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The English Cyclopaedia: Cyclopaedia of geography - Charles Knight - Google Books

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>The English Cyclopaedia: Cyclopaedia of geography - Charles Knight - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_33a9cb4bd85d7dfe7a45d751d9918d28/kl_viewport_text_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_English_Cyclopaedia_Cyclopaedia_of_g.html?id=wJhJAQAAMAAJ"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_English_Cyclopaedia_Cyclopaedia_of_g.html?id=wJhJAQAAMAAJ"/><meta name="title" content="The English Cyclopaedia: Cyclopaedia of geography"/><meta name="description" content=""/><meta property="og:title" content="The English Cyclopaedia: Cyclopaedia of geography"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=wJhJAQAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=1&amp;edge=curl&amp;imgtk=AFLRE72ZwrG6J4tEFPjelkbupra8JbahWZZ-b3_JPSdN83BesUFXlC0qnVu9yco7HVKKoW-MKG2sebY_0pzcKF8eUEdwP4BH_r8B6t3BaOYZL8gWPsVgBGB_gVvCgC6ElJnX33UWfoHH"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=wJhJAQAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=1&amp;edge=curl&amp;imgtk=AFLRE72ZwrG6J4tEFPjelkbupra8JbahWZZ-b3_JPSdN83BesUFXlC0qnVu9yco7HVKKoW-MKG2sebY_0pzcKF8eUEdwP4BH_r8B6t3BaOYZL8gWPsVgBGB_gVvCgC6ElJnX33UWfoHH"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> &raquo;</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DwJhJAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA517%26dq%3Dmaryland%2Bcolony%2Bclimate%2Band%2Bgeography%26output%3Dtext%26hl%3Den&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=wJhJAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA517&amp;dq=maryland+colony+climate+and+geography&amp;output=html_text&amp;hl=en" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. 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The principal rivers are the Maas, which receives the Jaar on its left bank at Maestricht; the Demer, which rising west of Maestricht runs westward past Hasselt, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>having received several small feeders from both banks enters <span class="gstxt_hlt">South </span>Brabant on its way to join the Dyle, a feeder of the Schelde; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Dommel, which rises in the north of this province <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>flows through North Brabant, where it enters the Maas at Cr&#232;vec&#339;ur.</p> <p class='gtxt_column' style='text-indent:1em;'>Hasselt, the capital of the province, is a well-built town of 7600 inhabitants, on the Demer. It has some manufactures of linen, leather, tobacco, beer, spirits, point-lace, &amp;c. A branch railroad leads from Hasselt through St.-Trond to the Li&#232;ge-Malines line, which it joins at Landen.</p> <p class='gtxt_column' style='text-indent:1em;'>St.-Trond, 10 <span class="gstxt_hlt">miles </span>from Hasselt, stands on the Meselbeck, a feeder of the Demer, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>has 9500 inhabitants. It is joined by a branch railroad to the Li&#232;ge-Malines line. The chief manufactures are firearms <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>lace; there are iron-forges in the neighbourhood.</p> <p class='gtxt_column' style='text-indent:1em;'>Bilsen, a small place of 2900 <span class="gstxt_hlt">inhabitants </span>on the left bank of the Demer, has iron mineral springs <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>potteries. Tongres, or Tongern, on the Jaar, is a well-built town with 6000 inhabitants, who manufacture chicory, leather, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>hats. In a valley near this town there is an iron mineral spring which has been described by Pliny. The town is named from the Tungri, the first German tribe which settled on the left bank of the Rhine. Maaseyk, or Mazeik, a town of 4000 inhabitants, stands in the north-east of the province on the left bank of the Maas, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and has manufactures </span>of leather, paper, hats, tobacco, pottery, beer, <span class="gstxt_hlt">spirits</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>ropes.</p> <p class='gtxt_column' style='text-indent:1em;'>The Dutch province of Limburg has the title of duchy, extends between 50&#176; 45&#8242; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>51&#176; 47&#8242; N. lat., 5&#176; 35&#39; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>6&#176; 13&#39; E. long., <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>is bounded N. by <span class="gstxt_hlt">Gelderland</span>, E. by Rhenish Prussia, S. <span class="gstxt_hlt">by the </span>Belgian province of Li&#232;ge, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>W. by <span class="gstxt_hlt">those </span>of North Brabant <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Limburg. The area is 848 square miles, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the population in 1852 was 210,275. It extends 71 miles from <span class="gstxt_hlt">north to </span>south, with an average breadth of 14 miles, but at some points the width does not exceed 3 miles. In the southern part extending along the right bank of the Maas the soil is fertile, but in the north bogs, <span class="gstxt_hlt">moors</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>marshes cover a great part of the surface. Cattle-breeding <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>agriculture are the chief occupations of the inhabitants; the products are similar to those of the Belgian province of Limburg. The <span class="gstxt_hlt">principal </span>rivers besides