CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Islam in Bulgaria - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"20bc21dd-9341-472f-9912-93ef43039b6c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Islam_in_Bulgaria","wgTitle":"Islam in Bulgaria","wgCurRevisionId":1249976157,"wgRevisionId":1249976157,"wgArticleId":1274187,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)","CS1: abbreviated year range","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","Source attribution","CS1 maint: postscript","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2018","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Islam in Bulgaria"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage": "en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Islam_in_Bulgaria","wgRelevantArticleId":1274187,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1640601","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible", "mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/1200px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1043"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/800px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="695"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/640px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="556"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Islam in Bulgaria - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Islam_in_Bulgaria rootpage-Islam_in_Bulgaria skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Islam+in+Bulgaria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Islam+in+Bulgaria" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Islam+in+Bulgaria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Islam+in+Bulgaria" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contact_with_Islam_prior_to_the_Ottoman_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_with_Islam_prior_to_the_Ottoman_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Contact with Islam prior to the Ottoman conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_with_Islam_prior_to_the_Ottoman_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule_(1396–1878)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule_(1396–1878)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ottoman rule (1396–1878)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule_(1396–1878)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonisation_and_conversion_to_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonisation_and_conversion_to_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Colonisation and conversion to Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonisation_and_conversion_to_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Independence_(1878)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Independence_(1878)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Post-Independence (1878)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Independence_(1878)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Demographic indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Age structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religiosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religiosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religiosity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religiosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interfaith_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaith_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Interfaith relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaith_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education and income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religious infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Islamic dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Islamism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Bulgarian_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Bulgarian_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable Bulgarian Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Bulgarian_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Bulgaria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الإسلام في بلغاريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسلام في بلغاريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolqar%C4%B1standa_islam" title="Bolqarıstanda islam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bolqarıstanda islam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="বুলগেরিয়ায় ইসলাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুলগেরিয়ায় ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Болгарияла ислам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Болгарияла ислам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ислям в България – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ислям в България" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_i_Bulgarien" title="Islam i Bulgarien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Islam i Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgarien" title="Islam in Bulgarien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islam in Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اسلام در بلغارستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلام در بلغارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_en_Bulgarie" title="Islam en Bulgarie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islam en Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="保加利亞伊斯蘭教 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="保加利亞伊斯蘭教" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A8_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Իսլամը Բուլղարիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսլամը Բուլղարիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Bulgaria" title="Islam di Bulgaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islam di Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslam_%C3%AD_B%C3%BAlgar%C3%ADu" title="Íslam í Búlgaríu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íslam í Búlgaríu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Bulgaria" title="Islam di Bulgaria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islam di Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgarije" title="Islam in Bulgarije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Islam in Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%95%99" title="ブルガリアのイスラム教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルガリアのイスラム教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Ислам в Болгарии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ислам в Болгарии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_n%C3%AB_Bullgari" title="Islami në Bullgari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Islami në Bullgari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islam in Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_i_Bulgarien" title="Islam i Bulgarien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Islam i Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D3%99_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Болгариядә ислам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Болгариядә ислам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaristan%27da_%C4%B0slam" title="Bulgaristan'da İslam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulgaristan'da İslam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Іслам у Болгарії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іслам у Болгарії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o_t%E1%BA%A1i_Bulgaria" title="Hồi giáo tại Bulgaria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồi giáo tại Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="保加利亚伊斯兰教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保加利亚伊斯兰教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="保加利亚伊斯兰教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保加利亚伊斯兰教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1640601#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Islam_in_Bulgaria" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Islam_in_Bulgaria" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&oldid=1249976157" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Islam_in_Bulgaria&id=1249976157&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIslam_in_Bulgaria"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIslam_in_Bulgaria"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Islam_in_Bulgaria" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1640601" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/280px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/420px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/560px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.35em"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></b></span><br />by percentage of country population<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <table style="margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;border:none;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#002400; color:white;"> </span> 95–100%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#053905; color:white;"> </span> 90–95%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3c873c; color:black;"> </span> 50–55%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#56ad56; color:black;"> </span> 30–35%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#87c387; color:black;"> </span> 10–20%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a0cfa0; color:black;"> </span> 5–10%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein"> Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b8dbb8; color:black;"> </span> 4–5%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d0e7d0; color:black;"> </span> 2–4%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e8f3e8; color:black;"> </span> 1–2%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"> </span> < 1%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246112391">.mw-parser-output .sb-ibc img{background-color:white}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image sb-ibc"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/200px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/300px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/400px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">World percentage of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> by country</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Angola" title="Islam in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burundi" title="Islam in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cape_Verde" title="Islam in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Islam in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Comoros" title="Islam in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Islam in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eswatini" title="Islam in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gabon" title="Islam in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Gambia" title="Islam in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea" title="Islam in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Islam in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Islam in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Islam in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lesotho" title="Islam in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liberia" title="Islam in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Madagascar" title="Islam in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malawi" title="Islam in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritius" title="Islam in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mayotte" title="Islam in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Western_Sahara" title="Islam in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mozambique" title="Islam in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Islam in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Islam in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Seychelles" title="Islam in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan" title="Islam in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Togo" title="Islam in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda" title="Islam in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zambia" title="Islam in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zimbabwe" title="Islam in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Korea" title="Islam in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Maldives" title="Islam in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Americas" title="Islam in the Americas">Americas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Islam in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Argentina" title="Islam in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Barbados" title="Islam in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belize" title="Islam in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bolivia" title="Islam in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chile" title="Islam in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Colombia" title="Islam in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Costa_Rica" title="Islam in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cuba" title="Islam in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Dominica" title="Islam in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Islam in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_El_Salvador" title="Islam in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_French_Guiana" title="Islam in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Grenada" title="Islam in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guatemala" title="Islam in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guyana" title="Islam in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti" title="Islam in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Honduras" title="Islam in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jamaica" title="Islam in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico" title="Islam in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nicaragua" title="Islam in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Panama" title="Islam in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Paraguay" title="Islam in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Peru" title="Islam in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Islam in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Islam in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Islam in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Suriname" title="Islam in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uruguay" title="Islam in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Venezuela" title="Islam in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tatarstan" title="Islam in Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oceania" title="Islam in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Islam in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Fiji" title="Islam in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Islam in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Caledonia" title="Islam in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Islam in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palau" title="Islam in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Islam in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Samoa" title="Islam in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Islam in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tonga" title="Islam in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tuvalu" title="Islam in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vanuatu" title="Islam in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_by_country" title="Template talk:Islam by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jamia.jpg/220px-Jamia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jamia.jpg/330px-Jamia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jamia.jpg/440px-Jamia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in Taran</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Islam in Bulgaria</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">minority religion</a> and the second largest religion in the country after <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Christianity</a>. According to the 2021 Census, the total number of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> stood at 638,708<sup id="cite_ref-nsi2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsi2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corresponding to 9.8% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnically, Muslims in Bulgaria are <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Bulgarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Roma</a>, living mainly in parts of northeastern Bulgaria (mainly in <a href="/wiki/Razgrad_Province" title="Razgrad Province">Razgrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Targovishte_Province" title="Targovishte Province">Targovishte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shumen_Province" title="Shumen Province">Shumen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silistra_Province" title="Silistra Province">Silistra</a> Provinces) and in the <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope Mountains</a> (mainly in <a href="/wiki/Kardzhali_Province" title="Kardzhali Province">Kardzhali Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smolyan_Province" title="Smolyan Province">Smolyan Province</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-nsi2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsi2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">578,060</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1887</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">676,215</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1892</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">643,258</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">643,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">602,078</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−6.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">690,734</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">789,296</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1934</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">821,298</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">938,418</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1992</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,110,295</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+18.