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id="toc-Scriptural_background_and_early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptural_background_and_early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Scriptural background and early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptural_background_and_early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Temple_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Temple_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Second Temple Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Temple_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Fathers_before_Augustine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Fathers_before_Augustine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Greek Fathers before Augustine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_Fathers_before_Augustine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_Fathers_before_Augustine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_Fathers_before_Augustine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Latin Fathers before Augustine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_Fathers_before_Augustine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Augustine_of_Hippo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augustine_of_Hippo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Augustine of Hippo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Augustine_of_Hippo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concupiscence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concupiscence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Concupiscence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concupiscence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Pelagianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Pelagianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Anti-Pelagianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Pelagianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelagius'_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelagius'_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Pelagius' response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelagius'_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_of_the_Church_to_Augustine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_of_the_Church_to_Augustine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Reaction of the Church to Augustine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_of_the_Church_to_Augustine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Protestant Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Trent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Trent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Council of Trent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Trent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_theologians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_theologians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Modern theologians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_theologians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denominational_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denominational_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Denominational views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denominational_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Denominational views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Denominational_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salvation_of_infants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvation_of_infants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Salvation of infants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvation_of_infants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-conciliar_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-conciliar_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Post-conciliar developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-conciliar_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Lutheranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Reformed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Quakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh-day_Adventism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Seventh-day Adventism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Eastern Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restorationist_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restorationist_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Restorationist denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restorationist_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Jehovah's Witnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedenborgianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedenborgianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Swedenborgianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedenborgianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immaculate_Conception_of_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immaculate_Conception_of_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Immaculate Conception of Mary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immaculate_Conception_of_Mary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Immaculate Conception of Mary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Immaculate_Conception_of_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheranism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lutheranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Original sin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfsonde" title="Erfsonde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Erfsonde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الخطيئة الأصلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخطيئة الأصلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pec%C3%A1u_orixinal" title="Pecáu orixinal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pecáu orixinal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lk_g%C3%BCnah" title="İlk günah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İlk günah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="আদি পাপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদি পাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85" title="Першародны грэх – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першародны грэх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%85" title="Първороден грях – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първороден грях" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pec%27hed_orin" title="Pec'hed orin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pec'hed orin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecat_original" title="Pecat original – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pecat original" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvotn%C3%AD_h%C5%99%C3%ADch" title="Prvotní hřích – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prvotní hřích" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvesynd" title="Arvesynd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arvesynd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbs%C3%BCnde" title="Erbsünde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erbsünde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rispatt" title="Pärispatt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pärispatt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Προπατορικό αμάρτημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προπατορικό αμάρτημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecado_original" title="Pecado original – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pecado original" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prapeko" title="Prapeko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prapeko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatorrizko_bekatua" title="Jatorrizko bekatua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jatorrizko bekatua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گناه نخستین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گناه نخستین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ch%C3%A9_originel" title="Péché originel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Péché originel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecado_orixinal" title="Pecado orixinal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pecado orixinal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%A3%84" title="원죄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원죄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dni_grijeh" title="Istočni grijeh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istočni grijeh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosa_asal" title="Dosa asal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dosa asal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erf%C3%B0asynd" title="Erfðasynd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erfðasynd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccato_originale" title="Peccato originale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peccato originale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%98%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F" title="החטא הקדמון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החטא הקדמון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyaha_cy%27umwimerere" title="Icyaha cy'umwimerere – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyaha cy'umwimerere" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhambi_ya_asili" title="Dhambi ya asili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dhambi ya asili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccatum_originale" title="Peccatum originale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Peccatum originale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iedzimtais_gr%C4%93ks" title="Iedzimtais grēks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iedzimtais grēks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredend%C5%91_b%C5%B1n" title="Eredendő bűn – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eredendő bűn" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Првороден грев – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Првороден грев" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahotana_tamin%27_ny_fototra" title="Fahotana tamin' ny fototra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahotana tamin' ny fototra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="ആദിപാപം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആദിപാപം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnub_ori%C4%A1inali" title="Dnub oriġinali – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Dnub oriġinali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الخطيئه الاصليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الخطيئه الاصليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosa_asal" title="Dosa asal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dosa asal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfzonde" title="Erfzonde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Erfzonde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%BD%AA" title="原罪 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原罪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvesynd" title="Arvesynd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arvesynd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvesynd" title="Arvesynd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arvesynd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecat_original" title="Pecat original – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pecat original" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%81" title="موروثی گناہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موروثی گناہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzech_pierworodny" title="Grzech pierworodny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzech pierworodny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecado_original" title="Pecado original – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pecado original" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83cat_originar" title="Păcat originar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Păcat originar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%A3%D1%85" title="Первородный грѣх – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Первородный грѣх" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Первородный грех – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первородный грех" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Original sin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvotn%C3%BD_hriech" title="Prvotný hriech – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvotný hriech" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvirni_greh" title="Izvirni greh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izvirni greh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Првородни грех – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Првородни грех" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praroditeljski_grijeh" title="Praroditeljski grijeh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Praroditeljski grijeh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisynti" title="Perisynti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perisynti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvsynd" title="Arvsynd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arvsynd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orihinal_na_kasalanan" title="Orihinal na kasalanan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Orihinal na kasalanan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="บาปกำเนิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บาปกำเนิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asl%C3%AE_g%C3%BCnah" title="Aslî günah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aslî günah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85" title="Первородний гріх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Первородний гріх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%81" title="موروثی گناہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موروثی گناہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pec%C3%A0_orizena%C5%82e" title="Pecà orizenałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pecà orizenałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%99i_t%E1%BB%95_t%C3%B4ng" title="Tội tổ tông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tội tổ tông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%BD%AA" title="原罪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原罪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%BD%AA" title="原罪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原罪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%BD%AA" title="原罪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原罪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184186#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Christian doctrine about human nature</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peccatism" title="Peccatism">Peccatism</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Original_Sin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Original Sin (disambiguation)">Original Sin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/370px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/555px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/740px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3875" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the sin of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_with_the_Fall_of_Man" title="The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man">The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Paul_Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Paul Rubens">Pieter Paul Rubens</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Original sin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">peccatum originale</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> refers to the condition of sinfulness that all humans share, which is inherited from <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall</a>, involving the loss of original righteousness and the distortion of the <a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">Image of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKim1996197_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKim1996197-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biblical basis for the belief is generally found in <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man#Genesis_3" title="Fall of man">Genesis 3</a> (the story of the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>), and in texts such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2051:5&version=nrsv">Psalm 51:5</a> ("I was brought forth in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me") and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:12–21&version=nrsv">Romans 5:12–21</a> ("Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVawter1983420_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVawter1983420-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific doctrine of original sin was developed in the 3rd century struggle against <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyons">Irenaeus of Lyons</a>, and was shaped significantly by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430 AD), who was the first author to use the phrase "original sin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatte2019892_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatte2019892-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by Augustine, the <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage" title="Councils of Carthage">Councils of Carthage</a> (411–418 AD) and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Orange_(529)" title="Council of Orange (529)">Orange</a> (529 AD) brought theological speculation about original sin into the official lexicon of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200256_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200256-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> equated original sin with <a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">concupiscence</a> (or 'hurtful desire'), affirming that it persisted even after <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and completely destroyed freedom to do good, proposing that original sin involved a loss of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> except to sin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018157–187_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018157–187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenist</a> movement, which the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a>, also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForget1910_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForget1910-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> declares that "Baptism, by imparting the life of Christ's <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a>, erases original sin and turns a man back towards God, but the consequences for nature, weakened and inclined to evil, persist in man and summon him to spiritual battle",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> states that "whereas all men had lost their innocence in the prevarication of Adam [...] although free will, attenuated as it was in its powers, and bent down, was by no means extinguished in them."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptural_background_and_early_development">Scriptural background and early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scriptural background and early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>, Adam's act released a power into the world by which sin and death became the natural lot of mankind, a view which is evident in <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocalypse of Moses">Apocalypse of Moses</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring2012301_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring2012301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul uses much of the same language observed in 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch, such as Adam-death associations. He also emphasizes the individual human responsibility for their sins when he described the predominance of death over all "because all have sinned" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:12&version=nrsv">Romans 5:12</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201338–47_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201338–47-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Christianity had no specific doctrine of original sin prior to the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObach200841_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObach200841-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea developed incrementally in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Fathers">Early Church Fathers</a> in the centuries after the New Testament was composed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200237–38_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200237–38-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late 1st- or early 2nd-century <i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i>'s seemingly exclusive preference for adult baptism offers evidence that its author may have believed that children were born sinless. The authors of the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>, also from the late 1st or early 2nd centuries, assumed that children were born without sin. However <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a>, from the same period, took universal sin for granted but did not explain its origin from anywhere; and while <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> in the late 2nd century did propose that sin was inherited from Adam, he did not say how.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200238–39_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200238–39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biblical bases for original sin are generally found in the following passages, the first and last of which explain why the sin is described as "original": </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%203&version=nrsv">Genesis 3</a>, the story of the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2051:5&version=nrsv">Psalm 51:5</a>, "I was brought forth in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me";</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:12–21&version=nrsv">Romans 5:12–21</a>, "Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVawter1983420_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVawter1983420-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul><p> Genesis 3, the story of the Garden of Eden, makes no association between sex and the disobedience of Adam and Eve, nor is the serpent associated with <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, nor are the words "sin," "transgression," "rebellion," or "guilt" mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201313_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201313-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words of Psalm 51:5 read: "Behold, I was brought forth in iniquity, and in sin my mother conceived me", but while the speaker traces their sinfulness to the moment of their conception, there is little to support the idea that it was meant to be applicable to all humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter2009181_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter2009181-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 4th century, Augustine would use texts such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:16–18&version=nrsv">Romans 5:16–18</a> to justify his theory of original sin as originating in <i>propagation</i> since Adam rather than being merely <i>imitation</i> of Adam as <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a> claimed ("And the free gift is not like the effect of the one man’s sin. For the judgment following one trespass brought condemnation, but the free gift following many trespasses brings justification. If, because of the one man’s trespass, death exercised dominion through that one, much more surely will those who receive the abundance of grace and the free gift of righteousness exercise dominion in life through the one man, Jesus Christ. Therefore just as one man’s trespass led to condemnation for all, so one man’s act of righteousness leads to justification and life for all.").