the Maas are its feeders from the right, the Roer <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Neisse. Maastricht, or Maestricht, the capital of the province, stands on the left bank of the Maas, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge, in 50&#176; 48&#8242; N. lat., 5&#176; 43&#8242; E. long., <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>has 22,000 inhabitants. The part of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">town </span>that stands on <span class="gstxt_hlt">the right </span>bank of <span class="gstxt_hlt">the Maas </span>is <span class="gstxt_hlt">properly a </span>suburb, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>called Wyck. The town is regularly <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>well built, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>contains several spacious squares, one of which, the Parade, is <span class="gstxt_hlt">inclosed </span>by an avenue of trees. The town-hall in the great market-place, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the church of St.-<span class="gstxt_hlt">Gervais, </span>are the most remarkable buildings. <span class="gstxt_hlt">There </span>are 6 <span class="gstxt_hlt">Roman </span>Catholic <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>3 Calvinist churches, 2 hospitals, 2 orphan asylums, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a lyceum. The <span class="gstxt_hlt">manufactures </span>consist of woollen-cloth, flannel, leather, <span class="gstxt_hlt">fire-arms</span>, soap, beer, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and spirits</span>. The town is very strongly fortified, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>has an arsenal <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>military magazine: the citadel is erected <span class="gstxt_hlt">on a </span>hill called <span class="gstxt_hlt">Petersberg</span>, on the west bank of the Maas. Underneath this <span class="gstxt_hlt">hill is </span>a stone quarry of great extent, abounding in many curious <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>interesting fossils; it is said to be intersected by above 20,000 <span class="gstxt_hlt">passages</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">forming </span>a most intricate labyrinth. Steamers ply on the Maas to Li&#232;ge <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Rotterdam. Maestricht has suffered often from siege. It was <span class="gstxt_hlt">taken after </span>a four-months&#39; siege by the Spaniards in 1579, when the garrison <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>many of the townspeople were massacred by the victors; it was taken also by Louis XIV.; but William III., king of England, attacked it in vain. Its <span class="gstxt_hlt">brave </span>garrison defended it successfully against the Belgians in 1830, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>thus preserved it to the Dutch. A branch railway connects the <span class="gstxt_hlt">town with </span>Aix-la-Chapelle, whence it has communication with the Belgian <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Rhine railways.</p> <p class='gtxt_column'>The other towns are:-Sittard, N. by E. from Maestricht, population 3325: Roermonde, or Ruremonde, a strongly-fortified place at the entrance of the Roer into the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Maas</span>, with 6000 inhabitants, who manufacture woollen-cloth, leather, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>beer: Vaels, a frontier town, a little W. of Aix-la-Chapelle, with <span class="gstxt_hlt">3000 inhabitants</span>: Venloo, a fortified town on the right bank of the Maas, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>near the Prussian frontier, has 7500 <span class="gstxt_hlt">inhabitants, several </span>breweries, <span class="gstxt_hlt">distilleries, tobacco</span>-factories, vinegar-works, tin- <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>lead foundries, tan-yards, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>spinning-mills; the fort St.-<span class="gstxt_hlt">Michael, which </span>forms part of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">defences</span>, stands on the left bank <span class="gstxt_hlt">of the </span>Maas, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>is joined to the rest of the town by a bridge of boats <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Veerdt, <span class="gstxt_hlt">which </span>is situated <span class="gstxt_hlt">in </span>a marshy district, near the borders of <span class="gstxt_hlt">North </span>Brabant, on the Bree, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>has 6500 inhabitants, <span class="gstxt_hlt">who </span>manufacture hats, cloth, tobacco, <span class="gstxt_hlt">chocolate</span>, candles, leather, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>stockings.