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">966,978</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−12.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">577,139</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−40.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">638,708</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">At the 2011 census answering the question for religion was not obligatory.<br />Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsi.bg/Census/StrReligion.htm">NSI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/en/lister.php?iid=DO-010000007&page=8">1881</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact_with_Islam_prior_to_the_Ottoman_conquest">Contact with Islam prior to the Ottoman conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contact with Islam prior to the Ottoman conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first documented Bulgarian contact with the Muslim world was in the early 700s, when Khan <a href="/wiki/Tervel_of_Bulgaria" title="Tervel of Bulgaria">Tervel of Bulgaria</a> helped the Byzantines break the Arab siege of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, after his army reportedly slaid some 22,000 enemy soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two centuries afterwards, enmity turned into mutual collaboration, as Bulgaria under <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Tsar Simeon I</a> and the Arabs coordinated their attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> multiple times.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_1993_21–22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris_1993_21–22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, Bulgarian art started exhibiting some Islamic influence, probably mediated by the Byzantines.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_1993_21–22_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris_1993_21–22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on, in the mid 1200s, a group of <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> is thought to have settled in <a href="/wiki/North_Dobruja" class="mw-redirect" title="North Dobruja">North Dobruja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-runciman1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runciman1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>, the Turkomans colonised the Black Sea coast between the Bulgarian border and Babadag further north.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, part of them returned to Anatolia, while the rest adopted Christianity and are thought to be probable ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is debate whether this settlement ever really happened, as some scholars believe it to have the characteristics of a folk legend.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholarly consensus holds that the first Muslim communities in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>, including Bulgaria, appeared in the late fourteenth century, as the peninsula gradually fell under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaIslam_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaIslam-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buturovic_2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buturovic_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BalkanIslam_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BalkanIslam-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule_(1396–1878)"><span id="Ottoman_rule_.281396.E2.80.931878.29"></span>Ottoman rule (1396–1878)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule (1396–1878)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottoman Empire conquered the last independent piece of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Vidin" title="Tsardom of Vidin">Tsardom of Vidin</a>, in 1396 (or, as some historians hypothesise, in 1422), and Bulgaria remained under Ottoman and Islamic rule for almost five centuries. Christians in the Ottoman Empire were treated as second-class citizens, i.e., as <a href="/wiki/Dhimmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimmis">dhimmis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Majid_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majid-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were often called <a href="/wiki/Giaour" title="Giaour">giaour</a>, meaning "infidel" as an offensive term.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the conquered land was parcelled out to the Sultan's followers, who held it as benefices or fiefs (small ones <a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a>, medium ones <a href="/wiki/Zeamet" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeamet">zeamet</a> and large ones <a href="/wiki/Hass_(Ottoman)" title="Hass (Ottoman)">hass</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse101_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse101-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was meant to make the army self-sufficient and to continuously increase the number of Ottoman cavalry soldiers, thus both fueling new conquests and bringing conquered countries under direct Ottoman control.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christians paid disproportionately higher taxes than Muslims, including the poll tax, <a href="/wiki/Jizye" class="mw-redirect" title="Jizye">jizye</a>, in lieu of military service.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to İnalcık, jizye was the single most important source of income (48 per cent) to the Ottoman budget, with <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> accounting for the lion's share, or 81 per cent of the revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the early 1600, almost all land had been divided into estates (<a href="/wiki/Arpalik" title="Arpalik">arpalik</a>) granted to senior Ottoman dignitaries as a form of <a href="/wiki/Tax_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farming">tax farming</a>, which created conditions for severe exploitation of taxpayers by unscrupulous land holders.<sup id="cite_ref-Somel2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somel2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Radishev, overtaxation became a particularly poignant issue after jizye collection in most of the country was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Six Divisions of Cavalry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bulgarians also paid a number of other taxes, including a tithe ("yushur"), a land tax ("ispench"), a levy on commerce, and various irregularly collected taxes, products and corvees ("avariz"). As a rule, the overall tax burden of the <a href="/wiki/Rayah" title="Rayah">rayah</a> (i.e., Non-Muslims), was twice as high as that of Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christians faced a number of other restrictions: they were barred from testifying against Muslims in inter-faith legal disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though they were free to perform their own religious rituals, this had to be done in a manner that was inconscpicuous to Muslims, i.e., loud prayers or bell ringing were forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not permitted to build or repair churches without Muslim consent.<sup id="cite_ref-World_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were barred from certain professions, from riding horses, from wearing certain colours or from carrying weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-́gostonMasters2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-́gostonMasters2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balakian_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balakian-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their houses and churches could not be taller than Muslim ones.<sup id="cite_ref-́gostonMasters2010_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-́gostonMasters2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akçam_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akçam-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg/259px-Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg/389px-Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg/519px-Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of an Ottoman official and his assistant registering Christian boys for the devshirme. The official takes a tax to cover the price of the boys' new red clothes and the cost of transport from their home, while the assistant records their village, district and province, parentage, date of birth and physical appearance. Ottoman miniature painting, 1558.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Nevertheless, there were specific categories of <a href="/wiki/Rayah" title="Rayah">rayah</a> who were exempt from nearly all such restrictions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dervendjis" title="Dervendjis">Dervendjis</a>, who guarded important passes, roads, bridges, etc., ore-mining centres such as <a href="/wiki/Chiprovtsi" title="Chiprovtsi">Chiprovtsi</a>, etc. Some of the most important Bulgarian culutural and economic centres in the 19th century owe their development to a former dervendji status, for example, <a href="/wiki/Gabrovo" title="Gabrovo">Gabrovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dryanovo" title="Dryanovo">Dryanovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalofer" title="Kalofer">Kalofer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte" title="Panagyurishte">Panagyurishte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotel,_Bulgaria" title="Kotel, Bulgaria">Kotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zheravna" title="Zheravna">Zheravna</a>. Similarly, Christians living on <a href="/wiki/Wakf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakf">wakf</a> holdings were subject to lower tax burden and fewer restrictions. </p><p>Probably the worst practice Christian Bulgarians were subjected to was the <i><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">devşirme</a></i>, or blood tax, where the healthiest and brightest Christian boys were taken from their families, enslaved, converted to Islam and later employed either in the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> military corps or the Ottoman administrative system. The boys were picked from one in forty households.<sup id="cite_ref-Itzkowitz_2008_p.50_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itzkowitz_2008_p.50-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had to be unmarried and, once taken, were ordered to cut all ties with their family.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarence-Smith_2020_p._493_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarence-Smith_2020_p._493-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian parents resented the forced recruitment of their children,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mansel_2011_p._26_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansel_2011_p._26-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would beg and seek to buy their children out of the levy. Sources mention different ways to avoid the devshirme such as: marrying the boys at the age of 12, mutilating them or having both father and son convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1565, the practice led to a revolt in Albania and Epirus, where the inhabitants killed the recruiting officials.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarence-Smith_2020_p._493_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarence-Smith_2020_p._493-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonisation_and_conversion_to_Islam">Colonisation and conversion to Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonisation and conversion to Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islam in Bulgaria spread through both colonisation with Muslims from Asia Minor and conversion of native Bulgarians. The Ottomans' mass population transfers began in the late 1300s and continued well into the 1500s. Most of these, but far from all, were invountary. The first community settled in present-day Bulgaria was made up of Tatars who willingly arrived to begin a settled life as farmers, the second one a tribe of nomads that had run afoul of the Ottoman administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Barkan_1953–54_211–212_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barkan_1953–54_211–212-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both groups settled in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Thracian_Plain" title="Upper Thracian Plain">Upper Thracian Plain</a>, in the vicinity of Plovdiv. Another large group of Tatars was moved by Mehmed I to Thrace in 1418, followed by the relocation of more than 1000 <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> families to Northeastern Bulgaria in the 1490s.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barkan_1953–54_211–212_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barkan_1953–54_211–212-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, there are records of at least two forced relocations of Bulgarians to Anatolia, one right after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a> and a second one to <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> in the mid-1400s.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of this "mixing of peoples" was to quell any unrest in the conquered Balkan states, while simultaneously getting rid of troublemakers in the Ottoman backyard in Anatolia. </p><p>Nevertheless, the Ottomans never pursued or practiced forced Islamisation of the Bulgarian population, as had earlier been claimed by Communist Bulgarian historiography. According to scholarly consensus, conversion to Islam was voluntary as it offered Bulgarians religious and economic benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missionary activities of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervish</a></i> orders resulted in mass conversions to Islam; though many converts retained Christian practices such as <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, celebration of Christian holidays etc.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim population in Bulgaria was a combination of indigenous converts to Islam, and Muslims originating outside the Balkans. Most urban areas gradually became Muslim majority, whereas rural areas remained overwhelmingly Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in some cases, adopting Islam can be said to be the result of tax coercion. While some authors have argued that other factors, such as desire to retain social status, were of greater importance, Turkish writer <a href="/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k" title="Halil İnalcık">Halil İnalcık</a> has referred to the desire to stop paying jizya as a primary incentive for conversion to Islam in the Balkans, and Bulgarian Anton Minkov has argued that it was one among several motivating factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Tramontana_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tramontana-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two large-scale studies of the causes of adoption of Islam in Bulgaria, one of the <a href="/wiki/Chepino_Valley" title="Chepino Valley">Chepino Valley</a> by Dutch Ottomanist <a href="/wiki/Machiel_Kiel" title="Machiel Kiel">Machiel Kiel</a>, and another one of the region of <a href="/wiki/Gotse_Delchev" title="Gotse Delchev">Gotse Delchev</a> in the Western Rhodopes by Evgeni Radushev reveal a complex set of factors behind the process. These include: pre-existing high population density owing to the late inclusion of the two mountainous regions in the Ottoman system of taxation; immigration of Christian Bulgarians from lowland regions to avoid taxation throughout the 1400s; the relative poverty of the regions; early introduction of local Christian Bulgarians to Islam through contacts with nomadic <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a>; the nearly constant Ottoman conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Habsburgs</a> from the mid-1500s to the early 1700s; the resulting massive war expenses that led to a sixfold increase in the jizya rate from 1574 to 1691 and the imposition of a war-time <a href="/wiki/Avariz" class="mw-redirect" title="Avariz">avariz</a> tax; the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> in the 1600s that caused crop failures and widespread famine; heavy corruption and overtaxation by local landholders—all of which led to a slow, but steady process of Islamisation until the mid-1600s when the tax burden becomes so unbearable that most of the remaining Christians either converted en masse or left for lowland areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Radishev_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radishev-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kiel_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiel-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of these factors, the population of Ottoman Bulgaria is presumed to have dropped twofold from a peak of approx. 1.8 million (1.2 million Christians and 0.6 million Muslims) in the 1580s to approx. 0.9 million in the 1680s (450,000 Christians and 450,000 Muslims) after growing steadily from a base of approx. 600,000 (450,000 Christians and 150,000 Muslims) in the 1450s.<sup id="cite_ref-Boykov_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boykov-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottoman Empire's greatest advantage compared to other colonial powers, the <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> system and the autonomy each denomination had within legal, confessional, cultural and family matters, nevertheless, largely did not apply to Bulgarians and most other Orthodox peoples on the Balkans, as the independent <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Patriarchate">Bulgarian Patriarchate</a> was abolished, and all Bulgarian Orthodox dioceses were subjected to the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarch">Ecumenical Patriarch</a> in Constantinople. Thus, instead of helping Christian Bulgarians maintain their customs and cultural identity, the millet system actually promoted their annihilation. Bulgarian ceased to be a literary language, the higher clergy was invariable Greek, and the <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a> started making persistent efforts to hellenise Bulgarians as early as the early 1700s. It was only after the struggle for church autonomy in the mid-1800s and especially after the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a> was established by a <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a> of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a> in 1870 that this mistake was corrected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Independence_(1878)"><span id="Post-Independence_.281878.29"></span>Post-Independence (1878)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Independence (1878)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">1878 Treaty of Berlin</a>, five sanjaks of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube Vilayet</a>—Vidin, Veliko Tarnovo, Ruse, Sofia and Varna—were united into the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a>, putting Bulgaria again on the political map of Europe after five centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KoyuncuBerlin_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KoyuncuBerlin-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1875 Ottoman salname, the pre-war Muslim populations of the Principality stood at 405,450 males, or a total of 810,910 people, and accounted for 39.2% of the Principality's population.