<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagians</a> and modern interpreters such as M. Eugene Boring argue that Paul's meaning is not that God punishes later generations for the deeds of Adam, but that Adam's story is representative for all humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring2012301_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring2012301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Francesco_Barbieri_-_Saint_Paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Giovanni_Francesco_Barbieri_-_Saint_Paul.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Francesco_Barbieri_-_Saint_Paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Giovanni_Francesco_Barbieri_-_Saint_Paul.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Francesco_Barbieri_-_Saint_Paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Giovanni_Francesco_Barbieri_-_Saint_Paul.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Francesco_Barbieri_-_Saint_Paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1991" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 5 – c. 64/65 AD), early Christian evangelist whose writings are taken as foundational for the doctrine of original sin.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Temple_Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Temple Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first writings to discuss the first sin at the hands of Adam and Eve were early Jewish texts in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Book of Sirach</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Solomon">Wisdom of Solomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201316_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201316-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these writings, there is no notion that sin is inherent to an individual or that it is transmitted upon conception. Instead, Adam is more largely seen as a heroic figure and the first patriarch. Rather, the beginnings of sin were seen in the stories of <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> or the sons of God mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Genesis_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 6">Genesis 6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201336_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201336-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the lack of a notion of original sin, by the 1st century, a number of texts did discuss the roles of Adam and Eve as the first to have committed sin. While <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Wisdom%20of%20Solomon%202:23–24&version=nrsvae">Wisdom of Solomon 2:23–24</a> states that "God created man for incorruption<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] but death entered the world by the envy of the devil" (2:23–24), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2025:24&version=nrsvae">Ecclesiasticus 25:24</a> states that "Sin began with a woman, and we must all die because of her" (25:24). The notion of the hereditary transmission of sin from Adam was rejected by both <a href="/wiki/4_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Ezra">4 Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a> in favor of individual responsibility for sin. Despite describing death as having come to all men through Adam, these texts also held to the notion that it is still the individual that is ultimately responsible for committing his own sin and that it is the individual's sin, rather than the sin of Adam and Eve, that God condemns in a person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201326–32_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201326–32-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ian_A._McFarland" title="Ian A. McFarland">Ian McFarland</a> argues that it is the context of this Judaism through which Paul's discussions on the fall of Adam are to be better understood.<sup id="cite_ref-mcfar_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfar-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_Fathers_before_Augustine">Greek Fathers before Augustine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greek Fathers before Augustine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, a 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian apologist">Christian apologist</a> and philosopher, was the first Christian author to discuss the story of Adam's fall after Paul. In Justin's writings, there is no conception of original sin and the fault of sin lies at the hands of the individual who committed it. In his <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_with_Trypho" title="Dialogue with Trypho">Dialogue with Trypho</a>, Justin wrote "The Christ has suffered to be crucified for the race of men who, since Adam, were fallen to the power of death and were in the error of the serpent, each man committing evil by his own fault" (chapter 86) and "Men<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] were created like God, free from pain and death, provided they obeyed His precepts and were deemed worthy by Him to be called His sons, and yet, like Adam and Eve, brought death upon themselves" (chapter 124).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201348–61_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201348–61-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> was an early father appealed to by <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a> on the doctrine of original sin,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he did not believe that Adam's sin was as severe as later tradition would hold and he was not wholly clear about its consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200240–42_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200240–42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One recurring theme in Irenaeus is his view that Adam, in his transgression, is essentially a child who merely partook of the tree ahead of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouteneff200879_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouteneff200879-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> had a notion similar to, but not the same as original sin, since Genesis was largely <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> for him. On the other hand, he also believed in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-existence of the soul">pre-existence of the soul</a>, and theorized that individuals are inherently predisposed to committing sin on account of the transgressions committed in their pre-worldly existence. Origen is the first to quote Romans 5:12–21, but rejected the existence of a sinful state inherited from Adam. To Origen, Adam's sin sets an example that all humanity partakes in, but is not inherently born into. Responding to and rejecting Origen's theories, <a href="/wiki/Methodius_of_Olympus" title="Methodius of Olympus">Methodius of Olympus</a> rejected the pre-existence of the soul and the allegorical interpretation of Genesis, and in the process, was the first to describe the events of Adam's life as the "Fall".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201348–61_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201348–61-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek Fathers would come to emphasize the cosmic dimension of the Fall, namely that since Adam, human beings are born into a fallen world, but held fast to belief that man, though fallen, is free.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They thus did not teach that human beings are deprived of free will and involved in <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a>, which is one understanding of original sin among the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011255,_258_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011255,_258-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200471_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200471-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period the doctrines of human depravity and the inherently sinful nature of human flesh were taught by <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a>, and orthodox Christian writers took great pains to counter them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohse1966104_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohse1966104-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011258_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011258-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Christian apologists such as Justin insisted that <a href="/wiki/Last_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Last judgment">God's future judgment of humanity</a> implied humanity must have the ability to live righteously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGiffert1932101_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGiffert1932101-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011258–259_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011258–259-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_Fathers_before_Augustine">Latin Fathers before Augustine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Latin Fathers before Augustine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, perhaps the first to believe in hereditary transmission of sin, did so on the basis of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Traducianism" title="Traducianism">traducianism</a>, the theory that each individual's soul was derived from the soul of their two parents, and therefore, because everyone is ultimately a descendant of Adam through sexual reproduction, the souls of humanity are partly derived from Adam's own soul—the only one directly created by God, and as a sinful soul, the derived souls of humanity, too, are sinful. <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, on the other hand, believed that individuals were born already guilty of sin, and he was the first to link his notion of original guilt with <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>. Cyprian writes that the infant is "born has not sinned at all, except that carnally born according to Adam, he has contracted the contagion of the first death from the first nativity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201365–66_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201365–66-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another text to assert the connection between original sin and infant baptism was the <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaen</a> <i>Letter to Menoch</i>, although it is of disputed authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeDuhmMirecki2001154_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeDuhmMirecki2001154-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> accepted the idea of hereditary sin, also linking it, like Cyprian, to infant baptism, but as a shift from earlier proponents of a transmitted sin, he argued that Adam's sin was solely his own fault, in his attempt to attain equality with God, rather than the fault of the devil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201366–68_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201366–68-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One contemporary of Ambrose was <a href="/wiki/Ambrosiaster" title="Ambrosiaster">Ambrosiaster</a>, the first to introduce a translation of Romans 5:12 that substituted the language of all being in death "because all sinned" to "in him all sinned".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201369–70_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201369–70-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine's primary formulation of original sin was based on this mistranslation of Romans 5:12. This mistranslation would act as the basis for Augustine's complete development of the doctrine of original sin, and Augustine would quote Ambrosiaster as the source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201369–70_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201369–70-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some exegetes still justify the doctrine of original sin based on the wider context of Romans 5:12–21.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoo1996_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoo1996-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1988_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1988-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a> did not clearly articulate a concept of original sin, though anticipates the views of Augustine, as he declared that all humanity is implicated in Adam's downfall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2006649–667_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2006649–667-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augustine_of_Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Augustine of Hippo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_botticelli,_sant%27agostino_nello_studio,_1480_circa,_dall%27ex-coro_dei_frati_umiliati,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sandro_botticelli%2C_sant%27agostino_nello_studio%2C_1480_circa%2C_dall%27ex-coro_dei_frati_umiliati%2C_01.jpg/220px-Sandro_botticelli%2C_sant%27agostino_nello_studio%2C_1480_circa%2C_dall%27ex-coro_dei_frati_umiliati%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sandro_botticelli%2C_sant%27agostino_nello_studio%2C_1480_circa%2C_dall%27ex-coro_dei_frati_umiliati%2C_01.jpg/329px-Sandro_botticelli%2C_sant%27agostino_nello_studio%2C_1480_circa%2C_dall%27ex-coro_dei_frati_umiliati%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sandro_botticelli%2C_sant%27agostino_nello_studio%2C_1480_circa%2C_dall%27ex-coro_dei_frati_umiliati%2C_01.jpg/439px-Sandro_botticelli%2C_sant%27agostino_nello_studio%2C_1480_circa%2C_dall%27ex-coro_dei_frati_umiliati%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="3918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354-430) wrote that original sin is transmitted by concupiscence and enfeebles freedom of the will without destroying it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>On the precise nature of Adam's sin, Augustine taught that it was both an act of foolishness (<i>insipientia</i>) and of pride and disobedience to God of Adam and Eve. He thought it was a most subtle work to discern what came first: self-centeredness or failure in seeing truth, as he wrote to the Pelagian bishop <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Eclanum" title="Julian of Eclanum">Julian of Eclanum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sin of Adam and Eve would not have taken place if Satan had not sown into their senses "the root of evil" (<i>radix mali</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sin of Adam is transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">concupiscence</a>, or "hurtful desire",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson1842118_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson1842118-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in humanity becoming a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">massa damnata</i></span> (mass of perdition, condemned crowd), with much enfeebled, though not destroyed, freedom of will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Adam sinned, human nature was thenceforth transformed. He believed that prior to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall</a>, Adam had both the freedom to sin and not to sin (<i>posse peccare, posse non peccare</i>), but humans have no freedom to choose not to sin (<i>non posse non peccare</i>) after Adam's Fall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke2022123_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke2022123-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine found the original sin inexplicable given the understanding that Adam and Eve were "created with perfect natures" which would fail to explain how the evil desire arose in them in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke202263_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke202263-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine also identified male semen as the means by which original sin was made heritable, leaving only Jesus Christ, conceived without semen, free of the sin passed down from Adam through the sexual act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStortz200193–94_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStortz200193–94-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sentiment was echoed as late as 1930 by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a> in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Casti_connubii" title="Casti connubii">Casti connubii</a></i></span>: "The natural generation of life has become the path of death by which original sin is communicated to the children."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObach200843_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObach200843-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concupiscence">Concupiscence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concupiscence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adam and Eve, via sexual reproduction, recreated human nature. Their descendants now live in sin, in the form of concupiscence, a term Augustine used in a <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> sense. Thomas Aquinas explained this by pointing out that the <i>libido</i> ("concupiscence"), which makes the original sin pass from parents to children, is not a <i>libido actualis</i>, i.e. sexual lust, but a <i>libido habitualis</i>, i.e. a wound of the whole of human nature.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine insisted that concupiscence was not "a being" but a "bad quality", the <a href="/wiki/Privation_of_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Privation of good">privation of good</a> or a wound.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He admitted that sexual concupiscence (<i>libido</i>) might have been present in the perfect human nature in <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradise</a>, and that only later it became disobedient to human will as a result of the first couple's disobedience to God's will in the original sin.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1983104_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1983104-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Augustine's view (termed "realism"), all of humanity was really present in Adam when he sinned, and therefore all have sinned. Original sin, according to Augustine, consists of the guilt of Adam that all humans inherit. Although earlier Christian authors taught the elements of physical death, moral weakness, and a sin propensity within original sin, Augustine was the first to add the concept of inherited guilt (<i>reatus</i>) from Adam whereby an infant was eternally damned at birth. Augustine held the traditional view that free will was weakened but not destroyed by original sin until he converted in 412 AD to the Stoic view that humanity had no free will except to sin as a result of his anti-Pelagian view of infant baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201816–18,_157–159,_269–271,_279–285_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201816–18,_157–159,_269–271,_279–285-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-Pelagianism">Anti-Pelagianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anti-Pelagianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Augustine articulated his explanation in reaction to his understanding of <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> that would insist that humans have of themselves, without the necessary help of God's grace, the ability to lead a morally good life, thus denying both the importance of baptism and the teaching that God is the giver of all that is good. According to this understanding, the influence of Adam on other humans was merely that of bad example, thus, original sin consists in <i>imitation</i> of Adam. Augustine held that the effects of Adam's sin are transmitted to his descendants not by example but by the very fact of generation from that ancestor (<i>propagation</i>). A wounded nature comes to the soul and body of the new person from their parents, who experience <i>libido</i> (or "concupiscence"). Augustine frequently cited Romans 5 to refute the <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagian</a> theory of imitation.</p><blockquote><p>But observe more attentively what he says, that “through the offence of one, many are dead.” For why should it be on account of the sin of one, and not rather on account of their own sins, if this passage is to be understood of <i>imitation</i>, and not of <i>propagation?</i> But mark what follows: “And not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift; for the judgment was by one to condemnation, but the grace is of many offences unto justification.” [Romans 5:16] Now let them tell us, where there is room in these words for <i>imitation</i>. “By one,” says he, “to condemnation.” By one what except one sin? [...] That person, therefore, greatly deceives both himself and others, who teaches that they will not be involved in condemnation; whereas the apostle says: “Judgment from one offence to condemnation,” [Romans 5:16] and again a little after: “By the offence of one upon all persons to condemnation.” [Romans 5:18]<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Augustine's view was that human procreation was the way the transmission was being effected. He did not blame, however, the sexual passion itself, but the spiritual concupiscence present in human nature, soul and body, even after baptismal regeneration. This was because, according to Augustine, sexual desire is only one—though the strongest—of many physical realizations of that spiritual libido.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt198397_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt198397-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian parents transmit their wounded nature to children, because they give them birth, not the "re-birth".