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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Marriage to Emperor Constantius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Emperor_Constantius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Constantine's_ascension_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Constantine's_ascension_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>After Constantine's ascension to the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Constantine's_ascension_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimage_and_relic_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimage_and_relic_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pilgrimage and relic discoveries</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sainthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sainthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sainthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sainthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_cultural_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_cultural_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Later cultural traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_cultural_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later cultural traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_cultural_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_British_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_British_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>In British folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_British_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filipino_legend_and_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filipino_legend_and_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Filipino legend and tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filipino_legend_and_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_legend_and_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_legend_and_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Medieval legend and fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_legend_and_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Modern fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Helena, mother of Constantine I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_van_Konstantinopel" title="Helena van Konstantinopel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Helena van Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elene_Constantinoples" title="Elene Constantinoples – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Elene Constantinoples" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="هيلانة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيلانة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_de_Constantinopla" title="Helena de Constantinopla – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Helena de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سنت هلنا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سنت هلنا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE,_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="হেলেনা, প্রথম কনস্টান্টিনের মাতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেলেনা, প্রথম কনস্টান্টিনের মাতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Алена Роўнаапостальная – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алена Роўнаапостальная" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_kan_Constantinople" title="Elena kan Constantinople – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elena kan Constantinople" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Елена Константинополска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елена Константинополска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Iulia_Helena" title="Flavia Iulia Helena – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Flavia Iulia Helena" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_de_Constantinoble" title="Helena de Constantinoble – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Helena de Constantinoble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Елена Апостола-танскер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Елена Апостола-танскер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%A1_Helena" title="Svatá Helena – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatá Helena" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_o_Gaergystennin" title="Helena o Gaergystennin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Helena o Gaergystennin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(Mutter_Konstantins_des_Gro%C3%9Fen)" title="Helena (Mutter Konstantins des Großen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Helena (Mutter Konstantins des Großen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Konstantinoopolist" title="Helena Konstantinoopolist – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Helena Konstantinoopolist" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Αγία Ελένη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγία Ελένη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_de_Constantinopla" title="Helena de Constantinopla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Helena de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_de_Konstantinopolo" title="Helena de Konstantinopolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Helena de Konstantinopolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Konstantinoplakoa" title="Helena Konstantinoplakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Helena Konstantinoplakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سنت هلنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت هلنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_(m%C3%A8re_de_Constantin_Ier)" title="Hélène (mère de Constantin Ier) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hélène (mère de Constantin Ier)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_fan_Konstantinopel" title="Helena fan Konstantinopel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Helena fan Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_de_Constantinopla" title="Helena de Constantinopla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Helena de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EC%9C%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%ED%97%AC%EB%A0%88%EB%82%98_%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80" title="플라비아 율리아 헬레나 아우구스타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라비아 율리아 헬레나 아우구스타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="हेलेना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेलेना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_Helena" title="Sveta Helena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveta Helena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena" title="Helena – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Helena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Giulia_Elena" title="Flavia Giulia Elena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Flavia Giulia Elena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%94" title="פלוויה יוליה הלנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלוויה יוליה הלנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="მოციქულთასწორი ელენე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოციქულთასწორი ელენე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Mtakatifu" title="Helena Mtakatifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Helena Mtakatifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Лёна лун – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лёна лун" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(sancta)" title="Helena (sancta) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Helena (sancta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_vu_Konstantinopel" title="Helena vu Konstantinopel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Helena vu Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Elena" title="Šv. Elena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šv. Elena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_Ilona" title="Szent Ilona – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent Ilona" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Света Елена (царица) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Света Елена (царица)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(renin%27_i_K%C3%B4nstantino)" title="Helena (renin' i Kônstantino) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Helena (renin' i Kônstantino)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="القديسه هيلانه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القديسه هيلانه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena" title="Helena – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Helena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_van_Constantinopel" title="Helena van Constantinopel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Helena van Constantinopel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E3%83%98%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8A" title="聖ヘレナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖ヘレナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(keiserinne)" title="Helena (keiserinne) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Helena (keiserinne)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_av_Konstantinopel" title="Helena av Konstantinopel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Helena av Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_de_Constantin%C3%B2ble" title="Elena de Constantinòble – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Elena de Constantinòble" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ta_Helena" title="Święta Helena – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Święta Helena" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_de_Constantinopla" title="Helena de Constantinopla – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Helena de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A2nta_Elena" title="Sfânta Elena – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sfânta Elena" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(santu)" title="Helena (santu) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Helena (santu)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Елена Равноапостольная – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Елена Равноапостольная" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Helena, mother of Constantine I" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(matka_Kon%C5%A1tant%C3%ADna_I.)" title="Helena (matka Konštantína I.) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Helena (matka Konštantína I.)