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Lexden and Winstree Poor-Law Union contains 35 parishes with an area of 73,492 acres, and a population in 1851 of 21,485. The village of Lexden, which gives name to the hundred, is pleasantly situated on the main road about 2 miles W. from Colchester. From remains which have been found in the neighbourhood, it has been supposed that Lexden occupies the site of an outpost of the Roman station Camelodunum. Some extensive earth-works are traceable on Lexden Heath, and to the west of the village is an excavation, supposed to have been an amphitheatre. LEXINGTON. [MASSACHUSETTS.] LEYBURN, North Riding of Yorkshire, a small market-town and the seat of a Poor-Law Union in the parish of Wensley, is situated in 54° 18' N. lat., 1° 50′ W. long., distant 46 miles N.W. from York, and 235 miles N.N.W. from London. The population of the township of Leyburn in 1851 was 800. The living of Wensley is a rectory in the archdeaconry of Richmond and diocese of Ripon. Leyburn Poor-Law Union contains 41 townships and chapelries, with an area of 91,570 acres and a population in 1851 of 9942. Leyburn is pleasantly situated in the midst of picturesque scenery. The houses are chiefly arranged in the form of an oblong square, in the centre of which the market is held. There are a small episcopal chapel, places of worship for Wesleyan Methodists and Independents, an elegant chapel for Roman Catholics, a school supported by the Roman Catholics, and a savings bank. A county court is held. The market-day is Friday. Fairs are held on the second Friday in February, May, October, and December. In the neighbourhood are lead and coal-mines and limestone quarries. Remains of Bolton and Middleham castles, and of the abbeys of Jervaux and Coverham are in the vicinity. Leyburn Shawl, a romantic road along the edge of a ridge of rocks commanding extensive views of picturesque scenery, is the scene of a popular annual tea festival. LEYDEN, a city of the kingdom of the Dutch province of South Holland, is situated in 52° 9' 30" N. lat., 4° 29′ 13" E. long.; 10 miles by railway N.N.E. from the Hague, on a branch of the Rhine, and has about 40,000 inhabitants. The town stands in a level part of the country, and is traversed by many broad canals, bordered with trees, which, intersecting each other, divide the town into fifty small islands, connected together by 145 bridges, some of which are of wood. | It is surrounded with a rampart, partly covered with turf and partly faced with brick, on which are fine shady walks; and outside there is a deep and broad moat, with eight bridges leading to as many gates. The city is well built, and the principal streets are broad and well paved. That in which the town-hall is situated extends nearly across the city from east to west; it is almost two miles in length, and is reckoned one of the handsomest streets in Europe. The houses are mostly of brick, with the gable-ends to the streets. Among the public buildings the most worthy of notice are the town-hall, a magnificent edifice, containing a valuable, collection of paintings; St. Peter's church, the finest of the seventeen in the city, a large and handsome gothic building, which contains the sarcophagus of Boerhaave and other monuments. An ancient castle or fort, ascribed by tradition to the Romans, is in the middle of the city, and, rising above the highest houses, commands an extensive prospect of the town and the surrounding country. Tho handsome new Roman Catholic church, the custom-house, and hospitals likewise deserve notice. The manufactures of linen and woollens were formerly celebrated, and the chief Bource of wealth to the inhabitants, but they have greatly declined. It is however still the chief seat of the woollen manufactures and of the wool trade of Holland, and has an annual wool fair, which is much frequented. There are likewise extensive manufactures of soap and indigo, tanneries famous for their shamoy leather and parchment, salt-works, &c. Printing, especially of classical works, was formerly a great branch of trade. The most remarkable event in the history of Leyden is its successful resistance to the Spaniards in 1573. The University, which was founded in 1575, has a library of 60,000 volumes and 14,000 manuscripts, a valuable botanical garden, an observatory, a museum rich in Egyptian and Etruscan antiquities, a cabinet of natural history, &c., &c. Grotius, Descartes, Fielding, and Goldsmith studied at Leyden. There are likewise many fine private libraries and museums, and various learned societies. In 1655, 4000 of the inhabitants were carried off by the plague; and in 1807 a boat, with 40,000 lbs. of gunpowder on board, blew up, and destroyed a large portion of the finest part of the city: several hundred persons lost their lives on that occasion. LEYT. [PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.] LEYTON. [ESSEX.] LEYTONSTONE. [ESSEX.] LEZARDIEU. [CÔTES-DU-NORD.] LÉZIGNAN. [AUDE.] L'HASSA. [TIBET.]} LIBANUS. [SYRIA.] LIBAU. [COURLAND.] LIBERIA, Republic of, occupies a considerable extent of the West Coast of Africa. Liberia was originally confined to the tract of country lying west of the Grain Coast, of which the town of Monrovia on Cape </div> <div class='gtxt_column'> Mesurado is the centre; but the republic, though its limits are not accurately defined, now, we believe, claims the entire coast (including the whole of the Grain Coast) from the Cavally River east of Cape Palmas, 4° 20′ N. lat., 7° 30′ W. long., to the Sherboro River, opposite Sherboro Island, 7° 23′ N. lat., 12° 31′ W. long., bordering on the colony of Sierra Leone; a length of about 450 miles, with a breadth at present ranging from 20 to 50 miles, but the settlers are gradually extending farther into the interior. The area may be about 17,000 square miles. We find some difficulty in stating the population. In a semi-official statement published in 1848 by the American Colonisation Society, in which the extent of the territory is made nearly as wide as that given above, the population is said to consist of 4200 colonists (including 700 in Maryland-in-Liberia) and "from 10,000 to 15,000 natives;" while in some popular works recently published in this country we find the colonists variously estimated at from 6000 to 10,000, and the natives at 250,000 to above 300,000. This no doubt is a great exaggeration; and we think the population, including the additions by immigration and extension of territory, cannot exceed 7000 colonists and 50,000 natives: perhaps the native tribes in the interior with whom the Liberians have entered into treaty may number 150,000 to 200,000, but they are not inhabitants of Liberia. Liberia owes its origin to the efforts of the American Colonisation Society, founded in 1816, for the colonisation of the free coloured people of the United States. The first settlement was made on Sherboro Island, off the coast of West Africa, opposite the present western boundary of Liberia; but several of the settlers having died, and the others experienced much suffering, the settlement was abandoned, and the settlers removed to Sierra Leone. A second party was however sent out, who established themselves, early in 1822, on the site of the present town of Monrovia, on