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine used the <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Ciceronian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> concept of passions to interpret Paul's doctrine of universal sin and redemption. In that view, sexual desire itself as well as other bodily passions were consequences of the original sin, in which pure affections were wounded by vice and became disobedient to human reason and will. As long as they carry a threat to the dominion of reason over the soul, they constitute moral evil, but since they do not presuppose consent, one cannot call them sins. Humanity will be liberated from passions, and pure affections will be restored only when all sin has been washed away and ended, that is in the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-De_civitate_Dei_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_civitate_Dei-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrachtendorf1997307_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrachtendorf1997307-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pelagius'_response"><span id="Pelagius.27_response"></span>Pelagius' response</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pelagius' response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></div> <p>The theologian <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a> reacted thoroughly negatively to Augustine's theory of original sin. Pelagius considered it an insult to God that humans could be born inherently sinful or biased towards sin, and Pelagius believed that the soul was created by God at conception, and therefore could not be imbued with sin as it was solely the product of God's creative agency. Adam did not bring about inherent sin, but he introduced death to the world. Furthermore, Pelagius argued, sin was spread through example rather than hereditary transmission. Pelagius advanced a further argument against the idea of the transmission of sin: since adults are baptized and cleansed of their sin, their children are not capable of inheriting a sin that the parents do not have to begin with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201373–89_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201373–89-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B_Escorial_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B_Escorial_18.jpg/220px-B_Escorial_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B_Escorial_18.jpg/330px-B_Escorial_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B_Escorial_18.jpg/440px-B_Escorial_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Illuminated parchment, Spain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 950–955 AD</span>, depicting the Fall of Man, cause of original sin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_of_the_Church_to_Augustine">Reaction of the Church to Augustine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reaction of the Church to Augustine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opposition to Augustine's ideas about original sin, which he had developed in reaction to <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a>, arose rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011284–285_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011284–285-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a long and bitter struggle several councils, especially the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Council of Orange">Second Council of Orange</a> in 529, confirmed the general principles of Augustine's teaching within Western Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while the Western Church condemned Pelagius, it did not endorse Augustine entirely and, while Augustine's authority was accepted, he was interpreted in the light of writers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a>, who rejected Pelagius but believed that fallen man could still choose to follow God of his own free will, although it is God who guides his progress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález198758_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198758-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the followers of Augustine identified original sin with <a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">concupiscence</a> in the psychological sense, but <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> challenged this identification in the 11th century, defining original sin as "privation of the righteousness that every man ought to possess", thus separating it from concupiscence. In the 12th century the identification of original sin with concupiscence was supported by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a> and others,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was rejected by the leading theologians in the next century, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>. Aquinas distinguished the supernatural gifts of Adam before the fall from what was merely natural, and said that it was the former that were lost, privileges that enabled man to keep his inferior powers in submission to reason and directed to his supernatural end. Even after the fall, man thus kept his natural abilities of reason, will and passions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rigorous Augustine-inspired views persisted among the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, though the most prominent Franciscan theologians, such as <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>, eliminated the element of concupiscence and identified original sin with the loss of sanctifying grace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994–995_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966994–995-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Christian theology has questioned Western Christianity's ideas on original sin from the outset and does not promote the idea of inherited guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGuckin2010_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGuckin2010-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a></i>, Anselm of Canterbury explained that after the original sin of Adam and Eve, the sacrifice of Christ's passion and death on the cross was necessary for the human race to be restored to the possibility of entering Paradise for eternal life. Indeed, a life of infinite duration required infinite merits of salvation that only the infinitely valuable blood shed by the Lord could purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission1995_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission1995-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> maintains "that Christ is the head of the Church, and that the grace that he possesses as head is passed on to all the members of the Church because of the organic conjunction that obtains within the Mystical Body." Quoting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%202:2&version=nrsv">1 John 2:2</a>, Aquinas declares that the passion of Christ satisfied superabundantly for the sins of the whole world. The death of Christ was necessary only as a result of God's free decision to redeem humankind in a suitable manner, showing forth both the justice and the mercy of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission199518_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission199518-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_Reformation">Protestant Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Protestant Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1483–1546) and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> (1509–1564) represent a radical Augustinian shift: equating concupiscence with original sin, maintaining that it destroyed free will and persisted after baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966995_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966995-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther asserted that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception. The second article in the orthodox statement of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> doctrine, the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> presents its doctrine of original sin in summary form. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is also taught among us that since the fall of Adam all men who are born according to the course of nature are conceived and born in sin. That is, all men are full of evil lust and inclinations from their mothers' wombs and are unable by nature to have true fear of God and true faith in God. Moreover, this inborn sickness and hereditary sin is truly sin and condemns to the eternal wrath of God all those who are not born again through Baptism and the Holy Spirit. Rejected in this connection are the <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagians</a> and others who deny that original sin is sin, for they hold that natural man is made righteous by his own powers, thus disparaging the sufferings and merit of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETappert195929_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETappert195929-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Calvin developed a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">systematic theology</a> of Augustinian Protestantism with reference to <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>'s notion of original sin. Calvin believed that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception. This inherently sinful nature (the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a> doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a>") results in a complete alienation from God and the total inability of humans to achieve reconciliation with God based on their own abilities. Not only do individuals inherit a sinful nature due to Adam's fall, but since he was the federal head and representative of the human race, all whom he represented inherit the guilt of his <a href="/wiki/Imputation_of_sin" title="Imputation of sin">sin by imputation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption (religious)">Redemption</a> by Jesus Christ is the only remedy. Calvin defined original sin in his <i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a></i> as follows. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Original sin, then, may be defined a hereditary corruption and depravity of our nature, extending to all the parts of the soul, which first makes us obnoxious to the wrath of God, and then produces in us works which in Scripture are termed works of the flesh. This corruption is repeatedly designated by Paul by the term sin (Gal. 5:19); while the works which proceed from it, such as adultery, fornication, theft, hatred, murder, revellings, he terms, in the same way, the fruits of sin, though in various passages of Scripture, and even by Paul himself, they are also termed sins.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Trent">Council of Trent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Council of Trent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_temptation_of_adam_and_eve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Michelangelo_temptation_of_adam_and_eve.png/220px-Michelangelo_temptation_of_adam_and_eve.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Michelangelo_temptation_of_adam_and_eve.png/330px-Michelangelo_temptation_of_adam_and_eve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Michelangelo_temptation_of_adam_and_eve.png/440px-Michelangelo_temptation_of_adam_and_eve.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s painting of the sin of Adam and Eve from the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The defining doctrinal statement of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563), while not pronouncing on points disputed among Catholic theologians, opposes Protestantism in stating that "whereas all men had lost their innocence in the prevarication of Adam [...] although free will, attenuated as it was in its powers, and bent down, was by no means extinguished in them."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council also condemned the teaching that in baptism the whole of what belongs to the essence of sin is not taken away, but is only cancelled or not imputed, and declared the concupiscence that remains after baptism not truly and properly "sin" in the baptized, but only to be called sin in the sense that it is of sin and inclines to sin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEWTN2017_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEWTN2017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1567, soon after the close of the Council of Trent, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> went beyond Trent by sanctioning Aquinas' distinction between nature and supernature in Adam's state before the Fall, condemned the equating of original sin with concupiscence, and approved the view that the unbaptized could have right use of will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966995_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966995-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> states, "Whilst original sin is effaced by baptism concupiscence still remains in the person baptized; therefore original sin and concupiscence cannot be one and the same thing, as was held by the early Protestants (see Council of Trent, Sess. V, can. v)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarent1911_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarent1911-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_theologians">Modern theologians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern theologians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a> thought that the doctrine of original sin is not necessarily linked to some act of disobedience by the first human beings; rather, the Fall describes every human person's existential situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke2022124_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke2022124-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> rejected the concepts of original guilt and original corruption for being, as he thought, deterministic and undermining human responsibility; instead, he advanced, as noted by Loke, "an alternative conception of Original Sin (<i>Ursünde</i>) which rests upon the idea that God sees, addresses, and treats humanity as a unity on account of the disobedience that is universal."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke2022124_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke2022124-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Barth, Adam did not pass on sin as corruption. In response to Augustine's problem of the inexplicability of original sin, Loke responds that God is not the first cause of evil, rather created libertarian agents who freely choose evil are the first causes of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke202269_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke202269-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denominational_views">Denominational views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Denominational views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_hamartiology" title="Catholic hamartiology">Catholic hamartiology</a></div> <p>In the theology of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, original sin is the absence of <a href="/wiki/Original_righteousness" title="Original righteousness">original holiness</a> and justice into which humans are born, distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Actual_sin" title="Actual sin">actual sins</a> that a person commits. The absence of sanctifying grace or holiness in the new-born child is an effect of the first sin, for Adam, having received holiness and justice from God, lost it not only for himself but also for humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarent1911_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarent1911-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> sets forth the Catholic doctrine of original sin in brief. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By his sin Adam, as the first man, lost the original holiness he had received from God, not only for himself but for all humans. </p><p>Adam and Eve transmitted to their descendants human nature wounded by their own first sin and hence deprived of original holiness and justice; this deprivation is called "original sin". </p><p> As a result of original sin, human nature is weakened in its powers, subject to ignorance, suffering and the domination of death, and inclined to sin (this inclination is called "concupiscence").<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> wrote that "there is a difference between the sin of Adam on the one hand, and the sins of children on the other: one is the cause and one is the effect."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesEvans1998385–386_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesEvans1998385–386-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, Catholic doctrine sees the original sin of a child as distinct from the fault of Adam, but rather as one of its effects. The effects of Adam's sin according to the Catholic Encyclopedia are the following. </p> <ol><li>Death and suffering: "One man has transmitted to the whole human race not only the death of the body, which is the punishment of sin, but even sin itself, which is the death of the soul."</li> <li>Concupiscence or inclination to sin: baptism erases original sin but the inclination to sin remains.</li> <li>The absence of sanctifying grace in the new-born child is also an effect of the first sin, for Adam, having received holiness and justice from God, lost it not only for himself but also for humanity. Baptism confers original sanctifying grace, lost through the Adam's sin, thus eliminating original sin and any personal sin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarent1911_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarent1911-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol><p> The Catholic Church teaches that every human person born on earth is made in the image of God.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within man "is both the powerful surge toward the good because we are made in the image of God, and the darker impulses toward evil because of the effects of Original Sin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it explicitly denies that guilt is inherited from anyone, maintaining that instead humanity inherits its own fallen nature. In this it differs from the Reformed position that each person actually inherits Adam's guilt, and teaches instead that "original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam's descendants [...] but the consequences for nature, weakened and inclined to evil, persist in man".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view, that human beings do not bear guilt for the sin of Adam, is also held in Eastern Orthodoxy. The Catholic Church teaches, "By our first parents' sin, the devil has acquired a certain domination over man, even though man remains free."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Venise,_%27La_Chute_d%27Adam_et_%C3%88ve%27_-_Palais_des_Doges_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/0_Venise%2C_%27La_Chute_d%27Adam_et_%C3%88ve%27_-_Palais_des_Doges_%282%29.JPG/220px-0_Venise%2C_%27La_Chute_d%27Adam_et_%C3%88ve%27_-_Palais_des_Doges_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/0_Venise%2C_%27La_Chute_d%27Adam_et_%C3%88ve%27_-_Palais_des_Doges_%282%29.JPG/330px-0_Venise%2C_%27La_Chute_d%27Adam_et_%C3%88ve%27_-_Palais_des_Doges_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/0_Venise%2C_%27La_Chute_d%27Adam_et_%C3%88ve%27_-_Palais_des_Doges_%282%29.JPG/440px-0_Venise%2C_%27La_Chute_d%27Adam_et_%C3%88ve%27_-_Palais_des_Doges_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3069" data-file-height="4604" /></a><figcaption><i>The Fall of Adam and Eve</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rizzo_(architect)" title="Antonio Rizzo (architect)">Antonio Rizzo</a>, 1476</figcaption></figure> <p>The Catholic Church has always held baptism to be for the remission of sins including the original sin, and, as mentioned in <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, infants too have traditionally been baptized, though not held guilty of any actual personal sin. The sin that through baptism is remitted for them could only be original sin. Baptism confers original sanctifying grace that erases original sin and any actual personal sin.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first comprehensive theological explanation of this practice of baptizing infants, guilty of no actual personal sin, was given by Augustine of Hippo, not all of whose ideas on original sin have been adopted by the Catholic Church—the church has condemned the Protestant interpretation of Augustine characteristic of Luther and Calvin which involves total depravity, or a complete loss of freedom to will rightly.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> explains that "by yielding to the tempter, Adam and Eve committed a personal sin, but this sin affected the human nature that they would then transmit in a fallen state. [... Original] sin is called "sin" only in an analogical sense: it is a sin "contracted" and not "committed" - a state and not an act."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "state of deprivation of the original holiness and justice<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] transmitted to the descendants of Adam along with human nature"<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involves no personal responsibility or personal guilt on their part (as stated in para. 405 of the <i>Catechism</i>). Personal responsibility and guilt were Adam's, who because of his sin, was unable to pass on to his descendants a human nature with the holiness with which it would otherwise have been endowed, in this way implicating them in his sin. The doctrine of original sin thus does not impute the sin of the father to his children, but merely states that they inherit from him a "human nature deprived of original holiness and justice", which is "transmitted by propagation to all mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Catholic theology, the meaning of the word "concupiscence" is the movement of the sensitive appetite contrary to the operation of the human reason. The apostle St Paul identifies it with the rebellion of the "flesh" against the "spirit". "Concupiscence stems from the disobedience of the first sin. It unsettles man's moral faculties and, without being in itself an offence, inclines man to commit sins."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salvation_of_infants">Salvation of infants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Salvation of infants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Augustine believed that unbaptized infants go to hell as a consequence of original sin.<sup id="cite_ref-Infernum_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infernum-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> who followed Augustine adopted his position, which became a point of reference for Latin theologians in the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission200719-21_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission200719-21-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later medieval period, some theologians continued to hold Augustine's view. Others held that unbaptized infants suffered no pain at all: unaware of being deprived of the <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatific vision</a>, they enjoyed a state of natural, not supernatural happiness. Starting around 1300, unbaptized infants were often said to inhabit the "<a href="/wiki/Unbaptized_Infants" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbaptized Infants">limbo of infants</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission200722-25_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission200722-25-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, declares: "As regards children who have died without Baptism, the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God, as she does in her funeral rites for them. Indeed, the great mercy of God who desires that all men should be saved, and Jesus' tenderness toward children which caused him to say: "Let the children come to me, do not hinder them," allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without Baptism. All the more urgent is the Church's call not to prevent little children coming to Christ through the gift of holy Baptism."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the theory of Limbo, while it "never entered into the dogmatic definitions of the Magisterium<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] remains<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] a possible theological hypothesis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission20071_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission20071-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-conciliar_developments">Post-conciliar developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Post-conciliar developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, biblical theologian <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Haag" title="Herbert Haag">Herbert Haag</a> raised the question; "Is original sin in Scripture?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag1966_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag1966-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his exegesis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%202:25&version=nrsv">Genesis 2:25</a> would indicate that Adam and Eve were created from the beginning naked of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine grace</a>, an originary grace that, then, they would never have had, and much less would have lost due to the subsequent events narrated. On the other hand, while supporting a continuity in the Bible about the absence of <a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">preternatural</a> gifts (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">dona praeternaturalia</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag196611,_49–50_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag196611,_49–50-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible#Eden" title="Serpents in the Bible">ophitic event</a>, Haag never makes any reference to the discontinuity of the loss of access to the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">tree of life</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%202:17&version=nrsv">Genesis 2:17</a> states that, if one ate the fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a>, one would surely die, and the adverb indicates that, by avoiding this type of choice, one would have the possibility but not the certainty of accessing to the other tree. Therefore, in 1970 Latin American biblical scholar Carlos Mesters wondered if "Eden [is] golden age or goad to action", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/protology" class="extiw" title="wikt:protology">protology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, nostalgia for an idealized past or hope for something that has yet to happen as it is claimed by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%202:7&version=nrsv">Revelation 2:7</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2022:2&version=nrsv">Revelation 22:2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesters1970_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesters1970-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some warn against taking Genesis 3 too literally. They take into account that "God had the church in mind before the foundation of the world" (as in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%201:4&version=nrsv">Ephesians 1:4</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitenbaugh_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitenbaugh-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as also in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%201:9&version=nrsv">2 Timothy 1:9</a>, "...his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus <i>before</i> the world began."