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_Helena" title="Sveta Helena – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveta Helena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Јелена (мајка Константина Великог) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јелена (мајка Константина Великог)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Carigradska" title="Helena Carigradska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Helena Carigradska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4_Helena" title="Pyhä Helena – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhä Helena" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(helgon)" title="Helena (helgon) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Helena (helgon)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Elena_(emperatris)" title="Santa Elena (emperatris) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Santa Elena (emperatris)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="จักรพรรดินีเฮเลนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดินีเฮเลนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(imparatori%C3%A7e)" title="Helena (imparatoriçe) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Helena (imparatoriçe)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Олена Константинопольська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олена Константинопольська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1nh_Helena" title="Thánh Helena – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thánh Helena" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_han_Constantinopla" title="Helena han Constantinopla – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Helena han Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%B5%B7%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3" title="圣海伦纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣海伦纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%B5%B7%E5%80%AB%E7%B4%8D" title="聖海倫納 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖海倫納" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170164#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena_(empress)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helena (empress)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman empress and saint (c. 246–c. 330)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Flavia Julia Helena" redirects here. For her granddaughter, see <a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena (wife of Julian)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Helena</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augusta</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy.jpg/220px-Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy.jpg/330px-Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy.jpg/440px-Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2887" data-file-height="4534" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Statue of Helena in the <a href="/wiki/Musei_Capitolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Musei Capitolini">Musei Capitolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 246–248<br />Drepanon (later <a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Helenopolis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 330 (aged 82–84)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces#Diocese_of_Italia_suburbicaria" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Tuscania et Umbria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Helena" title="Mausoleum of Helena">Mausoleum of Helena</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Flavia Julia Helena</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Flavia Julia Helena Augusta</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="color:#ffffff; background:#b80049; font-size:120%;">Roman imperial dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6mische_Goldm%C3%BCnze_Gaudium_Romanorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/R%C3%B6mische_Goldm%C3%BCnze_Gaudium_Romanorum.jpg/220px-R%C3%B6mische_Goldm%C3%BCnze_Gaudium_Romanorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/R%C3%B6mische_Goldm%C3%BCnze_Gaudium_Romanorum.jpg/330px-R%C3%B6mische_Goldm%C3%BCnze_Gaudium_Romanorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/R%C3%B6mische_Goldm%C3%BCnze_Gaudium_Romanorum.jpg/440px-R%C3%B6mische_Goldm%C3%BCnze_Gaudium_Romanorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3384" data-file-height="3186" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Medallion of Constantine I from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szil%C3%A1gysomlyo_Treasure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szilágysomlyo Treasure (page does not exist)">Szilágysomlyo Treasure</a>, showing the <i>augustus</i> (C) crowned by the <i><a href="/wiki/Hand_of_God_(art)" title="Hand of God (art)">manus Dei</a></i>, with his eldest son Constantine II crowned by <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victory</a> (R) accompanied by the other <i>caesares</i>, Constans and Constantius II (L)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Constantius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantius I">Constantius I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 305–306</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 306–337</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 337–340</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 337–350</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 337–361</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 361–363</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;"> Succession</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i>Preceded by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <i>Followed by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constantinian_dynasty" title="Template:Constantinian dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constantinian_dynasty" title="Template talk:Constantinian dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constantinian_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constantinian dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Flavia Julia Helena</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἑλένη</span>, <i>Helénē</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 246/248–330), also known as <b>Helena of Constantinople</b> and in Christianity as <b>Saint Helena</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augusta</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and mother of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. She was born in the lower classes<sup id="cite_ref-Valesiani_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valesiani-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traditionally in the city of Drepanon, <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, which was renamed <a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Helenopolis</a> in her honor, although several locations have been proposed for her birthplace and origin. </p><p>Helena ranks as an important figure in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">history of Christianity</a>. In her final years, she made a religious tour of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, during which ancient tradition claims that she discovered the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Church</a> revere her as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trier_fresco,_310_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Trier_fresco%2C_310_CE.jpg/220px-Trier_fresco%2C_310_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Trier_fresco%2C_310_CE.jpg/330px-Trier_fresco%2C_310_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Trier_fresco%2C_310_CE.jpg/440px-Trier_fresco%2C_310_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>A fresco from <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, possibly depicting Helena, c. 310</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helena was <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, her birthplace is not known with certainty. <a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Helenopolis</a>, then Drepanum, in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> is, following <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, "generally assumed" to be the place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers19929_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers19929-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her name is attested on coins as Flavia Helena, Flavia Julia Helena and sometimes Aelena.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vogt" title="Joseph Vogt">Joseph Vogt</a> suggested that the name Helena was typical for the <a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek-speaking part of the Roman Empire</a> and that therefore her place of origin should be looked for in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Drijvers1992a_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drijvers1992a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Greek inscriptions have been attested dedicated to Helena during her lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Drijvers1992b_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drijvers1992b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 6th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> is the earliest authority for the statement that Helena was a native of Drepanum, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. The name Helena appears in all areas of the Empire, but is not epigraphically attested in inscriptions of Bithynia (Helena's proposed region of origin) and it was also common in Latin-speaking areas. Procopius lived much later than the era he was describing and his description may have been actually intended as an etymological explanation about the toponym <i>Helenopolis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drijvers1992b_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drijvers1992b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, her son Constantine renamed the city "<a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Helenopolis</a>" after her death around AD 330, which supports the belief that the city was indeed her birthplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Harbors,_12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harbors,_12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantinist <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Cyril Mango</a> has, however, argued that Helenopolis was refounded to strengthen the communication network around Constantine's new capital in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and was renamed simply to honor Helena, not to necessarily mark her birthplace.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a <a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopolis (Palestine)">Helenopolis in Palestine</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_in_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopolis in Lydia">Helenopolis in Lydia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cities, and the province of <a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a> in the Pontus, were probably all named after Constantine's mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Harbors,_12_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harbors,_12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other locations in France and the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> have been named after Helena.<sup id="cite_ref-Drijvers1992b_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drijvers1992b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equally uncertain to Drepanum and without strong documentation suggestions about her birthplace are: <a href="/wiki/Naissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Naissus">Naissus</a> (central Balkans), Caphar or <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drijvers1992b_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drijvers1992b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bishop and historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> states that Helena was about 80 on her return from Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that journey has been dated to 326–28, she was probably born around 246 to 249.