<sup id="cite_ref-Koyuncu3_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koyuncu3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Muslims were so-called "Established Muslims", i.e., Turks and Pomaks, but there were also substantial minorities of <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Bulgaria" title="Circassians in Bulgaria">Circassian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Crimean Tatar</a> Muhacir and Romani.<sup id="cite_ref-Koyuncu3_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koyuncu3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a rule, Bulgarian governments after 1878 worked to ensure the freedom of conscience and worship of all non-Bulgarian and non-Christian citizens<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Muslims retained the right to administer their schools and houses of worship and kept considerable autonomy in intraconfessional matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims fought in the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a> of 1885 (and all of Bulgaria's subsequent wars except for the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan wars">Balkan wars</a> and earned widespread respect as well as a high number of medals for bravery in action).<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton1_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though there were no ethnic Turkish or Muslim parties, every single national assembly until Bulgaria's occupation by the Soviet Union in 1944 had Turkish and Muslim MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhelyzkova_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhelyzkova-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosques and imams were funded by the state budget.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhelyzkova_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhelyzkova-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Principality expanded somewhat after the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> when the largely-Muslim Rhodopes and Western Thrace regions were incorporated into the country. The <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> was accompanied by forced Christianization of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Bulgarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Bulgarians">Muslim Bulgarians</a> settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_126_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_126-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atrocious act was repealed immediately by the new government elected after the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton1_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the practitioners of other beliefs including <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox Christians</a>, Muslims suffered under the restriction of <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Zhivkov</a> regime which instituted <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> and suppressed religious communities. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgarian communist regimes</a> declared Islam and other religions to be "<a href="/wiki/Opium_of_the_people" title="Opium of the people">opium of the people</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, 310,000<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 360,000<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_127_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_127-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people fled to Turkey as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Zhivkov</a> regime's assimilation campaign;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, 154,937 of them returned in the months after the fall of Zhivkov's regime in November 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakar_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakar-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-International_Migration_Review_Vol_1992_pp._342-352_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Migration_Review_Vol_1992_pp._342-352-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program, which began in 1984, forced all Turks and other Muslims in Bulgaria to adopt <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian names</a> and renounce all Muslim customs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motivation of the 1984 assimilation campaign was unclear; however, many experts believed that the disproportion between the birth rates of the Turks and the Bulgarians was a major factor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event became known as "the revival process" or "the renaming." According to Bulgarian historian and human rights activist Antonina Zhelyazkova, additional 30,000 to 60,000 Muslims emigrated to Turkey between 1990 and 1996 because of the prolonged economic crisis in Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhelyzkova_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhelyzkova-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_127_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_127-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vezhdi-Razhidov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Vezhdi-Razhidov.jpg/220px-Vezhdi-Razhidov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Vezhdi-Razhidov.jpg/330px-Vezhdi-Razhidov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Vezhdi-Razhidov.jpg/440px-Vezhdi-Razhidov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>The Speaker of the 48th National Assembly, Vezhdi Rashidov</figcaption></figure> <p>Muslims in Bulgaria have enjoyed greater religious freedom after the fall of the Zhivkov regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New mosques have been built in many cities and villages; one village built a new church and a new mosque side by side.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some villages organized Quran study courses for young people (study of the Quran had been completely forbidden under Zhivkov). Muslims also began publishing their own newspaper, <i>Miusiulmani</i>, in both Bulgarian and Turkish.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, sculptor <a href="/wiki/Vezhdi_Rashidov" title="Vezhdi Rashidov">Vezhdi Rashidov</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Bulgaria" title="Chairperson of the National Assembly of Bulgaria">Speaker</a> of the 48th <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly</a>, the highest official position ever held by a Muslim in Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2011 census, there were 638,708 Muslims in Bulgaria, who accounted for 9.8% of the population of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-NSI3_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSI3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2014 estimates, almost one million Muslims live in Bulgaria, forming the largest Muslim minority in any EU country (percentage-wise, not in absolute numbers).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2017 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 15% of Bulgaria's population is Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all Muslims in Bulgaria are Bulgarian citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Bulgaria_per_Province.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Bulgaria_per_Province.svg/220px-Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Bulgaria_per_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Bulgaria_per_Province.svg/330px-Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Bulgaria_per_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Bulgaria_per_Province.svg/440px-Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Bulgaria_per_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Muslims in Bulgaria</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 2021 census, 40 out of a total of 266 Bulgarian municipalities had a Muslim majority and three additional municipalities had a Muslim plurality, or one more than in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two municipalities with a Muslim population over 90 percent: the <a href="/wiki/Sarnitsa_Municipality" title="Sarnitsa Municipality">Sarnitsa Municipality</a> with a Muslim population of 96.4% and the <a href="/wiki/Chernoochene_Municipality" title="Chernoochene Municipality">Chernoochene Municipality</a> with a Muslim population of 90.8%. Practically all municipalities with a Muslim majority are small and very small and generally rural. The exception, and the only provincial capital municipality with a Muslim majority, is the <a href="/wiki/Kardzhali_Municipality" title="Kardzhali Municipality">Kardzhali Municipality</a>. All municipalities with a Muslim majority or plurality are listed below. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Muslims by municipality in 2021<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="44">Municipality </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Population (2021 census) </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Muslims (2021 census) </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">% of the total population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarnitsa_Municipality" title="Sarnitsa Municipality">Sarnitsa Municipality</a></td> <td>4,732</td> <td>4,561</td> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;"><b>96.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chernoochene_Municipality" title="Chernoochene Municipality">Chernoochene Municipality</a></td> <td>7,775</td> <td>7,059</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>90.8%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dospat_Municipality" title="Dospat Municipality">Dospat Municipality</a></td> <td>7,510</td> <td>6,570</td> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;"><b>87.5%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Satovcha_Municipality" title="Satovcha Municipality">Satovcha Municipality</a></td> <td>13,422</td> <td>11,731</td> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;"><b>87.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudozem" title="Rudozem">Rudozem Municipality</a></td> <td>8,674</td> <td>7,270</td> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;"><b>83.8%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ardino_Municipality" title="Ardino Municipality">Ardino Municipality</a></td> <td>11,138</td> <td>9,370</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>82.8%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruen_Municipality" title="Ruen Municipality">Ruen Municipality</a></td> <td>26,385</td> <td>21,753</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>82.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaolinovo_Municipality" title="Kaolinovo Municipality">Kaolinovo Municipality</a></td> <td>10,519</td> <td>8,579</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>81.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yakoruda_Municipality" title="Yakoruda Municipality">Yakoruda Municipality</a></td> <td>9,581</td> <td>7,722</td> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;"><b>80.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madan,_Smolyan_Province" title="Madan, Smolyan Province">Madan Municipality</a></td> <td>10,062</td> <td>7,870</td> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;"><b>78.2%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zavet_Municipality" title="Zavet Municipality">Zavet Municipality</a></td> <td>8,049</td> <td>6,189</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>76.9%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belitsa_Municipality" title="Belitsa Municipality">Belitsa Municipality</a></td> <td>9,206</td> <td>6,990</td> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;"><b>75.9%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loznitsa_Municipality" title="Loznitsa Municipality">Loznitsa Municipality</a></td> <td>7,699</td> <td>5,748</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>74.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omurtag_Municipality" title="Omurtag Municipality">Omurtag Municipality</a></td> <td>16,114</td> <td>11,934</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>73.9%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Momchilgrad_Municipality" title="Momchilgrad Municipality">Momchilgrad Municipality</a></td> <td>14,353</td> <td>10,464</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>72.9%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dzhebel_Municipality" title="Dzhebel Municipality">Dzhebel Municipality</a></td> <td>8,357</td> <td>6,067</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>72.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hitrino_Municipality" title="Hitrino Municipality">Hitrino Municipality</a></td> <td>5,654</td> <td>4,016</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>71.0%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opaka_Municipality" title="Opaka Municipality">Opaka Municipality</a></td> <td>5,487</td> <td>3,878</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>70.7%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dulovo_Municipality" title="Dulovo Municipality">Dulovo Municipality</a></td> <td>24,201</td> <td>17,050</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>70.5%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Varbitsa_Municipality" title="Varbitsa Municipality">Varbitsa Municipality</a></td> <td>7,724</td> <td>5,433</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>70.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venets_Municipality" title="Venets Municipality">Venets Municipality</a></td> <td>6,103</td> <td>4,298</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>70.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Garmen_Municipality" title="Garmen Municipality">Garmen Municipality</a></td> <td>14,861</td> <td>10,456</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>70.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krumovgrad_Municipality" title="Krumovgrad Municipality">Krumovgrad Municipality</a></td> <td>16,909</td> <td>11,734</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>69.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaynardzha_Municipality" title="Kaynardzha Municipality">Kaynardzha Municipality</a></td> <td>3,950</td> <td>2,731</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>62.1%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Municipality" title="Samuil Municipality">Samuil Municipality</a></td> <td>5,885</td> <td>4,046</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>68.8%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borino" title="Borino">Borino Municipality</a></td> <td>2,493</td> <td>1,711</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>68.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirkovo_Municipality" title="Kirkovo Municipality">Kirkovo Municipality</a></td> <td>20,442</td> <td>14,009</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>68.5%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kardzhali_Municipality" title="Kardzhali Municipality">Kardzhali Municipality</a></td> <td>6,664</td> <td>3,250</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>68.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isperih_Municipality" title="Isperih Municipality">Isperih Municipality</a></td> <td>19,138</td> <td>12,961</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>67.7%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stambolovo_Municipality" title="Stambolovo Municipality">Stambolovo Municipality</a></td> <td>5,458</td> <td>3,523</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>64.5%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glavinitsa_Municipality" title="Glavinitsa Municipality">Glavinitsa Municipality</a></td> <td>8,864</td> <td>5,706</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>64.5%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonovo_Municipality" title="Antonovo Municipality">Antonovo Municipality</a></td> <td>4,606</td> <td>2,930</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>63.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Kaloyan_Municipality" title="Tsar Kaloyan Municipality">Tsar Kaloyan Municipality</a></td> <td>4,569</td> <td>2,810</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>61.5%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vetovo_Municipality" title="Vetovo Municipality">Vetovo Municipality</a></td> <td>9,952</td> <td>5,591</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>56.2%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kubrat_Municipality" title="Kubrat Municipality">Kubrat Municipality</a></td> <td>14,228</td> <td>7,891</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>55.5%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krushari_Municipality" title="Krushari Municipality">Krushari Municipality</a></td> <td>3,146</td> <td>1,678</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>53.3%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Kozlevo_Municipality" title="Nikola Kozlevo Municipality">Nikola Kozlevo Municipality</a></td> <td>5,262</td> <td>2,783</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>52.9%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sitovo_Municipality" title="Sitovo Municipality">Sitovo Municipality</a></td> <td>4,533</td> <td>2,391</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>52.5%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tervel_Municipality" title="Tervel Municipality">Tervel Municipality</a></td> <td>11,951</td> <td>6,166</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>51.