</p> <p class='gtxt_column' style='text-indent:1em;'>LIMBURG, referred to from Galicia, is a misprint for LEMBERG. LIMBURG. [LI&#200;GE.] LIMBURG, a town in the duchy of Nassau, situated near the point 50&#176; 20&#39; N. lat., 8&#176; 0&#39; E. long., 20 <span class="gstxt_hlt">miles N.N.W. </span>from Wiesbaden, gives title to a Roman Catholic bishop, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>has about 3300 inhabitants. It is built on the left bank of the river Lahn, a <span class="gstxt_hlt">feeder </span>of the Rhine, over which there is a stone bridge. It has a mint <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>four churches, of which St. George&#39;s <span class="gstxt_hlt">church is </span>deserving of <span class="gstxt_hlt">notice. The </span>inhabitants manufacture earthenware, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>carry on a considerable trade in the</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_column'> <p class='gtxt_column'>productions of the country. There is a Roman Catholic clerical college <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>an hospital in the town. The Bishop of Limburg is suffragan of the Archbishop of Freiburg. LIMERICK, an inland county of the province of Munster, in Ireland, is bounded N. by the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Shannon</span>, which separates it from Clare, E. by Tipperary, S. by Cork, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>W. by Kerry. It lies between 52&#176; 17&#8242; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>52&#176; 47&#39; N. lat., 8&#176; 8&#39; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>9&#176; 25&#8242; W. long., <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>is 35 miles long from north to south, 54 miles from east to west. The area comprises 1064 square miles, or 680,842 acres, of which <span class="gstxt_hlt">526,876 are </span>arable, 121,101 uncultivated, 11,575 in plantations, 2759 in towns, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>18,531 under water. In 1841 the population, exclusive of the city of Limerick, was 281,638; in 1851 it was 208,688.</p> <p class='gtxt_column' style='text-indent:1em;'>Surface, Hydrography, Communications.-The surface is an undulating <span class="gstxt_hlt">plain, sloping </span>with a gentle declivity <span class="gstxt_hlt">towards </span>the Shannon on the north, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>surrounded on its <span class="gstxt_hlt">southern and </span>western borders by a well-defined margin of mountain groups <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>hilly uplands. A mountainous tract, called Slieve-Phelim, covers the north-east of the county, being a continuation of the Keeper Mountains in Tipperary. The general direction of the Slieve-Phelim range is from north east to south-west, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>this is also the course pursued by the streams that descend from them into the Bilboa, a feeder of the Mulkern River. The Mulkern carries a considerable body of water to the Shannon, which it enters a little above <span class="gstxt_hlt">the city </span>of Limerick. The district between the Slieve-Phelim range <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Shannon is, towards the extremity of the county, flat <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>boggy, but has a pleasingly diversified surface along the banks of the Mulkern. The Shannon which, flowing between well-timbered banks, bounds this district on the west, forms a series of rapids of uncommon grandeur, the principal of which, near Castle Connell, is known as the Leap of Doonass.&#39; The valley of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Shannon </span>is here contracted by the Slieve-<span class="gstxt_hlt">Barnagh </span>Mountains on one side, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and the </span>Keeper range on the other, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>presents features of a grand <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>striking character throughout a distance of several miles. The <span class="gstxt_hlt">principal </span>features <span class="gstxt_hlt">of the </span>great plain of Limerick, extending from the Mulkern westward <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>southward to the mountains on the borders of Kerry <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Cork, are the rivers Maigue <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Deel, which traverse it from south to north <span class="gstxt_hlt">in nearly </span>parallel courses. The basin of the Maigue embraces the east <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>south-east of the county. This river has its source in the high land stretching south of Charleville, in the <span class="gstxt_hlt">county </span>of Cork, from whence it runs north by west to the Shannon, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>nearly bisects the <span class="gstxt_hlt">central </span>plain of Limerick. Its chief <span class="gstxt_hlt">feeders, the </span>Looba, the Mornin, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Camogue, fall in on the right bank, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>have their sources among the continuation of the Galtees <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a detached group called the Castle Oliver Mountains, which <span class="gstxt_hlt">occupy </span>the south-east of the county. The Maigue is navigable from Adare to the Shannon, a distance of 12 miles. Lough Gur, a picturesque sheet of water, about 5 miles in circumference <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>embosomed among romantic knolls, some of which have a <span class="gstxt_hlt">considerable </span>elevation, is about midway between the Camogue <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Mornin. <span class="gstxt_hlt">A cave and </span>the ruins of a strong fortress on an island in the lake, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a vast number of Druidical structures on its shores, add to the interest of the scenery. From the summit of Knockfennel, one of the hills forming the basin of the lake, a magnificent view is obtained of the surrounding plain, comprising the greatest extent of arable land unincumbered with bog in Ireland, bounded by an imposing amphitheatre <span class="gstxt_hlt">of distant </span>mountains. The country between the Camogue, the Mulkern. <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Shannon has a more varied surface than that above described: several conical hills rise within a short distance on the Tipperary border about midway between the <span class="gstxt_hlt">more </span>marked mountain boundaries which limit the plain on the north <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>south.