Cape Mesurado, 6° 19' N. lat., 10° 46′ W. long. At first the settlers encountered many difficulties, owing to the unfriendly disposition of the native tribes; but after a time, as they increased in numbers and were more abundantly provided with fire-arms and some pieces of artillery, they were able not only to keep the natives in check, but to act on the offensive, and to drive them into the interior, or subject them to their authority. In about a dozen years the colony had become sufficiently numerous and energetic to seek the privileges of self-government. In 1839 a constitution was framed and a governor appointed by the Colonisation Society to carry out its provisions. The new constitution appears to have worked very well in home matters, but difficulties occurred in enforcing the laws on foreign traders; and the English government, which had displayed the friendliest feeling and rendered important assistance to the infant community, announced that it could not recognise the right of the Liberian authorities-the colony being neither an independent state nor an acknowledged dependency of the United States-to impose duties on goods imported into the country by British subjects. The Liberian council forwarded a resolution to the Colonisation Society, importing that the existence of the colony was dependent on its possession of complete political jurisdiction; and the Society replied by a resolution admitting that the time had come for the "commonwealth of Liberia to take into their own hands the whole work of self-government, including the management of all their foreign relations." Accordingly, the question was put to the vote of the people whether the settlement should declare itself an independent state, and carried in the affirmative. A convention was then appointed to draw up a constitution, and on the 24th of August, 1847, the flag of the Independent Republic of Liberia' was hoisted with much ceremony. The chief events in the history of the settlement have been the numerous encounters with the natives, and since its independence the visits of the president to England and America with a view to the arranging of certain treaties. The republic was recognised by England as an independent state soon after its declaration of independence, and has since been recognised by France, Prussia, Brazil, and some other powers, but not by the United States. The coast of Liberia has a general direction north-west and southeast, and is broken by several inlets and coves, of which those formed by Cape Mount, Cape Mesurado, and Bassa Cove are of much value as harbours. The greater part of the coast is low and sandy, or marshy; but about Cape Mesurado and Cape Mount (which is 1060 feet above the sea) the shore is considerably elevated. Between those points however there is a low continuous beach of light brown sand, backed by an unbroken tract of forest. Towards the south-eastern extremity the coast is in many parts bold and rocky, the cliffs in many places being from 40 to 60 feet above the sea, with large irregular blocks of granite on the beach, over which the sea breaks heavily, and many rocks lie a short distance off the shore; but between the higher parts everywhere occur long stretches of low sandy beach, in many places bordered by sand-banks: so that nearly all along the coast it is necessary for the mariner to keep a sharp </div> <div class='gimg_column' style='float: right; margin-left: 1em;'> <img height="50" width="198" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=wJhJAQAAMAAJ&output=text&pg=PA505&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&q=maryland+colony+climate+and+geography&cds=1&sig=ACfU3U0oN8pBHUmpdRekj9bI0VHHBU_3zA&edge=0&edge=stretch&ci=461,1288,492,123" alt="[blocks in formation]" /></div> </div>  <div class='flow' style=''> <a class='page' id='PA507'></a> <div class='gtxt_column'> none appear to be navigable far inland. The chief river is the St. Paul, which falls into the sea by Cape Mesurado. The sand-banks at its mouth leave only a narrow channel for boats, with 7 feet of water in it at low-tide. It is half a mile wide 40 miles from its mouth, has a considerable body of water, flows through an extremely fertile valley, and has along its banks numerous native villages as well as settlements of the Liberians; but its course is greatly obstructed by rapids; boats of light draught can only ascend it for about 25 miles. The other most important streams are the St. John, which falls into the sea at Bassa Cove; the Junk, which lies between the St. Paul and St. John, and has a very narrow channel through the bar at its mouth; the Cape Mount River, which falls into the sea at Cape Mount, and has its entrance almost closed by a narrow spit of sand; the Grand Cestos, some distance eastward; and the Droo, still farther east, which has about 6 feet of water over its bar, deepening inside to 4 fathoms. The climate is hot and oppressive. During the dry season, which lasts from May to November, the temperature averages 85°; but in the wet season it falls to 75° or 74°. The extreme heat is alleviated by gentle breezes, which blow daily from the sea. To whites, whether natives of Europe or America, the climate is very prejudicial; but the negro colonists, though the descendants of families long settled in America, experience no inconvenience from it after they have passed through the seasoning,' or 'acclimatising fever,' which visits all the newly-arrived alike, but is now comparatively seldom fatal in its attacks. Nothing like an epidemic has ever appeared in Liberia. The following brief extract from an 'Address of the Citizens of Liberia to the Free Coloured People of the United States,' 1847, may serve, with allowance for a little heightening in the colouring, to convey a tolerably clear idea of the character and capabilities of the country </div> <div class='gtxt_column'> </div> <div class='gtxt_column'> "A more fertile soil, and a more productive country, so far as it is cultivated, there is not, we believe, on the face of the earth. Its hills and its plains are covered with a verdure which never fades; the productions of nature keep on in their growth through all seasons of the year. Even the natives of the country, almost without farming tools, without skill, and with very little labour, make more grain and vegetables than they can consume, and often more than they can sell. Cattle, swine, fowl, ducks, goats, and sheep thrive without feeding, requiring no care but to keep them from straying. Cotton, coffee, indigo, and the sugar-cane are all the spontaneous growth of our forests, and may be cultivated at pleasure, to any extent, by such as are disposed. The same may be said of rice, Indian corn, Guinea corn, millet, and too many species of fruit to enumerate. Add to all, we have no dreary winter here. Nature is constantly renewing herself, and is also constantly pouring her treasures all the year round into the laps of the industrious." </div> <div class='gimg_column' style='float: left; margin-right: 1em;'> <img height="3" width="4" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=wJhJAQAAMAAJ&output=text&pg=PA507&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&q=maryland+colony+climate+and+geography&cds=1&sig=ACfU3U2bdfxlo3-Y5qpREM6b3Uc_p9nT3g&edge=0&edge=stretch&ci=288,768,6,4" alt="[ocr