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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Bithynia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Bithynia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kingdom of Bithynia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Bithynia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Roman province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Byzantine province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bithynia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynien" title="Bithynien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bithynien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB" title="ቢታንያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢታንያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بيثينيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيثينيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բիւթանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բիւթանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinia" title="Bitinia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bitinia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vifiniya" title="Vifiniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vifiniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вифиния – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вифиния" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Віфінія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віфінія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бітынія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бітынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Витиния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Витиния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bithynia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%C3%ADnia" title="Bitínia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bitínia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bith%C3%BDnie" title="Bithýnie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bithýnie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bithynia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynien" title="Bithynien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bithynien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynien" title="Bithynien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bithynien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%C3%BC%C3%BCnia" title="Bitüünia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bitüünia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βιθυνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιθυνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinia" title="Bitinia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bitinia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinio" title="Bitinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bitinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinia" title="Bitinia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bitinia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بیتینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیتینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynie" title="Bithynie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bithynie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%8B%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="비티니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비티니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinia" title="Bitinia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bitinia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բյութանիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյութանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinija" title="Bitinija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitinija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinia" title="Bitinia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bitinia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinia" title="Bitinia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bitinia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="ביתיניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביתיניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბითინია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბითინია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вифиния – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вифиния" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinia" title="Bitinia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bitinia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bithynia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinija" title="Bitinija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bitinija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bith%C3%BCnia" title="Bithünia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bithünia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بيثينيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيثينيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithyni%C3%AB" title="Bithynië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bithynië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%86%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="ビテュニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビテュニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitynia" title="Bitynia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bitynia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bithynia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%C3%ADnia" title="Bitínia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bitínia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vifiniya" title="Vifiniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vifiniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitynia" title="Bitynia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitynia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%C3%ADnia" title="Bitínia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bitínia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinia" title="Bitinia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bitinia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вифиния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вифиния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinia" title="Bitinia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bitinia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bithynia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%C3%BDnia" title="Bitýnia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitýnia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitinija" title="Bitinija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitinija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Битинија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битинија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bithynia&params=40.5_N_31_E_dim:200km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">31°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.5°N 31.0°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.5; 31.0</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in Anatolia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the genus of snails, see <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_(gastropod)" title="Bithynia (gastropod)">Bithynia (gastropod)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox geography"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#DEB887;">Bithynia (Βιθυνία)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Ancient Region of Anatolia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_(125_AD).