebanon" class="extiw" title="q:Lebanon">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lebanon" class="extiw" title="voy:Lebanon">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q822#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3009" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q822#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q822#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123420559">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127773968">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206063/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxDDwqVgXRkfpVcpBQMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4035567-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79090014">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11881073s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11881073s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569338">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61543371">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129798&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452007">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000278490&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000028750">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202015203">Korea</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/49894">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548070005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8138206e-5786-3f86-a53b-19a7303e7419">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b31e1055-3f64-486a-921e-a4cc7b10abf3">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/xhHeDtCV">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026593068">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003419">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035724">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=55396">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/lubnan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanon&oldid=1277788969">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanon&oldid=1277788969</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lebanon" title="Category:Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1943_establishments_in_Lebanon" title="Category:1943 establishments in Lebanon">1943 establishments in Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1943_establishments_in_Asia" title="Category:1943 establishments in Asia">1943 establishments in Asia</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFCave,_Damien2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChehayeb\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFChibli_Mallat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooganSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCwerman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDajani1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale_F._EickelmanJon_W._Anderson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalrymple,_William1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeeb2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDralonge2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumperStanleyAbu-Lughod2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFECODIT2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl_Samad,_Firas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsperance_Ghanem2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEtheredge,_Laura_S2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFadi_Tawil2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanack\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirro,_Kais2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk,_RobertDebevoise,_MalcolmKassir,_Samir2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarfinkel,_Yosef2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorton,_T.J.2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadfield2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajjar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarb2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazran2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillenbrand,_Carole2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitti1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobby1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodeib,_Mirella2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoge2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooper2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouissa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Stewart2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamie_Stokes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanmyr2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Benoît_Nadeau,_Julie_Barlow2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Benoît_Nadeau,_Julie_Barlow2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson,_Anna2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_S._Mayton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamalipourRampal_Kuldip2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalafKongstad2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhaldoun_Baz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhashan1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhraiche2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKverme2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanteaume2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLijphart,_Arend1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarie-Joëlle_Zahar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínezFrancesco_Volpicella2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGowen1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMehlis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelloKourdiAlberti2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzgerCoogan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMigliorino,_Nicola2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMistich2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMroue2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyreErlanger2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajemAmore2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajemAmoreAbu_KhalilNajem2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNashed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_Holmes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilps2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice,_Charles\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProject\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiblawi,_Tamara2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReader2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRebeiz2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisso2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoom2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy_Armes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaadi,_Abdul-Ilah2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalem2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaliba2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalwa_C._Nassar_Foundation1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchenker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShair2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheehanLatif2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheehanLatif_Zawiah2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorenson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStinson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTetz_Rooke2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe9612019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_World_Bank2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToaldo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsourapas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Population_Fund\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinslow,_Charles1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood,_Josh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthNada_Bakri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZach_WiseMiki_Meek2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZe\u0026#039;ev_SchiffEhud_YaʼariIna_Friedman1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZisser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFago·2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Issawi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFchronicle.fanack.com2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFبيروت2019\"] = 1,\n [\"Environmental_issues\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 21,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"Arabian Plate\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 89,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 195,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 15,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 14,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Lebanon Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Lebanon topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 25,\n [\"Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Non-Aligned Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisation of the Islamic Conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 4,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish-text\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Arabic\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"UN document\"] = 1,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 3,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"When\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","600","23.3"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lebanon","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lebanon","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q822","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q822","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-18T01:30:17Z","dateModified":"2025-02-26T18:39:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/59\/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg","headline":"sovereign state in Near East"}</script> </body> </html>