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mineralni_Bani_Municipality" title="Mineralni Bani Municipality">Mineralni Bani Municipality</a></td> <td>5,520</td> <td>2,820</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><b>51.1%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Slivo_Pole_Municipality" title="Slivo Pole Municipality">Slivo Pole Municipality</a></i></td> <td><i>8,552</i></td> <td><i>3,850</i></td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><i><b>45.0%</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dalgopol_Municipality" title="Dalgopol Municipality">Dalgopol Municipality</a></i></td> <td><i>12,208</i></td> <td><i>5,071</i></td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><i><b>41.5%</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rakitovo_Municipality" title="Rakitovo Municipality">Rakitovo Municipality</a></i></td> <td><i>13,490</i></td> <td><i>4,737</i></td> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;"><i><b>35.1%</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bulgaria (country)</th> <th>6,519,789</th> <th>638,708</th> <th><b>9.8%</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11"><div style="font-size:85%;">Blue colour designates a Muslim Turkish-majority municipality, red colour a Muslim Bulgarian-majority municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Italics designates plurality.</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_indicators">Demographic indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographic indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muslims in Bulgaria have slightly better demographic indicators compared to the Orthodox Christians in Bulgaria. The reason for this difference is mostly because of ethnicity: most Muslims in Bulgaria are Turks and Roma (and to a much lesser extent ethnic Bulgarians) and those ethnic groups live mainly in rural areas; they have different reproductive traditions and they have a younger age structure compared to the ethnic Bulgarians which leads to higher fertility and birth rates. In provinces with large Muslim concentrations, birth rates are a little bit higher while death rates are lower than the country average. For example: Bulgaria had a total birth rate of 10.5‰ in 1992 while Muslims formed about 13 percent of the total population. However, in provinces with large Muslim populations the birth rate ranged from in 11.0‰ in Smolyan and 11.6‰ in Silistra to 13.1‰ in Razgrad (>50 percent Muslim) and 14.7‰ in Kardzhali (about 70 percent Muslim). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_structure">Age structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Age structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="400px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="19">Population by age group as of 2011 census<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ethnic group</td> <td>Total</td> <td>0–9</td> <td>10–19</td> <td>20–29</td> <td>30–39</td> <td>40–49</td> <td>50–59</td> <td>60–69</td> <td>70–79</td> <td>80+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>All respondents </i></td> <td>5,758,301</td> <td>411,866</td> <td>504,233</td> <td>745,756</td> <td>847,944</td> <td>811,658</td> <td>841,576</td> <td>794,105</td> <td>546,980</td> <td>254,183 </td></tr> <tr> <td>of which <b>Muslims</b></td> <td><b>577,139</b></td> <td><b>47,605</b></td> <td><b>66,881</b></td> <td><b>87,592</b></td> <td><b>88,066</b></td> <td><b>86,266</b></td> <td><b>82,477</b></td> <td><b>65,432</b></td> <td><b>39,403</b></td> <td><b>13,417</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Share of all respondents (%)</td> <td><b>10.0</b></td> <td><b>11.6</b></td> <td><b>13.3</b></td> <td><b>11.7</b></td> <td><b>10.4</b></td> <td><b>10.6</b></td> <td><b>9.8</b></td> <td><b>8.2</b></td> <td><b>7.2 </b></td> <td><b>5.3</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Muslims constituted about 10 percent of all respondents in the 2011 census, but they formed around 12 percent of all respondents aged under thirty and less than 7 percent of all respondents aged seventy or more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turcy_w_obwodach_Bulgarii.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Turcy_w_obwodach_Bulgarii.png/220px-Turcy_w_obwodach_Bulgarii.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Turcy_w_obwodach_Bulgarii.png/330px-Turcy_w_obwodach_Bulgarii.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Turcy_w_obwodach_Bulgarii.png/440px-Turcy_w_obwodach_Bulgarii.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Turkish population in Bulgaria</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 2021 census, Muslims in Bulgaria are divided into the following ethnicities: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Turks</a> with 447,893 respondents, or 88.1% of all ethnic Turks, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Bulgarians</a> with 107,777 respondents, or 2.1% of all ethnic Bulgarians and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Romani</a> with 45,817 respondents, or 17.2 of all ethnic Romani.<sup id="cite_ref-NSI3_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSI3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bulgarian Turks live in the provinces of Kardzhali, Razgrad, Targovishte, Shumen, Silistra, Dobrich, Ruse and Burgas. They are most primarily a rural population. Muslim Bulgarians primarily live in the <a href="/wiki/Rhodopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodopes">Rhodopes</a>, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Smolyan_Province" title="Smolyan Province">Smolyan Province</a>, the municipalities of Satovcha, Yakoruda, Belitsa, Garmen, Gotse Delchev in the <a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province" title="Blagoevgrad Province">Blagoevgrad Province</a>, the municipality of Velingrad in the <a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik_Province" title="Pazardzhik Province">Pazardzhik Province</a>, and the municipalities of Ardino, Kirkovo and Krumovgrad in the <a href="/wiki/Kardzhali_Province" title="Kardzhali Province">Kardzhali Province</a>, where however the majority of the population is made up of ethnic Turks. Muslim Romani live in the <a href="/wiki/Shumen_Province" title="Shumen Province">Shumen Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sliven_Province" title="Sliven Province">Sliven Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobrich_Province" title="Dobrich Province">Dobrich Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Targovishte_Province" title="Targovishte Province">Targovishte Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik_Province" title="Pazardzhik Province">Pazardzhik Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv_Province" title="Plovdiv Province">Plovdiv Province</a>. </p><p>Tatar Muslims live in northeastern Bulgaria and the small Arab diaspora is based mainly in the capital, Sofia.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2015_142_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2015_142-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a December 2011 New Bulgarian University survey of Muslims in Bulgaria, roughly 64% identified as Turks, 10.1% identified as Pomaks, and 7.0% identified as Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-Hürriyet_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hürriyet-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div> <p>According to the 2011 Bulgarian census 94.6% of Muslims in Bulgaria were <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a>, 4.75% were <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, and 0.65% were Muslims without further specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a small <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> presence in Bulgaria, but they are not counted on the census.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religiosity">Religiosity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religiosity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banya_Bashi_Mosque_(37849692391).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg/250px-Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg/375px-Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg/500px-Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="2838" /></a><figcaption>The 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque" title="Banya Bashi Mosque">Banya Bashi Mosque</a> is located in the centre of the capital <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> right next to several churches and the Sofia synagogue and adjoins the buildings of the Council of Ministers and the Presidency.</figcaption></figure> <p>Evgenia Ivanova of the <a href="/wiki/New_Bulgarian_University" title="New Bulgarian University">New Bulgarian University</a> stated in 2011 that "religion is not of primary importance to Bulgaria's Muslims." The New Bulgarian University conducted a survey of 1.850 Muslims in Bulgaria, which found that 48.6% described themselves as religious, 28.5% of which were very religious. Approximately 41% never went to a mosque and 59.3% did not pray at home. Only 0.5% believed that disputes should be resolved using Islamic Sharia law and 79.6% said that wearing a veil in school was "unacceptable." 50,4% of the respondents said cohabitation without marriage was "acceptable" (41,9% said "nonacceptable" and 7,6% refused to answer), 39.8% ate pork and 43.3% drank alcohol. On the contrary, 88% of respondents said they circumcised their boys and 96% observed Muslim burial practices for their relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Hürriyet_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hürriyet-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, 33% of Bulgarian Muslims responded that religion is "very important" in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same survey found that 7% of Bulgarian Muslims pray all five <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">salah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 22% attend mosque at least once a week,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 6% read <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> at least once a week.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the socialist period of Bulgaria's history, most Muslims did not have access to halal food. In contemporary Bulgaria, the notion of halal food is only slowly re-appearing and only a few Muslims adhere to dietary restrictions. The majority of Muslims in Bulgaria who adhere to halal food restrictions are recent Arab immigrants to the country. In supermarkets, there are no signs indicating whether food is halal.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_136_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_136-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Few Bulgarian Muslim women wear traditional Islamic dress of any kind, such as headscarves, and most who do live in the rural parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 February 2013, the regional muftiate in Shumen organized a Sufi music concert, announced to be the first of its kind, because of the participation of a unique male choir consisting of 22 Sufi singers trained in Todor Ikonomovo village. The event was honoured by the Chief Mufti, the Head of the Supreme Muslim Council Shabanali Ahmed, diplomats from the Turkish Embassy in Sofia and other distinguished guests.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_142_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_142-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the council of Ministers granted a day's holiday for Mawlid, two days for Eid al-Fitr, and three for Eid al-Adha.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Eid al-Adha, 2,500 packages of meat were distributed to people in need by the Chief Muftiate. The same year, the Chief Muftiate organized campaigns to help provide food and shelter to Syrian refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_136_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_136-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2014, the Muftiate launched a campaign during Eid al-Adha to donate packages of meat 30,000 families of any religion.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Ashura, the Muftiate and representatives of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church distributed thousands of portions of Ashure for the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2015_140_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2015_140-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfaith_relations">Interfaith relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Interfaith relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1989, the Muftiate has made effort to expand interreligious relations between Muslims and religious groups in Bulgaria. In 2013, Muslims helped in the repair of a church in <a href="/wiki/Dryanovets,_Dobrich_Province" title="Dryanovets, Dobrich Province">Dyranovets</a>. Teachers and pupils from Muslim religious schools meet with their Christian counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Bulgarian scholar and writer Aziz Nazmi Shakir, the relations between the local Muslim and Jewish communities are "rather positive."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2013, during Limmud week, the Bulgarian Jewish community organized in Bansko a scientific discussion dedicated to "The Personality of Moses in the Discourses of the Monotheistic Religions" attended by the Deputy Chief Mufti Miimiin Birali, Rabbi Aaron Zerbib, Pastor Evgeniy Naydenov and Father Petko Valov, the representative of the Catholic Apostolic Exarchate.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_140_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_140-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, during Ramadan, United States Ambassador Marcie Ries organized an iftar to which the Chief Mufti Mustafa Alish, the head of the Central Israelite Spiritual Council Robert Jerassy and the president of the United Evangelical Churches Nikolay Nedelev were invited. On 23 May and 8 June 2013, Christian and Muslim women held a charity bazaar (selling prayer beads, clothing, accessories, paintings, etc.) in the square behind Banya Bashi Mosque aimed at providing financial support for the Centre for Medical Care and "St. Ivan Rilski" Nursery in Sofia. In recent years, the Students' Council at the Higher Islamic Institute and the Chief Muftiate, in cooperation with Central Israelite Spiritual Council, the Theological Faculty at Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridski", the organisation of the Jews in Bulgaria "Shalom" and "Ethnopalitra" Foundation have organized interreligious discussions and public lectures dedicated to the philosophical, historical and political relations between the monotheistic religions, hosted by the Media Cultural Centre of the Chief Muftiate.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_140_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_140-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chief Mufti met with the <a href="/wiki/Neophyte_of_Bulgaria" title="Neophyte of Bulgaria">Neophyte of Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anselmo_Guido_Pecorari" title="Anselmo Guido Pecorari">Anselmo Guido Pecorari</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_income">Education and income</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education and income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General-Mufti-office-Bulgaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/General-Mufti-office-Bulgaria.jpg/170px-General-Mufti-office-Bulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/General-Mufti-office-Bulgaria.jpg/255px-General-Mufti-office-Bulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/General-Mufti-office-Bulgaria.jpg/340px-General-Mufti-office-Bulgaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>General Mufti's Office of Bulgaria</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria#End_of_the_People's_Republic" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">transition to capitalism</a> after the 1990 fall of socialist government, Muslim communities suffered disproportionately. Numerous Muslim enterprises were shut down and the low economic status of Muslims was exacerbated by the lack of education and poor infrastructure in the rural parts of the country. A 2001 study by sociologists under the leadership of Ivan Szelenyi from Yale University concluded that poverty and severe economic crisis affected Muslims and Roma in Bulgaria the most. Sociologists have since used the term "<a href="/wiki/Ethnicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnicization">ethnicization</a>" to describe the widening of the economic status gap negatively affecting several minority communities in Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research also shows that educational problems faced by minorities creates <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> and magnifies negative stereotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-cesari_2014_573_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cesari_2014_573-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_infrastructure">Religious infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religious infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muslims are represented in the public arena by the Chief Muftiate. In 2013, the Provisional Prime Minister Marin Raykov visited the Muftiate. During his visit, Raykov stated that Muslims were an integral part of the nation and promised "the wounds of the past will not be exploited." Officially, the Bulgarian Muslim community is called the <i>Мюсюлманско изповедание</i> (Muslim Denomination). Administration is controlled by the <i>Висш духовен съвет</i> (Supreme Muslim Council), which has 30 members. The core institution, of the Supreme Muslim Council is the <i>Главно мюфтийство</i> (Chief Muftiate), which has 20 departments including Hajj, education, and public relations. There are also 21 regional muftiates.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_130_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_130-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current Chief Mufti of Bulgaria is Mustafa Hadzhi, who was reelected in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ekrem Hakki Ayverdi documented 2,356 mosques in Bulgaria during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the number of mosques in Bulgaria is estimated to be around 1,260. Around 400 of these mosques were constructed after the fall of the communist government, and more than 100 are not currently in use. During the communist era, the estate property acts of most mosques were purged from the archives.