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInstitute_for_Creation_Research_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInstitute_for_Creation_Research-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1986 book <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>In the Beginning...<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> referred to the term "original sin" as "misleading and unprecise".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatzinger198672_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatzinger198672-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict does not require a literal interpretation of Genesis, or of the origin of evil, but writes, "How was it possible, how did it happen? This remains obscure. Evil is not logical. Only God and good are logical, are light. Evil remains mysterious. It is presented as such in great images, as it is in chapter 3 of Genesis, with that scene of the two trees, of the serpent, of sinful man: a great image that makes us guess but cannot explain what is itself illogical."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVI2008_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVI2008-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a>, an authoritative statement of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> doctrine, teaches that original sin "is a root and fountain-head of all actual sins."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA11489.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA11489.jpg/220px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA11489.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA11489.jpg/330px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA11489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA11489.jpg/440px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Adam_and_Eve_-_WGA11489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption><i>Adam and Eve</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a> (1497/1498–1543).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reformed">Reformed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reformed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two elements of original sin in Reformed theology: <i>original guilt</i> and <i>original pollution</i>. The term "guilt" refers to a "relation to the penal sanction of the law", or the obligation to satisfy God's justice due to a willful violation of his law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974245–246_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974245–246-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">covenant theology</a>, Adam is regarded as the <i>federal head</i> of the human race, and so by his sin and Fall, the guilt of his sin is <a href="/wiki/Imputation_of_sin" title="Imputation of sin">imputed</a> to all his descendents, as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Berkhof" title="Louis Berkhof">Louis Berkhof</a> states, drawing from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:18–19&version=nrsv">Romans 5:18–19</a>, "God adjudges all men to be guilty sinners in Adam, just as He adjudges all believers to be righteous in Jesus Christ. This is what Paul means, when he says: 'So then as through one trespass the judgment came unto all men to condemnation; even so through one act of righteousness the free gift came unto all men to justification of life. For as through the one man's disobedience the many were made sinners, even so through the obedience of the one shall the many be made righteous,' Rom. 5:18, 19."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974246,_221–222_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974246,_221–222-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fall also resulted in an "original pollution", which involves the absence of original righteousness and the presence of an active disposition towards sin. The pervasive nature of this pollution in the human race is emphasized with the term "total depravity", that is, the notion that the corruption of original sin extends to every part of man's nature, and that there is nothing in man which can vindicate him before God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974246–247_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974246–247-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of total depravity is "total inability", which means that, although fallen man may perform natural, civil and externally religious goods or virtues, yet he cannot do any act which pleases God and he cannot even begin to love God rather than himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974247_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974247-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Reformed conception of free will is that fallen man does indeed retain the faculties of the soul such as reason, conscience and freedom of choice, yet, he has by nature an irresistible desire to commit sin, and cannot will the highest good, which was part of his original moral constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974248_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974248-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his fallen state, man commits many <a href="/wiki/Actual_sin" title="Actual sin">actual sins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">peccatum actuale</i>) which "does not merely denote those external actions which are accomplished by means of the body, but all those conscious thoughts and volitions which spring from original sin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974251_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974251-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflects the Reformed conflation of concupiscence with sin proper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974236_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974236-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original formularies of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> also continue in the Reformation understanding of original sin, which is evident in Article 9 ("Of Original or Birth-sin") of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Original Sin standeth not in the following of <i>Adam,</i> (as the <i>Pelagians</i> do vainly talk;) but it is the fault and corruption of the Nature of every man, that naturally is engendered of the offspring of <i>Adam;</i> whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness, and is of his own nature inclined to evil, so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the spirit; and therefore in every person born into this world, it deserveth God's wrath and damnation. And this infection of nature doth remain, yea in them that are regenerated; whereby the lust of the flesh, called in the Greek, <i>phronema sarkos</i>, (which some do expound the wisdom, some sensuality, some the affection, some the desire, of the flesh,) is not subject to the Law of God. And although there is no condemnation for them that believe and are baptized, yet the Apostle doth confess, that concupiscence and lust hath of itself the nature of sin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_England1863_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_England1863-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, more recent doctrinal statements permit a greater variety of understandings of this doctrine, such as the 1938 report <i>Doctrine in the Church of England</i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Man is by nature capable of communion with God, and only through such communion can he become what he was created to be. "Original sin" stands for the fact that from a time apparently prior to any responsible act of choice man is lacking in this communion, and if left to his own resources and to the influence of his natural environment cannot attain to his destiny as a child of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_England193854_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_England193854-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodism">Methodism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a> upholds Article VII in the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(United_Methodist)" title="Book of Discipline (United Methodist)">Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Original sin standeth not in the following of Adam (as the Pelagians do vainly talk), but it is the corruption of the nature of every man, that naturally is engendered of the offspring of Adam, whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness, and of his own nature inclined to evil, and that continually.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Methodist_Church201667_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Methodist_Church201667-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Methodist theology teaches that a believer is made free from original sin when they are <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entirely sanctified</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We believe that entire sanctification is that act of God, subsequent to regeneration, by which believers are made free from original sin, or depravity, and brought into a state of entire devotement to God, and the holy obedience of love made perfect. It is wrought by the baptism with or infilling of the Holy Spirit, and comprehends in one experience the cleansing of the heart from sin and the abiding, indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit, empowering the believer for life and service. Entire sanctification is provided by the blood of Jesus, is wrought instantaneously by grace through faith, preceded by entire consecration; and to this work and state of grace the Holy Spirit bears witness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_the_Nazarene202331_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_the_Nazarene202331-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quakers">Quakers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Quakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Original_sin" title="Special:EditPage/Original sin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Original+sin%22">"Original sin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Original+sin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Original+sin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Original+sin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Original+sin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Original+sin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> (also known as the <i>Religious Society of Friends</i>), including the founder of Quakerism, <a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a>, believe in the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">inward light</a>, a doctrine that states that there is "that of God in everyone".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickals1975774_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENickals1975774-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to a common belief among many liberal and universalist Quakers affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a>, based on the ideas of Quaker Rufus Jones among others, that rather than being burdened by original sin, human beings are inherently good, and the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">universal reconciliation</a>, that is, that all people will eventually be saved and reconciled with God. </p><p>However, this rejection of the doctrine of original sin or the necessity of salvation is not something that most conservative or evangelical Quakers affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a> tend to agree with. Although the more conservative and evangelical Quakers also believe in the doctrine of inward light, they interpret it in a manner consistent with the doctrine of original sin, namely, that people may or may not listen to the voice of God within them and be saved, and people who do not listen will not be saved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh-day_Adventism">Seventh-day Adventism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Original_sin" title="Special:EditPage/Original sin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Original+sin%22">"Original sin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Original+sin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Original+sin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Original+sin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Original+sin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Original+sin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a> believe that humans are inherently sinful due to the fall of Adam, but they do not totally accept the <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustinian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a> understanding of original sin, taught in terms of original guilt, but hold more to what could be termed the "<a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a>" tradition. Seventh-day Adventists have historically preached a doctrine of inherited weakness, but not a doctrine of inherited guilt. According to Augustine and Calvin, humanity inherits not only Adam's depraved nature but also the actual guilt of his transgression, while Adventists look more toward the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyanism">Wesleyan</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfandl_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfandl-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part, the Adventist position on original sin reads thus. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The nature of the penalty for original sin, i.e., Adam's sin, is to be seen as literal, physical, temporal, or actual death – the opposite of life, i.e., the cessation of being. By no stretch of the scriptural facts can death be spiritualised as depravity. God did not punish Adam by making him a sinner. That was Adam's own doing. All die the first death because of Adam's sin regardless of their moral character – children included.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfandl_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfandl-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Early Adventist pioneers (such as George Storrs and <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Smith" title="Uriah Smith">Uriah Smith</a>) tended to de-emphasise the morally corrupt nature inherited from Adam, while stressing the importance of actual, personal sins committed by the individual. They thought of the "sinful nature" in terms of physical mortality rather than moral depravity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfandl_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfandl-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, Adventists look at sin in terms of willful transgressions, and believe that Christ triumphed over sin. Though believing in the concept of inherited sin from Adam, there is no dogmatic Adventist position on original sin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Christianity">Eastern Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Eastern Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_view_of_sin" title="Eastern Orthodox view of sin">Eastern Orthodox view of sin</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>' version of original sin is the view that sin originates with the Devil, "for the devil sins from the beginning (1 John iii. 8)".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eastern Church never subscribed to <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>'s notions of original sin and hereditary guilt. The church does not interpret "original sin" as having anything to do with transmitted guilt but with transmitted mortality. Because Adam sinned, all humanity shares not in his guilt but in the <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">same punishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntiochian_Christian_Archdiocese_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_the_Philippines_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntiochian_Christian_Archdiocese_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_the_Philippines-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eastern Churches accept the teachings of Church Father <a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a>, as does the Catholic Church,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1963136_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1963136-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in rejecting the doctrine of total depravity, by teaching that human nature is "fallen", that is, depraved, but not totally. Augustine Casiday states that Cassian "baldly asserts that God's grace, not human free will, is responsible for 'everything [that] pertains to salvation' – even faith".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasiday2006103_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasiday2006103-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cassian points out that people still have moral freedom and one has the option to choose to follow God. Colm Luibhéid says that according to Cassian, there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuibhéid198527_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuibhéid198527-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Augustine Casiday says that, in Cassian's view, any sparks of goodwill that may exist, not directly caused by God, are totally inadequate and only direct divine intervention ensures spiritual progress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss20094_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss20094-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lauren Pristas says that "for Cassian, salvation is, from beginning to end, the effect of God's grace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPristas2010_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPristas2010-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Christianity accepts the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_sin" title="Ancestral sin">ancestral sin</a>: "Original sin is hereditary. It did not remain only Adam and Eve's. As life passes from them to all of their descendants, so does original sin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoschos_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoschos-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "As from an infected source there naturally flows an infected stream, so from a father infected with sin, and consequently mortal, there naturally proceeds a posterity infected like him with sin, and like him mortal."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a> makes clear the distinction between "fallen nature" and "fallen man" and this is affirmed in the early teaching of the church whose role it is to act as the catalyst that leads to true or inner redemption. Every human person born on this earth bears the image of God undistorted within themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Jonah_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Jonah-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Eastern Christian understanding, it is explicitly denied that humanity inherited guilt or a fallen nature from anyone; rather, humanity inherits sin's consequences and a fallen environment: "while humanity does bear the consequences of the original, or first, sin, humanity does not bear the personal guilt associated with this sin. Adam and Eve are guilty of their willful action; we bear the consequences, chief of which is death."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Orthodox_Church_in_America_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Orthodox_Church_in_America-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restorationist_denominations">Restorationist denominations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Restorationist denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span>Jehovah's Witnesses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the theology of <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, all humans are born sinners, because of inheriting sin, corruption, and death from Adam. They teach that Adam was originally created perfect and sinless, but with free will; that <a href="/wiki/The_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil">the Devil</a>, who was originally a perfect <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a>, but later developed feelings of pride and self-importance, seduced <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> and then, through her, persuaded Adam to disobey God, and to obey the Devil instead, rebelling against God's sovereignty, thereby making themselves sinners, and because of that, transmitting a sinful nature to all of their future offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society1993144–145_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society1993144–145-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society200532_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society200532-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of destroying the Devil right away, as well as destroying the disobedient couple, God decided to test the loyalty of the rest of humankind, and to prove that they cannot be independent of God successfully, but are lost without God's laws and standards, and can never bring peace to the earth, and that Satan was a deceiver, murderer, and liar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Watchtower1973724_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Watchtower1973724-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jehovah's Witnesses believe that all humans possess "inherited sin" from the "one man" Adam, and teach that verses such as Romans 5:12–22, Psalm 51:5, Job 14:4, and 1 Corinthians 15:22 show that humanity is born corrupt and dies because of inherited sin and imperfection, and that inherited sin is the reason and cause for sickness and suffering, made worse by the Devil's wicked influence. They believe Jesus is the "<a href="/wiki/Second_Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Adam">second Adam</a>", being the sinless <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, and that he came to undo Adamic sin; and that salvation and everlasting life can only be obtained through faith and obedience to the second Adam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199726–29_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199726–29-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe that "sin" is "missing the mark" of God's standard of perfection, and that everyone is born a sinner, due to being the offspring of sinner Adam.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) rejects the doctrine of original sin. The church's second <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a> reads, "We believe that men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam's transgression."