<sup id="cite_ref-Harbus,_13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harbus,_13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers199215_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers199215-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information about her social background universally suggests that she came from the lower classes. Fourth-century sources, following <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>' <i>Breviarium,</i> record that she came from a humble background. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> of Milan, writing in the late 4th century was the first to call her a <i>stabularia</i>, a term translated as "stable-maid" or "inn-keeper". He makes this comment a virtue, calling Helena a <i>bona stabularia</i>, a "good stable-maid",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably to contrast her with the general suggestion of sexual laxness considered typical of that group.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources, especially those written after Constantine's proclamation as emperor, gloss over or ignore her background.<sup id="cite_ref-Harbus,_13_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harbus,_13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ancient historians, "<a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> and therefore hostile to the family ... suggested that as a girl she had been one of the supplementary amenities of her father's establishment, regularly available to his clients <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">at a small extra charge</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a> promoted a popular tradition that Helena was a British princess and the daughter of "<a href="/wiki/King_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="King Cole">Old King Cole</a>" from the area of <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>. This led to the later dedication of 135 churches in England to her, many in around the area of <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and revived as a suggestion in the 20th century in the novel by <a href="/wiki/Helena_(Waugh_novel)" title="Helena (Waugh novel)">Evelyn Waugh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_to_Emperor_Constantius">Marriage to Emperor Constantius</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage to Emperor Constantius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is unknown where she first met <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieu_and_Montserrat,_49_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieu_and_Montserrat,_49-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Timothy Barnes</a> has suggested that <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius</a>, while serving under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a>, could have met her while stationed in Asia Minor for the campaign against <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>. It is said that upon meeting they were wearing identical silver bracelets; <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius</a> saw her as his divinely-sent soulmate. Barnes calls attention to an epitaph at <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> of one of Aurelian's protectors, which could indicate the emperor's presence in the Bithynian region soon after AD 270.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise legal nature of the relationship between Helena and <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius</a> is also unknown. The sources are equivocal on the point, sometimes calling Helena Constantius' "wife", and sometimes, following the dismissive propaganda of Constantine's rival <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling her his "<a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Lieu_and_Montserrat,_49_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieu_and_Montserrat,_49-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, perhaps confused by the vague terminology of his own sources, manages to do both.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars, such as the historian Jan Drijvers, assert that Constantius and Helena were joined in a <a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">common-law marriage</a>, a cohabitation recognized in fact but not in law.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, like Timothy Barnes, assert that Constantius and Helena were joined in an official marriage, on the grounds that the sources claiming an official marriage are more reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Helena gave birth to the future emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> on 27 February of an uncertain year soon after 270<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (probably around 272).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, she was in Naissus (<a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to obtain a wife more consonant with his rising status, Constantius divorced Helena some time before 289, when he married <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Theodora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>'s daughter under his command.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative sources date the marriage to 293, when Constantius was appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a></i> (heir-apparent) of Maximian, but the <a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Latin panegyric</a> of 289 refers to the new couple as already married.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helena and her son were dispatched to the court of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> at Nicomedia, where Constantine grew to be a member of the inner circle. Helena never remarried and lived for a time in obscurity, though close to her only son, who had a deep regard and affection for her. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Constantine's_ascension_to_the_throne"><span id="After_Constantine.27s_ascension_to_the_throne"></span>After Constantine's ascension to the throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After Constantine's ascension to the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constantine was proclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a></i> (emperor) in 306 by Constantius' troops after the latter had died, and following his elevation his mother was brought back to the public life in 312, returning to the imperial court. She appears in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eagle_Cameo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eagle Cameo (page does not exist)">Eagle Cameo</a> portraying Constantine's family, probably commemorating the birth of Constantine's son Constantine II in the summer of 316.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She lived in the <a href="/wiki/Horti_Spei_Veteris" title="Horti Spei Veteris">Horti Spei Veteris</a> in Rome which she converted into an even more luxurious palace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pilgrimage_and_relic_discoveries">Pilgrimage and relic discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pilgrimage and relic discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Early centers of Christianity § Jerusalem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agia_Eleni_Sille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Agia_Eleni_Sille.jpg/220px-Agia_Eleni_Sille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Agia_Eleni_Sille.jpg/330px-Agia_Eleni_Sille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Agia_Eleni_Sille.jpg/440px-Agia_Eleni_Sille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The church of the Archangel Michael founded by St. Helen in <a href="/wiki/Sille,_Konya" title="Sille, Konya">Sille, Konya</a> in Asia Minor in 327</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Helena_finding_the_true_cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/St_Helena_finding_the_true_cross.jpg/220px-St_Helena_finding_the_true_cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/St_Helena_finding_the_true_cross.jpg/330px-St_Helena_finding_the_true_cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/St_Helena_finding_the_true_cross.jpg/440px-St_Helena_finding_the_true_cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption>Helena finding the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>, Italian manuscript, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 825</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_130v_1..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_130v_1..jpg/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_130v_1..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_130v_1..jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>St Helena in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i>, 1493</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Eusebius, Helena was converted to Christianity by Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung20066n._24_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung20066n._24-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appointed her as <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augusta</a></i>, and gave her unlimited access to the imperial treasury in order to locate the relics of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a>. In AD 326–28 Helena undertook a trip to Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, who records the details of her <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to Palestine and other eastern provinces, and <a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates Scholasticus</a>, she was responsible for the construction or beautification of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Pater_Noster" title="Church of the Pater Noster">Church of Eleona</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a>; sites of Christ's birth and ascension, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local founding legend attributes to Helena's orders the construction of a church in Egypt to identify the <a href="/wiki/Burning_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning Bush">Burning Bush</a> of Sinai. The chapel at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>—often referred to as the Chapel of Saint Helen—is dated to the year 330. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="True_Cross"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_True_Cross_and_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre">The True Cross and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The True Cross and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helena_of_Constantinople_(Cima_da_Conegliano).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Helena_of_Constantinople_%28Cima_da_Conegliano%29.jpg/220px-Helena_of_Constantinople_%28Cima_da_Conegliano%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Helena_of_Constantinople_%28Cima_da_Conegliano%29.jpg/330px-Helena_of_Constantinople_%28Cima_da_Conegliano%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Helena_of_Constantinople_%28Cima_da_Conegliano%29.jpg/440px-Helena_of_Constantinople_%28Cima_da_Conegliano%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5964" data-file-height="7437" /></a><figcaption><i>Helena of Constantinople</i> by <a href="/wiki/Cima_da_Conegliano" title="Cima da Conegliano">Cima da Conegliano</a>, 1495 (<a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, D.C.)