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_130_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_130-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest mosque in Bulgaria is the <a href="/wiki/Tumbul_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbul Mosque">Tumbul Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shumen" title="Shumen">Shumen</a>, built during the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Scientific Research Centre (SRC) at the Higher Islamic Institute was established in 2014. The SRC aims to promote constructive and critical study of Islam and Muslims, especially in Europe. Particular areas of research include classical and modern exegesis methods, ecology and Islam, and Islamic art.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2015_140_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2015_140-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dzhumayata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dzhumayata.jpg/220px-Dzhumayata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dzhumayata.jpg/330px-Dzhumayata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dzhumayata.jpg/440px-Dzhumayata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Dzhumaya Mosque was built in 1363–1364 in <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_dress">Islamic dress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Islamic dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 September 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Bulgaria">Parliament of Bulgaria</a>, backed by the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic Front (Bulgaria)">Patriotic Front</a> passed the law that outlaws wearing <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqas</a> by women in public places in an effort to combat <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Europe" title="Terrorism in Europe">terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">migrants flowing through Europe</a>. However, non-Bulgarian citizens are free to wear the burqa.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamism">Islamism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Islamism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, 13 <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> imams were put on trial in the <a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik" title="Pazardzhik">Pazardzhik</a> District Court for "preaching anti-democratic ideology" and "opposition to the principles of democracy, separation of powers, liberalism, a rule-of-law state, basic human rights such as gender equality and religious freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_142_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_142-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2014, one of the imams named Ahmed Musa Ahmed, was found guilty and sentenced to one year in prison. Two other imams were given suspended prison sentences and the other ten were fined.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2015_131_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2015_131-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the case was brought to an appellate court.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2015_131_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2015_131-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2014, several homes were raided in the Roma village of Izgrev of the Pazardzhik Province in southern Bulgaria. Among the 26 people who were arrested for 24 hours was Ahmed Musa Ahmed and six other preachers who were charged with support ISIS.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deputy Chief Prosecutor Borislav Sarafov stated that the preachers were propagating anti-democratic ideology and "non-native... 'Arab' forms of Islam" opposed to the "Turkish Islam" that has existed in Bulgaria for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple studies, including work by IMIR, have concluded that Salafi and Islamist ideology disproportionately affect the Roma Muslim community due to the community's low economic and educational standing compared to mainstream Bulgarian society.<sup id="cite_ref-cesari_2014_573_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cesari_2014_573-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition">Opposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2014, the Chief Muftiate published a declaration condemning ISIS and appealing to Bulgarian Muslims not to respond to calls for jihad and the establishment of a caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muslims in Bulgaria are obliged to register periodic conferences at the Sofia City Court, which members of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church are not required to do.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Attack_(political_party)" title="Attack (political party)">Attack</a> Party, <a href="/wiki/IMRO_%E2%80%93_Bulgarian_National_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement">IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement</a>, and other far-right factions have used refugees to ignite xenophobia, and at least three racially motivated attacks were reported in 2013. After an Attack MP warned the country that Syrian refugees were "cannibals" and that their presence was designed to disguise an "Islamic wave" supported by American and Turkish interests, a group of Syrian refugees filed a complaint before the State Commission for Discrimination. In November 2013, a new nationalistic party was founded promising to "cleanse the country of foreign immigrant scum." Ultranationalist factions have formed "citizen patrols" to check whether migrants "comply with the law of the state". Some of these claimed to have official authorization from the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-shakir_2014_142_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakir_2014_142-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2014, 19 MP's of the Attack Party and the Religious Denominations and Parliamentary Ethics Committee prepared a bill amending the <i>Laws on Religions</i> that would stop lawsuits for regaining <i>waqf</i> properties claimed by the Muftiate. In February 2014, more than 1,000 people from across Bulgaria protested against the decision of the Plovdiv Court to return the Kurshun Mosque in Karlovo, which had been nationalized during the communist era. The same month, protesters threw stones and smoke bombs at the Jumaya Mosque in Plovdiv. They waved signs holding "Stop the Islamization of Bulgaria." Similar protests were supported by the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria">National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, local journalists and political analysts have long described Attack and the Turkish minority party, the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Movement for Rights and Freedoms">Movement for Rights and Freedoms</a> (DPS), as "communicating vessels", noting that both of them engage in outrageous acts just before elections to mobilise their voters and that the apparent hostility between them is only performative.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former DPS activists have accused DPS of financing Attack and have alleged that both of them are products of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_(Bulgaria)" title="Committee for State Security (Bulgaria)">intelligence service</a> of the Communist regime.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2014, for the first time in Bulgaria's democratic history, the President of Bulgaria Rosen Plevneliev hosted an iftar dinner. The iftar took place in the President's Boyana Residence and was attended by the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the National Assembly, party leaders, and representatives of all religions in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Bulgarian_Muslims">Notable Bulgarian Muslims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable Bulgarian Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Dogan" title="Ahmed Dogan">Ahmed Dogan</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyutvi_Mestan" title="Lyutvi Mestan">Lyutvi Mestan</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Karadaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Karadaya">Mustafa Karadaya</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsvetan_Teofanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsvetan Teofanov">Tsvetan Teofanov</a>, translator of the Quran into Bulgarian</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria" title="Portal:Bulgaria">Bulgaria portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Bulgarian Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Bulgaria">Turks in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Bulgaria" title="List of mosques in Bulgaria">List of mosques in Bulgaria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.today/vxIaV">"Muslim Population Growth in Europe Pew Research Center"</a>. 10 July 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/">the original</a> on 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Population+Growth+in+Europe+Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2017%2F11%2F29%2Feuropes-growing-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsi2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nsi2011_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsi2011_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/Census2021_ethnos.pdf">2012 Bulgarian census</a> (in Bulgarian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bulgaria/">Bulgaria</a>. The World Factbook. CIA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanard1926">Canard 1926</a>, pp. 90–91; <a href="#CITEREFGuilland1959">Guilland 1959</a>, pp. 122, 123; <a href="#CITEREFMangoScott1997">Mango & Scott 1997</a>, p. 546; <a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris_1993_21–22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_1993_21–22_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_1993_21–22_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-runciman1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-runciman1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, S. <i>A History of the First Bulgarian Empire</i>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dankoff" title="Robert Dankoff">Robert Dankoff</a>; "Early mystics in Turkish literature", New York 2006, pp.53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. T. Norris: "Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world", 1993 pp.147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul R. Brass: "Ethnic groups and the state" 1985 pp.100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Renard: "Tales of God's friends: Islamic hagiography in translation" 2009 pp.136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles King:The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the politics of culture" 1999 pp.210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Wittek, <i>Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja</i>, pp. 666–667</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, pp. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaIslam-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaIslam_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia801301.us.archive.org/33/items/EncyclopediaOfIslamAndTheMuslimWorld_411/EncyclopediaOfIslamAndTheMuslimWorld2volumes_editedByRichardC.martin2004ByMacmillan.pdf"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Richard C. Martin</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028656032" title="Special:BookSources/0028656032"><bdi>0028656032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World%2C+Richard+C.+Martin&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0028656032&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia801301.us.archive.org%2F33%2Fitems%2FEncyclopediaOfIslamAndTheMuslimWorld_411%2FEncyclopediaOfIslamAndTheMuslimWorld2volumes_editedByRichardC.martin2004ByMacmillan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buturovic_2009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic_2009_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButurović2009" class="citation book cs1">Buturović, Amila (2009) [2006]. "Part V: Islamic Cultural Region – European Islam". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Juergensmeyer" title="Mark Juergensmeyer">Juergensmeyer, Mark</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 437–438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513798-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513798-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513798-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006004402">2006004402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161373775">161373775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+V%3A+Islamic+Cultural+Region+%E2%80%93+European+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Global+Religions&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=437-438&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161373775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006004402&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513798-9&rft.aulast=Buturovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Amila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BalkanIslam-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BalkanIslam_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyuchukov2018" class="citation cs2">Kyuchukov, Lyubomir (2018), <i>Balkan Islam: A Barrier or a Bridge for Radicalisation?</i>, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, p. 5, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-2979-38-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-2979-38-8"><bdi>978-954-2979-38-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Islam%3A+A+Barrier+or+a+Bridge+for+Radicalisation%3F&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-954-2979-38-8&rft.aulast=Kyuchukov&rft.aufirst=Lyubomir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majid-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Majid_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhadduri2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Majid_Khadduri" title="Majid Khadduri">Khadduri, Majid</a> (2010). <i>War and Peace in the Law of Islam</i>. Lawbook Exchange. pp. 196–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616190484" title="Special:BookSources/9781616190484"><bdi>9781616190484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+the+Law+of+Islam&rft.pages=196-198&rft.pub=Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781616190484&rft.aulast=Khadduri&rft.aufirst=Majid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesari2014">Cesari 2014</a>, p. 567</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodhouse101-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodhouse101_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. M. Woodhouse, <i>Modern Greece: A Short History</i>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ozel-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ozel_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzel1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ozel, Oktay (1992). "Limits of the Almighty: Mehmed II's 'Land Reform' Revised". <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i> (42): 234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Limits+of+the+Almighty%3A+Mehmed+II%27s+%27Land+Reform%27+Revised&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=234&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ozel&rft.aufirst=Oktay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharkey2017" class="citation book cs1">Sharkey, Heather J (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/987671521"><i>A history of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-02845-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-02845-5"><bdi>978-1-139-02845-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/987671521">987671521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Muslims%2C+Christians%2C+and+Jews+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F987671521&rft.isbn=978-1-139-02845-5&rft.aulast=Sharkey&rft.aufirst=Heather+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F987671521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnalcık1994" class="citation book cs1">İnalcık, Halil (1994). <i>The Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1600</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521343151" title="Special:BookSources/0521343151"><bdi>0521343151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300-1600&rft.pages=55-75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0521343151&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k&rft.aufirst=Halil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Somel2010-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Somel2010_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomel2010" class="citation book cs1">Somel, Selcuk Aksin (23 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8iCY0OZmcC&pg=PA24"><i>The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3176-4"><bdi>978-1-4617-3176-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-03-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3176-4&rft.aulast=Somel&rft.aufirst=Selcuk+Aksin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUU8iCY0OZmcC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadushev2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Radushev, Evgeni (2008), <i>Christianity and Islam in the Western Rhodope Mountains and the Valley of the Mesta River from the 1500s to the 1730s</i> (in Bulgarian), Sofia, pp. 45–46, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-523-103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-523-103-2"><bdi>978-954-523-103-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Islam+in+the+Western+Rhodope+Mountains+and+the+Valley+of+the+Mesta+River+from+the+1500s+to+the+1730s&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=45-46&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-954-523-103-2&rft.aulast=Radushev&rft.aufirst=Evgeni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadushev2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Radushev, Evgeni (2008), <i>Christianity and Islam in the Western Rhodope Mountains and the Valley of the Mesta River from the 1500s to the 1730s</i> (in Bulgarian), Sofia, pp. 136=137, 313–314, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-523-103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-523-103-2"><bdi>978-954-523-103-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Islam+in+the+Western+Rhodope+Mountains+and+the+Valley+of+the+Mesta+River+from+the+1500s+to+the+1730s&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=136%3D137%2C+313-314&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-954-523-103-2&rft.aulast=Radushev&rft.aufirst=Evgeni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuranLustig2010" class="citation web cs1">Kuran, Timur; Lustig, Scott (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iefpedia.