errors]" /></div> <div class='gtxt_column'> It is thought that when labour becomes more abundant, sugar, cotton (which yields two crops in the year), coffee, and indigo will come to be staple products of Liberia. The coffee-tree has already been somewhat extensively planted; at one place there is a plantation of 30,000 trees. At present the chief articles of export, besides fruits, vegetables, and salted meats supplied to ships calling at the ports, are palm oil, which has. become an article of great importance, dye-woods, ivory, and rice, with some gold, tortoise-shell, gums, hides, wax, ground-nuts, ginger, and pepper; a good proportion of which is brought by natives from the interior. The exports in the two years ending September, 1843, amounted to 25,767%., the imports to 32,8801, the exports are said now to average upwards of 100,000l. annually. The supply of dye-woods, especially cam-wood, appears to be inexhaustible. It is said that from about 30 miles east of Bassa Cove there "extends a forest-region of unknown extent, where scarcely any tree is seen except cam-wood." Liberia has a considerable coastingtrade, carried on by schooners belonging to the country; and a large trade with the interior. For home consumption as well as export there is a great variety of timber-trees suitable for building purposes; good building-stone abounds; as do also shells for lime, and clay of excellent quality for bricks. </div> <div class='gtxt_column'> : </div> <div class='gtxt_column'> Liberia is divided into the counties of Mesurado, or Montserrado, Bassa, and Sinoe. The chief town is Monrovia, the capital, on Cape Mesurado, a busy sea-port town and the principal place of trade. It contains a court-house, a public library, two or three churches and schools; several stores, warehouses, and good wharfs; a fort and a lighthouse; and has about 1500 inhabitants. The other larger towns and settlements along the coast are Marshall at the mouth, and on the right bank of the Junk River; Edina and Grand Bassa at the mouth, but on the opposite banks of the St. John, in Bassa Cove; Bexley, and the new town of Cresson in the same neighbourhood; Greenville on the Sinoe; Trade Town, a populous place 4 miles W. from Young Cestos; and Cestos, or St. George's Point in Cestos Bay. The chief inland towns and settlements are Caldwell on the St. Paul; New Georgia; and Millsburg. Along the coast are several factories, chiefly for the trade in cam-wood, belonging to Liberians, and some to English and American merchants: and both along the coast and inland are numerous native towns and villages, some of them, as Grand Cestos and Great Neefoo, of considerable size. On Cape Palmas, the south-eastern extremity of Liberia, is esta </div> <div class='gtxt_column'> blished the colony of Maryland-in-Liberia, consisting of free coloured emigrants sent thither from the state of Maryland by the 'State Colonisation Society.' The colony was founded in 1834, and a considerable number of free coloured persons have since been sent to it by the Society, which is assisted in its operations by an annual grant from the state legislature of 20,000 dollars. The colony, which is independent of Liberia, is governed by an agent, or governor, appointed by the Colonisation Society, and a council and other officers elected by the colonists; and appears to be in a tolerably flourishing condition. Harper, the chief town, contains about 700 inhabitants, and carries on a good deal of trade. The Palmas River is about a hundred yards wide towards its mouth, but several rocks lie in the channel; it has a depth of 3 feet over the bar at low water. The colonists have erected a lighthouse on Cape Palmas, which shows a fixed light 100 feet above the sea. There are two or three villages and smaller settlements. The constitution, adopted at the declaration of the independence of Liberia, and said to have been drawn up by Professor Greenleaf, of Harvard College, Massachusetts, is founded on that of the United States, which it greatly resembles in its leading principles. It proclaims the equality of all men; establishes perfect religious freedom, and the liberty of the press; prohibits slavery; gives the right of every one to be tried by a jury of his peers, of bail, and of habeas corpus; makes nearly all offices elective, and gives the suffrage to every male citizen 21 years of age possessing real estate-citizenship belonging however exclusively to persons of colour; and of such, at present at least, only to the free coloured emigrants from the United States, who immediately on arriving are admitted to full citizenship, and receive a grant of five acres of land, with liberty to purchase more. The executive government is vested in a senate elected from the counties, and a house of representatives elected after the American system, according to a ratio of representative population; and a president who is elected for two years, is to exercise supreme executive power, is the commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and has a qualified veto on the acts of the legislature. The judicature consists of a supreme court, and districts courts: the judges are only removeable by the president on a vote of two-thirds of the houses of legislature. The annual revenue and expenditure average about 70001. & year each. The republic appears to be making steady progress, There were in 1847 in Liberia (without including the Maryland colony) 23 churches with 1474 communicants, of whom 469 were natives; there are now above 30 churches. Schools are provided for all the children of citizens. In 1847 there were 16 schools with 562 scholars, of whom 192 were the children of native Africans: in 1851 the scholars were said to exceed 2000. Three high-schools are in operation in Monrovia; and an Act has passed the legislature for the establishment of a college. The 'Liberia Herald,' a very respectably conducted newspaper, has now continued to be published for above 20 years one or two others have been issued within the last few years. (Constitution and Declaration of Independence of the Independent Republic of Liberia; Publications of the American Colonisation Society; Parliamentary Papers on African Slavery; Africa Redeemed; Travels in Africa, &c.) LIBOURNE. [GIRONDE.] LIBYA. [AFRICA.] LICHFIELD, Staffordshire, an episcopal city, a county in itself, a municipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated on a small stream, a feeder of the Trent, in 52° 41′ N. lat., 1° 49′ W. long., distant 18 miles S.E. from Stafford, 119 miles N.W. from London by road, and 115 miles by the London and NorthWestern railway. The population of the city and borough of Lichfield in 1851 was 7012. The borough is governed by 6 aldermen and 18 councillors, one of whom is mayor; and returns two members to the Imperial Parliament. The livings are in the archdeaconry of Stafford and diocese of Lichfield. Lichfield Poor-Law Union contains 30 parishes and townships, with an area of 58,701 acres, and a population in 1851 of 25,278. The name Lichfield is Saxon. Edward II. granted a charter of incorporation to the city; and Queen Mary in the first year of her reign constituted the city and suburbs a distinct county. Charters