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Saint_Helena_with_the_Cross_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Saint_Helena_with_the_Cross_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Saint_Helena_with_the_Cross_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Saint_Helena_with_the_Cross_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Saint_Helena_with_the_Cross_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Saint_Helena_with_the_Cross_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Saint_Helena_with_the_Cross_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="3501" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Helena with the Cross</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>, 1525 (<a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Art_Museum" title="Cincinnati Art Museum">Cincinnati Art Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Jerusalem was still being rebuilt following the destruction caused by <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> in AD 70. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> had built during the 130s a <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_(Aelia_Capitolina)" title="Temple of Venus (Aelia Capitolina)">temple to Venus</a> over the supposed site of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' tomb near <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>, and renamed the city <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>. Accounts differ concerning whether the temple was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> or Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Eusebius, "[t]here was a temple of Venus on the spot. This the queen (Helena) had destroyed."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to tradition, Helena ordered the temple torn down and, according to the legend that arose at the end of the 4th century, chose a site to begin excavating, which led to the recovery of three different crosses. The legend is recounted in <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, <i>On the Death of Theodosius</i> (died 395) and at length in <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus</a>' chapters appended to his translation into Latin of Eusebius's <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)"><i>Ecclesiastical History</i></a>, the main body of which does not mention the event.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, Rufinus relates, the empress refused to be swayed by anything short of solid proof and performed a test. Possibly through Bishop <a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Jerusalem" title="Macarius of Jerusalem">Macarius of Jerusalem</a>, she had a woman who was near death brought from the city. When the woman touched the first and second crosses, her condition did not change, but when she touched the third and final cross she suddenly recovered,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Helena declared the cross with which the woman had been touched to be the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>. </p><p>On the site of discovery, Constantine ordered the building of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>. Churches were also built on other sites detected by Helena. </p><p>The "Letter From Constantine to Macarius of Jerusalem", as presented in Eusebius' <i>Life of Constantine</i>, states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Such is our Saviour's grace, that no power of language seems adequate to describe the wondrous circumstance to which I am about to refer. For, that the monument of his [Christ's] most holy Passion, so long ago buried beneath the ground, should have remained unknown for so long a series of years, until its reappearance to his servants now set free through the removal of him who was the common enemy of all, is a fact which truly surpasses all admiration. I have no greater care than how I may best adorn with a splendid structure that sacred spot, which, under Divine direction, I have disencumbered as it were of the heavy weight of foul idol worship [the Roman temple]; a spot which has been accounted holy from the beginning in God's judgment, but which now appears holier still, since it has brought to light a clear assurance of our Saviour's passion.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a> claim that Helena also found the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Nail" title="Holy Nail">nails of the crucifixion</a>. To use their miraculous power to aid her son, Helena allegedly had one placed in Constantine's helmet, and another in the bridle of his horse. According to one tradition, Helena acquired the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Tunic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Tunic">Holy Tunic</a> on her trip to Jerusalem and sent it to <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several relics purportedly discovered by Helena are now in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, where she spent some time. Among them are items believed to be part of Jesus Christ's tunic, pieces of the holy cross, and pieces of the rope with which Jesus was tied on the Cross. The rope, considered to be the only relic of its kind, has been held at the <a href="/wiki/Stavrovouni_Monastery" title="Stavrovouni Monastery">Stavrovouni Monastery</a>, which was also said to have been founded by Helena. According to tradition, Helena is responsible for the large population of cats in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Local tradition holds that she imported hundreds of cats from Egypt or Palestine in the fourth century to rid a monastery of snakes. The monastery is today known as "St. Nicholas of the Cats" (Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Άγιος Νικόλαος των Γατών</span></span>) and is located near <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stnicholas_of_the_cats_RoughGuide_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stnicholas_of_the_cats_RoughGuide-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome">Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helena left Jerusalem and the eastern provinces in 327 to return to Rome, bringing with her large parts of the True Cross and other relics, which were then stored in her palace's private chapel, now the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">Basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">Santa Croce in Gerusalemme</a>, where they can be still seen today. This has been maintained by <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> monks in the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> which has been attached to the church for centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helena died around 330, with her son at her side. She was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Helena" title="Mausoleum of Helena">Mausoleum of Helena</a>, outside <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana" title="Via Labicana">Via Labicana</a>. Her <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi_of_Helena_and_Constantina" title="Sarcophagi of Helena and Constantina">sarcophagus</a> is on display in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Pio-Clementino" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Pio-Clementino">Pio-Clementine Vatican Museum</a>, next to the sarcophagus of her granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Constantina" title="Constantina">Constantina</a> (Saint Constance). However, in 1154 her remains were replaced in the sarcophagus with the remains of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Pope Anastasius IV</a>, and Helena's remains were moved to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Ara_Coeli" title="Santa Maria in Ara Coeli">Santa Maria in Ara Coeli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helena_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Helena's sarcophagus in the Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican Museums, Rome"><img alt="Helena's sarcophagus in the Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican Museums, Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Helena_tomb.jpg/120px-Helena_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Helena_tomb.jpg/180px-Helena_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Helena_tomb.jpg/240px-Helena_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi_of_Helena_and_Constantina" title="Sarcophagi of Helena and Constantina">Helena's sarcophagus</a> in the Museo Pio-Clementino, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>, Rome</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sainthood">Sainthood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sainthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Helena of Constantinople</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Helena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Saint_Helena.jpg/220px-Saint_Helena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Saint_Helena.jpg/330px-Saint_Helena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Saint_Helena.jpg/440px-Saint_Helena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Saint Helena in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Empress, Mother of Saint Constantine, <a href="/wiki/Equal_to_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal to the Apostles">Equal to the Apostles</a>, Protector of the Holy Places</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholicism">Eastern Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Congregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Congregation">Pre-Congregation</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">The shrine to Saint Helena in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>18 August (Catholic Church)</li> <li>21 May (Orthodox and most Anglican and Lutheran Churches)</li> <li>19 May (some Lutheran Churches)</li> <li>22 May (Episcopal Church)</li> <li>Tuesday after third Sunday of Pentecost (Armenian Apostolic Church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashons_9_(Coptic_Orthodox_liturgics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashons 9 (Coptic Orthodox liturgics)">9 Pashons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">crown, cross, nails</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">archaeologists, converts, difficult marriages, divorced people, empresses, new discoveries, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noveleta,_Cavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Noveleta, Cavite">Noveleta, Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagonoy,_Bulacan" title="Hagonoy, Bulacan">Hagonoy, Bulacan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brosen_icon_constantine_helena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Brosen_icon_constantine_helena.jpg/220px-Brosen_icon_constantine_helena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Brosen_icon_constantine_helena.jpg/330px-Brosen_icon_constantine_helena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Brosen_icon_constantine_helena.jpg/440px-Brosen_icon_constantine_helena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of Saint Constantine and Saint Helena</figcaption></figure> <p>Helena is considered by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Eastern and Roman Catholic</a> churches, as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a>, as a saint. She is sometimes known as Helen of Constantinople to distinguish her from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Elen" title="Saint Elen">others with similar names</a>. </p><p>Her feast day as a saint of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> is celebrated with her son on 21 May, the "Feast of the Holy Great Sovereigns Constantine and Helena, <a href="/wiki/Equal_to_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal to the Apostles">Equal to the Apostles</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her feast day in the Roman Catholic Church and in <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Western_Rite_Vicariate" title="Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate">Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate</a> falls on 18 August.