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</button> <ul id="toc-Historical_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_arrival_on_the_Swahili_Coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_arrival_on_the_Swahili_Coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Islamic arrival on the Swahili Coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_arrival_on_the_Swahili_Coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_spread_of_Islam_into_the_interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_spread_of_Islam_into_the_interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The spread of Islam into the interior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_spread_of_Islam_into_the_interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organised_missionary_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organised_missionary_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Organised missionary activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organised_missionary_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_in_Western_Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_in_Western_Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Islam in Western Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_in_Western_Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shia Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Kenya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_au_Kenya" title="Islam au Kenya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islam au Kenya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Kenya" title="Islam di Kenya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islam di Kenya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uislamu_nchini_Kenya" title="Uislamu nchini Kenya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uislamu nchini Kenya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Kenya" title="Islam di Kenya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islam di Kenya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Kenia" title="Islam in Kenia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Islam in Kenia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamismo_no_Qu%C3%AAnia" title="Islamismo no Quênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Islamismo no Quênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246112391">.mw-parser-output .sb-ibc img{background-color:white}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image sb-ibc"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/200px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/300px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/400px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">World percentage of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> by country</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Angola" title="Islam in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burundi" title="Islam in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cape_Verde" title="Islam in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Islam in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Comoros" title="Islam in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Islam in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eswatini" title="Islam in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gabon" title="Islam in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Gambia" title="Islam in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea" title="Islam in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Islam in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Islam in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lesotho" title="Islam in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liberia" title="Islam in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Madagascar" title="Islam in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malawi" title="Islam in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritius" title="Islam in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mayotte" title="Islam in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Western_Sahara" title="Islam in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mozambique" title="Islam in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Islam in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Islam in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Seychelles" title="Islam in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan" title="Islam in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Togo" title="Islam in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda" title="Islam in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zambia" title="Islam in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zimbabwe" title="Islam in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Korea" title="Islam in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Maldives" title="Islam in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Americas" title="Islam in the Americas">Americas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Islam in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Argentina" title="Islam in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Barbados" title="Islam in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belize" title="Islam in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bolivia" title="Islam in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chile" title="Islam in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Colombia" title="Islam in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Costa_Rica" title="Islam in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cuba" title="Islam in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Dominica" title="Islam in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Islam in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_El_Salvador" title="Islam in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_French_Guiana" title="Islam in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Grenada" title="Islam in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guatemala" title="Islam in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guyana" title="Islam in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti" title="Islam in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Honduras" title="Islam in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jamaica" title="Islam in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico" title="Islam in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nicaragua" title="Islam in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Panama" title="Islam in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Paraguay" title="Islam in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Peru" title="Islam in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Islam in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Islam in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Islam in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Suriname" title="Islam in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uruguay" title="Islam in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Venezuela" title="Islam in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tatarstan" title="Islam in Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oceania" title="Islam in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Islam in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Fiji" title="Islam in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Islam in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Caledonia" title="Islam in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Islam in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palau" title="Islam in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Islam in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Samoa" title="Islam in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Islam in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tonga" title="Islam in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tuvalu" title="Islam in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vanuatu" title="Islam in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_by_country" title="Template talk:Islam by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> majority, with <b>Islam</b> being the second largest faith representing 11% of the <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenyan</a> population, or approximately 5.2 million people as of the 2019 census.