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg/300px-Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg/450px-Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg/600px-Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bithynia and Pontus as a province of the Roman Empire, 125 AD</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Northern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State existed</th><td class="infobox-data">297–74 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bithyni" title="Bithyni">Bithyni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyni" title="Thyni">Thyni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical capitals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Roman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman provinces">Roman province</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bithynia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg/300px-Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg/450px-Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg/600px-Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6167" data-file-height="4027" /></a><figcaption>Location of Bithynia within <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></figcaption></figure></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bithynia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Βιθυνία</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Bithynía</i></span>) was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a>, kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> in the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), adjoining the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. It bordered <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a> to the northeast along the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontic</a> coast, and <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a> was an independent kingdom from the 4th century BC. Its capital <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> was rebuilt on the site of ancient <a href="/wiki/Astacus_in_Bithynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Astacus in Bithynia">Astacus</a> in 264 BC by <a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes I of Bithynia">Nicomedes I of Bithynia</a>. Bithynia was bequeathed to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 74 BC, and became united with the Pontus region as the province of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a>. In the 7th century it was incorporated into the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Opsikion" title="Opsikion">Opsikion</a> <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a>. It became a border region to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> in the 13th century, and was eventually conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicomedia" title="Siege of Nicomedia">between 1325 and 1333</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bithynia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>): <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Bithynia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apamea (Bithynia)">Apamea</a>. Bithynia also contained <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>, noted for being the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, Bithynia was bounded on the east by the river Sangarius (modern <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya river</a>), but the more commonly received division extended it to the <a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_River" title="Bartın River">Parthenius</a>, which separated it from <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a>, thus comprising the district inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Mariandyni" title="Mariandyni">Mariandyni</a>. On the west and southwest it was separated from <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/River_Rhyndacus" class="mw-redirect" title="River Rhyndacus">river Rhyndacus</a> and on the south it adjoined <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is occupied by mountains and forests, but has valleys and coastal districts of great fertility. The most important mountain range is the (so-called) <a href="/wiki/Uluda%C4%9F" title="Uludağ">"Mysian" Olympus</a> (8,000 ft, 2,400 m), which towers above <a href="/wiki/Bursa,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursa, Turkey">Bursa</a> and is clearly visible as far away as <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (70 miles, 110 km). Its summits are covered with snow for a great part of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>East of this the range extends for more than 100 miles (160 km), from the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a>. Both of these ranges are part of the border of mountains which bound the great tableland of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The broad tract which projects towards the west as far as the shores of the Bosporus, though hilly and covered with forests—the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> <i>Ağaç Denizi</i>, or "The sea of Trees"—is not traversed by any mountain chain. The west coast is indented by two deep inlets, the northernmost, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_%C4%B0zmit" title="Gulf of İzmit">Gulf of İzmit</a> (ancient Gulf of Astacus), penetrating between 40 and 50 miles (64 and 80 km) into the interior as far as <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>), separated by an <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> of only about 25 miles (40 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mudania" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Mudania">Gulf of Mudanya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gemlik" title="Gemlik">Gemlik</a> (Gulf of Cius), about 25 miles (40 km) long. At its extremity is situated the small town of Gemlik (ancient <a href="/wiki/Kios" class="mw-redirect" title="Kios">Cius</a>) at the mouth of a valley, communicating with the lake of Iznik, on which was situated <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">Nicaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal rivers are the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sangarios</a> which traverses the province from south to north; the <a href="/wiki/Rhyndacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyndacus">Rhyndacus</a>, which separated it from Mysia; and the <a href="/wiki/Billaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Billaeus">Billaeus</a> (Filyos), which rises in the Aladağ, about 50 miles (80 km) from the sea, and after flowing by modern <a href="/wiki/Bolu" title="Bolu">Bolu</a> (ancient Bithynion-Claudiopolis) falls into the Euxine, close to the ruins of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a>, about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a> (the modern <a href="/wiki/Karadeniz_Ere%C4%9Fli" title="Karadeniz Ereğli">Karadeniz Ereğli</a>), having a course of more than 100 miles (160 km). The Parthenius (modern <a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n" title="Bartın">Bartın</a>), the eastern boundary of the province, is a much less considerable stream.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The valleys towards the Black Sea abound in fruit trees of all kinds, such as oranges, while the valley of the Sangarius and the plains near Bursa and Iznik (Nicaea) are fertile and well cultivated. Extensive plantations of <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry trees</a> supply the silk for which Bursa has long been celebrated, and which is manufactured there on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bithynia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg/220px-15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg/330px-15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg/440px-15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A 15th-century map showing Bithynia.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bithynia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bithynia is named for the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> tribe of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bithyni" title="Bithyni">Bithyni</a></i>, mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (VII.75) alongside the <i><a href="/wiki/Thyni" title="Thyni">Thyni</a></i>. The "<a href="/wiki/Thraco-Phrygian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thraco-Phrygian">Thraco-Phrygian</a>" migration from the Balkans to Asia Minor would have taken place at some point following the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> or during the early Iron Age. The Thyni and Bithyni appear to have settled simultaneously in the adjoining parts of Asia, where they expelled or subdued the <a href="/wiki/Mysians" title="Mysians">Mysians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucones" title="Caucones">Caucones</a> and other minor tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Mariandyni" title="Mariandyni">Mariandyni</a> maintaining themselves in the northeast. Herodotus mentions the Thyni and Bithyni as settling side by side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No trace of their original language has been preserved, but Herodotus describes them as related to the tribes of Thracian extraction. </p><p>Later the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> established