<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church's founder <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> taught that humans had an essentially godlike nature, and were not only holy in a premortal state, but had the potential to progress eternally to become like God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander64_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander64-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latter-day Saints take this creed-like statement as a rejection of the doctrine of original sin and any notion of inherited sinfulness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander64_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander64-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, while modern members of the LDS Church will agree that the fall of Adam brought consequences to the world, including the possibility of sin, they generally reject the idea that any culpability is automatically transmitted to Adam and Eve's offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrill19921052–1053_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill19921052–1053-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children under the age of eight are regarded as free of all sin and therefore do not require baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELDS_Church114–119_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELDS_Church114–119-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/137?lang=eng">Doctrine and Covenants 137:10</a> states that children who die prior to age eight are believed to be saved in the <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">highest degree of heaven</a>. The LDS Church's <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a> states that the Lord told Adam that "thy children are conceived in sin" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/moses/6?lang=eng">Moses 6</a>). Apostle <a href="/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie" title="Bruce R. McConkie">Bruce R. McConkie</a> stated that this means that the children were "born into a world of sin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConkie1985101_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConkie1985101-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swedenborgianism">Swedenborgianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Swedenborgianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Swedenborgianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedenborgianism">Swedenborgianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> of the first 11 chapters of Genesis from <i>The First Church</i> involves the view that Adam is not an individual person. Rather, he is a symbolic representation of the "Most Ancient Church", having a more direct contact with heaven than all other successive churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–56410_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–56410-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swedenborg's view of original sin is referred to as "hereditary evil", which passes from generation to generation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–5696_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–5696-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But as to hereditary evil, the case is this. Everyone who commits actual sin thereby induces on himself a nature, and the evil from it is implanted in his children, and becomes hereditary. It thus descends from every parent, from the father, grandfather, great-grandfather, and their ancestors in succession, and is thus multiplied and augmented in each descending posterity, remaining with each person, and being increased in each by his actual sins, and never being dissipated so as to become harmless except in those who are being regenerated by the Lord. Every attentive observer may see evidence of this truth in the fact that the evil inclinations of parents remain visibly in their children, so that one family, and even an entire race, may be thereby distinguished from every other.</p></blockquote> <p>It cannot be completely abolished by an individual man, but can be tempered when someone reforms their own life, and are thus held accountable only for their own sins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–56229,_336_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–56229,_336-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are evils in man [that] must be dispersed while he is being regenerated, that is, which must be loosened and attempered by goods; for no actual and hereditary evil in man can be so dispersed as to be abolished. It still remains implanted; and can only be so far loosened and attempered by goods from the Lord that it does not injure, and does not appear, which is an arcanum hitherto unknown. Actual evils are those that are loosened and attempered, and not hereditary evils; which also is a thing unknown. [...] It is to be observed that in the other life no one undergoes any punishment and torture on account of his hereditary evil, but only on account of the actual evils [that] he himself has committed.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immaculate_Conception_of_Mary">Immaculate Conception of Mary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Immaculate Conception of Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murillo_immaculate_conception.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Murillo_immaculate_conception.jpg/220px-Murillo_immaculate_conception.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Murillo_immaculate_conception.jpg/330px-Murillo_immaculate_conception.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Murillo_immaculate_conception.jpg/440px-Murillo_immaculate_conception.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Immaculate_Conception_of_Los_Venerables" title="The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables">The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> (1617-1682).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></div> <p>Although primarily associated with Catholicism, the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (the doctrine that Mary was conceived without original sin) is confessed in some form in several major Christian denominations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism_2">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catholic doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Mary</a> is that Mary was conceived free from original sin: "the most Blessed Virgin Mary was, from the first moment of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege of almighty God and by virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ, Savior of the human race, preserved immune from all stain of original sin".<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine sees her as an exception to the general rule that human beings are not immune from the reality of original sin. As Mary was conceived without original sin, this statement opens to the fourth Marian dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary#catholic_teaching" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary to Heaven</a> in body and soul, according to the unchangeable dogmatic definition publicly proclaimed by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>. The Assumption to Heaven, with no corruption of the body, was made possible by Mary's being born without the original sin, while, according to <a href="/wiki/Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, other persons need to wait for the <a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">final resurrection of the flesh</a> in order to get the sanctification of the whole human being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdel_Prado1919xv_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Prado1919xv-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The view of Eastern Christianity varies on whether Mary is free of all actual sin or <a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">concupiscence</a>. Some Patristic sources imply that she was cleansed from sin at the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, while the liturgical references are unanimous that she is all-holy from the time of her conception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare199847_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199847-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleenewerck2008410_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleenewerck2008410-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheranism_2">Lutheranism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Martin Luther agreed with the Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, as is evident in the following quote. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Mary] is full of grace, proclaimed to be entirely without sin. God's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil. God is with her, meaning that all she did or left undone is divine and the action of God in her. Moreover, God guarded and protected her from all that might be hurtful to her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann196840_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann196840-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mcfar-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcfar_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcFarland2011">McFarland 2011</a>, p. 30, n. 5 additionally cites "2 Enoch 41 (cf. 30–32); Apocalypse of Abraham 23–4; 2 Baruch 48:42; 54:15; 56:5–6; and 4 Ezra 3:21–23; 4:30; 7:11–12, 116–18".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_civitate_Dei-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-De_civitate_Dei_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <i>City of God</i>, Chapters 9 and 14; <i>On the Gospel of John</i>, Chapter 60, <i>Christ's feelings at the death of Lazarus</i> [John 11].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infernum-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infernum_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Infernum</i></span>, literally "underworld", later identified as <a href="/wiki/Limbo#Limbo_of_Children" title="Limbo">limbo</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKim1996197-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKim1996197_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKim1996">McKim 1996</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVawter1983420-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVawter1983420_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVawter1983420_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVawter1983">Vawter 1983</a>, p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatte2019892-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatte2019892_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatte2019">Patte 2019</a>, p. 892.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966994-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross1966">Cross 1966</a>, p. 994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200256-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200256_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley2002">Wiley 2002</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018157–187-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018157–187_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, pp. 157–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForget1910-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForget1910_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForget1910">Forget 1910</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> 2003, para. 405.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct06.html">Council of Trent, Session VI, Chapter I.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring2012301-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring2012301_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring2012301_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoring2012">Boring 2012</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201338–47-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201338–47_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToews2013">Toews 2013</a>, pp. 38–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObach200841-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObach200841_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObach2008">Obach 2008</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200237–38-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200237–38_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley2002">Wiley 2002</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200238–39-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200238–39_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley2002">Wiley 2002</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201313-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201313_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToews2013">Toews 2013</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter2009181-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter2009181_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlter2009">Alter 2009</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf105/npnf105.x.iii.xv.html"><i>A Treatise on the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins, and on the Baptism of Infants</i>, Book 1, Chapters 15 and 21.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201316-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201316_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToews2013">Toews 2013</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201336-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201336_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToews2013">Toews 2013</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201326–32-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201326–32_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToews2013">Toews 2013</a>, pp. 26–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201348–61-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201348–61_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201348–61_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToews2013">Toews 2013</a>, pp. 48–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200240–42-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200240–42_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley2002">Wiley 2002</a>, pp. 40–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouteneff200879-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouteneff200879_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouteneff2008">Bouteneff 2008</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011255,_258-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011255,_258_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallaceRusk2011">Wallace & Rusk 2011</a>, pp. 255, 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200471-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200471_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2004">Turner 2004</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELohse1966104-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohse1966104_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLohse1966">Lohse 1966</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011258-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011258_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallaceRusk2011">Wallace & Rusk 2011</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGiffert1932101-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGiffert1932101_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGiffert1932">McGiffert 1932</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011258–259-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011258–259_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallaceRusk2011">Wallace & Rusk 2011</a>, pp. 258–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201365–66-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201365–66_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToews2013">Toews 2013</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeDuhmMirecki2001154-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeDuhmMirecki2001154_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeDuhmMirecki2001">BeDuhm & Mirecki 2001</a>, p. 154.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBeDuhmMirecki2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201366–68-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201366–68_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToews2013">Toews 2013</a>, pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201369–70-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201369–70_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201369–70_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToews2013">Toews 2013</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoo1996-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoo1996_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoo1996">Moo 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1988-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1988_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1988">Morris 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2006649–667-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2006649–667_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2006">Williams 2006</a>, pp. 649–667.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholiclibrary.org/library/view?docId=/Fathers-OR/PL.044.html&chunk.id=00001355"><i>Contra Julianum</i>, Book 5, Chapter 4, Section 18.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholiclibrary.org/library/view?docId=/Fathers-OR/PL.044.html;chunk.id=00001235"><i>Contra Julianum</i>, Book 1, Chapter 9, Section 42.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson1842118-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson1842118_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1842">Nicholson 1842</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke2022123-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke2022123_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoke2022">Loke 2022</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke202263-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke202263_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoke2022">Loke 2022</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStortz200193–94-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStortz200193–94_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStortz2001">Stortz 2001</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObach200843-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObach200843_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObach2008">Obach 2008</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2082.htm#article4"><i>Summa Theologiae I-II</i>, Question 82, Article 4.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf105/npnf105.xvi.v.xxviii.html"><i>On Marriage and Concupiscence</i>, Book , Chapter 28</a>, cf. <i>Contra Julianum</i>, Book 6, Chapters 18-19; Book 2, Chapter 10; <i>Contra Secundinum Manichaeum</i>, Chapter 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholiclibrary.org/library/view?docId=/Fathers-OR/PL.044.html;chunk.id=00001335"><i>Contra Julianum</i>, Book 4, Chapter 11, Section 57</a>, cf. <i>Contra secundam Iuliani responsionem imperfectum opus</i>, Book 2, Chapters 42, 45; Book 6, Chapter 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1983104-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1983104_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1983">Schmitt 1983</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201816–18,_157–159,_269–271,_279–285-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201816–18,_157–159,_269–271,_279–285_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, pp. 16–18, 157–159, 269–271, 279–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf105/npnf105.x.iii.i.html"><i>A Treatise on the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins, and on the Baptism of Infants</i>, Book 1, Chapters 15 and 21.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102/npnf102.iv.XIV.16.html"><i>City of God</i>, Book 14, Chapter 16</a>, cf.<i>De continentia</i>, Chapter 8; <i>Contra Julianum</i>, Book 6, Chapter 19; Book 4, Chapter 14; <i>De Trinitate</i>, Book 12, Chapter 9; <i>De Genesi contra Manicheos</i>, Book 2, Chapter 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt198397-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt198397_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1983">Schmitt 1983</a>, pp. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf105/npnf105.xv.iv.xlv.html"><i>On Original Sin</i>, Chapter 45.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrachtendorf1997307-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrachtendorf1997307_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrachtendorf1997">Brachtendorf 1997</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews201373–89-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews201373–89_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToews2013">Toews 2013</a>, pp. 73–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011284–285-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011284–285_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallaceRusk2011">Wallace & Rusk 2011</a>, pp. 284–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198758-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález198758_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález1987">González 1987</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966994–995-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966994–995_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross1966">Cross 1966</a>, pp. 994–995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGuckin2010-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGuckin2010_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGuckin2010">McGuckin 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission1995-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission1995_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Theological_Commission1995">International Theological Commission 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission199518-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission199518_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Theological_Commission1995">International Theological Commission 1995</a>, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1966995-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966995_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1966995_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross1966">Cross 1966</a>, p. 995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETappert195929-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETappert195929_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTappert1959">Tappert 1959</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes/institutes.iv.ii.html"><i>Institutes of the Christian Religion</i>, Book 2, Chapter 1, Section 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct06.html">Council of Trent, Session VI, Chapter I.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEWTN2017-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEWTN2017_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEWTN2017">EWTN 2017</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEWTN2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarent1911-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarent1911_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarent1911_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarent1911_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarent1911">Harent 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke2022124-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke2022124_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke2022124_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoke2022">Loke 2022</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke202269-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke202269_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoke2022">Loke 2022</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> 2003, paras. 416-418.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesEvans1998385–386-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesEvans1998385–386_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaviesEvans1998">Davies & Evans 1998</a>, pp. 385–386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1B.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> 2003, para. 355.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> 2003, para. 405.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> 2003, para. 407.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> 2003, para. 403.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, para. 406.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, para. 404.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Profession%20of%20the%20Christian%20Faith"><i>Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, 76</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, para. 404.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P8P.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, para. 2515</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf105/npnf105.x.iii.xxi.html"><i>A Treatise on the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins, and on the Baptism of Infants</i>, Book 1, Chapter 21.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission200719-21-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission200719-21_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Theological_Commission2007">International Theological Commission 2007</a>, 19-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission200722-25-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission200722-25_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Theological_Commission2007">International Theological Commission 2007</a>, 22-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3M.