</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_column'> <p class='gtxt_column' style='text-indent:1em;'>The</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_column'> <p class='gtxt_column' style='text-indent:1em;'>The country west of the Maigue for about two-thirds of its extent has much the same character of surface as the district last described, the remainder being included in the mountainous region stretching westward into Kerry. It is drained by the Deel, which is navigable for three miles from its junction with the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Shannon </span>below Askeaton. The lower portions of the courses of the Deel <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Maigue are through so flat a country that their respective valleys are scarcely observable, but in the district intervening between their sources there is a good deal of high ground, particularly about the small town of Ballingarry, <span class="gstxt_hlt">in the </span>neighbourhood of which are the steep hills of Knockfeernha <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Kilmeedy. Knock feernha has an elevation of 907 feet. <span class="gstxt_hlt">valley </span>of the Upper Deel lies between these heights on the east, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the high country towards Kerry on the west. The high lands <span class="gstxt_hlt">rise </span>round the Kerry margin of the level district in a continuous sweep of above 20 <span class="gstxt_hlt">miles </span>from Drumcollogher, at the head of the river, to Shanagolden <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Shannon. At the northern extremity of the mountain <span class="gstxt_hlt">range the detached </span>hill of Knockpatrick rises boldly between the town of Shanagolden <span class="gstxt_hlt">and the </span>Shannon. From Shanagolden westward the surface is <span class="gstxt_hlt">rough and </span>hilly, rising at <span class="gstxt_hlt">the distance </span>of 2 or 3 miles from the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Shannon into sterile </span>tracts of bog <span class="gstxt_hlt">and mountain</span>, which spread southward <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>westward into the <span class="gstxt_hlt">counties of </span>Cork <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Kerry. The county extends considerably beyond the watershed <span class="gstxt_hlt">of this </span>mountainous region, <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>principal rivers of which, the Feale <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Gale, flow westward <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>south-westward into Kerry, where <span class="gstxt_hlt">they unite </span>with the Brick to form the Cashen river or &#230;stuary.</p> <p class='gtxt_column' style='text-indent:1em;'>The Lower Shannon runs along the northern boundary for a distance of about 35 miles. It is navigable at high water for vessels of heavy burden up to Limerick. Some inprovements <span class="gstxt_hlt">have </span>been lately effected in the navigation of the Lower Shannon, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>several</p> </div> </div> <!-- Content from Google Book Search, generated at 1734882337915924 --> <div class='flow' style=''> <a class='page' id='PA517'></a> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body'>landing piers erected on each shore of the &#230;stuary; one of these <span class="gstxt_hlt">piers </span>has been built at Kilteery on the Limerick <span class="gstxt_hlt">shore, between </span>Glin <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the island of Foynes. Between Foynes Island <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the <span class="gstxt_hlt">mainland </span>is a safe natural harbour, completely sheltered from all winds; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>with ample depth of water at all times of the tide.</p> <p class='gtxt_body'><span class="gstxt_hlt">The leading </span>lines of road diverging from Limerick to Clonmel, Cork, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Tralee are carried nearly in straight lines over the open country. A new road by Croom to Charleville has been completed, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>several good roads traverse <span class="gstxt_hlt">the mountainous </span>district surrounding <span class="gstxt_hlt">Abbeyfeale</span>. The Great Southern <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Western railway from Dublin to Cork approaches close to the most eastern angle of the county, whence a branch line, 22 miles in length, runs to the city of Limerick, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>another 55 miles long runs in a south-south-east direction to Waterford, near the south-eastern corner of the island.