on the coast the colonies of Cius (modern Gemlik); <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Kadıköy</a>), at the entrance of the Bosporus, nearly opposite <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a> (modern Karadeniz Ereğli), on the Euxine, about 120 miles (190 km) east of the Bosporus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bithynians were incorporated by king <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a> monarchy, with which they fell under the dominion of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a> (546 BC), and were included in the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, which comprised all the countries up to the Hellespont and Bosporus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Bithynia">Kingdom of Bithynia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bithynia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Bithynia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Kingdom of Bithynia</a></div> <p>Even before the conquest by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> the Bithynians appear to have asserted their independence, and successfully maintained it under two native princes, <a href="/wiki/Bas_of_Bithynia" title="Bas of Bithynia">Bas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zipoites_I_of_Bithynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zipoites I of Bithynia">Zipoites</a>, the latter of whom assumed the title of king (<i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>) in 297 BC. </p><p>His son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes I of Bithynia">Nicomedes I</a>, founded <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 278</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 255</span> BC), as well as those of his successors, <a href="/wiki/Prusias_I_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias I of Bithynia">Prusias I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prusias_II_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias II of Bithynia">Prusias II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes II of Bithynia">Nicomedes II</a> (149–91 BC), the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bithynia" title="List of rulers of Bithynia">kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a> had a considerable standing and influence among the minor monarchies of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. But the last king, <a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_IV_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes IV of Bithynia">Nicomedes IV</a>, was unable to maintain himself in power against <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates VI of Pontus</a>. After being restored to his throne by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>, he bequeathed his kingdom through his will to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (74 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coinage of these kings show their regal portraits, which tend to be engraved in an extremely accomplished <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenistic</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_province">Roman province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bithynia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a>, the boundaries of Bithynia changed frequently. During this period, Bithynia was commonly united for administrative purposes with the province of <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. This was the situation at the time of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> was appointed governor of the combined provinces (109/110 – 111/112), a circumstance which has provided historians with valuable information concerning the Roman provincial administration at that time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_province">Byzantine province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bithynia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Byzantine province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Gate,_Iznik,_Turkey_(37659560615).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg/250px-Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg/375px-Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg/500px-Istanbul_Gate%2C_Iznik%2C_Turkey_%2837659560615%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3171" data-file-height="2146" /></a><figcaption>The Constantinople Gate in <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, Bithynia was again divided into two provinces, separated by the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sangarius</a>. Only the area to the west of the river retained the name of Bithynia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bithynia attracted much attention because of its roads and its strategic position between the frontiers of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> in the south-east. To secure communications with the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">eastern provinces</a>, the monumental <a href="/wiki/Sangarius_Bridge" title="Sangarius Bridge">bridge across the river Sangarius</a> was constructed around 562 AD. Troops frequently wintered at Nicomedia. </p><p>During this time, the most important cities in Bithynia were <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, founded by Nicomedes, and <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>. The two had a long rivalry with each other over which city held the rank of capital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bithynia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_of_Nicaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipparchus of Nicaea">Hipparchus of Nicaea</a> (2nd century BC), Greek astronomer, discovered precession and discovered how to predict the timing of eclipses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius of Bithynia</a> (2nd century BC), Greek astronomer and mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Bithynia" title="Asclepiades of Bithynia">Asclepiades of Bithynia</a> (c. 169 BC – c. 100 BC), Greek physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a> (2nd century), <a href="/wiki/Catamite" title="Catamite">Catamite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eromenos" title="Eromenos">eromenos</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (c. 155 – c. 235), Roman historian, <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">senator</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a> (Lucius Flavius Arrianus), Greek historian, c. 86–160</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">Helena</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrynichus_Arabius" title="Phrynichus Arabius">Phrynichus Arabius</a> (2nd century), grammarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Bithynia" title="Auxentius of Bithynia">Auxentius of Bithynia</a> (c. 400 – 473), hermit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatius_of_Bithynia" title="Hypatius of Bithynia">Hypatius of Bithynia</a> (died c. 450), hermit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendemianus_of_Bithynia" title="Vendemianus of Bithynia">Vendemianus of Bithynia</a> (6th century), hermit</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bithynia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bithynian_coinage" title="Bithynian coinage">Bithynian coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Slavs" title="Asia Minor Slavs">Asia Minor Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Ancient regions of Anatolia">Ancient regions of Anatolia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bithynia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191112_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiaminorcoins.com/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=31">"Kings of Bithynia - Asia Minor Coins - Photo Gallery"</a>. <i>www.asiaminorcoins.