were also granted by James I. and James II. The houses in the principal streets are handsome and well built; the city is well supplied with water, and is paved and lighted. Among the public buildings are the guildhall, the market-house, theatre, jail, and house of correction. A county court is held in the town. The cathedral is partly of the early English, but much of it is of a later period. It sustained considerable injury during the civil wars, but was restored by Dr. Hacket in 1661; and very extensive repairs and alterations have since been effected. Its total length is 410 feet; the width along the transepts is 153 feet. It has three spires, of which the central rises to the height of 280 feet, the whole being ornamented with a profusion of very elaborate workmanship. As the building occupies an elevated site it forms a prominent object in the approach to the city. In the interior of the cathedral are numerous monuments, and among them is one of Dr. Samuel Johnson, who was born in this city, and to whose memory a statue has been erected. There are chapels for Independents and other Dissenters: a Free Grammar school (not now free to any), said to have been founded by </div> </div>  <div class='flow' style=''> <a class='page' id='PA509'></a> <div class='gtxt_column'> Edward VI., which has an income of nearly 100l. a year, with nine exhibitions, tenable for three years, and had 28 scholars in 1853; several National schools; an hospital for the aged widows or unmarried daughters of clergymen; a savings bank, and other benevolent institutions. In the town are extensive carpet manufactories and breweries. The market days are Tuesday and Friday. Fairs are held on January 10th, Shrove-Tuesday, Ash-Wednesday, and the first Tuesday in November. There are seven incorporated trade companies. The Grand Junction Canal passes Lichfield on the south. The diocese of Lichfield comprises the three archdeaconries of Stafford, Derby, and Salop, including parts of Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Warwickshire, and Shropshire. Besides the archdeacons the chapter includes a dean, 4 canons, 19 prebendaries, a chancellor, and 5 minor canons. The income of the bishop is fixed at 4500l. a year. The livings are 491. The episcopal palace adjoins the cathedral in the precinct of the Cathedral Close. LICHTENBERG, a principality situated between the Bavarian circle of the Rhine, the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine, and two isolated districts belonging to Oldenburg and Hesse-Homburg, has an area of 236 square miles. The old lordship of Baumholder was ceded in 1816 by Prussia to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg, who gave it the rank of a principality, calling it Lichtenberg after an ancient castle. The duke ceded the principality, with all the rights of sovereignty, to Prussia in 1834. The territory of the principality is mountainous, being covered by the western offsets of the Wasgau, which are furrowed by the narrow valleys of the Nahe and the Blies. It now forms part of the government of Trèves. Its chief town, Wendel, situated on the Blies, a feeder of the Saar, has about 2600 inhabitants. Baumholder, a village of about 1000 inhabitants, lies N.E. of Wendel. Iron, copper, and some valuable stones are found in the principality. LIDFORD. [DEVONSHIRE.] LIECHTENSTEIN, a sovereign principality, the smallest of all the states composing the German Confederation, consists of the counties of Schellenberg and Vaduz, and is situated between Switzerland and the Tyrol, on the northern slope of the Rhætian Alps. It is bounded N. and E. by the Tyrol, S. by the canton of Grisons, and W. by the Rhine, which separates it from the canton of St. Gall. Its area is only 52 square miles, with a population of 6351, all Roman Catholics. The country is very mountainous; but it produces corn, flax, wine, fruit, and timber, sufficient for the consumption of the inhabitants, who have also a good breed of horned cattle. Liechtenstein, together with several other small German states, forms the fifteenth member of the diet, but in the full council each of them has a vote of its own. Its contingent to the army of the Confederation is 55 men. The principal place in the principality is Vaduz, a village of 1700 inhabitants, situated on the right bank of the Rhine. Above it is the castle of Liechtenstein, built on a lofty rock. Though the prince of Liechtenstein, as a sovereign, has a smaller territory than any other of the German princes, he possesses in the Austrian empire mediatised principalities and lordships of great extent, which comprise the principalities of Troppau and Jagerndorf in Upper Silesia, and vast estates in Moravia, making together an area of 2200 square miles, with a population of 360,000, and yielding to the prince an annual revenue of 1,500,000 florins. The house of Liechtenstein is one of the most ancient and illustrious in Europe; it is believed to have a common origin with the house of Este. LIEGE, a province of Belgium, is bounded N. by Limburg, E. by Rhenish-Prussia, S. by Luxemburg, and W. by Namur and South Brabant. Its area is 1115 square miles, and the population on January 1, 1849, numbered 460,663, the great majority of whom are Walloons. The smaller and northern portion is billy and undulating; the southern is mountainous. The Ardennes cover a great part of the south of the province. The soil differs much in quality. On the west side of the Maas, and on the east side towards Limburg, the plains, valleys, and low hills are fertile and well cultivated; on the east side of the Maas, where it is joined by the Ourthe, especially towards Luxemburg, the soil is rocky and stony. In this part of the province there are extensive forests. The principal river is the Maas, which comes from Namur, and forms at first the boundary between the two provinces. After receiving the Ourthe it flows between high, steep, and often perpendicular rocks to Liège, where it becomes broader, and enters the province of Limburg. The Ourthe is joined on the right bank by the Amblève, which rises in the Eifel, and passes Malmedy; and near its mouth by the Vesdre, which also rises in the Eifel, and runs west through a pretty valley past Eupen, Limburg, and Verviers. The climate is healthy and temperate, though somewhat damp; in the southern parts the air is keener and the winter longer than in the north. The country produces hops, corn, and a little wine; the pastures are good, and maintain great numbers of horned cattle and sheep. The mineral wealth of the country is considerable; there are mines of calamine, alum, lead, and iron ore; but more important than all these together are the numerous coal-mines of the province. Of the mineral waters those of Spa are the most celebrated. The manufactures, which are very important, consist of all kinds of steam-machinery for railroads and factories, mill-castings, fine woollens, merinoes, linen, cotton-stuffs, cutlery, surgical instruments, fire-arms, glass, hardware, &c. There are zinc and calamine works of con </div> <div class='gtxt_column'> siderable magnitude near Huy, and at other places in the valley of the Maas. The province is crossed by the Liège-Namur railroad, and by the line from Ostend to Cologne. The