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, para. 1261</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission20071-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Theological_Commission20071_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Theological_Commission2007">International Theological Commission 2007</a>, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag1966-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag1966_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaag1966">Haag 1966</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag196611,_49–50-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag196611,_49–50_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaag1966">Haag 1966</a>, pp. 11, 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesters1970-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesters1970_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMesters1970">Mesters 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitenbaugh-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitenbaugh_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRitenbaugh">Ritenbaugh</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInstitute_for_Creation_Research-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInstitute_for_Creation_Research_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInstitute_for_Creation_Research">Institute for Creation Research</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFInstitute_for_Creation_Research (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatzinger198672-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatzinger198672_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatzinger1986">Ratzinger 1986</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVI2008-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVI2008_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict_XVI2008">Benedict XVI 2008</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBenedict_XVI2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebookofconcord.org/formula-of-concord-solid-declaration/article-i/"><i>Formula of Concord</i>, Article 1, Section 5.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974245–246-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974245–246_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkhof1974">Berkhof 1974</a>, pp. 245–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974246,_221–222-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974246,_221–222_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkhof1974">Berkhof 1974</a>, pp. 246, 221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974246–247-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974246–247_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkhof1974">Berkhof 1974</a>, pp. 246–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974247-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974247_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkhof1974">Berkhof 1974</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974248-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974248_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkhof1974">Berkhof 1974</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974251-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974251_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkhof1974">Berkhof 1974</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974236-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkhof1974236_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkhof1974">Berkhof 1974</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_England1863-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_England1863_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch_of_England1863">Church of England 1863</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_England193854-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_England193854_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch_of_England1938">Church of England 1938</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Methodist_Church201667-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Methodist_Church201667_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_Methodist_Church2016">United Methodist Church 2016</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_the_Nazarene202331-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_the_Nazarene202331_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch_of_the_Nazarene2023">Church of the Nazarene 2023</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENickals1975774-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENickals1975774_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNickals1975">Nickals 1975</a>, p. 774.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfandl-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfandl_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfandl_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfandl_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfandl">Pfandl</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPfandl (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm">Catechism of St. Philaret of Moscow, q. 157.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntiochian_Christian_Archdiocese_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_the_Philippines-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntiochian_Christian_Archdiocese_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_the_Philippines_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntiochian_Christian_Archdiocese_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_the_Philippines">Antiochian Christian Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1963136-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1963136_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1963">Elton 1963</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasiday2006103-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasiday2006103_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasiday2006">Casiday 2006</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuibhéid198527-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuibhéid198527_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuibhéid1985">Luibhéid 1985</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss20094-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss20094_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoss2009">Moss 2009</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPristas2010-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPristas2010_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPristas2010">Pristas 2010</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPristas2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoschos-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoschos_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoschos">Moschos</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm">Catechism of St. Philaret of Moscow, q. 168.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Jonah-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Jonah_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetropolitan_Jonah">Metropolitan Jonah</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMetropolitan_Jonah (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Orthodox_Church_in_America-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Orthodox_Church_in_America_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Orthodox_Church_in_America">The Orthodox Church in America</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society1993144–145-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society1993144–145_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society1993">Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993</a>, pp. 144–145.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society1993 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society200532-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society200532_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society2005">Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 2005</a>, p. 32.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWatch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Watchtower1973724-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Watchtower1973724_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Watchtower1973">The Watchtower 1973</a>, p. 724.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199726–29-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199726–29_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 26–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Pearl_of_Great_Price_(1913)/Articles_of_Faith#1:2" class="extiw" title="s:The Pearl of Great Price (1913)/Articles of Faith">Articles of Faith 1:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander64-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander64_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander64_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander">Alexander</a>, p. 64.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAlexander (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill19921052–1053-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrill19921052–1053_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrill1992">Merrill 1992</a>, pp. 1052–1053.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELDS_Church114–119-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELDS_Church114–119_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLDS_Church">LDS Church</a>, pp. 114–119.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLDS_Church (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConkie1985101-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConkie1985101_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcConkie1985">McConkie 1985</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–56410-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–56410_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwedenborg1749–56">Swedenborg 1749–56</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–5696-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–5696_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwedenborg1749–56">Swedenborg 1749–56</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–56229,_336-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedenborg1749–56229,_336_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwedenborg1749–56">Swedenborg 1749–56</a>, p. 229, 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1K.HTM"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, para. 491.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Prado1919xv-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdel_Prado1919xv_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdel_Prado1919">del Prado 1919</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199847-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare199847_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWare1998">Ware 1998</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleenewerck2008410-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleenewerck2008410_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleenewerck2008">Cleenewerck 2008</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann196840-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann196840_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehmann1968">Lehmann 1968</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlter2009" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rGC6q5sdYOAC&pg=PA181"><i>The Book of Psalms</i></a>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393337044" title="Special:BookSources/9780393337044"><bdi>9780393337044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Psalms&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780393337044&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrGC6q5sdYOAC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntiochian_Christian_Archdiocese_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_the_Philippines" class="citation web cs1">Antiochian Christian Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419083644/http://www.antiochianarch.org.au/Orthodox-view-on-Immaculate-Conception.aspx">"Orthodox view on Immaculate Conception"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiochianarch.org.au/Orthodox-view-on-Immaculate-Conception.aspx">the original</a> on 19 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthodox+view+on+Immaculate+Conception&rft.au=Antiochian+Christian+Archdiocese+of+Australia%2C+New+Zealand%2C+and+the+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiochianarch.org.au%2FOrthodox-view-on-Immaculate-Conception.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeduhnMirecki2001" class="citation book cs1">Beduhn, Jason; Mirecki, Paul, eds. (2001). <i>The Light and the Darkness: Studies in Manichaeism and Its World</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004116737" title="Special:BookSources/9004116737"><bdi>9004116737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Light+and+the+Darkness%3A+Studies+in+Manichaeism+and+Its+World&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004116737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_XVI" class="citation web cs1">Benedict XVI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2008/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20081203.html">"General Audience of 3 December 2008: Saint Paul (15). The Apostle's teaching on the relation between Adam and Christ | Benedict XVI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vatican.va" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican.va">vatican.va</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=General+Audience+of+3+December+2008%3A+Saint+Paul+%2815%29.+The+Apostle%27s+teaching+on+the+relation+between+Adam+and+Christ+%7C+Benedict+XVI&rft.au=Benedict+XVI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Faudiences%2F2008%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_aud_20081203.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkhof1974" class="citation book cs1">Berkhof, Louis (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B12qwOSMD20C&pg=PA2"><i>Systematic Theology</i></a> (4th ed.). W. B. Eerdman's Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080283020X" title="Special:BookSources/080283020X"><bdi>080283020X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=W.+B.+Eerdman%27s+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=080283020X&rft.aulast=Berkhof&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB12qwOSMD20C%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp2011" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B12qwOSMD20C&pg=PA2"><i>Creation, Un-creation, Re-creation: A discursive commentary on Genesis 1-11</i></a>. Bloomsbury T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567372871" title="Special:BookSources/9780567372871"><bdi>9780567372871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation%2C+Un-creation%2C+Re-creation%3A+A+discursive+commentary+on+Genesis+1-11&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780567372871&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB12qwOSMD20C%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoring2012" class="citation book cs1">Boring, M. Eugene (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC&pg=PA301"><i>An Introduction to the New Testament</i></a>. Westminster John Knox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664255923" title="Special:BookSources/9780664255923"><bdi>9780664255923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780664255923&rft.aulast=Boring&rft.aufirst=M.+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DleFrgkyEtusC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouteneff2008" class="citation book cs1">Bouteneff, Peter C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aANpcJF5jDUC&pg=PA79"><i>Beginnings: Ancient Christian Readings of the Biblical Creation Narratives</i></a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0183-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0183-6"><bdi>978-1-4412-0183-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginnings%3A+Ancient+Christian+Readings+of+the+Biblical+Creation+Narratives&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-0183-6&rft.aulast=Bouteneff&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaANpcJF5jDUC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrachtendorf1997" class="citation journal cs1">Brachtendorf, J. (1997). "Cicero and Augustine on the Passions". <i>Revue des Études Augustiniennes</i>. <b>43</b> (2). Paris: Institut d'études augustiniennes: <span class="nowrap">289–</span>308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.REA.5.104767">10.1484/J.REA.5.104767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Augustiniennes&rft.atitle=Cicero+and+Augustine+on+the+Passions&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.REA.5.104767&rft.aulast=Brachtendorf&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodd2003" class="citation book cs1">Brodd, Jeffrey (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPiv0w6BDSQC"><i>World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery</i></a>. Saint Mary's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5"><bdi>978-0-88489-725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+A+Voyage+of+Discovery&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88489-725-5&rft.aulast=Brodd&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhPiv0w6BDSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasiday2006" class="citation book cs1">Casiday, A. M. C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fC0tYhHDHbEC&pg=PA103"><i>Tradition and Theology in St John Cassian</i></a>. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929718-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929718-4"><bdi>978-0-19-929718-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Theology+in+St+John+Cassian&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929718-4&rft.aulast=Casiday&rft.aufirst=A.+M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfC0tYhHDHbEC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Cassian1985" class="citation book cs1">John Cassian (1985). Luibhéid, Colm (ed.). <i>Conferences</i>. New York : Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809126941" title="Special:BookSources/9780809126941"><bdi>9780809126941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conferences&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Paulist+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780809126941&rft.au=John+Cassian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch_of_England1863" class="citation cs1">Church of England (1863). <i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion">Thirty-nine Articles</a></i>. John Murray – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirty-nine+Articles&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Church+of+England&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch_of_England1938" class="citation book cs1">Church of England (1938). <i>Doctrine in the Church of England</i>. London: SPCK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrine+in+the+Church+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1938&rft.au=Church+of+England&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch_of_the_Nazarene2023" class="citation book cs1">Church of the Nazarene (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.nazarene.org/index.php/s/KGiJra8WZQjjZwb"><i>Manual 2023</i></a>. Kansas City, Missouri: Nazarene Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+2023&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Nazarene+Publishing+House&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Church+of+the+Nazarene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.nazarene.org%2Findex.php%2Fs%2FKGiJra8WZQjjZwb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleenewerck2008" class="citation book cs1">Cleenewerck, Laurent (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oeKOUb6OcG4C&pg=PA410"><i>His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism Between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches</i></a>. Euclid University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-18361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-18361-9"><bdi>978-0-615-18361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Broken+Body%3A+Understanding+and+Healing+the+Schism+Between+the+Roman+Catholic+and+Eastern+Orthodox+Churches&rft.pub=Euclid+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-615-18361-9&rft.aulast=Cleenewerck&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoeKOUb6OcG4C%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2014" class="citation book cs1">Collins, C. John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzDaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12">"Adam and Eve in the Old Testament"</a>. In Reeves, Michael R. E.; Madueme, Hans (eds.). <i>Adam, the Fall, and Original Sin: Theological, Biblical, and Scientific Perspectives</i>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441246417" title="Special:BookSources/9781441246417"><bdi>9781441246417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adam+and+Eve+in+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=Adam%2C+the+Fall%2C+and+Original+Sin%3A+Theological%2C+Biblical%2C+and+Scientific+Perspectives&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781441246417&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=C.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzDaBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Leslie Cross">Cross, Frank Leslie</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00cros/page/994/mode/2up/"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5382229M">5382229M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5382229M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00cros%2Fpage%2F994%2Fmode%2F2up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesEvans1998" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Brian; Evans, Gillian, eds. (1998). <i>The major works / Anselm of Canterbury</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192825259" title="Special:BookSources/0192825259"><bdi>0192825259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+major+works+%2F+Anselm+of+Canterbury&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0192825259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622044114/http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/trent5.htm">"Paul III Council of Trent-5"</a>. <i>Ewtn.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/trent5.htm">the original</a> on 22 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Paul+III+Council+of+Trent-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2Fcouncils%2Ftrent5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2006" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Robin Lane (2006). <i>The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141022963" title="Special:BookSources/9780141022963"><bdi>9780141022963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unauthorized+Version%3A+Truth+and+Fiction+in+the+Bible&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780141022963&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLDS_Church2011" class="citation book cs1">LDS Church (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-20-baptism?lang=eng"><i>Gospel Principles</i></a>. Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gospel+Principles&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=LDS+Church&rft.date=2011&rft.au=LDS+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-principles%2Fchapter-20-baptism%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Theological_Commission1995" class="citation web cs1">International Theological Commission (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_cti_1995_teologia-redenzione_en.html">"Select Questions on the Theology of God the Redeemer"</a>. <i>The Holy See</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+See&rft.atitle=Select+Questions+on+the+Theology+of+God+the+Redeemer&rft.date=1995&rft.au=International+Theological+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fcti_documents%2Frc_cti_1995_teologia-redenzione_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icr.org/article/before-world-began/">"Before the World Began"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Before+the+World+Began&rft.pub=Institute+for+Creation+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icr.org%2Farticle%2Fbefore-world-began%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Theological_Commission2007" class="citation web cs1">International Theological Commission (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html">"The hope of salvation for infants who die without being baptised"</a>. <i>The Holy See</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+See&rft.atitle=The+hope+of+salvation+for+infants+who+die+without+being+baptised&rft.date=2007&rft.au=International+Theological+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fcti_documents%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2000" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, J. N. D. (2000). <i>Early Christian Doctrines</i> (5th rev. ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5252-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-5252-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Doctrines&rft.place=London&rft.edition=5th+rev.&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5252-8&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=J.+N.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton1963" class="citation book cs1">Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrZmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Reformation Europe, 1517–1559</i></a>. Collins. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+Europe%2C+1517%E2%80%931559&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrZmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForget1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Forget, Jacques (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jansenius and Jansenism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Jansenius_and_Jansenism">"Jansenius and Jansenism" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jansenius+and+Jansenism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Forget&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Justo_L._Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Justo L. González">González, Justo L.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1VMeQcNyDjYC"><i>A History of Christian Thought</i></a>. Vol. 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-17183-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-17183-5"><bdi>978-0-687-17183-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian+Thought&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-687-17183-5&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Justo+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1VMeQcNyDjYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaag1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Haag" title="Herbert Haag">Haag, Herbert</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EnWRSQAACAAJ"><i>Biblische Schöpfungslehre und kirchliche Erbsündenlehre</i></a> (in German). Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUMaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22dona+praeternaturalia%22">11, 49–50</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblische+Sch%C3%B6pfungslehre+und+kirchliche+Erbs%C3%BCndenlehre&rft.pages=11%2C+49-50&rft.pub=Verlag+Katholisches+Bibelwerk&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Haag&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEnWRSQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span> English translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaag1969" class="citation book cs1">Haag, Herbert (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zO_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Is original sin in Scripture?</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Sheed_and_Ward" title="Sheed and Ward">Sheed and Ward</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836202502" title="Special:BookSources/9780836202502"><bdi>9780836202502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+original+sin+in+Scripture%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sheed+and+Ward&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780836202502&rft.aulast=Haag&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzO_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarent1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harent, S. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Original Sin"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Original_Sin">"Original Sin" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Original+Sin&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Harent&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Watchtower" class="citation web cs1">The Watchtower. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000089">"ADAM"</a>. <i>jw.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9254-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9254-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-9254-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Eastern+Orthodox+Christianity&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9254-8&rft.aulast=McGuckin&rft.aufirst=John+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmFetR5Wqd8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim1996" class="citation book cs1">McKim, Donald K. (1996). <i>Westminster dictionary of theological terms</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664255116" title="Special:BookSources/0664255116"><bdi>0664255116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westminster+dictionary+of+theological+terms&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0664255116&rft.aulast=McKim&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill1992" class="citation book cs1">Merrill, Byron R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4025">"Original sin"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism"><i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i></a>. 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Bonum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/981273435">981273435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Para%C3%ADso+terrestre%3A+%C2%BFnostalgia+o+esperanza%3F&rft.pub=Bonum&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F981273435&rft.aulast=Mesters&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-LCxjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span> English translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesters1974" class="citation book cs1">Mesters, Carlos (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1lYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Eden, Golden Age Or Goad to Action?</i></a>. 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John Henry Parker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Exposition+of+the+Catechism+of+the+Church+of+England&rft.pub=John+Henry+Parker&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMeOx95oNQ9YC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickals1975" class="citation book cs1">Nickals, John L., ed. (1975). <i>Journal of George Fox</i>. Religious Society of Friends.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+George+Fox&rft.pub=Religious+Society+of+Friends&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObach2008" class="citation book cs1">Obach, Robert (16 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yP_Sbtq_XZgC"><i>The Catholic Church on Marital Intercourse: From St. Paul to Pope John Paul II</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3089-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3089-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-3089-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+on+Marital+Intercourse%3A+From+St.+Paul+to+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3089-6&rft.aulast=Obach&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyP_Sbtq_XZgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Orthodox_Church_in_America" class="citation web cs1">The Orthodox Church in America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/questions/teaching/st.-augustine-original-sin">"St. Augustine & Original Sin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Augustine+%26+Original+Sin&rft.au=The+Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fquestions%2Fteaching%2Fst.-augustine-original-sin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatte2019" class="citation book cs1">Patte, Daniel (2019). 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Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-8943-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-8943-7"><bdi>978-1-5326-8943-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Original+Sin&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Dictionary+of+Christianity%2C+Two+Volume+Set&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-8943-7&rft.aulast=Patte&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6dXaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenton1997" class="citation book cs1">Penton, M.J. (1997). <i>Apocalypse Delayed</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Beginning...%27.+A+Catholic+Understanding+of+the+Story+of+Creation+and+the+Fall&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Ratzinger&rft.aufirst=Cardinal+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd2y1pz2y630308.cloudfront.net%2F20434%2Fdocuments%2F2019%2F9%2FRatzinger%2520In%2520the%2520Beginning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitenbaugh" class="citation web cs1">Ritenbaugh, John W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Audio.Details/ID/463/Holy-Spirit-Trinity-Part-1.htm">"The Holy Spirit and the Trinity (Part 1) (Sermon)"</a>. <i>www.bibletools.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bibletools.org&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Spirit+and+the+Trinity+%28Part+1%29+%28Sermon%29&rft.aulast=Ritenbaugh&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibletools.org%2Findex.cfm%2Ffuseaction%2FAudio.Details%2FID%2F463%2FHoly-Spirit-Trinity-Part-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitt, É. (1983). <i>Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin. Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale</i>. Études Augustiniennes (in French). Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+mariage+chr%C3%A9tien+dans+l%27oeuvre+de+Saint+Augustin.+Une+th%C3%A9ologie+baptismale+de+la+vie+conjugale&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=%C3%89tudes+Augustiniennes&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=%C3%89.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStortz2001" class="citation book cs1">Stortz, Martha Ellen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBrHz8gRRowC&pg=PA93">"Where or When Was Your Servant Innocent?"</a>. In Bunge, Marcia J. (ed.). <i>The Child in Christian Thought</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802846938" title="Special:BookSources/9780802846938"><bdi>9780802846938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Where+or+When+Was+Your+Servant+Innocent%3F&rft.btitle=The+Child+in+Christian+Thought&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780802846938&rft.aulast=Stortz&rft.aufirst=Martha+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBrHz8gRRowC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwedenborg1749–56" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Swedenborg, Emanuel</a> (1749–56). <i>Arcana Coelestia, Vol. 1 of 8</i>. Translated by John F. Potts (2008 Reprint ed.). Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60620-107-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60620-107-7"><bdi>978-1-60620-107-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arcana+Coelestia%2C+Vol.+1+of+8&rft.edition=2008+Reprint&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=1749%2F1756&rft.isbn=978-1-60620-107-7&rft.aulast=Swedenborg&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTappert1959" class="citation book cs1">Tappert, Theodore G. (1959). <i>The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church</i>. 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Roma: Nuova Biblioteca agostiniana. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-311-3402-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-311-3402-7"><bdi>88-311-3402-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.+Agostino%2C+introduzione+alla+dottrina+della+grazia&rft.place=Roma&rft.series=Collana+di+Studi+Agostiniani+4&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Nuova+Biblioteca+agostiniana&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=88-311-3402-7&rft.aulast=Trap%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=Agostino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2004" class="citation book cs1">Turner, H.E.W. (2004). <i>The Patristic Doctrine of Redemption: a study of the development of doctrine during the first five centuries</i> (2004 Reprint ed.). Eugene, OR: <a href="/wiki/Wipf_%26_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf & Stock Publishers">Wipf & Stock Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-930-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-930-9"><bdi>978-1-59244-930-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Patristic+Doctrine+of+Redemption%3A+a+study+of+the+development+of+doctrine+during+the+first+five+centuries&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.edition=2004+Reprint&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59244-930-9&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=H.E.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Catholic_Church2003" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Catholic Church (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRrxsUhIEZcC"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church : with modifications from the Editio Typica</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50819-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50819-3"><bdi>978-0-385-50819-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%3A+with+modifications+from+the+Editio+Typica.&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50819-3&rft.au=U.S.+Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRrxsUhIEZcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Methodist_Church2016" class="citation book cs1">United Methodist Church (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cokesbury.com/book-of-discipline-book-of-resolutions-free-versions"><i>The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church</i></a>. Nashville, Tennessee: The United Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Discipline+of+the+United+Methodist+Church&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=2016&rft.au=United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cokesbury.com%2Fbook-of-discipline-book-of-resolutions-free-versions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" class="citation web cs1">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/what-we-believe/morality">"Morality"</a>. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morality&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft.au=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbeliefs-and-teachings%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fmorality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVawter1983" class="citation book cs1">Vawter, Bruce (1983). "Original Sin". In Richardson, Alan; Bowden, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PN7UMUTBBPAC"><i>The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology</i></a>. Westminster John Knox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664227487" title="Special:BookSources/9780664227487"><bdi>9780664227487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Original+Sin&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Dictionary+of+Christian+Theology&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780664227487&rft.aulast=Vawter&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPN7UMUTBBPAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallaceRusk2011" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, A. J.; Rusk, R. D. (2011). <i>Moral Transformation: the original Christian paradigm of salvation</i>. New Zealand: Bridgehead Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4563-8980-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4563-8980-2"><bdi>978-1-4563-8980-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Transformation%3A+the+original+Christian+paradigm+of+salvation&rft.place=New+Zealand&rft.pub=Bridgehead+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4563-8980-2&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Rusk%2C+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1998" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Kallistos (1998). <i>The Festal Menaion</i>. St Tikhon's Seminary Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Festal+Menaion&rft.pub=St+Tikhon%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Kallistos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom</i>. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%E2%80%94Proclaimers+of+God%27s+Kingdom&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>What Does the Bible Really Teach?</i>. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Does+the+Bible+Really+Teach%3F&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley2002" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Tatha (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUVrj1R8f2oC&pg=PA40"><i>Original Sin: Origins, Developments, Contemporary Meanings</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4128-9"><bdi>978-0-8091-4128-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+Sin%3A+Origins%2C+Developments%2C+Contemporary+Meanings&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4128-9&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Tatha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUVrj1R8f2oC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Watchtower1973" class="citation journal cs1">The Watchtower (1973). "Declaration and resolution". <i>The Watchtower</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Declaration+and+resolution&rft.date=1973&rft.au=The+Watchtower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Angels—How They Affect Us". <i>The Watchtower</i>. 15 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Angels%E2%80%94How+They+Affect+Us&rft.date=2006-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, D. H. (2006). "Justification by Faith: a Patristic Doctrine". <i>The Journal of Ecclesiastical History</i>. <b>57</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">649–</span>667. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022046906008207">10.1017/S0022046906008207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170253443">170253443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=Justification+by+Faith%3A+a+Patristic+Doctrine&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E649-%3C%2Fspan%3E667&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022046906008207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170253443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Patricia A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEa7ftQfiXQC"><i>Doing Without Adam and Eve: Sociobiology and Original Sin</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451415438" title="Special:BookSources/9781451415438"><bdi>9781451415438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Without+Adam+and+Eve%3A+Sociobiology+and+Original+Sin&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781451415438&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoEa7ftQfiXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2018" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Kenneth M. (25 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxhdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16"><i>Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to 'Non-free Free Will'; A Comprehensive Methodology</i></a>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-155753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-155753-8"><bdi>978-3-16-155753-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Conversion+from+Traditional+Free+Choice+to+%27Non-free+Free+Will%27%3B+A+Comprehensive+Methodology&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2018-05-25&rft.isbn=978-3-16-155753-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxhdDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Woo, B. Hoon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5972518">"Is God the Author of Sin? – Jonathan Edwards's Theodicy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Puritan_Reformed_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan Reformed Journal">Puritan Reformed Journal</a></i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">98–</span>123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Puritan+Reformed+Journal&rft.atitle=Is+God+the+Author+of+Sin%3F+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BJonathan+Edwards%27s+Theodicy&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=B.+Hoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5972518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Original_sin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Original sin">Original sin</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11312a.htm">Article "Original Sin" in Catholic Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/augsburgdefense/2_originalsin.html"><i>The Book of Concord</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705140150/http://bookofconcord.org/augsburgdefense/2_originalsin.html">Archived</a> 5 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Defense of the Augsburg Confession</i>, Article II: Of Original Sin; from an early Protestant perspective, part of the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanity.org/htm/rom.10.en.original_sin_according_to_st._paul.01.htm">Original Sin According To St. Paul</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_S._Romanides" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Romanides">John S. Romanides</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100503114308/http://silouanthompson.net/2008/12/ancestral-versus-original-sin/">Ancestral Versus Original Sin</a> by Father Antony Hughes, St. Mary Antiochian Orthodox Church, Cambridge, Massachusetts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173544/http://www.thereformedfaith.com/man/origsin.php">Original Sin</a> by Michael Bremmer</li></ul> <p><b>Catholic Church</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Trent1546" class="citation web cs1">Council of Trent (17 June 1546). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds2.v.i.i.iii.html">"Canones et Decreta Dogmatica Concilii Tridentini: Fifth Session, Decree concerning Original Sin"</a>. at www.ccel.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canones+et+Decreta+Dogmatica+Concilii+Tridentini%3A+Fifth+Session%2C+Decree+concerning+Original+Sin&rft.pub=at+www.ccel.org&rft.date=1546&rft.au=Council+of+Trent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fcreeds2.v.i.i.