<sup id="cite_ref-Census2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kenyan coast is mostly populated by Muslims. <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> has several <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and a notable Muslim population. The faith was introduced by merchants visiting the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a>, which led to local conversions and foreign Muslims becoming assimilated. This would later result in the emergence of several officially <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> political entities in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of Muslims in Kenya are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a> forming 81% of the Muslim Population, 7% identify as <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Kenya">Shia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also sizeable populations of <a href="/wiki/Ibadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadism">Ibadism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quranist" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranist">Quranist</a> adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In large part, Shias are <a href="/wiki/Ismailis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailis">Ismailis</a> descended from or influenced by oceanic traders from the Middle East and India. These Shia Muslims include the <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a>, who number some 6,000–8,000 in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Nairobi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nairobi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the orthodox <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shia">Twelver Shia</a> presence in Kenya, twentieth-century Pakistani scholar <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Muhammad_Latif_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Muhammad Latif Ansari">Khwaja Muhammad Latif Ansari</a> played an important role in proselytisation for the resident <a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-dewani_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-khoja_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khoja-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_arrival_on_the_Swahili_Coast">Islamic arrival on the Swahili Coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Islamic arrival on the Swahili Coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muslim merchants arrived on the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</a> around the eighth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tension following the death of Mohammad, the prophet of Islam, and the already established trade links between the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and the Swahili Coast were some of the factors leading to this development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence attests to a thriving Muslim town on Manda Island by the tenth century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moroccan Muslim traveller, Ibn Battuta, visiting the Swahili Coast in 1331 AD, reported a strong Muslim presence. Ibn Battuta said: The inhabitants are pious, honourable, and upright, and they have well-built wooden mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On arrival, the Muslims settled along the coast, engaging in trade. The <a href="/wiki/Shirazi_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirazi (ethnic group)">Shirazi</a> intermarried with the local Bantu people resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili people</a>, most of who converted to Islam. Swahili, structurally a Bantu Language with heavy borrowings from Arabic, was born.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primarily, Islam spread through the interactions of individuals, with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a> who had settled in small groups maintaining their culture, and religious practices. Despite encountering local communities, Islam was not ‘indigenised’ along the patterns of the local Bantu communities. Nevertheless, Islam grew through absorption of individuals into the newly established Afro-Arabic Muslim communities. This resulted in more ‘Swahilization’ than Islamization.<sup id="cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:53_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trimingham:1983:53-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was strong resistance toward Islam by the majority of communities living in the interior. The resistance was because conversion was an individual act, leading to detribalisation and integration into the Muslim community going against the socially acceptable communal life.<sup id="cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:53_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trimingham:1983:53-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam on the Swahili Coast was different from the rest of Africa. Unlike West Africa where Islam was integrated to the local communities, the local Islam was ‘foreign’; the Arab-Muslims lived as if they were in the Middle East. </p><p>The primary concern for the early Muslims was trade with a few interested in propagating Islam. The arrival of the Portuguese in the fifteenth century interrupted the small work in progress. On the other hand, the interstate quarrels that ensued meant that much effort was now directed towards restoring normality and not Islamization.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_spread_of_Islam_into_the_interior">The spread of Islam into the interior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The spread of Islam into the interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islam remained an urban and coastal phenomenon. The Spread of Islam was low-keyed with no impact amongst the local non-Swahili African Community. There were no intermediary Africans to demonstrate that, adoption of a few Islamic institutions would not disrupt society.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spread of Islam to the interior was hampered by several factors: for instance, the nature of the Bantu society's varied beliefs, and scattered settlements affected interior advancement. Other factors included, harsh climatic conditions, the fierce tribes like the Maasai, tribal laws restricting passage through their land, health factors, and the lack of an easy mode of transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Trimingham, the brand of Islam introduced to the region was equally to blame. </p><p>Muslim traders were not welcome in the social structures thereby impeding any meaningful progress until the beginning of European occupation. </p><p>Other factors affecting Islamic movement into the interior included atrocities committed during slave trading, as these unfavourably affected the spread of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:57_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trimingham:1983:57-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the embracing of Islam by large portions of coastal tribes in the nineteenth century aided in its spread. </p><p>Besides, local Muslim preachers and teachers played major roles in teaching religion (Ar. dīn) and the Qur’ān at the Qur’ān Schools (Swa. vyuo) and madrasa attached to the mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coming of the second wave of Europeans, in the nineteenth century, brought mixed fortunes to the coastal Muslims, their strong sense of pride and belonging was greatly diminished, with efforts being redirected to self adjustments.