number of steam-engines of different kinds in the province for manufacturing, mining, and locomotive purposes exceeds 500. The province of Liège was formerly a bishopric belonging to the circle of Westphalia; the bishop, who was suffragan of the archbishop of Cologne, was a prince of the empire, and had also the title of Duke of Bouillon. The French however took possession of the province in 1789, and retained the country till the overthrow of Napoleon I., after which it was united with the kingdom of the Netherlands: from this it was severed by the revolution of 1830. [BELGIUM.] Towns. The capital is LIÈGE. Glons, a small place of 2000 inhabitants, N. of Liège, is the centre of a great straw-hat manufacture, which gives occupation to upwards of 6000 people. Herstal, or Heristal, on the left bank of the Maas, has important coal-mines, iron- and steelworks, iron-foundries, and 6000 inhabitants. The village extends nearly 3 miles along the river towards Liège. Pepin le Gros took the name of D'Heristal from having resided here. Herve, a few miles E. of Liège, has 3500 inhabitants, who manufacture woollencloth, stockings, and shoes, and trade in cheese and butter. Huy, situated in a narrow valley, hemmed in by lofty rocks, on the Maas, here crossed by an ancient stone bridge, is strongly fortified and further defended by a formidable citadel, which commands the valley of the Maas. This town is admired for its romantic situation. It has an interesting cathedral and town-hall. The collegiate church of Notre Dame, situated below the citadel, is a graceful gothic structure, which dates from A.D. 1311, and is approached by a gateway adorned with sculptures in relief, representing incidents in the life of the Blessed Virgin. The grave of Peter the Hermit, who died A.D. 1115, is still shown on the site of the old church of the monastery of Neufmoustier, in one of the suburbs of the town. The population is 8000. Beer, spirits, paper, leather, linen, and cast-iron are manufactured. Limburg, formerly a strongly fortified town and capital of the old duchy of Limburg. It is now little better than a heap of ruins: the French demolished its outworks in 1675, and various calamities of war and fire have since completed its destruction. The population of the town hardly exceeds 1500. Its suburb, Dolhain, or Dalhem, is now a much more important place; it has about 3000 inhabitants, is a station on the railway from Liège to Aix-la-Chapelle, 6 miles E. from Verviers, 16 miles N.E. from Liège, and has manufactures of fine linen and woollen-cloth. Seraing, S. of Liège, on the Maas, has coal-mines, important iron-foundries, and glass-works: population 3460. A suspension-bridge over the Maas connects the town with Jemeppe. The iron-works established here by the late Mr. John Cockerill form a vast mass of buildings, comprising 4 blast- and 15 puddling-furnaces, rolling-mills, and forges, where iron is worked into articles of all sorts, from penknives to steam-engines. Iron and coal are got from mines within the walls. The buildings are surmounted by about 50 tall chimneys. The establishment is now worked by a Belgian company, and employs between 3000 and 4000 men in addition to several steam-engines. Spa, a well-built little town, famous for its mineral-springs and baths, is situated in a pretty valley among the Ardennes Mountains, in the south-east of the province. The heights around it are covered with plantations, and laid out in delightful walks, which present at several points prospects of great beauty. The principal spring, called Pouhon, is situated in the town; six others are in the environs. The ordinary population of the town is about 4000, who live chiefly by the profits derived from visitors to the waters. The bath-buildings, the several pump-rooms, and the Redoute (a handsome building, which includes a café, theatre, gambling-rooms, &c.) are the most interesting structures in Spa. The Spa springs are chalybeate; they are chiefly recommended in cases of relaxation of the bowels and obstruction of the liver. About 150,000 bottles are annually exported from the Pouhon spring, which is the strongest. Spa is famous also for the manufacture of elegant wooden toys, work-boxes, writing-desks, &c. The mountains near the town contain many beautiful and extensive grottoes. Theux, S.E. of Liège, on the left bank of the Hoëgne, a feeder of the Vesdre, which rises to the south of Spa in the Ardennes, has black marble-quarries, woollen-yarn factories, iron-works, and 4370 inhabitants. Near Theux is the old castle of Franchimont, celebrated by Sir Walter Scott. Verviers, a flourishing manufacturing town of 27,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Vesdre, about 20 miles by railway E. from Liège. It is irregularly built, but some of the suburbs are pretty. The townhouse, theatre, the new church, the railway station, and the college are the most remarkable public structures of the town. Verviers is famous for the manufacture of fine and ordinary woollen-cloths and cassimirs, giving employment to 40,000 hands in the town and neighbourhood; the Belgian army is clothed principally from the looms of Verviers, the total produce of which is estimated at 1,000,000l. sterling annually. Flannels, serges, tickings, coverlets, mouselines-de-laine, merino, &c., are also manufactured. The dyes of Verviers are said not to be surpassed in Europe. There are also establishments for the manufacture of steam-machinery, ironmongery, soap, beer, &c. LIÈGE (Lüttich, Luik), the capital of the Belgian province of Liège, is situated in a valley below the junction of the Ourthe with the Maas, in 50° 39' N. lat., 5° 31' E. long., at a distance by railway of 58 miles S.E. from Malines, 35 miles N.E. from Namur, and has </div> </div>  <div class='flow' style=''> <a class='page' id='PA511'></a> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> 76,500 inhabitants. The city is the seat of a bishop, and of the supreme court of justice for the provinces of Liège, Limburg, Namur, and Luxembourg. The Maas, on entering the city, divides into several branches which form islands, bordered by handsome quays and con- nected by 17 bridges. Liège is divided into the old and the new town, and has besides 10 suburbs. Most of the streets are very narrow, dark, in consequence of the height of the houses, and not clean. There are however a few broad streets, some good squares, and promenades. The city was formerly fortified, but at present it is defended only by a citadel, erected on St.-Walburg's Mount on the north side of the town, and by a great outwork on the west side. The most remarkable buildings are the cathedral, built in the 8th century, the court-house, the town-hall, the theatre, the university, which was founded in 1817, and the church of St.