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Othman-Islam-Kuran.pdf">"Judicial Biases in the Ottoman Empire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 3, 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judicial+Biases+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=3%2C+22&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kuran&rft.aufirst=Timur&rft.au=Lustig%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iefpedia.com%2Fenglish%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F04%2FOthman-Islam-Kuran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2006" class="citation book cs1">Karsh, Ephraim (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicimperiali00kars"><i>Islamic Imperialism: A History</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10603-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10603-9"><bdi>978-0-300-10603-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Imperialism%3A+A+History&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10603-9&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicimperiali00kars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_J._Sharkey2012" class="citation book cs1">Heather J. Sharkey (2012). <i>Introducing World Christianity</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4454-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-4454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+World+Christianity&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-4454-7&rft.au=Heather+J.+Sharkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-́gostonMasters2010-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-́gostonMasters2010_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-́gostonMasters2010_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_́gostonAlan_Masters2010" class="citation book cs1">A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Alan Masters, Bruce (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA185"><i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. pp. 185–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1025-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=185-6&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rft.aulast=A+%CC%81goston&rft.aufirst=Ga+%CC%81bor&rft.au=Alan+Masters%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balakian-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balakian_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalakian2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Balakian" title="Peter Balakian">Balakian, Peter</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burningtigrisarm00bala/page/25"><i>The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burningtigrisarm00bala/page/25">25, 445</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019840-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019840-4"><bdi>978-0-06-019840-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burning+Tigris%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+and+America%27s+Response&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25%2C+445&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019840-4&rft.aulast=Balakian&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburningtigrisarm00bala%2Fpage%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akçam-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akçam_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Akçam, Taner</a> (2006). <i>A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility</i>. New York: Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7932-6"><bdi>978-0-8050-7932-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shameful+Act%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+and+the+Question+of+Turkish+Responsibility&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7932-6&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasuh1588" class="citation web cs1">Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203143244/http://warfare.netau.net/Ottoman/Suleymanname/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans.htm">"Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans"</a>. <i>Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.netau.net/Ottoman/Suleymanname/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans.htm">the original</a> on 3 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCleymanname%2C+Topkapi+Sarai+Museum%2C+Ms+Hazine+1517&rft.atitle=Janissary+Recruitment+in+the+Balkans&rft.date=1588&rft.aulast=Nasuh&rft.aufirst=Matrakci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.netau.net%2FOttoman%2FSuleymanname%2FJanissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkel-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2007). <i>Osman's dream : the story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923</i>. Basic Books. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+dream+%3A+the+story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Itzkowitz_2008_p.50-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Itzkowitz_2008_p.50_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItzkowitz2008" class="citation book cs1">Itzkowitz, N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aapbAAAAQBAJ"><i>Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition</i></a>. A Phoenix book. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-09801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-09801-2"><bdi>978-0-226-09801-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Empire+and+Islamic+Tradition&rft.series=A+Phoenix+book&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-09801-2&rft.aulast=Itzkowitz&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaapbAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarence-Smith_2020_p._493-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarence-Smith_2020_p._493_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarence-Smith_2020_p._493_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarence-SmithClarence-Smith2006" class="citation book cs1">Clarence-Smith, W.G.; Clarence-Smith, W.G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC"><i>Islam and the Abolition of Slavery</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522151-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522151-0"><bdi>978-0-19-522151-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Abolition+of+Slavery&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-522151-0&rft.aulast=Clarence-Smith&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft.au=Clarence-Smith%2C+W.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQbylEdqJKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_4">http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_4</a>; "<i>...and point out that many Christian families were hostile and resentful about it—which is perhaps underlined by the use of force to impose the system.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mansel_2011_p._26-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mansel_2011_p._26_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansel2011" class="citation book cs1">Mansel, P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LrnvC98bNSoC&pg=PT26"><i>Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924</i></a>. John Murray Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-647-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-647-9"><bdi>978-1-84854-647-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople%3A+City+of+the+World%27s+Desire%2C+1453%E2%80%931924&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=John+Murray+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84854-647-9&rft.aulast=Mansel&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLrnvC98bNSoC%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetrez2014" class="citation book cs1">Detrez, Raymond (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hywaBgAAQBAJ&q=devshirme"><i>Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4180-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4180-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-4180-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4180-0&rft.aulast=Detrez&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhywaBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddevshirme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barkan_1953–54_211–212-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barkan_1953–54_211–212_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkan_1953–54_211–212_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkan1953–54" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Barkan, Ömer Lutfi (1953–54), <i>Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Bir İskan ve Kolonizasyon Metodu Olarak Sürgünler</i> [<i>Population Transfers as a Method of Settlement and Colonisation in the Ottoman Empire</i>], pp. 211–212</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Funda+Bir+%C4%B0skan+ve+Kolonizasyon+Metodu+Olarak+S%C3%BCrg%C3%BCnler&rft.pages=211-212&rft.date=1953%2F1954&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=%C3%96mer+Lutfi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkan1951–52" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Barkan, Ömer Lutfi (1951–52), <i>Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Bir İskan ve Kolonizasyon Metodu Olarak Sürgünler</i> [<i>Population Transfers as a Method of Settlement and Colonisation in the Ottoman Empire</i>], pp. 69–76</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Funda+Bir+%C4%B0skan+ve+Kolonizasyon+Metodu+Olarak+S%C3%BCrg%C3%BCnler&rft.pages=69-76&rft.date=1951%2F1952&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=%C3%96mer+Lutfi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkan1953–54" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Barkan, Ömer Lutfi (1953–54), <i>Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Bir İskan ve Kolonizasyon Metodu Olarak Sürgünler</i> [<i>Population Transfers as a Method of Settlement and Colonisation in the Ottoman Empire</i>], pp. 209–211</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Funda+Bir+%C4%B0skan+ve+Kolonizasyon+Metodu+Olarak+S%C3%BCrg%C3%BCnler&rft.pages=209-211&rft.date=1953%2F1954&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=%C3%96mer+Lutfi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkan1953–54" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Barkan, Ömer Lutfi (1953–54), <i>Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Bir İskan ve Kolonizasyon Metodu Olarak Sürgünler</i> [<i>Population Transfers as a Method of Settlement and Colonisation in the Ottoman Empire</i>], p. 225</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Funda+Bir+%C4%B0skan+ve+Kolonizasyon+Metodu+Olarak+S%C3%BCrg%C3%BCnler&rft.pages=225&rft.date=1953%2F1954&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=%C3%96mer+Lutfi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkan1951–52" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Barkan, Ömer Lutfi (1951–52), <i>Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Bir İskan ve Kolonizasyon Metodu Olarak Sürgünler</i> [<i>Population Transfers as a Method of Settlement and Colonisation in the Ottoman Empire</i>], p. 63</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Funda+Bir+%C4%B0skan+ve+Kolonizasyon+Metodu+Olarak+S%C3%BCrg%C3%BCnler&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1951%2F1952&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=%C3%96mer+Lutfi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzunçarşılı1949" class="citation cs2">Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (1949), <i>Osmanlı tarihi. Anadolu Selçukluları ve Anadolu Beylikleri Hakkında Bir Mukaddime İle Bir Mukaddime İle Osmanlı Devleti'nin Kuruluşundan İstanbul'un Fethine Kadar</i> [<i>From the Foundation of the Ottoman State to the Conquest of Istanbul with an Introduction concerning Seljuks of Anatolia and the Beyliks of Anatolia</i>], vol. 1, İstanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, p. 181</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+tarihi.+Anadolu+Sel%C3%A7uklular%C4%B1+ve+Anadolu+Beylikleri+Hakk%C4%B1nda+Bir+Mukaddime+%C4%B0le+Bir+Mukaddime+%C4%B0le+Osmanl%C4%B1+Devleti%27nin+Kurulu%C5%9Fundan+%C4%B0stanbul%27un+Fethine+Kadar&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Uzun%C3%A7ar%C5%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0smail+Hakk%C4%B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEminov1987">Eminov 1987</a>, p. 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEminov1987">Eminov 1987</a>, p. 286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEminov1987">Eminov 1987</a>, p. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tramontana-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tramontana_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTramontana2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tramontana, Felicita (2013). "The Poll Tax and the Decline of the Christian Presence in the Palestinian Countryside in the 17th Century". <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>56</b> (4–5): 631–652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685209-12341337">10.1163/15685209-12341337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=The+Poll+Tax+and+the+Decline+of+the+Christian+Presence+in+the+Palestinian+Countryside+in+the+17th+Century&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=631-652&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685209-12341337&rft.aulast=Tramontana&rft.aufirst=Felicita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radishev-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radishev_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadushev2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Radushev, Evgeni (2008), <i>Christianity and Islam in the Western Rhodope Mountains and the Valley of the Mesta River from the 1500s to the 1730s</i> (in Bulgarian), Sofia, pp. 72–73, 75–81, 89–93, 106–108, 126, 137–138, 246, 303–304, 314–315, 323–326, 328, 337–338, 347, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-523-103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-523-103-2"><bdi>978-954-523-103-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Islam+in+the+Western+Rhodope+Mountains+and+the+Valley+of+the+Mesta+River+from+the+1500s+to+the+1730s&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=72-73%2C+75-81%2C+89-93%2C+106-108%2C+126%2C+137-138%2C+246%2C+303-304%2C+314-315%2C+323-326%2C+328%2C+337-338%2C+347&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-954-523-103-2&rft.aulast=Radushev&rft.aufirst=Evgeni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChmiel2012" class="citation web cs1">Chmiel, Agata (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr/0006042.pdf">"Religious and Demographic Development in the South-Western Rhodopes in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ankara. pp. 42–43, 45, 77–78, 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+and+Demographic+Development+in+the+South-Western+Rhodopes+in+the+Second+Half+of+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pages=42-43%2C+45%2C+77-78%2C+87&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Chmiel&rft.aufirst=Agata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr%2F0006042.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiel-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kiel_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiel1998" class="citation cs2">Kiel, Machiel (1998), <i>Разпространението на исляма в българското село през Османската епоха (XV-XVIII век). Във: Мюсюлманската култура по българските земи. Изследвания</i> [<i>The Spread of Islam in Bulgarian Rural Areas in the Ottoman Period (15th–18th Centuries). In: Islamic Culture in the Bulgarian Lands. Studies</i>], Sofia, p. 75</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0+%28XV-XVIII+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%29.+%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%3A+%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8.+%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kiel&rft.aufirst=Machiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boykov-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boykov_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoykov2016" class="citation book cs1">Boykov, Grigor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31818832">"The Human Cost of Warfare: Population Loss During the Ottoman Conquest and the Demographic History of Bulgaria in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Era"</a>. In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). <i>The Ottoman Conquest of the Balkans</i>. Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Klasse. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 134, 143, 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Human+Cost+of+Warfare%3A+Population+Loss+During+the+Ottoman+Conquest+and+the+Demographic+History+of+Bulgaria+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages+and+Early+Modern+Era&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Conquest+of+the+Balkans&rft.series=Sitzungsberichte+der+philosophisch-historischen+Klasse&rft.pages=134%2C+143%2C+147&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Boykov&rft.aufirst=Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31818832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakesMowat1918" class="citation book cs1">Oakes, Augustus; Mowat, R. B. (1918). <i>The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century</i>. Clarendon Press. pp. 332–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+European+Treaties+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=332-60&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=Augustus&rft.au=Mowat%2C+R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KoyuncuBerlin-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KoyuncuBerlin_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKOYUNCU2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">KOYUNCU, Aşkın (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272874328">"Tuna Vilâyeti'nde Nüfus Ve Demografi (1864-1877)"</a> [Population and Demography of the Danube Vilayet (1864-1877)]. <i>Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic</i> (in Turkish). <b>9</b> (4): 727–728. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7827%2FTurkishStudies.7023">10.7827/TurkishStudies.7023</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Studies+-+International+Periodical+for+the+Languages%2C+Literature+and+History+of+Turkish+or+Turkic&rft.atitle=Tuna+Vil%C3%A2yeti%27nde+N%C3%BCfus+Ve+Demografi+%281864-1877%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=727-728&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7827%2FTurkishStudies.7023&rft.aulast=KOYUNCU&rft.aufirst=A%C5%9Fk%C4%B1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F272874328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkanethnicmaps.hu/newmap13.html">"Balkan ethnic maps - New Map 13"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balkan+ethnic+maps+-+New+Map+13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkanethnicmaps.hu%2Fnewmap13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koyuncu3-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koyuncu3_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koyuncu3_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKOYUNCU2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">KOYUNCU, Aşkın (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272874328">"Population and Demography of the Danube Vilayet (1864-1877) / Tuna Vilâyeti'nde Nüfus Ve Demografi (1864-1877)"</a>. <i>Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic</i> (in Turkish). <b>9</b> (4): 717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7827%2FTurkishStudies.7023">10.7827/TurkishStudies.7023</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Studies+-+International+Periodical+for+the+Languages%2C+Literature+and+History+of+Turkish+or+Turkic&rft.atitle=Population+and+Demography+of+the+Danube+Vilayet+%281864-1877%29+%2F+Tuna+Vil%C3%A2yeti%27nde+N%C3%BCfus+Ve+Demografi+%281864-1877%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=717&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7827%2FTurkishStudies.7023&rft.aulast=KOYUNCU&rft.aufirst=A%C5%9Fk%C4%B1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F272874328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crampton1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton1_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton1_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton1_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton1_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Crampton, R.J. (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541584.003.0016">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Minority and Demographic Questions', Bulgaria"</a>. <i>Oxford History of Modern Europe</i>. Oxford: Oxford Academic: 423–430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199541584.003.0016">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541584.003.0016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+History+of+Modern+Europe&rft.atitle=%27The+Minority+and+Demographic+Questions%27%2C+Bulgaria&rft.pages=423-430&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199541584.003.0016&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199541584.003.0016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhelyzkova-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhelyzkova_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhelyzkova_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhelyzkova_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonina_Zhelyazkova1998" class="citation web cs1">Antonina Zhelyazkova (16 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaper.kultura.bg/bg/article/view/315">"Съдбата на турското малцинство в България"</a> [The Fate of the Turkish Minority in Bulgaria]. <i>Култура</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=1998-01-16&rft.au=Antonina+Zhelyazkova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaper.kultura.bg%2Fbg%2Farticle%2Fview%2F315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shakir_2014_126-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_126_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2014">Shakir 2014</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesari2014">Cesari 2014</a>, p. 566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See in Bulgarian: Stoyanov, V., Turskoto naselenie v Balgariya mezhdu polyusite na etnicheskata politika [The Turkish population between the poles of ethnic politics], (Sofia: LIK, 1998); Gruev, M., Mezhdu petolachkata i polumesetsa: Balgarite myusyulmani i politicheskiya rezhim (1944–1959) [Between the Five-pointed Star and the Crescent: The Bulgarians-Muslims and the Political Regime (1944–1959],(Sofia: IK "KOTA", 2003); Kalkandjieva, D., The Bulgarian Communist Party's Policies towards the Non-Orthodox Religious Communities (1944–1953)," Trudove na katedrite po istoria i bogoslovies [Historical and Theological Studies Department of Shumen University], v. 8 (2005): 252–264; Gruev M. and A. Kalyonski, Vazroditelniyat protses: Myusyulmanskite obshtnosti i komunisticheskiya rezhim [The "Revival Process". Muslim Communities and the Communist Regime: Policies, Reactions and Consequences] (Sofia: CIELA, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shakir_2014_127-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_127_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_127_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2014">Shakir 2014</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitova1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitova, Pamela (1993). "Religion". In Curtis, Glenn E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/93010955/"><i>Bulgaria: a country study</i></a> (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. pp. 81–82, 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0751-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0751-8"><bdi>0-8444-0751-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28066024">28066024</a>. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion&rft.btitle=Bulgaria%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=81-82%2C+90&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28066024&rft.isbn=0-8444-0751-8&rft.aulast=Mitova&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F93010955%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yakar-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yakar_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakar2013" class="citation web cs1">Yakar, Mustafa (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113502/https://doaj.org/article/d30682aac17b44f6b4b96456359de33f">"The population growth and distribution of the foreign-borns in Turkey [Türkiye'de yurtdışı doğumlu nüfusun gelişimi ve dağılışı]"</a>. <i>International Journal of Human Sciences</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doaj.org/article/d30682aac17b44f6b4b96456359de33f">the original</a> on 7 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+population+growth+and+distribution+of+the+foreign-borns+in+Turkey+%5BT%C3%BCrkiye%27de+yurtd%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1+do%C4%9Fumlu+n%C3%BCfusun+geli%C5%9Fimi+ve+da%C4%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1%5D&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.aulast=Yakar&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoaj.org%2Farticle%2Fd30682aac17b44f6b4b96456359de33f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Migration_Review_Vol_1992_pp._342-352-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-International_Migration_Review_Vol_1992_pp._342-352_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The International Migration Review Vol. 26, No. 2, Special Issue: The New Europe and International Migration (Summer, 1992), pp. 342–352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Committee for Refugees, Immigration and Refugee Services of America – Social Science p.176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.bg/en/MP/3943">Vezhdi Rashidov - President of the National Assembly</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnr.bg/en/post/101724234/vezhdi-rashidov-voted-president-of-the-48th-national-assembly">Vezhdi Rashidov voted President of the 48th National Assembly</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bta.bg/en/news/bulgaria/347679-new-bulgarian-legislature-finally-elects-chair">New Bulgarian Legislature Finally Elects Chair</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSI3-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSI3_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSI3_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Statistical_Institute" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">National Statistical Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/Census2021_ethnos.pdf">"Преброяване 2021: Етнокултурна характеристика на населението"</a> [2021 Census: Ethnocultural Characteristics of the Bulgarian Population as at 7 September 2021] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Bulgarian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124195716/https://nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/Census2021_ethnos.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+2021%3A+%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE&rft.au=National+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsi.bg%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fpressreleases%2FCensus2021_ethnos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew1_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoopermanSahgalSchiller2017" class="citation web cs1">Cooperman, Alan; Sahgal, Neha; Schiller, Anna (10 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/15120244/CEUP-FULL-REPORT.pdf">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i>. p. 52<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft.aulast=Cooperman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Sahgal%2C+Neha&rft.au=Schiller%2C+Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2017%2F05%2F15120244%2FCEUP-FULL-REPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-religion2021.htm">"Religious composition of Bulgaria in 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+composition+of+Bulgaria+in+2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fbulgaria-religion2021.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-religion2021.htm">"Religious composition of Bulgaria in 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+composition+of+Bulgaria+in+2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fbulgaria-religion2021.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-ethnic2021.htm">"Ethnic composition of Bulgaria by municipality in 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+composition+of+Bulgaria+by+municipality+in+2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fbulgaria-ethnic2021.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128054930/http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R10.aspx">"Население по местоживеене, възраст и вероизповедание"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R10.aspx">the original</a> on 28 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusresults.nsi.bg%2FCensus%2FReports%2F2%2F2%2FR10.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shakir_2015_142-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2015_142_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hürriyet-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hürriyet_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hürriyet_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/bulgarias-muslims-not-deeply-religious-study.aspx?pageID=238&nid=8817">"Bulgaria's Muslims not deeply religious: study"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News" title="Hürriyet Daily News">Hürriyet Daily News</a></i>. 9 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Bulgaria%27s+Muslims+not+deeply+religious%3A+study&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fbulgarias-muslims-not-deeply-religious-study.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nid%3D8817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R10.aspx">"Население по местоживеене, възраст и вероизповедание"</a>. <i>censusresults.nsi.bg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusresults.nsi.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusresults.nsi.bg%2FCensus%2FReports%2F2%2F2%2FR10.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Corley, Felix (27 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/468919dcf.pdf">"Bulgaria: Legal problems continue for Ahmadi Muslims and Alternative Orthodox"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forum 18 News Service</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1504-2855">1504-2855</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum+18+News+Service&rft.atitle=Bulgaria%3A+Legal+problems+continue+for+Ahmadi+Muslims+and+Alternative+Orthodox&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft.issn=1504-2855&rft.aulast=Corley&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpdfid%2F468919dcf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe: Final Topline"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i>. 10 May 2017. p. 121<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Final+Topline&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2017%2F05%2F09154356%2FCentral-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe: Final Topline"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i>. 10 May 2017. p. 154<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Final+Topline&rft.pages=154&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2017%2F05%2F09154356%2FCentral-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe: Final Topline"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i>. 10 May 2017. p. 118<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Final+Topline&rft.pages=118&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2017%2F05%2F09154356%2FCentral-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe: Final Topline"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i>. 10 May 2017. p. 122<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Final+Topline&rft.pages=122&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2017%2F05%2F09154356%2FCentral-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shakir_2014_136-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_136_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_136_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2014">Shakir 2014</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2014">Shakir 2014</a>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shakir_2014_142-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_142_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_142_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_142_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2014">Shakir 2014</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2014">Shakir 2014</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shakir_2015_140-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2015_140_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2015_140_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2014">Shakir 2014</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2014">Shakir 2014</a>, pp. 139–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shakir_2014_140-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_140_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_140_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2014">Shakir 2014</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesari2014">Cesari 2014</a>, p. 572</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cesari_2014_573-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cesari_2014_573_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cesari_2014_573_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesari2014">Cesari 2014</a>, p. 573</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shakir_2014_130-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_130_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2014_130_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2014">Shakir 2014</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnr.bg/en/post/100650877/mustafa-hadzhi-reelected-grand-mufti-of-bulgaria">"Mustafa Hadzhi reelected grand mufti of Bulgaria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio" title="Bulgarian National Radio">Bulgarian National Radio</a>. 24 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mustafa+Hadzhi+reelected+grand+mufti+of+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Bulgarian+National+Radio&rft.date=2016-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnr.bg%2Fen%2Fpost%2F100650877%2Fmustafa-hadzhi-reelected-grand-mufti-of-bulgaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuratEr2012" class="citation book cs1">Furat, Ayşe Zişan; Er, Hamit (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA210"><i>Balkans and Islam: Encounter, Transformation, Discontinuity, Continuity</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443842839" title="Special:BookSources/9781443842839"><bdi>9781443842839</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkans+and+Islam%3A+Encounter%2C+Transformation%2C+Discontinuity%2C+Continuity&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781443842839&rft.aulast=Furat&rft.aufirst=Ay%C5%9Fe+Zi%C5%9Fan&rft.au=Er%2C+Hamit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qQwBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=taIEn8y8oTIC&pg=PA25"><i>DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Bulgaria</i></a>. Penguin. 2011. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780756684822" title="Special:BookSources/9780756684822"><bdi>9780756684822</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DK+Eyewitness+Travel+Guide%3A+Bulgaria&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780756684822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtaIEn8y8oTIC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html">Bulgaria imposes burqa ban – and will cut benefits of women who defy it</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Retrieved on 1 October 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shakir_2015_131-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2015_131_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shakir_2015_131_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, pp. 132–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2014">Shakir 2014</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedrov2017" class="citation web cs1">Bedrov, Ivan (23 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/bg/%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%81-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2/a-39379325">"Сидеров и ДПС - историята на една любов"</a> [Siderov and DPS—the Story of a Love Affair]. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%94%D0%9F%D0%A1+-+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft.aulast=Bedrov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fbg%2F%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2-%25D0%25B8-%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BF%25D1%2581-%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BB%25D1%258E%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%2Fa-39379325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgieva2013" class="citation web cs1">Georgieva, Stoyana (21 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediapool.bg/dps-i-ataka-v-ekzaktna-kombinatsiya-news207884.html">"ДПС и "Атака" в "екзактна" комбинация"</a> [DPS and Attack in an "Exact" Combination]. <i>Mediapool</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mediapool&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%9F%D0%A1+%D0%B8+%22%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%22+%D0%B2+%22%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%22+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft.aulast=Georgieva&rft.aufirst=Stoyana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediapool.bg%2Fdps-i-ataka-v-ekzaktna-kombinatsiya-news207884.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyumyun2007" class="citation web cs1">Myumyun, Sezgin (17 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lex.bg/bg/news/view/7562">"Сезгин Мюмюн: ДПС и "Атака" създават напрежение в страната"</a> [DPS and Attack create tension in the Country]. <i>Lex.bg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lex.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%8E%D0%BD%3A+%D0%94%D0%9F%D0%A1+%D0%B8+%22%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%22+%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=2007-04-17&rft.aulast=Myumyun&rft.aufirst=Sezgin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flex.bg%2Fbg%2Fnews%2Fview%2F7562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakir2015">Shakir 2015</a>, pp. 136–137</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanard1926" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Canard" title="Marius Canard">Canard, Marius</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k933084/f65">"Les expéditions des Arabes contre Constantinople dans l'histoire et dans la légende"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Asiatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal Asiatique">Journal Asiatique</a></i> (in French) (208): 61–121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-762X">0021-762X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417094123/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k933084/f65">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=Les+exp%C3%A9ditions+des+Arabes+contre+Constantinople+dans+l%27histoire+et+dans+la+l%C3%A9gende&rft.issue=208&rft.pages=61-121&rft.date=1926&rft.issn=0021-762X&rft.aulast=Canard&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k933084%2Ff65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crampton, Richard. <i>A Concise History of Bulgaria</i>. (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56183-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56183-3">0-521-56183-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesari2014" class="citation book cs1">Cesari, Jocelyne (2014). "Bulgaria". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NW7DBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of European Islam</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199607976" title="Special:BookSources/9780199607976"><bdi>9780199607976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+European+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199607976&rft.aulast=Cesari&rft.aufirst=Jocelyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNW7DBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEminov1987" class="citation journal cs1">Eminov, Ali (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02666958708716040?journalCode=cjmm19">"The status of Islam and Muslims in Bulgaria"</a>. <i>Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (2). Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs: 278–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02666958708716040">10.1080/02666958708716040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs+Journal&rft.atitle=The+status+of+Islam+and+Muslims+in+Bulgaria&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=278-301&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02666958708716040&rft.aulast=Eminov&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F02666958708716040%3FjournalCode%3Dcjmm19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilland1959" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Guilland" title="Rodolphe Guilland">Guilland, Rodolphe</a> (1959). "L'Expedition de Maslama contre Constantinople (717–718)". <i>Études byzantines</i> (in French). Paris: Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Paris: 109–133. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/603552986">603552986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+byzantines&rft.atitle=L%27Expedition+de+Maslama+contre+Constantinople+%28717%E2%80%93718%29&rft.pages=109-133&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F603552986&rft.aulast=Guilland&rft.aufirst=Rodolphe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilie1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mUbAAAAYAAJ"><i>Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd</i></a> (in German). Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225230600/https://books.google.com/books?id=7mUbAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+byzantinische+Reaktion+auf+die+Ausbreitung+der+Araber.+Studien+zur+Strukturwandlung+des+byzantinischen+Staates+im+7.+und+8.+Jhd.&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Byzantinistik+und+Neugriechische+Philologie+der+Universit%C3%A4t+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7mUbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangoScott1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Mango, Cyril</a>; Scott, Roger (1997). <i>The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822568-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822568-7"><bdi>0-19-822568-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Theophanes+Confessor.+Byzantine+and+Near+Eastern+History%2C+AD+284%E2%80%93813&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-822568-7&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Scott%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordtmann1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mordtmann, J. H. (1986). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-kustantiniyya-COM_0549">"(al-)Ḳusṭanṭīniyya"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume V:<i> Khe–Mahi</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 532–534. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2"><bdi>978-90-04-07819-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28al-%29%E1%B8%B2us%E1%B9%ADan%E1%B9%AD%C4%ABniyya&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+V%3A+Khe%E2%80%93Mahi&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=532-534&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07819-2&rft.aulast=Mordtmann&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fal-kustantiniyya-COM_0549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris1993" class="citation book cs1">Norris, H. T. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGmzir-ITtUC"><i>Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872499775" title="Special:BookSources/9780872499775"><bdi>9780872499775</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Balkans%3A+Religion+and+Society+Between+Europe+and+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780872499775&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRGmzir-ITtUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadushev2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Radushev, Evgeni (2008). <i>Christianity and Islam in the Western Rhodope Mountains and the Valley of the Mesta River from the 1500s to the 1730s</i> (in Bulgarian). Sofia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-523-103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-523-103-2"><bdi>978-954-523-103-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Islam+in+the+Western+Rhodope+Mountains+and+the+Valley+of+the+Mesta+River+from+the+1500s+to+the+1730s&rft.place=Sofia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-954-523-103-2&rft.aulast=Radushev&rft.aufirst=Evgeni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakir2014" class="citation book cs1">Shakir, Aziz Nazmi (31 October 2014). "Bulgaria". In Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NTBQAAQBAJ"><i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Volume 6</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004283053" title="Special:BookSources/9789004283053"><bdi>9789004283053</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe%2C+Volume+6&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.isbn=9789004283053&rft.aulast=Shakir&rft.aufirst=Aziz+Nazmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-NTBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakir2015" class="citation book cs1">Shakir, Aziz Nazmi (30 October 2015). "Bulgaria". In Scharbrodt, Oliver; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Nielsen, Jørgen; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQAKDAAAQBAJ"><i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Volume 7</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004308909" title="Special:BookSources/9789004308909"><bdi>9789004308909</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe%2C+Volume+7&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.isbn=9789004308909&rft.aulast=Shakir&rft.aufirst=Aziz+Nazmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoQAKDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhelyazkova1998" class="citation web cs1">Zhelyazkova, Antonina (16 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaper.kultura.bg/bg/article/view/315">"Съдбата на турското малцинство в България"</a> [The Fate of the Turkish Minority in Bulgaria]. <i>Култура</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=1998-01-16&rft.aulast=Zhelyazkova&rft.aufirst=Antonina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaper.kultura.bg%2Fbg%2Farticle%2Fview%2F315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Islam_in_Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Islam in Bulgaria">Islam in Bulgaria</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagaru2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ragaru, Nadege (June 2001). "Islam in post-communist Bulgaria: An aborted "clash of civilizations"?". <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalities_Papers" title="Nationalities Papers">Nationalities Papers</a></i>. <b>29</b> (2): 293–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905990120053755">10.1080/00905990120053755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162030233">162030233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Islam+in+post-communist+Bulgaria%3A+An+aborted+%22clash+of+civilizations%22%3F&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=293-324&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905990120053755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162030233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ragaru&rft.aufirst=Nadege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_R._Ghodsee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen R. Ghodsee">Kristen R. Ghodsee</a>, Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria, Princeton University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13955-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13955-5">978-0-691-13955-5</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_Europe" title="Template:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam in southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission of the Classics">Transmission of the Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe">Cultural transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian views on Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_yoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar yoke">Tatar yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception of Islam in early modern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars" title="Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_in_early_modern_France" title="Orientalism in early modern France">Orientalism in early modern France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_the_Arctic_and_Subarctic_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in the Arctic and Subarctic regions">Islam in the Far North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Islam in the Soviet Union">Islam in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Nazi Germany and the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Islam and secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Islam" title="European Islam">European Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion in the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_and_burka_controversies_in_Europe" title="Hijab and burka controversies in Europe">Hijab and burka controversies in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Islam in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&oldid=1249976157">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&oldid=1249976157</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Category:Islam in Bulgaria">Islam in Bulgaria</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Bulgarian-language_sources_(bg)" title="Category:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)">CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_abbreviated_year_range" title="Category:CS1: abbreviated year range">CS1: abbreviated year range</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2018">Use dmy dates from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 October 2024, at 20:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Bulgaria&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-lfxqd","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.063","walltime":"1.243","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6613,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":235940,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2692,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":328402,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1013.000 1 -total"," 15.10% 152.999 24 Template:Cite_web"," 11.43% 115.819 27 Template:Cite_book"," 8.82% 89.344 1 Template:Islam_in_Europe_by_country"," 8.10% 82.005 1 Template:Aligned_table"," 7.22% 73.090 36 Template:Harvnb"," 7.00% 70.912 1 Template:Islam_by_country"," 6.74% 68.269 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.51% 65.991 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.58% 56.540 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.611","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8856155,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA_́gostonAlan_Masters2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkçam2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntonina_Zhelyazkova1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalakian2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkan1951–52\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBarkan1953–54\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBedrov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoykov2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButurović2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanard1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCesari2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChmiel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarence-SmithClarence-Smith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoopermanSahgalSchiller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrampton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDetrez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEminov1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuratEr2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgieva2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuilland1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeather_J._Sharkey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItzkowitz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKOYUNCU2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKarsh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhadduri2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuranLustig2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKyuchukov2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLilie1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMangoScott1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitova1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMordtmann1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyumyun2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasuh1588\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Statistical_Institute\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOakesMowat1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadushev2008\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFRagaru2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShakir2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShakir2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharkey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTramontana2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUzunçarşılı1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYakar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhelyazkova1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFİnalcık1994\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 23,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"EI2\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 36,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Islam by country\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam in Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam in Europe by country\"] = 1,\n [\"PD-notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Smalldiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-8jd62","timestamp":"20241125134029","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Islam in Bulgaria","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Bulgaria","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1640601","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1640601","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-13T22:44:19Z","dateModified":"2024-10-07T20:37:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/25\/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg","headline":"religion in Bulgaria"}</script> </body> </html>