</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body'>tainous district, is situated on the river Feale, which here separates Limerick from Kerry. The village takes its name from the Cistercian abbey founded in 1188 on the right bank of the Feale. The ruins of the abbey still exist, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>near it are the ruins of Purt Castle, a seat of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Geraldines</span>. Abbeyfeale contains a church, a <span class="gstxt_hlt">Roman </span>Catholic chapel, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a dispensary. Fairs are held on June 29th <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>October 18th. Adare, or Adair, a market-town 12 miles S.S. W. from Limerick, population 967, is situated on the Maigue, which is navigable at high water for <span class="gstxt_hlt">small vessels </span>up to the town. Adare stands in a <span class="gstxt_hlt">fertile, </span>richly-wooded, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>very <span class="gstxt_hlt">beautiful country</span>: it is an ancient place, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>was distinguished for its castle <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>its church even before the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Norman </span>invasion. It afterwards became the property of the Fitzgeralds, earls of Kildare. The splendid ecclesiastical structures whose remains form the great attraction of the place were erected by members of the Geology. The level part of the county consists of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">carboniferous </span>Fitzgerald family. <span class="gstxt_hlt">Among </span>these structures are the Black Abbey, the limestone of the central plain of <span class="gstxt_hlt">Ireland</span>. The mountain groups <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Augustinian Monastery, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Franciscan Abbey. The <span class="gstxt_hlt">Black </span>Abbey, detached eminences of its eastern <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>southern margins are formed founded in 1279, is situated in the town; the tower, nave, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>part of by the protrusion of older rocks, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the high lands on the west the choir of the church <span class="gstxt_hlt">remain, and </span>are fitted up as a Roman Catholic consist of more recent series superimposed. The Slieve - <span class="gstxt_hlt">Phelim </span>chapel. The nave, choir, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and south </span>transept of the Augustinian group consists of clay-slate supporting flanks of yellow sandstone <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Monastery are tolerably entire, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>stand close to the bank of the conglomerate. Old red-sandstone forms the nucleus of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Slieve-na-</span>river, in the demesne of Adare <span class="gstxt_hlt">Manor</span>, the seat of the Earl of Dunmuck chain, an offset of the Galtees, the western declivities of which raven, which adjoins the town. The <span class="gstxt_hlt">Franciscan </span>Abbey stood close to spread into Limerick above <span class="gstxt_hlt">Galbally</span>. The clay-slate reappears in the the bridge over the Maigue; the tower, nave, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>choir of the church, central summits of the Galtees <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Castle Oliver Mountains, flanked the cloisters, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the refectory remain. The nave <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>choir are fitted by old conglomerate with red, purple, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and green </span>clay-slate, sustaining up as a parish church; the refectory is formed into a school-room, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a margin of yellow sandstone. Old red- <span class="gstxt_hlt">and green</span>-sandstone compose the cloisters have been restored. The Earl of Dunraven has erected the various <span class="gstxt_hlt">protrusions </span>which rise between <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>in the valleys of the a family mausoleum near the cloisters. A large ruined castle of the Upper Maigue <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Deel rivers, except in Knockfeernha Hill, which Desmond branch of the Fitzgeralds rises from the bank of the river consists chiefly of a mass of crystalline greenstone trap. Trap protru- near the town. The town has a petty-sessions court, a fever hospital, sions, interstratified with limestone, occur in 12 distinct localities in <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a dispensary. Askeaton, 17 miles W. by S. from Limerick, on the <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>eastern part of the county, between the embouchure of the Maigue road to Tarbert, population 1957, besides 808 in an auxiliary work<span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the border of Tipperary. Pallas Hill, <span class="gstxt_hlt">one of </span>these protrusions, is house, was a parliamentary borough till the Union. It is <span class="gstxt_hlt">situated on </span>remarkable for the great fertility of its soil, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>for the presence of the Deel, about 3 miles above its confluence with the Shannon, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>columnar basalt, which overlies the amorphous trap of its northern <span class="gstxt_hlt">contains </span>a church, a Roman Catholic chapel, several schools, a dispenbrow. Felspar porphyry occurs in various forms throughout the sary, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a petty-sessions court. A market is held weekly on Tuesday. hilly district. The mountainous district on the west of the county The river is navigable for vessels of 60 tons up to the bridge. The town belongs to the great Munster coal-tract, which is one of the most was in