-Jacques, the finest ecclesiastical edifice in the city, lately repaired and magnificently decorated at the public expense. There are a gymnasium, a bank, and numerous learned, charitable, and useful institutions. The extensive coal-mines near the town; its numerous iron-works, royal cannon-foundry, and establishments for the manufacture of fire-arms, hardware, broadcloth, glass, and leather; its engine-factories, zinc rolling-mills, and naileries; its linen and cotton factories, steel-works, and breweries; together with a flourishing com- merce in colonial produce and manufactured goods, render it one of the most important towns in Belgium, and one of the most industrial centres in Europe. The staple manufacture is that of fire-arms. The town owes its prosperity to the valuable coal-mines near and under the town. LIEGNITZ, one of the three governments into which Silesia is divided, comprises the most north westerly part of that province, and that part of Upper Lausitz which is now part of Prussia. It is bounded N. by the governments of Frankfurt and Posen, E. by those of Posen and Breslau, S. by Bohemia, from which it is separated by the crest of the Riesen-gebirge, and W. by the kingdom of Saxony. Its area is 5300 square miles, and the population at the end of 1849 was 921,002. The surface, high, rugged, and mountainous, in the south, slopes down northward into the great plain of the Oder, which river traverses the government from south-east to north-west, and forms part of the northern boundary. The principal feeders of the Oder in the government are the Katzbach, the Bober (which receives the Zack, the Queiss, and many other streams), the Neisse, which drains the west of the province, consisting of part of Upper Lausitz, and the Bartsch, which rises in Posen and joins the Oder on the right bank above Glogau. A small portion of the province to the west of Görlitz belongs to the basin of the Spree, which river forms part of the western boundary. There are many small lakes in the south and west of the province. The climate is tolerably mild. The soil is generally sandy and in the valleys very fertile, but there are few districts which produce corn enough for the consumption. The vine is cultivated in the valleys. Forests everywhere abound and timber forms an important article of export. The pastures are extensive, and large numbers of horned cattle and sheep are reared. Linen and woollen stuffs are the chief industrial products. [SILESIA.] </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> in 51° 38′ N. lat., 16° 7' E. long., 50 miles by railway E. from the Hansdorf station on the Berlin-Breslau line, and has 12,000 in- habitants. An island in the Oder is strongly fortified and connected with the town by a wooden bridge. The town has 11 churches, a synagogue, 2 hospitals, a Catholic gymnasium with 13 professors and 268 pupils (in 1850); a Protestant gymnasium with 11 professors and 117 pupils; and manufactures of woollens, printed calicoes, hosiery, tobacco, &c. Bunzlau is the subject of a separate article. [BUNZLAU.] Among the other towns we can only briefly notice the following :— Goldberg, situated on an eminence on the banks of the Katzbach, has double walls and four gates; a population of 7500; manufactures of broadcloth, hosiery, and gloves; and a high school, in which the celebrated Wallenstein was educated. Grünberg, a walled town with three gates, about 10,000 inhabitants, flourishing manufactures of woollen cloths, printed cottons, and leather, is situated near the northern boundary of the government. Hirschberg, S.W. of Goldberg, is the centre of a great linen manufacture, and has about 8000 inhabit- ants. The town stands on the left bank of the Bober; it is walled, and has five churches, a gymnasium, cotton-printing factories, paper- mills, sugar-refineries, and potteries. Jauer, or Jauerbach, stands S. of Liegnitz, on the mountain river Neisse, a feeder of the Katzbach. It is a well-built town, surrounded by a double wall and a ditch, and has about 7000 inhabitants, who manufacture broadcloth, linen, hosiery, and leather. Lauban, on the Queiss, a walled town, with four gates, has a Protestant gymnasium with 9 professors and 94 pupils (in 1850), and 6000 inhabitants, who manufacture calico and linen. Sagan, on the Bober, is a strongly-fortified town, with three gates, a very fine ducal palace with a beautiful park, one Lutheran and five Roman Catholic churches, and manufactures of woollen-cloth, linen, stockings, lace, and looking-glasses. There is a Catholic gymnasium, with 11 professors and 223 pupils (in 1850). The population is nearly 7000. The government of Liegnitz is traversed by the Saxo-Silesian railway from Dresden, through Görlitz, to the Kohlfurt junction on the Berlin-Breslau line, which passes through Liegnitz and Bunzlau, and sends out a branch eastward through Sagan to Glogau. [SILESIA.] LIEOU-KIEOU or LOO-CHOO ISLANDS, a group of islands situated at considerable distances from one another, between the Japanese island of Kioosioo and the Chinese island of Formosa. They lie between 24° 10′ and 28° 40′ N. lat., 127° and 129° E. long., and are said to consist of 36 islands, of different but rather small dimensions. The largest of them, called Great Loo-Choo, and sometimes Doo-Choo by the natives, is very nearly 60 miles long in a north-east direction, and preserves a tolerably uniform breadth of about 10 or 12 miles. The surface of these islands is mostly uneven and rugged. The highest of the hills, Onnodake Mount, measured by Captain Beechy, does not attain 1100 feet above the sea. They seem to be of volcanic origin, but no active volcano has been observed in them. The lower tracts are of great fertility, but the most elevated are generally bare and rarely covered with wood. The fertile tracts are in high cultivation, yielding sweet potatoes, millet, wheat, Indian corn, rice, potatoes, cabbages, barley, the sugar-cane, cotton, peas, lettuces, onions, plantains, pomegranates, and oranges. Their agriculture resembles that of the Chinese, particularly as to manuring and irrigating the ground. Along the sides of the hills and around the villages the bamboo, rattan, pine, and banyan trees flourish. Cattle are employed only for agricultural purposes. Milk is never used; hogs, goats, and poultry, with rice and other vegetables, form the food of the inhabitants. They have no sheep nor asses; their horses are of a small slight make, and used for riding and carrying loads. The climate is very mild, these islands being situated within the range of the trade-winds. The inhabitants are rather low in stature, but well formed, of a deep copper colour, with uniformly black hair, and dark gray eyes. Gentleness and simplicity characterise them all. Their language is similar to the Japanese. Sugar, salt, and sulphur are exported to China and Japan. The principal commercial town of Great Loo-Choo is Napakiang, or Nepa Ching, which has a good and safe harbour, and is generally considered the capital of the islands; but Captain Beechy thinks that the town of Shui or Shoodi is the capital and residence of the king. It is situated farther inland, on a hill, and surrounded by a wall, but has never been visited by Europeans. The islands are said to be nominally subject to Japan. LIER. [ANTWERP, Province of.] LIFFORD. [DONEGAL.] LIFFRE. [ILLE-ET-VILAINE.] LIFFY, RIVER. [DUBLIN; IRELAND.] LIGUEIL. [INDRE-ET-LOIRE.] </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> Liegnitz, the capital of the government, situated in 51° 12′ 30" N. lat., 16° 12' 15" E. long., at the conflux of the Schwarzwasser and the Katzbach, 180 miles by railway S.E. from Berlin, has a popu-tea-shrubs, tobacco, capsicums, cucumbers, cocoa-nuts, carrots, lation of