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.asiaminorcoins.com&rft.atitle=Kings+of+Bithynia+-+Asia+Minor+Coins+-+Photo+Gallery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaminorcoins.com%2Fgallery%2Fthumbnails.php%3Falbum%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bithynia" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bithynia">Bithynia</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bithynia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=12-13&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bithynia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Hellenistic</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaganoni2019" class="citation book cs1">Paganoni, Eloisa (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glVVzQEACAAJ"><i>Forging the Crown: A History of the Kingdom of Bithynia from Its Origin to Prusias I</i></a>. "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-913-1895-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-913-1895-4"><bdi>978-88-913-1895-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+the+Crown%3A+A+History+of+the+Kingdom+of+Bithynia+from+Its+Origin+to+Prusias+I&rft.pub=%22L%27Erma%22+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-88-913-1895-4&rft.aulast=Paganoni&rft.aufirst=Eloisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglVVzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichels2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michels, Christoph (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SpzSwAEACAAJ"><i>Kulturtransfer und Monarchischer Philhellenismus: Bithynien, Pontos und Kappadokien in Hellenistischer Zeit</i></a> (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-536-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-536-1"><bdi>978-3-89971-536-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kulturtransfer+und+Monarchischer+Philhellenismus%3A+Bithynien%2C+Pontos+und+Kappadokien+in+Hellenistischer+Zeit&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht+GmbH+KG&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-89971-536-1&rft.aulast=Michels&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSpzSwAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholten2019" class="citation book cs1">Scholten, Joseph (2019). "Building Hellenistic Bithynia". In Elton, Hugh; Reger, Gary (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ausonius/1169?lang=en"><i>Regionalism in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor</i></a>. Ausonius Éditions. pp. 17–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-276-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-276-5"><bdi>978-2-35613-276-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Building+Hellenistic+Bithynia&rft.btitle=Regionalism+in+Hellenistic+and+Roman+Asia+Minor&rft.pages=17-24&rft.pub=Ausonius+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-2-35613-276-5&rft.aulast=Scholten&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fausonius%2F1169%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Roman</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekker-Nielsen2008" class="citation book cs1">Bekker-Nielsen, Tonnes (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301120432/http://www.pontos.dk/publications/books/black-sea-studies-7"><i>Urban Life and Local Politics in Roman Bithynia: The Small World of Dion Chrysostomos</i></a>. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7124-752-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7124-752-7"><bdi>978-87-7124-752-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pontos.dk/publications/books/black-sea-studies-7">the original</a> on 2012-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Life+and+Local+Politics+in+Roman+Bithynia%3A+The+Small+World+of+Dion+Chrysostomos&rft.pub=Aarhus+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-87-7124-752-7&rft.aulast=Bekker-Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Tonnes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontos.dk%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Fblack-sea-studies-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowie2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bowie, Ewen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/mnem/75/1/article-p73_7.xml">"Greek High Culture in Hellenistic and Early Imperial Bithynia: Towards a Prosopography of Practitioners of Greek Culture in Bithynia Down to the Middle of the Third Century AD"</a>. <i>Mnemosyne</i>. <b>75</b> (1): 73–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568525X-bja10120">10.1163/1568525X-bja10120</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7074">0026-7074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mnemosyne&rft.atitle=Greek+High+Culture+in+Hellenistic+and+Early+Imperial+Bithynia%3A+Towards+a+Prosopography+of+Practitioners+of+Greek+Culture+in+Bithynia+Down+to+the+Middle+of+the+Third+Century+AD&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-112&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568525X-bja10120&rft.issn=0026-7074&rft.aulast=Bowie&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fmnem%2F75%2F1%2Farticle-p73_7.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Harris, B. F. (2016). Temporini, Hildegard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110860429-007/html?lang=en">"Bithynia: Roman Sovereignty and the Survival of Hellenism"</a>. <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i>. 2.7.2: 857–901. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110860429-007">10.1515/9783110860429-007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110860429" title="Special:BookSources/9783110860429"><bdi>9783110860429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Welt&rft.atitle=Bithynia%3A+Roman+Sovereignty+and+the+Survival+of+Hellenism&rft.volume=2.7.2&rft.pages=857-901&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110860429-007&rft.isbn=9783110860429&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=B.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110860429-007%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marek, Christian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zu1tAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pontus et Bithynia: die römischen Provinzen im Norden Kleinasiens</i></a> (in German). Von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2925-5"><bdi>978-3-8053-2925-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontus+et+Bithynia%3A+die+r%C3%B6mischen+Provinzen+im+Norden+Kleinasiens&rft.pub=Von+Zabern&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8053-2925-5&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzu1tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Storey, Stanley Jonathon (1999) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item?id=MQ34324&op=pdf&app=Library"><i>Bithynia: history and administration to the time of Pliny the Younger</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>)</span>. Ottawa: National Library of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-612-34324-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-612-34324-3"><bdi>0-612-34324-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bithynia%3A+history+and+administration+to+the+time+of+Pliny+the+Younger&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Canada&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-612-34324-3&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Jonathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentral.bac-lac.gc.ca%2F.item%3Fid%3DMQ34324%26op%3Dpdf%26app%3DLibrary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Byzantine</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarrouzès1981" class="citation book cs1">Darrouzès, Jean, ed. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxfZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Notitiae Episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae</i></a>. Paris: Institut français d'études byzantines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notitiae+Episcopatuum+Ecclesiae+Constantinopolitanae&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%A9tudes+byzantines&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpxfZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomatina2014" class="citation journal cs1">Komatina, Predrag (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/6307/bitstream_19777.pdf">"Settlement of the Slavs in Asia Minor During the Rule of Justinian II and the Bishopric των Γορδοσερβων"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Београдски историјски гласник: Belgrade Historical Review</i>. <b>5</b>: 33–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%3A+Belgrade+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Settlement+of+the+Slavs+in+Asia+Minor+During+the+Rule+of+Justinian+II+and+the+Bishopric+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B2%CF%89%CE%BD&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=33-42&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Komatina&rft.aufirst=Predrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdais.sanu.ac.rs%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F6307%2Fbitstream_19777.