<sup id="cite_ref-drevo-info_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drevo-info-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her feast day in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> is on <a href="/wiki/Pashons_9_(Coptic_Orthodox_liturgics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashons 9 (Coptic Orthodox liturgics)">9 Pashons</a>. Some Anglican and Lutheran churches keep the 21 May date. Helena is honored in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church of England</a> on 21 May but in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a> on <a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">22 May</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BnF_MS_Gr510_folio_440_recto_-_detail_-_Helena_and_the_Invention_of_the_True_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BnF_MS_Gr510_folio_440_recto_-_detail_-_Helena_and_the_Invention_of_the_True_Cross.jpg/220px-BnF_MS_Gr510_folio_440_recto_-_detail_-_Helena_and_the_Invention_of_the_True_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BnF_MS_Gr510_folio_440_recto_-_detail_-_Helena_and_the_Invention_of_the_True_Cross.jpg/330px-BnF_MS_Gr510_folio_440_recto_-_detail_-_Helena_and_the_Invention_of_the_True_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BnF_MS_Gr510_folio_440_recto_-_detail_-_Helena_and_the_Invention_of_the_True_Cross.jpg/440px-BnF_MS_Gr510_folio_440_recto_-_detail_-_Helena_and_the_Invention_of_the_True_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3933" data-file-height="1982" /></a><figcaption>Saint Helena retrieving the true cross, miniature from the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Paris_Gregory" title="Paris Gregory">Paris Gregory</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches</a>, the feast of <a href="/wiki/Meskel" title="Meskel">Meskel</a>, which commemorates her discovery of the cross, is celebrated on 17 Meskerem in the Ethiopian calendar (September 27, Gregorian calendar, or on 28 September in leap years). The holiday is usually celebrated with the lighting of a large <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfire</a>, or <i>Demera</i>, based on the belief that she had a revelation in a dream. She was told that she should make a bonfire and that the smoke would show her where the true cross was buried. So she ordered the people of Jerusalem to bring wood and make a huge pile. After adding <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> to it, the bonfire was lit and the smoke rose high up to the sky and returned to the ground, exactly to the spot where the Cross had been buried.<sup id="cite_ref-walta_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walta-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross#Related_Observances" title="Feast of the Cross">Uncovering</a> of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">Precious Cross</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Nail" title="Holy Nail">Precious Nails</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roodmas" title="Roodmas">Roodmas</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress">Empress</a> Saint Helen in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> falls on <a href="/wiki/6_March" class="mw-redirect" title="6 March">6 March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drevo-info_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drevo-info-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She is also <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">commemorated</a> every <a href="/wiki/Bright_Week" title="Bright Week">Bright Wednesday</a> along with the saints from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Mount Sinai</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satue_of_Saint_Helen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Satue_of_Saint_Helen.jpg/220px-Satue_of_Saint_Helen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Satue_of_Saint_Helen.jpg/330px-Satue_of_Saint_Helen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Satue_of_Saint_Helen.jpg/440px-Satue_of_Saint_Helen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Baroque statue of "Santa Liena" in the 2011 village festa procession of Birkirkara, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relics">Relics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Her alleged skull is displayed in the east crypt of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Trier">Cathedral of Trier</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portions of her relics are found at the basilica of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Ara_Coeli" title="Santa Maria in Ara Coeli">Santa Maria in Ara Coeli</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Église Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles">Église Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and at the <a href="/wiki/Abbaye_Saint-Pierre_d%27Hautvillers" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbaye Saint-Pierre d'Hautvillers">Abbaye Saint-Pierre d'Hautvillers</a>. </p><p>The church of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Elena,_Venice" title="Sant'Elena, Venice">Sant'Elena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> claims to have the complete body of the saint enshrined under the main altar. In 1517, the English priest, Richard Torkington, having seen the relics during a visit to Venice described them as follows: "<span title="Early Modern English-language text"><span lang="en-emodeng">She lith in a ffayr place of religion, of white monks, ye may see her face perfythly, her body ys covered with a cloth of whith sylke ... Also there lyes upon her breast a lytell crosse made of the holy crosse ...</span></span>"<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an ecumenical gesture, these relics visited the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Orthodox Church of Greece</a> and were displayed in the church of Agia Varvara (Saint Barbara) in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> from 14 May to 15 June 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CaputSHelenae_0578a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Helena's skull relic in the crypt of Trier Cathedral"><img alt="Helena's skull relic in the crypt of Trier Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CaputSHelenae_0578a.jpg/118px-CaputSHelenae_0578a.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CaputSHelenae_0578a.jpg/177px-CaputSHelenae_0578a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CaputSHelenae_0578a.jpg/235px-CaputSHelenae_0578a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1073" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Helena's skull relic in the crypt of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Trier">Trier Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Trier,_Domschatzkammer,_Helena-Trinkschale_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="So-called "cup of Saint Helena" in the Treasury of Trier Cathedral"><img alt="So-called "cup of Saint Helena" in the Treasury of Trier Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2018_Trier%2C_Domschatzkammer%2C_Helena-Trinkschale_2.jpg/160px-2018_Trier%2C_Domschatzkammer%2C_Helena-Trinkschale_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2018_Trier%2C_Domschatzkammer%2C_Helena-Trinkschale_2.jpg/240px-2018_Trier%2C_Domschatzkammer%2C_Helena-Trinkschale_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2018_Trier%2C_Domschatzkammer%2C_Helena-Trinkschale_2.jpg/320px-2018_Trier%2C_Domschatzkammer%2C_Helena-Trinkschale_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">So-called "cup of Saint Helena" in the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_Trier_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasury of Trier Cathedral">Treasury of Trier Cathedral</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_cultural_traditions">Later cultural traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later cultural traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_British_folklore">In British folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In British folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Great Britain, later legend, mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a> but made popular by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, claimed that Helena was a daughter of the King of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Cole</a> of <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Colchester</a>, who allied with Constantius to avoid more war between the Britons and Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geoffrey further states that she was brought up in the manner of a queen, as she had no brothers to inherit the throne of Britain. The source for this may have been Sozomen's <i><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Historia Ecclesiastica</a></i>, which, however, does not claim Helena was British but only that her son Constantine picked up his Christianity there.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine was with his father when he died in <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">York</a>, but neither had spent much time in Britain. </p><p>The statement made by English chroniclers of the Middle Ages, according to which Helena was supposed to have been the daughter of a British prince, is entirely without historical foundation. It may arise from the similarly named Welsh princess <a href="/wiki/Saint_Elen" title="Saint Elen">Saint Elen</a> (alleged to have married <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> and to have borne a son named Constantine) or from the misinterpretation of a term used in the fourth chapter of the panegyric on Constantine's marriage with Fausta. The description of Constantine honoring Britain <i>oriendo</i> (<small>lit.</small> "from the outset", "from the beginning") may have been taken as an allusion to his birth ("from <i>his</i> beginning") although it was actually discussing the beginning of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least twenty-five <a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">holy wells</a> currently exist in the United Kingdom dedicated to a Saint Helen. She is also the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abingdon, Oxfordshire">Abingdon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>. <a href="/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Chapel,_Colchester" title="St Helen's Chapel, Colchester">St Helen's Chapel</a> in Colchester was believed to have been founded by Helena herself, and since the 15th century, the town's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> has shown a representation of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> and three crowned nails in her honour.