about 12,000. The inner town is surrounded with a moat and earthen rampart, which is laid out in public gardens with fine avenues of trees; it is entered by four gates. The old palace of the princes of Liegnitz is in the town, and is surrounded by a separate moat and high wall. There are 4 churches, of which that of St. Peter and St. Paul has a large library, and that of St. John contains the magnificent chapel where the old princes of Liegnitz and Brieg were interred. Among the public institutions are a gymnasium, with 13 professors, and 270 pupils in 1850, the Ritter Academy, a magnificent building, founded in 1708 by the emperor Joseph I., for the sons of Silesian gentlemen, and remodelled in 1810 for the education of children of the upper classes of society. It has a good library, mathematical and other instruments, collections of natural history, &c., and considerable revenues. Liegnitz has manufactures of woollen cloths, linen, cotton, silk-stockings, tobacco, starch, beer, &c. In the suburbs and environs great quantities of fruit and vegetables are grown. Liegnitz has a theatre, an orphan asylum, and two hospitals. Frederick II. defeated the Austrians under Marshal Laudon between this town and Parchwitz (a few miles to the north-east) in 1760. In the vicinity is Wahlstatt, where the celebrated battle with the Mongol Tartars was fought in 1241, in which Frederick, duke of Liegnitz, lost his life; and between this place and Eichholz on the Katzbach, Blücher, together with the Russians, defeated the French under Macdonald and Ney in 1813, whence he obtained the title of Prince Blücher of Wahlstatt. </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> Görlitz, a well-built fortified town, is situated on the left bank of the Neisse, 60 miles by railway E. from Dresden, and has a population of 13,670, who are engaged in the manufacture of woollen-cloth, linen, hosiery, leather, sheeting, linen-yarn, hardware, and musical instruments. The town has also a considerable transit-trade. It contains 8 churches, a citadel, a town-hall, a gymnasium, 3 libraries, an orphan asylum, 4 hospitals, and a house of correction. Glogau, a strong fortress, on the left bank of the Oder, is situated </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> separated in </div> <div class='gtxt_body'> LIGURIA (called by the Greeks Ligystica, and the inhabitants Ligyes and Ligustini), a division of ancient Italy, was the time of Augustus from Etruria by the river Macra (Magra), and was bounded N.E. by Gallia Cisalpina, and W. by the province of Gallia. The most important places in Liguria were Albium Intemelium (Vintimiglia), a place of some importance and a municipium, the capital of the Intemelii; Albium Ingaunum (Albenga), the capital of the Ingauni; Genua or Genoa; Dertona (Tortona), in the interior, </div> </div>  <div class='flow' style=''> <a class='page' id='PA513'></a> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> a Roman colony, surnamed Julia; Alba Pompeia (Alba); Asta (Asti); and Pollentia (Polenza). The Ligures in more ancient times extended as far as the Rhone in France; and they also appear to have inhabited part of Spain and Corsica. The Ligurians of Italy were finally subdued by the Romans B.C. 166. LIGURIAN APENNINES. [APENNINES.] LILLE, the capital formerly of French Flanders, now of the department of Nord, is situated in 50° 38' 44" N. lat., 3° 3' 37" E. long., at a distance by railway of 170 miles E.N.E. from Paris, 51 miles S.E. from Dunkirk, and in 1851 had 68,463 inhabitants in the commune, which does not include all the suburbs. It stands in a fertile and level country, at the junction of the Haute-Deule and the Basse-Deule, as the two cuts of the canal that unites the Scarpe and the Lys are called. These two cuts are united by a third, called Moyenne-Deule, which passing west of the town conveys barges too heavily laden or too large to pass through any of the numerous channels that traverse the city for purposes of commerce or to drive the machinery of the numerous factories. The town is well built; the streets are regular, wide, and provided with foot pavements; the houses are in general three or four stories high, and built of brick or limestone. It contains 34 squares and market-places, 30 bridges of all sizes, about 200 streets, a great number of lanes and courts, and about 10,000 houses, besides many factories and mills, which, together with a far greater number in the environs, announce to the traveller by their lofty chimneys that he is approaching one of the great hives of industrial activity. Lille, which is entered by 7 gates, is surrounded by very strong fortifications and wet ditches, and defended by a citadel said to be the masterpiece of Vauban. Its shape is nearly oval, its length within the walls being 2560 yards, and its breadth 1278 yards. The citadel is a regular pentagon of 426 yards diameter; it is situated south-west of the town, and separated from it by a wide esplanade, which crossed by the Moyenne-Deule, and planted next the town with several avenues of trees, forms a fine promenade. </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> quarter extending between the gates of La-Barre and La-Madeleine was laid out and built. The most memorable siege that Lille has ever sustained was that of 1792, when an Austrian army rained shell, shot, and red-hot balls upon it for six days, but owing to the resistance of the garrison and the townsfolk, and still more to the successes of the republicans in Champagne, they were obliged to withdraw before making themselves masters of the city. LILLEBONNE. [SEINE-INFÉRIEURE.] LILLO. [ANTWERP.] LILYBUM. [SICILY.] LIMA, the capital of the republic of Peru in South America, is situated in 12° 2'S. lat., 77° 4′ W. long., about six miles from its port CALLAO, which is on the shores of the Pacific. It contains with its suburbs about 60,000 inhabitants, of whom more than a third are mulattos, and nearly 10,000 Indians and mestizos. Lima stands on high ground; the road rises gradually from Callao, and the great square of the capital is 560 feet above the level of the sea. Lima is built in a spacious and fertile valley traversed by a small river called the Rimac, which washes the northern walls of the city. Over it there is a handsome stone bridge leading to the suburbs of St. Lazaro and to the alameda, or public walk. The city is surrounded with low walls. It is about two miles in length, and from its numerous domes and spires has an imposing and picturesque appearance at a little distance. The city is regularly laid out in square blocks of houses (quadras), about 400 feet each way. The houses are low, and have rarely more than one floor: they are lightly built on account of the frequent earthquakes, which have repeatedly reduced the city to ruins. The roofs are made of coarse linen-cloth, or cane, the total want of rain rendering more substantial roofs unnecessary. The streets are regular and tolerably wide, but the pavement is extremely bad, consisting of large round stones, laid without the least regularity. There are no flags for foot-passengers; and the chief or only scavengers are the lurking buzzards which swarm about them: a broad channel of running water passes through the middle of almost every street. The The public structures of Lille are few. The most remarkable are— city occupies a nearly triangular space, the base or longest side the churches of La-Madeleine, St.