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fredagsmosken_shella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fredagsmosken_shella.jpg/200px-Fredagsmosken_shella.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fredagsmosken_shella.jpg/300px-Fredagsmosken_shella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fredagsmosken_shella.jpg/400px-Fredagsmosken_shella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>A mosque on <a href="/wiki/Lamu_Island" title="Lamu Island">Lamu Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nonetheless, Muslim agents deployed by Europeans as subordinate labourers to assist in the establishment of colonial administration centres, were advantageously placed throughout the country, bringing the Islamic influence to the interior. Each place where a European installed himself, military camp, government centre, or plantation, was a centre for Muslim influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:57_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trimingham:1983:57-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the interior, the Muslims neither integrated nor mingled with the local communities, yet non-Swahili Africans began joining the Swahili trends in trade with some returning as Muslims. Swahili became the trade and religious language. Alongside the interpersonal contacts, intermarriages also yielded some conversions. </p><p>Although coastal rulers did not send missionaries to the interior, local Africans embraced Islam freely through attraction to the religious life of the Muslims. Close integration with the local population helped to foster good relations resulting in Islam gaining a few converts, based on individual efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-Quraishy:1987:182_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quraishy:1987:182-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subjectively, most of the surrounding Bantu communities had a close-knit religious heritage, requiring strong force to penetrate. The pacification and consolidation by European powers provided the much-needed force to open up the communities for new structures of power and religious expression (Trimingham: 1983:58). </p><p>Basically, progress in the spread of Islam in Kenya came between 1880 and 1930. This was when most social structures and the African worldviews were shattered, leaving them requiring a new, wider worldview encompassing or addressing the changes experienced. </p><p>Consequently, Islam introduced new religious values through external ceremonial and ritualistic expressions, some of which could be followed with no difficulty. </p><p>Socio-culturally, Muslims presented themselves with a sense of pride and a feeling of superiority. Islamic civilisation was identified with the Arab way of life (Ustaarabu), as opposed to ‘barbarianism’ (Ushenzi) hence the domination of a form of Arabism over the local variety of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:59_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trimingham:1983:59-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ease, with which Islam could be adopted, meant adding to the indigenous practices, new religious rites and ceremonies to the African ways, with new ways of defining one's identity by new forms of expression. Mingling with Muslims led to conversion meaning returning home as Muslims and not aliens.<sup id="cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:59_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trimingham:1983:59-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacunza-Balda shows that Islam could be adopted easily. </p><p>Although most of the conversions were of individuals, there were communities that embraced Islam en-masse. Some of these included the <a href="/wiki/Digo_people" title="Digo people">Digo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pokomo_people" title="Pokomo people">Pokomo</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Tana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Tana (page does not exist)">Lower Tana</a> region. From these communities Islam slowly penetrated inland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organised_missionary_activities">Organised missionary activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organised missionary activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022KenyaMosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/2022KenyaMosque.jpg/220px-2022KenyaMosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/2022KenyaMosque.jpg/330px-2022KenyaMosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/2022KenyaMosque.jpg/440px-2022KenyaMosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3428" data-file-height="3428" /></a><figcaption>A mosque in 2022 on the railroad between Mombasa and Nairobi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pioneer Muslim missionaries to the interior were largely Tanganyikans, who coupled their missionary work with trade, along the centres began along the railway line, such as, <a href="/wiki/Kibwezi" title="Kibwezi">Kibwezi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makindu" title="Makindu">Makindu</a>, and Nairobi. </p><p>Outstanding amongst them was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalim_Mtondo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maalim Mtondo (page does not exist)">Maalim Mtondo</a>, a Tanganyikan credited with being the first Muslim missionary to <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>. Reaching Nairobi at the close of the nineteenth century, he led a group of other Muslims and enthusiastic missionaries from the coast to establish a ‘Swahili village’ in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Pumwani" title="Pumwani">Pumwani</a>. </p><p>A small mosque was built to serve as a starting point, and he began preaching Islam in earnest. He soon attracted several <a href="/wiki/Kikuyus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikuyus">Kikuyus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wakambas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakambas (page does not exist)">Wakambas</a>, who became his disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-Quraishy:1987:182_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quraishy:1987:182-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local men converted and having learned from their teachers took up the leadership of religious matters. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khamis_Ngige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khamis Ngige (page does not exist)">Khamis Ngige</a> was a prominent local convert of the early outreach. Having learned from Maalim Mtondo, he later became the Imam of the Pumwani Mosque. Different preachers scattered in the countryside from 1900 to 1920, introducing Islam to areas around, Mt. Kenya, Murang’a, Embu, Meru, Nyeri and Kitui. This serious missionary move interior was out of personal enthusiasm with the influence being highly localised. Only a few Africans were converted, and the impact was short lived.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One example of Shia missionary efforts in Kenya is the work of twentieth-century Pakistani scholar <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Muhammad_Latif_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Muhammad Latif Ansari">Khwaja Muhammad Latif Ansari</a>. Ansari left <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> for Kenya in the 1950s, fulfilling his dream of preaching to distant, foreign Shi'i communities.