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colchester#Colchester_Town_Hall" title="Colchester">Colchester Town Hall</a> has a Victorian statue of the saint on top of its 50-metre-high (160 ft) tower.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arms of <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> are almost identical because of the city's connection with Cole, her supposed father.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filipino_legend_and_tradition">Filipino legend and tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Filipino legend and tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flores_de_Mayo" title="Flores de Mayo">Flores de Mayo</a> honors her and her son Constantine for finding the True Cross with a parade with floral and fluvial themed parade showcasing her, Constantine and other people who followed her journey to find the True Cross. Her discovery of the Cross along with Constantine is dramatised in the <i><a href="/wiki/Santacruzan" class="mw-redirect" title="Santacruzan">Santacruzan</a></i>, a ritual pageant in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Held in May (when <a href="/wiki/Roodmas" title="Roodmas">Roodmas</a> was once celebrated), the procession also bears elements of <a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">the month's Marian devotions</a>. A <i>Santacruzan</i> procession is also held by the Filipino community of <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_legend_and_fiction">Medieval legend and fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Medieval legend and fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In medieval legend and <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romance</a>, Helena appears as a persecuted heroine, in the vein of such women as <i><a href="/wiki/Emar%C3%A9" title="Emaré">Emaré</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_of_Law%27s_Tale" title="The Man of Law's Tale">Constance</a></i>; separated from her husband, she lives a quiet life, supporting herself on her embroidery, until such time as her son's charm and grace wins her husband's attention and so the revelation of their identities.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_fiction">Modern fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helena is the protagonist of <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>'s 1950 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Helena_(Waugh_novel)" title="Helena (Waugh novel)">Helena</a></i>. She is also the main character of <i><a href="/wiki/Priestess_of_Avalon" title="Priestess of Avalon">Priestess of Avalon</a></i> (2000), a <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> novel by <a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Paxson" title="Diana L. Paxson">Diana L. Paxson</a>. She is given the name Eilan and depicted as a trained <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priestess</a> of <a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a>. </p><p>Helena is also the protagonist of <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Wohl" title="Louis de Wohl">Louis de Wohl</a>'s novel <i>The Living Wood</i> (1947) in which she is again the daughter of King Coel of Colchester. In the 2021 novel Eagle Ascending by Dan Whitfield she is depicted as having lived to age 118 as result of the powers of the True Cross.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Her full name is not attested until 324, when she received the honorific <i><b>Augusta</b></i>. Her birth name was probably just "Helena".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillner202317,_198_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillner202317,_198-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spelling variations include <b>Saint Helen</b> and <b>Saint Helene</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It has been speculated that the name "Aelena" is the result of poor minting, with <i>H</i> turning into <i>A</i>. Nonetheless the 5th-century Latin text <i>Acta Cyriaci</i> (based on an earlier Greek text)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also refers to her as <i>Aelena</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The cameo was incorporated in the rich binding of the <a href="/wiki/Ada_Gospels" title="Ada Gospels">Ada Gospels</a>; the year 316 is argued in Stephenson 2010:126f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted in Stephenson 2010:253f, who observes "None of this is true", noting Rufinus' source in a lost work of <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_of_Caesarea" title="Gelasius of Caesarea">Gelasius of Caesarea</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are actually several different accounts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04517a.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>: Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix</a>: "Following an inspiration from on high, <a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Jerusalem" title="Macarius of Jerusalem">Macarius</a> caused the three crosses to be carried, one after the other, to the bedside of a worthy woman who was at the point of death. The touch of the other two was of no avail; but on touching that upon which Christ had died the woman got suddenly well again. From a letter of St. Paulinus to Severus inserted in the Breviary of Paris it would appear that St. Helena herself had sought by means of a miracle to discover which was the True Cross and that she caused a man already dead and buried to be carried to the spot, whereupon, by contact with the third cross, he came to life.<br />From the 1955 Roman Catholic Marian Missal: St. Helen, the first Christian Empress, went to Jerusalem to try to find the True Cross. She found it in AD 320 on 14 September. In the eighth century, the feast of the Finding was transferred to 3 May and on 14 September was celebrated the "Exaltation of the Cross," the commemoration of a victory over the Persians by <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, as a result of which the relic was returned to Jerusalem.<br />From yet another tradition, related by <a href="/wiki/St._Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ambrose">St. Ambrose</a> following Rufinus, it would seem that the <a href="/wiki/Titulus_Crucis" title="Titulus Crucis">titulus</a>, or inscription, had remained fastened to the Cross."; see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.iv.xvii.html">Socrates' <i>Church History</i> at CCEL.org: Book I, Chapter XVII: <i>The Emperor’s Mother Helena having come to Jerusalem, searches for and finds the Cross of Christ, and builds a Church.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Her <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> pre-dates the practice of formal canonization by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and by the relevant Orthodox Churches.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317092638/http://germanculture.com.ua/august/august18.htm">"August 18 in German History"</a>. TGermanCulture.com.ua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanculture.com.ua/august/august18.htm">the original</a> on 17 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Her designation as a saint precedes the practice of canonization by the Pope.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=August+18+in+German+History&rft.pub=TGermanCulture.com.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanculture.com.ua%2Faugust%2Faugust18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The purely legendary British connection is traced by A. Harbus, <i>Helen of Britain in Medieval Legend</i>, 2002.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillner202317,_198-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillner202317,_198_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillner2023">Hillner 2023</a>, pp. 17, 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valesiani-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Valesiani_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Anonymus_Valesianus" title="Anonymus Valesianus">Anonymus Valesianus</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Excerpta_Valesiana/1*.html#2b">1.2</a>, "Origo Constantini Imperatoris".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelanPhelan2021" class="citation book cs1">Phelan, Marilyn E.; Phelan, Jay M. (8 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5EY3EAAAQBAJ"><i>In His Footsteps: The Early Followers of Jesus</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6667-0186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6667-0186-9"><bdi>978-1-6667-0186-9</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Constantine's mother Helena, was a Greek and a Christian".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+His+Footsteps%3A+The+Early+Followers+of+Jesus&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.isbn=978-1-6667-0186-9&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+E.&rft.au=Phelan%2C+Jay+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5EY3EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&pg=PA25"><i>Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. SAGE. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8176-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8176-7"><bdi>978-1-4129-8176-7</bdi></a>. <q>Constantine's mother, Helena, was a Greek form Asia Minor and also a devoted Christian who seemed to have influenced his choices.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Sociology+of+the+Middle+East%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Andrea+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtCL2OYsH6wC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatikiotis2021" class="citation book cs1">Vatikiotis, Michael (5 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jkr1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138"><i>Lives Between The Lines: A Journey in Search of the Lost Levant</i></a>. Orion. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-1322-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-1322-4"><bdi>978-1-4746-1322-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+Between+The+Lines%3A+A+Journey+in+Search+of+the+Lost+Levant&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4746-1322-4&rft.aulast=Vatikiotis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkr1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers19929-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers19929_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrijvers1992">Drijvers 1992</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrijvers1991" class="citation book cs1">Drijvers, Jan Willem (1991). "Helena's position at the court of Constantine". <i>Helena Augusta: The mother of Constantine the Great and the legend of her finding of the true cross</i>. Brill's Studies in Intellectual History. BRILL. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004246768" title="Special:BookSources/9789004246768"><bdi>9789004246768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helena%27s+position+at+the+court+of+Constantine&rft.btitle=Helena+Augusta%3A+The+mother+of+Constantine+the+Great+and+the+legend+of+her+finding+of+the+true+cross&rft.series=Brill%27s+Studies+in+Intellectual+History&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789004246768&rft.aulast=Drijvers&rft.aufirst=Jan+Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbus1994" class="citation journal cs1">Harbus, Antonina (1 October 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/d9478649c6b3bc72067c270da4189c99/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817933">"Text as Revelation: Constantine's Dream in "Elene"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Neophilologus</i>. <b>78</b> (4): 645–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01003514">10.1007/BF01003514</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161998085">161998085</a> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neophilologus&rft.atitle=Text+as+Revelation%3A+Constantine%27s+Dream+in+%22Elene%22&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=645-653&rft.date=1994-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01003514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161998085%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harbus&rft.aufirst=Antonina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fd9478649c6b3bc72067c270da4189c99%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1817933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavezzo2016" class="citation book cs1">Lavezzo, Kathy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/cornell-scholarship-online/book/21546/chapter-abstract/181380787?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"1 Sepulchral Jews and Stony Christians: Supersession in Bede and Cynewulf"</a>. <i>The Accommodated Jew: English Antisemitism from Bede to Milton</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 28–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0615-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0615-8"><bdi>978-1-5017-0615-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+Sepulchral+Jews+and+Stony+Christians%3A+Supersession+in+Bede+and+Cynewulf&rft.btitle=The+Accommodated+Jew%3A+English+Antisemitism+from+Bede+to+Milton&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=28-63&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0615-8&rft.aulast=Lavezzo&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcornell-scholarship-online%2Fbook%2F21546%2Fchapter-abstract%2F181380787%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodden1987" class="citation journal cs1">Bodden, Mary Catherine (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00138388708598490?journalCode=nest20">"Anglo-saxon self-consciousness in language"</a>. <i>English Studies</i>. <b>68</b> (1): 24–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00138388708598490">10.1080/00138388708598490</a> – via Tandfonline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Studies&rft.atitle=Anglo-saxon+self-consciousness+in+language&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-39&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00138388708598490&rft.aulast=Bodden&rft.aufirst=Mary+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00138388708598490%3FjournalCode%3Dnest20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drijvers1992a-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drijvers1992a_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrijvers1992">Drijvers 1992</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drijvers1992b-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drijvers1992b_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drijvers1992b_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drijvers1992b_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drijvers1992b_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrijvers1992">Drijvers 1992</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harbors,_12-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harbors,_12_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harbors,_12_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harbus, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mango, 143–58, cited in Harbus, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Günter Stemberger, <i>Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the fourth century</i>, 2000, p. 9 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tu7esOXinfkC&pg=PA9">full text</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, 49, cited in Harbus, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i>Vita Constantini</i> 3.46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harbus,_13-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harbus,_13_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harbus,_13_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harbus, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers199215-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers199215_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrijvers1992">Drijvers 1992</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrose, <i>De obitu Theodosii</i> 42; Harbus, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drijvers. 1992. p 12-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (1990). <i>Byzantium: The Early Centuries</i>. London: Penguin Books. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-011447-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-011447-5"><bdi>0-14-011447-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Early+Centuries&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-14-011447-5&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Munns, <i>Cross and Culture in Anglo-Norman England: Theology, Imagery, Devotion</i>, p245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieu_and_Montserrat,_49-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_and_Montserrat,_49_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_and_Montserrat,_49_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieu and Montserrat, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Latinae_Selectae" title="Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae">Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae</a></i> 2776, cited in Barnes, "New Empire," 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Stephenson, <i>Constantine, Roman Emperor, Christian Victor</i>, 2010:126f.:130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hieronymus, <i>Chronica</i>, <i>s.a.</i> 292, p. 226, 4 and <i>s.a.</i> 306, p. 228, 23/4, cited in Lieu and Montserrat, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drijvers, <i>Helena Augusta</i>, 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>New Empire</i>, 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>CE</i>, 3, 39–42; Elliott, <i>Christianity of Constantine</i>, 17; Odahl, 15; Pohlsander, "Constantine I"; Southern, 169, 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>CE</i>, 3; Barnes, <i>New Empire</i>, 39–42; Elliott, "Constantine's Conversion," 425–6; Elliott, "Eusebian Frauds," 163; Elliott, <i>Christianity of Constantine</i>, 17; Jones, 13–14; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59; Odahl, 16; Pohlsander, <i>Emperor Constantine</i>, 14; Rodgers, 238; Wright, 495, 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>CE</i>, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>CE</i>, 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Origo</i> 1; Victor, <i>Caes</i>. 39.24f; Eutropius, <i>Brev</i>. 9.22.1; <i>Epitome</i> 39.2; <i>Pan</i>. <i>Lat</i>. 10(2).11.4, cited in Barnes, <i>CE</i>, 288 n.55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung20066n._24-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung20066n._24_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung2006">Young 2006</a>, p. 6, n. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1996" class="citation book cs1">Norwich, John Julius (1996). <i>Byzantium</i> (First American ed.). New York. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394537785" title="Special:BookSources/0394537785"><bdi>0394537785</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18164817">18164817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68-69&rft.edition=First+American&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18164817&rft.isbn=0394537785&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocrates1853" class="citation book cs1">Socrates, Scholasticus (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalh00valogoog"><i>The ecclesiastical history of Socrates, surnamed Scholasticus, or the Advocate : comprising a history of the church, in seven books, from the accession of Constantine, A.D. 305, to the 38th year of Theodosius II., including a period of 140 years</i></a>. Harvard University. London : H. Bohn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-00652-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-00652-8"><bdi>978-0-524-00652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ecclesiastical+history+of+Socrates%2C+surnamed+Scholasticus%2C+or+the+Advocate+%3A+comprising+a+history+of+the+church%2C+in+seven+books%2C+from+the+accession+of+Constantine%2C+A.D.+305%2C+to+the+38th+year+of+Theodosius+II.%2C+including+a+period+of+140+years&rft.pub=London+%3A+H.+Bohn&rft.date=1853&rft.isbn=978-0-524-00652-8&rft.aulast=Socrates&rft.aufirst=Scholasticus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecclesiasticalh00valogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephenson 2010:252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.iii.iv.viii.html">Eusebius, <i>Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine</i>. From Philip Schaff, <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iii.xxx.html">Eusebius, <i>Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine</i>. From Philip Schaff, <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stnicholas_of_the_cats_RoughGuide-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stnicholas_of_the_cats_RoughGuide_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubin2009" class="citation book cs1">Dubin, Marc (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetocypr01dubi"><i>The Rough Guide To Cyprus</i></a></span>. 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(1995) <i>Byzantium: The Decline and Fall</i>, London: Penguin, pp. 107–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107082709/http://www.goarch.org/en/special/listen_learn_share/constantineandhelen/learn/">"May 21: Feast of the Holy Great Sovereigns Constantine and Helen, Equal to the Apostles"</a>. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/en/special/listen_learn_share/constantineandhelen/learn/">the original</a> on 7 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hibbard, <i>Medieval Romance in England</i> p. 29 New York: Burt Franklin, 1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2021" class="citation book cs1">Whitfield, Dan (2021). <i>Eagle Ascending</i>. United States: Touch Point Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-952816-51-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-952816-51-2"><bdi>978-1-952816-51-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagle+Ascending&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Touch+Point+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-952816-51-2&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Barnes, Timothy D. <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i> (<i>CE</i> in citations). Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1">978-0-674-16531-1</a></li> <li>Barnes, Timothy D. <i>The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine</i> (<i>NE</i> in citations). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7837-2221-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7837-2221-4">0-7837-2221-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrijvers1992" class="citation book cs1">Drijvers, Jan Willem (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50ZmimTfp0YC"><i>Helena Augusta</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09435-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09435-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09435-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helena+Augusta&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09435-2&rft.aulast=Drijvers&rft.aufirst=Jan+Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D50ZmimTfp0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Drijvers, Jan Willem. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicsireland.com/2000/drijvers.html">Evelyn Waugh, Helena and the True Cross</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323170815/http://www.classicsireland.com/2000/drijvers.html">Archived</a> 23 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>Classics Ireland</i> 7 (2000).</li> <li>Elliott, T. G. "Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?" <i>Phoenix</i> 41 (1987): 420–438.</li> <li>Elliott, T. G. "Eusebian Frauds in the "Vita Constantini"." <i>Phoenix</i> 45 (1991): 162–171.</li> <li>Elliott, T. G. <i>The Christianity of Constantine the Great</i> . Scranton, PA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Scranton_Press" title="University of Scranton Press">University of Scranton Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940866-59-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-940866-59-5">0-940866-59-5</a></li> <li>Harbus, Antonia. <i>Helena of Britain in Medieval Legend</i>. Rochester, NY: D.S. Brewer, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Hugh_Martin_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Hugh Martin Jones">Jones, A.H.M.</a> <i>Constantine and the Conversion of Europe</i>. Buffalo: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, 1978 [1948].</li> <li>Hunt, E.D. <i>Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire: A.D. 312–460</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.</li> <li>Lenski, Noel. "The Reign of Constantine." In <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine</i>, edited by Noel Lenski, 59–90. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2006. Hardcover <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81838-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81838-9">0-521-81838-9</a> Paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52157-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52157-2">0-521-52157-2</a></li> <li>Lieu, Samuel N. C. and <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Montserrat" title="Dominic Montserrat">Dominic Montserrat</a>. <i>From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 1996.</li> <li>Mango, Cyril. "The Empress Helena, Helenopolis, Pylae." <i>Travaux et Mémoires</i> 12 (1994): 143–58.</li> <li>Odahl, Charles Matson. <i>Constantine and the Christian Empire</i>. New York: Routledge, 2004.</li> <li>Pohlsander, Hans. <i>The Emperor Constantine</i>. London & New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-31937-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-31937-4">0-415-31937-4</a> Paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-31938-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-31938-2">0-415-31938-2</a></li> <li>Rodgers, Barbara Saylor. "The Metamorphosis of Constantine." <i>The Classical Quarterly</i> 39 (1989): 233–246.</li> <li>Wright, David H. "The True Face of Constantine the Great." <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i> 41 (1987): 493–507</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2006" class="citation book cs1">Young, Frances M. (2006). "Prelude: Jesus Christ, Foundation of Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). <i>Origins to Constantine</i>. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-42361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-42361-9"><bdi>978-1-107-42361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prelude%3A+Jesus+Christ%2C+Foundation+of+Christianity&rft.btitle=Origins+to+Constantine&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=1-34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-107-42361-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Frances+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBietenholz1994" class="citation book cs1">Bietenholz, Peter G. (1994). <i>Historia and fabula: myths and legends in historical thought from antiquity to the modern age</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10063-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10063-6"><bdi>90-04-10063-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+and+fabula%3A+myths+and+legends+in+historical+thought+from+antiquity+to+the+modern+age&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=90-04-10063-6&rft.aulast=Bietenholz&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurckhardt1949" class="citation book cs1">Burckhardt, Jacob (1949). <i>The Age of Constantine the Great</i>. Moses Hadas, trans. New York: Pantheon Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Constantine+the+Great&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Burckhardt&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillner2023" class="citation book cs1">Hillner, Julia (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6nWVEAAAQBAJ"><i>Helena Augusta: Mother of the Empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087529-9"><bdi>978-0-19-087529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helena+Augusta%3A+Mother+of+the+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-19-087529-9&rft.aulast=Hillner&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6nWVEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1994" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constantinegreat00gran"><i>Constantine the Great: the man and his times</i></a></span>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-19520-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-19520-8"><bdi>0-684-19520-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+the+Great%3A+the+man+and+his+times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-684-19520-8&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstantinegreat00gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohlsander1995" class="citation book cs1">Pohlsander, Hans A. (1995). <i>Helena: empress and saint</i>. Chicago: Ares Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89005-562-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89005-562-9"><bdi>0-89005-562-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helena%3A+empress+and+saint&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Ares+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-89005-562-9&rft.aulast=Pohlsander&rft.aufirst=Hans+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Iulia_Helena" class="extiw" title="commons:Flavia Iulia Helena"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Flavia Iulia Helena</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of an 1879 <i><a href="/wiki/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a></i> article about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Helena,_Saint" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Helena, Saint">Helena (empress)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=123">St. Helena</a> at Catholic Online</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Saint Helena (1.)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Saint_Helena_(1.)">"Saint Helena (1.)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. p. 630.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Helena+%281.%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=630&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelehaye1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Delehaye" title="Hippolyte Delehaye">Delehaye, Hippolyte</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Helena, St"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Helena,_St">"Helena, St" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). p. 219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helena%2C+St&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=219&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Delehaye&rft.aufirst=Hippolyte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Kirsch" title="Johann Peter Kirsch">Kirsch, Johann Peter</a> (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Helena"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Helena">"St. Helena" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Helena&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Johann+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelena%2C+mother+of+Constantine+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/HELENA.htm">Eternal Word Television Network: Saint Helena Widow c. 330</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiochian.org/node/18634">The Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America: St. Helen, Mother of Emperor Constantine, Equal of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s9.com/Biography/Helena">s9.com: Helena</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409044322/http://www.s9.com/Biography/Helena">Archived</a> 9 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080329034613/http://www.stsconstantinehelen.org/heritage_room/sts_constantine_and_helen.asp#st_h">Sts. Constantine & Helen Greek Orthodox Church: The Lives of Sts. Constantine & Helen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014122028/http://www.martyrsandsaints.org/main/era_of_martyrdom/04th_century/Saint_Helen.htm">A Treasury of Martyrs and Saints: Saint Helen, and Emperor Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509195201/http://www.sainteleanor.org/STEleanor.htm">Saint Eleanor Catholic Church (Ruidoso, NM) & Saint Jude Catholic Mission (San Patricio, NM): St Helena</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305085652/http://www.sinaimonastery.com/en/index.php?lid=65">Holy Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai: Saint Helen and the Holy Monastery of Sinai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info/helena.html">Saint Helena</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118710117">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85120161">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61542415">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0058257&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX914615">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074274546">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span 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href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500372010">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Helena, Römisches Reich, Kaiserin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118710117.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118710117">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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