former times much larger than at present, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>was surrounded <span class="gstxt_hlt">extensive </span>in the British Islands. The coal is usually of a slaty struc- by walls, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>defended by a strong castle, built by the seventh earl of ture, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>much softer than that of Tipperary or Kilkenny: it is chiefly Desmond. The massive ruin of this castle, which had a high rock used for <span class="gstxt_hlt">burning </span>lime. The only workings within Limerick have been <span class="gstxt_hlt">encompassed </span>by the Deel for its site, is still an object of great interest; at Newcastle <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Loughill. About 7 miles from the city of Limerick, the keep <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>banqueting-room remain. Close to the river are the near the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Askeaton </span>road, is a quarry producing a fine maroon-coloured remains of a Franciscan abbey founded in 1420, the cloisters of which marble; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>in the more <span class="gstxt_hlt">immediate </span>vicinity of the city, an inferior are in good preservation. The parish church was formerly part of black marble <span class="gstxt_hlt">is got </span>in abundance, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>generally used as building-stone. the church of a commandery of Knights Templars, founded in 1298. Iron-, copper-, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>lead-ores are <span class="gstxt_hlt">found </span>in the trap districts, but no Ballingarry, 14 miles S. by W. from Limerick, has remains of several veins are at <span class="gstxt_hlt">present </span>worked. religious houses founded at an early period, a <span class="gstxt_hlt">parish </span>church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a dispensary, several <span class="gstxt_hlt">schools</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>1502 inhabitants, besides 957 in the auxiliary workhouse <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the <span class="gstxt_hlt">fever </span>hospital. kets are held twice a week, on Tuesday <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Friday. Bruff is <span class="gstxt_hlt">a poor </span>town of 1224 inhabitants, 14 miles S. <span class="gstxt_hlt">by </span>E. from Limerick, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a little south of the beautiful Lough Gur, on the Dawn, a feeder of the Maigue. It contains a <span class="gstxt_hlt">neat </span>church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a courthouse in <span class="gstxt_hlt">which </span>quarter <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>petty sessions are held, a dispensary, a bridewell, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the ruins <span class="gstxt_hlt">of an </span>old castle. The market is held weekly, on Friday. <span class="gstxt_hlt">Bruree</span>, 4 miles W. by N. from Kilmallock, <span class="gstxt_hlt">population </span>780, stands in a <span class="gstxt_hlt">fertile </span>country watered by the Maigue, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>has a petty-sessions court <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a dispensary. The Irish bards <span class="gstxt_hlt">used to </span>meet half-yearly in this <span class="gstxt_hlt">place</span>: the last meeting <span class="gstxt_hlt">took place </span>in 1746. Cahirconlish, 11 miles E. by S. from Limerick, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a little south of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Limerick </span>Junction railway: population, 485. It contains a church <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a <span class="gstxt_hlt">Roman </span>Catholic chapel. Cahirconlish was formerly a walled <span class="gstxt_hlt">town</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>was defended by four castles, every vestige of which has disappeared. Cappamore, a town of 579 inhabitants, is situated at the foot of the Slieve-Phelim Mountains, 14 miles E. from Limerick, at a short distance north of the Limerick Junction railway. Connell, 7 miles N. from Limerick, population 555, is situated on the left bank of the Shannon, close to the fall called the Leap of Doonas. The town <span class="gstxt_hlt">takes its </span>name from its castle, which was built by Conal, a local chieftain, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>long inhabited by the O&#39;Briens of Munster; it was finally blown <span class="gstxt_hlt">up by </span>General Ginkel during the siege of <span class="gstxt_hlt">Limerick</span>. The ruins cover the summit of an isolated rock in the town, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>form a very <span class="gstxt_hlt">picturesque </span>object. The town of Castle-Connell is <span class="gstxt_hlt">very irregu </span>larly built, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and consists </span>of an assemblage of cottages, villas, lodginghouses, <span class="gstxt_hlt">cabins, and </span>inns, <span class="gstxt_hlt">to suit </span>the circumstances of the parties who frequent it for <span class="gstxt_hlt">its scenery and </span>its chalybeate spring, both of which are celebrated. Castle-Connell has a <span class="gstxt_hlt">petty-sessions </span>court <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a dispensary. In the <span class="gstxt_hlt">angle </span>between the Shannon <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Mulkern are </span>the elegant mansion <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>extensive demesne of <span class="gstxt_hlt">Mount </span>Shannon, the residence of the Earl <span class="gstxt_hlt">of Clare</span>. CROOM. Drumcollogher, a village of 757 inhabitants, is situated at the base of the Mullaghaneirk Mountains, close upon the boundary of Cork; it contains a large Roman Catholic chapel. Two miles from the village is Springfield Castle, the seat of Lord Muskerry. Galbally, population 301, is situated at the head of the beautiful <span class="gstxt_hlt">glen </span>or vale of Aherlow, which is screened by the Galtees on the south, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Slieve-na-muck Hills on the north. The village contains <span class="gstxt_hlt">remains </span>of several ancient ecclesiastical structures. Petty sessions are held in this place. GLIN. Hospital, <span class="gstxt_hlt">population </span>684, a small town 5 miles E. from Bruff, is famous for its horse- <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>cattle</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>&#5034;</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'><span class="gstxt_hlt">Climate, Soil</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Produce. The <span class="gstxt_hlt">climate </span>of Limerick is remarkably <span class="gstxt_hlt">equable, and favourable </span>to health. The soil is generally fertile. tract of extraordinary fertility, called the Golden Vale, stretching westward out of the county <span class="gstxt_hlt">of Tipperary</span>, extends from the sources of the Maigue to the Mulkern, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>has an area <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>about 160,000 acres. The soil is a rich, mellow, crumbling loam, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>is equally suited to grazing or tillage. A still richer soil is that <span class="gstxt_hlt">of the </span>&#39;Corcasses,&#39; or rich bottoms, which extend for 15 miles along the left bank of the Shannon, from a little below Limerick to the embouchure of the Deel. They are similar in character to those on the opposite side of the river [CLARE], having a subsoil of yellow or blue clay, covered with a deep <span class="gstxt_hlt">rich </span>black mould. They yield the heaviest wheat crops in Ireland; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>their produce of potatoes sometimes amounts to 100 barrels of 22 <span class="gstxt_hlt">stones </span>each to the acre. The soil of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">remainder </span>of the limestone plain is light <span class="gstxt_hlt">and sweet</span>, very good for tillage, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>yielding excellent pasture for <span class="gstxt_hlt">cattle and </span>sheep.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>The number of acres under crops in Limerick county in 1853 was 197,572, of which <span class="gstxt_hlt">10,324 </span>acres grew wheat; 53,133 oats; 17,792 barley, bere, rye, beans, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>peas; 27,830 potatoes<span class="gstxt_hlt">; 15,015 </span>turnips; 3969 mangels, <span class="gstxt_hlt">carrots</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">parsnips</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">cabbage</span>, vetches, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>other green crops; 349 fax; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>69,160 meadow <span class="gstxt_hlt">and clover. </span>On 15,291 holdings in 1852 there <span class="gstxt_hlt">were 15,917 </span>horses, <span class="gstxt_hlt">5929 mules and </span>asses, 145,286 cattle, 61,761 sheep, 53,614 pigs, 14,083 goats, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and 274,355 </span>head of poultry. The total value of the live stock <span class="gstxt_hlt">here </span>enumerated was <span class="gstxt_hlt">estimated at </span>1,231,4601. The chief occupations are agricultural; pasturage <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>dairy farming are most attended to. Large quantities of butter <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>other farm produce are exported. <span class="gstxt_hlt">The only </span>manufactures of <span class="gstxt_hlt">import</span>ance are coarse woollens, paper, flour, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>meal. Limerick is the chief point <span class="gstxt_hlt">of exportation</span>. Cider is made <span class="gstxt_hlt">in the </span>districts about Rathkeale, Adare, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Croom.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>Limerick county is divided into 14 baronies:-Owney beg, north-east; Clanwilliam, west of Owneybeg; Coonagh, east; Small County, south of the preceding; Coshma, central; Coshlea, south-east; Pubblebrien, north; Kenry, west of Pubblebrien; Lower Connello, west of <span class="gstxt_hlt">Kenry; </span>Upper Connello, south; Kilmallock Liberties, between Coshlea <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Upper Connello; Shanid, west; Glenquin, south of Shanid; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>North Liberty, north.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'><span class="gstxt_hlt">The </span>principal towns besides the city of LIMERICK are NEWCASTLE <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>RATHKEALE. These are noticed under their titles. Of the other farms <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>villages the following are the most important; the popu</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body'>lations <span class="gstxt_hlt">are those </span>of 1851 :</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>Abbeyfeale, a village of 717 inhabitants, in the centre of a moun</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-align:right;'>Mar</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-align:right;'>Castle</p> </div> </div> <!