<sup id="cite_ref-khoja_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khoja-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was already a reputed cleric by that time, but nevertheless joined a number of scholars coming from South Asia into the relatively unheard of Shia community of Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-dewani_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After becoming a resident alim there, Ansari helped the community to become large and prosperous as it is today. He is remembered to this day in the country for an address he delivered at the Arusha Conference in December 1958, in which he emphasised the need for <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">tabligh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-khoja_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khoja-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large amount of his efforts were focused on the <a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-khoja_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khoja-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam_in_Western_Kenya">Islam in Western Kenya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islam in Western Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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.multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Islam in Kenya">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Islam_in_Kenya" title="Talk:Islam in Kenya">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Islam_in_Kenya##" title="Talk:Islam in Kenya">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Islam in Kenya">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Muslim traders introduced Islam to the western region between 1870 and 1885. The chief Mumia of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabongo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabongo (page does not exist)">Nabongo</a> accorded the Swahili traders warm welcome. During an interethnic war, the Muslims assisted Chief Mumia to overcome his enemies. In return, one <a href="/wiki/Eid_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid day">Eid</a> day, Chief Mumia, his family and officials of his court converted to Islam. Henceforth, Islam spread to the surrounding areas of <a href="/wiki/Kakamega" title="Kakamega">Kakamega</a>, Kisumu, Kisii and <a href="/wiki/Bungoma" title="Bungoma">Bungoma</a>. </p><p><b>The Influence and the new trends in Islamic outreach</b> Although the struggle for independence in Kenya was a very crucial time for all Kenyans, very little is documented on Muslim's participation. Given that there were Muslims involved in the negotiation for the inclusion of the Kadhi courts in the Independent Kenya's constitution, points to key Muslim involvement. </p><p>Events in the Muslim world from the nineteen-nineties, the experiences of crises and failures, power and success served as catalysts for the reassertion of Islam in public and private world, through a call for a return to true Islam. John Esposito sees the goal for the revivalisms as transformation of the society through Islamic formation of individuals at the grass roots (1999:20). </p><p>The growing religious revivalism in personal and public Islamic life, created awareness on Islamic beliefs, culminating to increased religious observance, building of mosques, prayer and fasting, proliferation of religious programming, publications, and emphasis on Islamic dress and values. Lately, Islamic reassertion in public life, like the quest for the upgrading of the Kadhi Courts in Kenya have not gone unnoticed (Esposito:1999:9). </p><p>Contemporary Islamic activisms are indebted to the ideology and organizational model of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhoods (Ikhwhan) led by Hassan al-Banna and <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>; and the Islamic Society <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-I-Islami</a> led by Mawlana Abul ala Mawdudi. Their ideas and methods of revivalism are observed in different parts of the world today. They blamed the west for misleading the Muslim leaders and the Muslim leaders for blindly following the European ways. </p><p>Whereas the <a href="/wiki/Qur%E2%80%99%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur’ān">Qur’ān</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> are fundamental, in responding to the demands and challenges of modernity, revival movements are crucial in spreading and restoring true Islam. Prolonged Muslim awareness has led to attraction to Islam, giving the converted a sense of pride. </p><p>Methods used in recent trends of Islamization, are two fold, some directed to the Muslims, and others reaching to non-Muslims. There has been increased social action, building of schools, health facilities, and relief food distribution. Moreover, proselytisation is carried out through print media, broadcasting, increased formation of Missionary organisations, and organisation of public debates (Mihadhara). Joseph M. Mutei, St. Paul's University, Kenya </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shia_Islam">Shia Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shia Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shi'a Islam in Kenya is represented primarily by a number of sects, who are largely the descendants of or influenced by Muslim traders from the Middle East and India who came to the East African coast for the either as indentured labourers or for the purposes of trade. The mainstream Shia IthnaAsheri sect is composed of Khojas who are of Indian descent and indigenous Kenyans. The Shia Ismaili sect is represented by Dawoodi Bohra, Mustaali Ismaili denomination and Khoja Ismailis, a Nizari Ismaili denomination both of Indian descent. Most of the Shia of Indian origin arrived in East Africa in the nineteenth century, primarily to landing in Zanzibar and Lamu. initially as traders, later branching into hardware and glass, and then into real estate and construction businesses. Today they are a vibrant part of the Kenyan economy in telecoms, information technology, manufacturing industry, logistics, import and export. Khoja Shia IthnaAsheris number some two thousand (Mombasa & Nairobi) and the indigenous Shia are thirty thousand (Nairobi, Mombasa, Nakuru & Lamu) most prominent amongst them is Shaykh <a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Nassir" title="Abdillahi Nassir">Abdillahi Nassir</a>, a Kenyan convert from Sunni to Shia Islam based in Mombasa and Seyyid Aidarus Alwy of Lamu. The Khoja Ismailia Community has a very small number and Dawoodi Bohra number some 6,500–8,000 in Kenya overall, with some 2,500 in Nairobi and under 3,000 in Mombasa. There are also some 200 members of a breakaway faction, the Progressive Dawoodi Bohra, in Nairobi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Muslims">Notable Muslims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Salih" title="Habib Salih">Habib Salih</a> – scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Muhammad_Latif_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Muhammad Latif Ansari">Khwaja Muhammad Latif Ansari</a> – scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekha_Ibrahim_Abdi" title="Dekha Ibrahim Abdi">Dekha Ibrahim Abdi</a> – activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hassan_Abdi" title="Yusuf Hassan Abdi">Yusuf Hassan Abdi</a> – politician, diplomat, social activist, journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_Balala" title="Najib Balala">Najib Balala</a> – politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Yusuf_Haji" title="Mohamed Yusuf Haji">Mohamed Yusuf Haji</a> – politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Korane" title="Ali Korane">Ali Korane</a> – politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Cockar" title="Abdul Majid Cockar">Abdul Majid Cockar</a> – lawyer, also served as Chief Justice of Kenya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Karim" class="mw-redirect" title="Asif Karim">Asif Karim</a> – cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragheb_Aga" title="Ragheb Aga">Ragheb Aga</a> – cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Karim" title="Irfan Karim">Irfan Karim</a> – cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ahmed" title="Omar