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABithynia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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talk:Historical regions of Anatolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical regions of Anatolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Alpes_Graiae_et_Poeninae" title="Alpes Graiae et Poeninae">Alpes Graiae et Poeninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica and Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Hispania Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></i> <sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Iudaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracia (Roman province)">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)"><img alt="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/150px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/225px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/300px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>†</sup> Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reforms.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template talk:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces</a> (4th–7th centuries AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i>. Provincial administration reformed and <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 293. Permanent <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> established after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a> established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in c. 640–660, although in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Roman_Empire_(395–476)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae_et_Graiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae et Graiae">Alpes Poeninae et Graiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis I">Lugdunensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis II">Lugdunensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis III">Lugdunensis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis IV">Lugdunensis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Diocese of Vienne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica I">Aquitanica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica II">Aquitanica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis I">Narbonensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis II">Narbonensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Britains" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Britains">Diocese of the Britains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia (?)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Suburbicarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy">Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="Province of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia et Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campania (Roman province)">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_et_Bruttium" title="Lucania et Bruttium">Lucania et Bruttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum Suburbicarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscia_et_Umbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscia et Umbria (page does not exist)">Tuscia et Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_Suburbicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria Suburbicaria (page does not exist)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Annonarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Annonarian Italy">Diocese of Annonarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_et_Picenum_Annonarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium">Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Prima" title="Raetia Prima">Raetia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetia Secunda">Raetia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania (Roman province)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(395–c._640)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (395–c. 640)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Illyricum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_mediterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum mediterraneum">Noricum mediterraneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_ripense" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum ripense">Noricum ripense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_ripensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria ripensis">Valeria ripensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Prima" title="Moesia Prima">Moesia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Secunda">Macedonia II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture<br />of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(Roman_province)" title="Europa (Roman province)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Secunda">Moesia II</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(province)" title="Rhodope (province)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_(Roman_province)" title="Islands (Roman province)">Islands</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia (370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Maior">Armenia Maior</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Satrapies">Armenian Satrapies</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia III">Armenia III (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia IV">Armenia IV (536)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Secunda">Cappadocia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Prima">Galatia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Secunda">Galatia II Salutaris</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Secunda">Cilicia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_III_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina III Salutaris">Palaestina III Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice Prima">Phoenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_II_Libanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice II Libanensis">Phoenice II Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_II_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria II Salutaris">Syria II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorias_(province)" title="Theodorias (province)">Theodorias (528)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus I">Aegyptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus II">Aegyptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica I">Augustamnica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica II">Augustamnica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Inferior">Libya Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Superior">Thebais Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Inferior">Thebais Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania (552)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Septem Provinciae</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Re-established after <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">reconquest</a> by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Placed under the <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a> in 536</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s administrative reorganization in 534–536</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template talk:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia">Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bronze Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)#Hittite_documents" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Ahhiyawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapalla" title="Hapalla">Hapalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isuwa" title="Isuwa">Isuwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma" title="Kalašma">Kalašma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_(kingdom)" title="Mira (kingdom)">Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Seha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalpuwa" title="Zalpuwa">Zalpuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunna">Atuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="Ḫilakku">Ḫilakku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bithynia&params=40.5_N_31_E_dim:200km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">31°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.5°N 31.0°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.5; 31.0</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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