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriginal+sin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Template talk:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_virtues_in_Christian_ethics198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Four<br /><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">cardinal virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a> (<i>Prudentia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a> (<i>Iustitia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Fortitude</a> (<i>Fortitudo</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a> (<i>Temperantia</i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Sources: <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>, Book IV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faith,_Hope_and_Love,_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)"><img alt="Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/100px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/150px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/200px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Three<br /><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">theological virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a> (<i>Fides</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a> (<i>Spes</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Love</a> (<i>Caritas</i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Sources: <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_13" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 13">1 Corinthians 13</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Seven lively virtues<br />versus<br /><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a> (<i>Castitas</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a> (<i>Temperantia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Charity</a> (<i>Caritas</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a> (<i>Diligentia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a> (<i>Humanitas</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a> (<i>Patientia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a> (<i>Humilitas</i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a> (<i>Luxuria</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluttony" title="Gluttony">Gluttony</a> (<i>Gula</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a> (<i>Avaritia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">Sloth</a> (<i>Acedia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Wrath</a> (<i>Ira</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a> (<i>Invidia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> (<i>Superbia</i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Source: <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Psychomachia" title="Psychomachia">Psychomachia</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li>People: <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld" title="Peter Binsfeld">Peter Binsfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Original sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hamartiology169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hamartiology" title="Template:Hamartiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hamartiology" title="Template talk:Hamartiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hamartiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hamartiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hamartiology169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Hamartiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Christian views on sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputation_of_sin" title="Imputation of sin">Imputation of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_order_of_God%27s_decrees" title="Logical order of God's decrees">Logical order of God's decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peccatism" title="Peccatism">Peccatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#ddd;"><div> <ul><li>See also <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adam_and_Eve170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adam_and_Eve" title="Template:Adam and Eve"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adam_and_Eve" title="Template talk:Adam and Eve"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adam_and_Eve" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adam and Eve"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adam_and_Eve170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offspring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aclima" title="Aclima">Aclima</a> <ul><li>Luluwa</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_(religious_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awan (religious figure)">Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azura_(religious_figure)" title="Azura (religious figure)">Azura</a></li> <li>Jumella</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">Tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_(symbolism)" title="Apple (symbolism)">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fig_leaf" title="Fig leaf">Fig leaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figs_in_the_Bible" title="Figs in the Bible">Figs in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_ale" title="Adam's ale">Adam's ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamic_language" title="Adamic language">Adamic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protevangelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protevangelium">Protevangelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_of_the_woman" title="Seed of the woman">Seed of the woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations of Genesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%E2%80%93God_doctrine" title="Adam–God doctrine">Adam–God doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_Mormonism" title="Adam and Eve in Mormonism">Adam and Eve in Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Adam in rabbinic literature">Adam in rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-A%27raf" title="Al-A'raf">Al-A'raf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashya_and_Mashyana" title="Mashya and Mashyana">Mashya and Mashyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_seed" title="Serpent seed">Serpent seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jiva_and_Atman" title="Tree of Jiva and Atman">Tree of Jiva and Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Quran)" title="Tree of life (Quran)">Tree of life (Quran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Endor_Coven" title="Our Lady of Endor Coven">Our Lady of Endor Coven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mama%27s_Affair_(1921_film)" title="Mama's Affair (1921 film)">Mama's Affair</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Morning,_Eve!" title="Good Morning, Eve!">Good Morning, Eve!</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Jug_(film)" title="The Broken Jug (film)">The Broken Jug</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Original_Sin_(film)" title="The Original Sin (film)">The Original Sin</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Private_Lives_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="The Private Lives of Adam and Eve">The Private Lives of Adam and Eve</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_pecado_de_Ad%C3%A1n_y_Eva" title="El pecado de Adán y Eva">El pecado de Adán y Eva</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Biblia_en_pasta" title="La Biblia en pasta">La Biblia en pasta</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Annunciation_(film)" title="The Annunciation (film)">The Annunciation</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Time_Lucky" title="Second Time Lucky">Second Time Lucky</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adipapam" title="Adipapam">Adipapam</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_(1992_film)" title="Adam (1992 film)">Adam</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babs_(2000_film)" title="Babs (2000 film)">Babs</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Eve" title="The Last Eve">The Last Eve</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Year_One_(film)" title="Year One (film)">Year One</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Man_(film)" title="The Tragedy of Man (film)">The Tragedy of Man</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Dog" title="Adam and Dog">Adam and Dog</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tropico_(2013_film)" title="Tropico (2013 film)">Tropico</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Jeu_d%27Adam" title="Le Jeu d'Adam">Le Jeu d'Adam</a></i> (12th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Jug" title="The Broken Jug">The Broken Jug</a></i> (1808)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Man" title="The Tragedy of Man">The Tragedy of Man</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_the_World_and_Other_Business" title="The Creation of the World and Other Business">The Creation of the World and Other Business</a></i> (1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apple_Tree" title="The Apple Tree">The Apple Tree</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dude_(musical)" title="Dude (musical)">Dude</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up_from_Paradise" title="Up from Paradise">Up from Paradise</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Eden" title="Children of Eden">Children of Eden</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a></i> (1798) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_structure" title="The Creation structure">structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_mort_d%27Adam" title="La mort d'Adam">La mort d'Adam</a></i> (1809)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_(Massenet)" title="Ève (Massenet)">Ève</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Suite" title="Genesis Suite">Genesis Suite</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(opera)" title="Lilith (opera)">Lilith</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Adam" title="Apocalypse of Adam">Apocalypse of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Adam" title="Books of Adam">Books of Adam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Penitence_of_Adam" title="Book of the Penitence of Adam">Book of the Penitence of Adam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/El_amigo_de_%C3%89l_y_Ella" title="El amigo de Él y Ella">El amigo de Él y Ella</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_A" title="Genesis A">Genesis A</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_B" title="Genesis B">Genesis B</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell_(drama)" title="Harrowing of Hell (drama)">Harrowing of Hell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Adam" title="Testament of Adam">Testament of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Truth" title="Testimony of Truth">Testimony of Truth</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_Adam_and_Eve_with_Satan" title="Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan">Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan</a></i> (6th century)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_Genesis" title="Old Saxon Genesis">Old Saxon Genesis</a>" (9th century)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Adam_lay_ybounden" title="Adam lay ybounden">Adam lay ybounden</a>" (15th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> (1667)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Dernier_Homme" title="Le Dernier Homme">Le Dernier Homme</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extracts_from_Adam%27s_Diary" title="Extracts from Adam's Diary">Extracts from Adam's Diary</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eve%27s_Diary" title="Eve's Diary">Eve's Diary</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Genesis_(comic)" title="The Book of Genesis (comic)">The Book of Genesis</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve">The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernward_Doors" title="Bernward Doors">Bernward Doors</a> (1015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry_of_Creation" title="Tapestry of Creation">Tapestry of Creation</a> (11th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden" title="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden">Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</a></i> (1425)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Diptych" title="Vienna Diptych">Vienna Diptych</a></i> (15th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Bosch,_Vienna)" title="The Last Judgment (Bosch, Vienna)">The Last Judgment</a></i> (1482)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights">The Garden of Earthly Delights</a></i> (1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(D%C3%BCrer)" title="Adam and Eve (Dürer)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1507)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></i> (1512)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Haywain_Triptych" title="The Haywain Triptych">The Haywain Triptych</a></i> (1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eve,_the_Serpent_and_Death" title="Eve, the Serpent and Death">Eve, the Serpent and Death</a></i> (1510s or 1520s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Cranach)" title="Adam and Eve (Cranach)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1528)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve/Gideon_and_the_Fleece" title="Adam and Eve/Gideon and the Fleece">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1550)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man_(Titian)" title="The Fall of Man (Titian)">The Fall of Man</a></i> (1550)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Tintoretto)" title="Adam and Eve (Tintoretto)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (c. 1550)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_with_the_Fall_of_Man" title="The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man">The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man</a></i> (1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man_(Rubens)" title="The Fall of Man (Rubens)">The Fall of Man</a></i> (1628)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_the_Garden_of_Eden" title="Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden">Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden</a></i> (c. 1650)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Poussin)" title="The Four Seasons (Poussin)">The Four Seasons</a></i> (1660s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Koren_Picture-Bible_(1692%E2%80%931696)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696)">The Koren Picture-Bible</a></i> (1692–1696)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Blake%27s_illustrations_of_Paradise_Lost" title="William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> (19th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_(Cole)" title="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (Cole)">Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Mourning" title="The First Mourning">The First Mourning</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Rodin)" title="Adam and Eve (Rodin)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Valadon)" title="Adam and Eve (Valadon)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eve_(Davidson)" title="Eve (Davidson)"> Eve</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Tamara_de_Lempicka)" title="Adam and Eve (Tamara de Lempicka)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Serpent_Chooses_Adam_and_Eve" title="The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve">The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(Lebrun)" title="Genesis (Lebrun)">Genesis</a></i> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Dese_Bones_G%27wine_Rise_Again" title="Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again">Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Adam-ondi-Ahman_(hymn)" title="Adam-ondi-Ahman (hymn)">Adam-ondi-Ahman</a>" (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Fruit_(No%C3%ABl_Coward_song)" title="Forbidden Fruit (Noël Coward song)">Forbidden Fruit</a>" (1915)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_(song)" title="The Garden of Eden (song)">The Garden of Eden</a>" (1956)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" title="In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida">In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</a>" (1968)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Give_Adam_and_Eve_Another_Chance" title="Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance">Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance</a>" (1970)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Man_Gave_Names_to_All_the_Animals" title="Man Gave Names to All the Animals">Man Gave Names to All the Animals</a>" (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cainian_Chronicle" title="The Cainian Chronicle">The Cainian Chronicle</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Eden" title="Visions of Eden">Visions of Eden</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snakes_for_the_Divine" title="Snakes for the Divine">Snakes for the Divine</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam-ondi-Ahman" title="Adam-ondi-Ahman">Adam-ondi-Ahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Eve" title="Tomb of Eve">Tomb of Eve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="Y-chromosomal Adam">Y-chromosomal Adam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Eve" title="The Real Eve">The Real Eve</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Story within a story</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Doraemon:_Nobita%27s_Diary_on_the_Creation_of_the_World" title="Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World">Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Love_(1963_film)" title="Island of Love (1963 film)">Island of Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visitors_(opera)" title="The Visitors (opera)">The Visitors</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Ki_Kahaniyan" title="Bible Ki Kahaniyan">"Adam & Eve"</a> (1992)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Probe_7,_Over_and_Out" title="Probe 7, Over and Out">Probe 7, Over and Out</a>" (1963)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Simpsons_Bible_Stories" title="Simpsons Bible Stories">Simpsons Bible Stories</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela" title="In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela">In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Daesong_Heavy_Industries_II:_Return_to_Innocence" class="mw-redirect" title="Daesong Heavy Industries II: Return to Innocence">Daesong Heavy Industries II: Return to Innocence</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Holly_Bibble" class="mw-redirect" title="Holly Bibble">Holly Bibble</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demon:_The_Fallen" title="Demon: The Fallen">Demon: The Fallen</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite" title="Pre-Adamite">Pre-Adamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Adam" title="Generations of Adam">Generations of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_cylinder_seal" title="Adam and Eve cylinder seal">Adam and Eve cylinder seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis" title="Genealogies of Genesis">Genealogies of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnal_knowledge" title="Carnal knowledge">Carnal knowledge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rood" title="Legend of the Rood">Legend of the Rood</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ystorya_Adaf" title="Ystorya Adaf">Ystorya Adaf</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">Ransom theory of atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Creationism171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Creationism_topics" title="Template:Creationism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Creationism_topics" title="Template talk:Creationism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Creationism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Creationism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Creationism171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationist_museum" title="Creationist museum">Creationist museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_creationism" title="History of creationism">History of creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussher_chronology" title="Ussher chronology">Ussher chronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu creationism">Hindu creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic creationism">Islamic creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-creationism" title="Neo-creationism">Neo-creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">Progressive creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="Outline of the creation–evolution controversy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_and_evolution_in_public_education" title="Creation and evolution in public education">Creation and evolution in public education</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_evolution_hearings" title="Kansas evolution hearings">Kansas evolution hearings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach_the_Controversy" title="Teach the Controversy">Teach the Controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">Anthropic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Created_kind" title="Created kind">Created kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1119208/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85122774">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119474056">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119474056">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="dědičný hřích"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119694&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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[\"CITEREFChurch_of_the_Nazarene2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleenewerck2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouncil_of_Trent1546\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesEvans1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElton1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForget1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerhard_Pfandl\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaag1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaag1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarent1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Theological_Commission1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Theological_Commission2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Cassian1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLDS_Church2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevison1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohse1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoke2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuibhéid1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConkie1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFarland2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGiffert1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuckin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKim1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrill1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesters1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesters1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetropolitan_Jonah2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoschos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson1842\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNickals1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObach2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatte2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenton1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPies2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatzinger1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitenbaugh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStortz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwedenborg1749–56\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTappert1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Orthodox_Church_in_America\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Watchtower\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Watchtower1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToews2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrapè1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Catholic_Church2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Methodist_Church2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVawter1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallaceRusk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdel_Prado1919\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"Adam and Eve\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 17,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 11,\n [\"Catholic virtue ethics\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation style\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Creationism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Hamartiology\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Lds\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 122,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFBeDuhmMirecki2001\nno target: CITEREFEWTN2017\nno target: CITEREFInstitute_for_Creation_Research\nno target: CITEREFBenedict_XVI2008\nno target: CITEREFPfandl\nno target: CITEREFPfandl\nno target: CITEREFPfandl\nno target: CITEREFPristas2010\nno target: CITEREFMetropolitan_Jonah\nno target: CITEREFWatch_Tower_Bible_\u0026amp;_Tract_Society1993\nno target: CITEREFWatch_Tower_Bible_\u0026amp;_Tract_Society2005\nno target: CITEREFAlexander\nno target: CITEREFAlexander\nno target: CITEREFLDS_Church\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","23.9"],["?","220","16.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","16.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","6.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.0"],["[others]","240","17.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-55c979777f-86t5g","timestamp":"20250218214643","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Original sin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Original_sin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184186","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184186","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-15T02:15:35Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T00:21:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6d\/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg","headline":"Christian belief in the state of sin in which humanity has existed since the fall of man"}</script> </body> </html>