Ahmed">Omar Ahmed</a> – boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehzana_Anwar" title="Shehzana Anwar">Shehzana Anwar</a> – archer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauda_Rajab" title="Sauda Rajab">Sauda Rajab</a> – businesswoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Salim" title="Rama Salim">Rama Salim</a> – footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh_Saleh_Sherman" title="Awadh Saleh Sherman">Awadh Saleh Sherman</a> – businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Mohamed" title="Amina Mohamed">Amina Mohamed</a> – politician</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Religion in Kenya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Census2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2019_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR">"2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics"</a>. <i>Kenya National Bureau of Statistics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World%E2%80%99s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Religious+Affiliation&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation%2F%23identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. August 9, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religious+%26+Public+life&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FTopics%2FReligious_Affiliation%2FMuslim%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nairobi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nairobi_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. <i>Nairobi Today. the Paradox of a Fragmented City</i>. African Books Collective, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9987-08-093-6" title="Special:BookSources/9987-08-093-6">9987-08-093-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9987-08-093-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9987-08-093-9">978-9987-08-093-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLX9n4fG5V8C&dq=dawoodi+bohra+democratic&pg=PA239">Pg 239</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dewani-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dewani_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewani_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dewani.ca/12ksi.pdf">"E-Book of 12 Personalities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>dewani.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dewani.ca&rft.atitle=E-Book+of+12+Personalities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dewani.ca%2F12ksi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khoja-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khoja_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khoja_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khoja_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khoja_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155656/http://80.68.93.64/boardsdesks/ica/news-a-reports-mainmenu-53/997-synopsis-of-the-khoja-shia-ithna-asheri?start=6">"Synopsis of the Khoja Shia Ithna Asheri – BILAL OF AFRICA"</a>. <i>coej.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://80.68.93.64/boardsdesks/ica/news-a-reports-mainmenu-53/997-synopsis-of-the-khoja-shia-ithna-asheri?start=6">the original</a> on 2015-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coej.org&rft.atitle=Synopsis+of+the+Khoja+Shia+Ithna+Asheri+%E2%80%93+BILAL+OF+AFRICA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F80.68.93.64%2Fboardsdesks%2Fica%2Fnews-a-reports-mainmenu-53%2F997-synopsis-of-the-khoja-shia-ithna-asheri%3Fstart%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salim:1973</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Batuta:5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quraishy:1987:154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trimingham:1983:53-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:53_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:53_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trimingham:1983:53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodhi:1994:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trimingham:1983:54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holway:1970:25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trimingham:1983:57-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:57_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:57_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trimingham:1983:57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quraishy:1987:174-275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacunza-Balda:1989:94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quraishy:1987:182-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quraishy:1987:182_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quraishy:1987:182_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quraishy:1987:182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trimingham:1983:59-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:59_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trimingham:1983:59_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trimingham:1983:59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quraishy:1987:193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieck2015" class="citation book cs1">Rieck, Andreas (2015). <i>The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority</i> (First ed.). p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190240967" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190240967"><bdi>978-0190240967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shias+of+Pakistan%3A+An+Assertive+and+Beleaguered+Minority&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0190240967&rft.aulast=Rieck&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=997695607X">Highlights of Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania (1965–1986)</a>, Page 6</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Angola" title="Islam in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burundi" title="Islam in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cape_Verde" title="Islam in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Islam in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Comoros" title="Islam in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Islam in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eswatini" title="Islam in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gabon" title="Islam in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Gambia" title="Islam in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea" title="Islam in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Islam in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Islam in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lesotho" title="Islam in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liberia" title="Islam in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Madagascar" title="Islam in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malawi" title="Islam in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritius" title="Islam in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mozambique" title="Islam in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Islam in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Seychelles" title="Islam in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan" title="Islam in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Togo" title="Islam in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda" title="Islam in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zambia" title="Islam in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zimbabwe" title="Islam in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mayotte" title="Islam in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Islam in Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Western_Sahara" title="Islam in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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