-Maurice, and St.-Paul; the town-hall, extending along the banks of the river. A fine street leads from the which, built by Jean-sans-Peur in 1430, was for a long time the bridge to the Plaza Mayor, or great square, in the midst of which is palace of the dukes of Bourgogne; the Mont-de-Piété, founded in 1610; a large fountain with a bronze statue of Fame in its centre, and at its the Paris gate, which is a triumphal arch in honour of Louis XIV.; angles four small basins. On the north side of the square is the the general hospital; the large corn-stores at the end of the Rue government palace, a large but gloomy-looking edifice, formerly occupied Royale; the theatre; the concert-room, one of the finest in France; by the viceroys, but now the court-house. On the east side of the the museum, established in a fine old abbey, and containing the square are the cathedral, a handsome building of considerable extent, public library of above 20,000 volumes, a gallery of paintings, and the and the archiepiscopal palace, now in part used as a senate-house. On archives of the town; and the Napoléon bridge across the Moyenne- the west side, which faces the cathedral, is the town hall and the city Deule, which unites the part of the esplanade that serves for a walking-prison; the south side is occupied by private houses generally built place to the part next the citadel where the troops are drilled. in a good style. </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> The manufactures of Lille are very important; they consist of all kinds of cotton goods; linen and linen thread, lace, blankets, and other woollen-stuffs; paper, leather, beet-root sugar; steam machinery and iron-mongery; gin, beer, and great quantities of oil, which is expressed in 300 wind-mills near the town; glass, soap, tape, hats, carpets, chemical products, &c. There are also iron- and copperfoundries, dye-houses, bleaching establishments, and sugar-refineries. The trade in these various products, and in colonial produce, wool, hides, hops, coal, tobacco, chicory, &c., is extensive. The town is lighted with gas, and has communications by railway and by canal with all parts of France and Belgium. Lille is the seat of tribunals of first instance and of commerce, and the head-quarters of the 3rd Military Division; it has a bank, a council of prud'hommes, a college, a medical school, an academy of music, a school of painting, various establishments for the gratuitous instruction of working manufacturers, and a great number of charitable institutions. Lille (l'Isle) owes its origin and its name to a castle built on a spot surrounded by marshes at an early period. It is first mentioned in the time of Baudouin I., count of Flanders, who had several of his enemies hanged from the walls of the castle in 863. Baudouin IV. however may be said to be the founder of the city; he enlarged the place and surrounded it with walls in 1030. The emperor Henry III. in his invasion of Flanders in 1054 took Lille; but it was soon recovered and restored by Baudouin V., who founded the collegiate church of St.-Pierre in 1066. In 1213 the city was taken after a siege of three days by Philippe Auguste of France; in the same year it revolted, whereupon Philippe retook it, and burnt it to the ground. Rebuilt upon a larger scale it was besieged by Philip the Fair in 1297, to whom it capitulated after 11 weeks siege. After the defeat of the French at the battle of Courtrai in 1302 the city opened its gates to Jean de Namur, count of Flanders; but Philip the Fair after another long siege recovered it in the following year, and the city remained in the hands of the French till the time of Philippe-le-Hardi, who restored it to Flanders. In 1476 it passed to the house of Austria, and twenty years afterwards it was united, together with the whole of the Low Countries, to the crown of Spain. The Spaniards held Lille till 1676 when it was wrested from them by Louis XIV., by whose directions Vauban constructed the fortifications and one of the finest citadels in Europe. In the wars of the Spanish succession the city was taken by the allies in 1708. It was finally ceded to France in 1713. Lille was considerably enlarged in 1786, when the handsome </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> GEOC, DIV. VOL. III. </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> Lima has 56 churches, and before the revolutionary war there were 46 convents of monks and nuns; but most of them have since been abolished. It has a university, three colleges, a medical college, a botanic garden, a national museum, and a public library with a considerable collection of valuable books. Primary schools are pretty numerous. There are several charitable institutions, including sixteen hospitals for sick persons and two foundling hospitals. The places of amusement are-a theatre, a large bull-ring, a cock-pit, &c. There are also public baths and an extensive cemetery, called the Patheon, outside the city. The manufactures are not numerous nor extensive. The principal manufactured articles are-utensils and vessels of silver, gold-lace, gilded leather, glass, and cotton-cloth. There is a mint in the city. Gold and silver, copper-ore, chinchilla and vicugna skins and wool, bark, nitre, sugar, &c., constitute the principal articles of export. LIMBURG, a former province of the kingdom of the Netherlands as constituted after the overthrow of Napoleon I., was situated between 50° 44′ and 51° 45′ N. lat., 4° 57′ and 6° 15' E. long., and was bounded N. by North Brabant and Gelderland, E. by Rhenish Prussia, S. by the province of Liège, and W. by those of South Brabant and Antwerp. The surface of the country is generally level, being diversified only in the south-east by some slight elevations. In the adjoining province of Liège the banks of the Maas are lofty and precipitous; but in the province of Limburg there are elevations only at a distance from the stream as far as Maestricht, from which place the banks are low. In consequence of the revolution of 1830 the province of Limburg was divided between Holland and Belgium, the Maas forming the line of separation between the two portions, with the exception of a small circuit about the city of Maestricht on the left bank of the river, which is included in the Dutch portion. We here notice the portions separately. Belgian Limburg lies between 50° 44′ and 51° 18' N. lat., 4° 57' and 5° 40' E. long., and is bounded N. by North Brabant, E. by the duchy of Limburg, from which it is separated by the Maas, S. by Liège, and W. by Antwerp and South Brabant. The area is 928 square miles, and the population in 1849 was 185,621. The surface is flat, except in the south, where there are a few hills. The east of the province along the left bank of the Maas is fertile in corn, hemp, flax, tobacco, madder, fruits, &c. The district also between the Jaar and the Demer possesses a fertile soil. The rest of the province consists of a sandy soil, presenting towards the north extensive barren heaths and many marshes. 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