-- Content from Google Book Search, generated at 1734882337940714 --> <div class='flow' style=''> <a class='page' id='PA519'></a> <div class='gimg_body' style='float: left; margin-right: 1em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <img height="177" width="4" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=wJhJAQAAMAAJ&amp;output=text&amp;pg=PA519&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=3&amp;hl=en&amp;q=maryland+colony+climate+and+geography&amp;cds=1&amp;sig=ACfU3U11uKX-ABys3H9-Dhx-3I76Wo7Vbw&amp;edge=0&amp;edge=stretch&amp;ci=14,270,6,439" alt="[ocr errors][ocr errors]" /></div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body gtxt_lineated'>fairs. Petty sessions are held in the town. Kilfinane, situated 5 <span class="gstxt_hlt">miles </span>Kilfinane. At Carrigeen, near Croom, are the remains of a round <br/>S. by E. from Kilmallock, population 1413, contains a church <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a tower still 50 feet in height. The ruins of religious houses are very <br/><span class="gstxt_hlt">Roman Catholic </span>chapel. In the vicinity <span class="gstxt_hlt">are </span>the dilapidated round numerous. The river Camaigue alone has the ruins of seven religious <br/>tower <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>ruined abbey of Ardpatrick, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the remains of Castle houses on its banks. Manister-Nenagh, the most considerable of these, <br/>Oliver, an old seat of the Oliver family, which gave name to the high is the most extensive pile of monastic ruins in Munster. It was <br/> hills <span class="gstxt_hlt">among which </span>it stands. Kilfinane has a petty-sessions court, a founded by O&#39;Brien, king of Limerick, in 1148. The entire number <br/>bridewell, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a fever hospital; the town is head-quarters of the of such foundations in the county was about 35, chiefly erected by <br/>district police. Montpellier, a village of 441 inhabitants, stands members of the house of Desmond. Of the castles of the early pro- <br/>3 miles N. from Castle-Connell, on the left bank of the Shannon, prietors <span class="gstxt_hlt">nearly 100 </span>still remain. Of these the most remarkable are- <br/>opposite the village of O&#39;Brien&#39;s Bridge. Pallas-Kenry, a small Croom Castle <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Shanid Castle, which have been already mentioned. <br/>market-town of 613 inhabitants, is situated about 7 miles W. from | Cappagh Castle, near the hamlet of Croagh, 4 miles from Adare, on the <br/>Limerick. Petty sessions are held here. At a short <span class="gstxt_hlt">distance </span>on the high road from Limerick to Rathkeale, was another seat of the Fitz- <br/>road to Limerick are Elm Park, the seat of Lord Clarina, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Tervoe, geralds. Part of the keep, 100 feet high, is still standing. It is <br/>the fine mansion of W. T. Monsell, Esq., M.P., in the demesne sur- remarkable for the superior style in which it is built, the quoin-stones <br/>rounding which are the extensive ruins of Carrickagonniel Castle, an being polished. At Castle-Connell are the ruins of a noble castle, a <br/>old seat of the O&#39;Briens, kings of Munster. Shanagolden, 23 miles W. seat of the O&#39;Briens. Carrickagonniel Castle, another stronghold of <br/>from <span class="gstxt_hlt">Limerick</span>, population 770, has a small church, a Roman Catholic the O&#39;Briens, is boldly situated on a basaltic rock rising suddenly <br/>chapel, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a petty-sessions court. About a mile east of Shanagolden from the plain to a height of several hundred feet above the left bank <br/>are the fine ruins of Manistir-na-Gillagh Abbey; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a little south of of the Shannon. It was blown up in the war of the Revolution; but, <br/>it are the remains of Shanid Castle, one of the ancient strongholds of although 84 barrels of gunpowder were exploded under it, two of the <br/>the Desmond branch of the Fitzgeralds, whose motto, &#39;Shanid-a-boo&#39; towers are still tolerably perfect. <br/>(Shanid for ever), originated with this old warlike residence. This LIMERICK, Ireland, the capital of the county of Limerick, a city, <br/>castle dates from the 12th century. <br/> a municipal <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>parliamentary borough, a sea-port, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the seat of a <br/> Poor-Law Union, is situated on the Shannon, in 52&#176; 40&#8242; N. lat., 8&#176; 35&#8242; <br/> W. long., distant 119 <span class="gstxt_hlt">miles </span>W.S.W. <span class="gstxt_hlt">from </span>Dublin by <span class="gstxt_hlt">road</span>; 129 miles <br/> by the Great Southern <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Western, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Limerick <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Waterford <br/> railways. In 1851 the population <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>the city was 53,448. The <br/> borough is <span class="gstxt_hlt">governed </span>by 10 aldermen <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>30 councillors, one of whom <br/> is mayor; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>returns two members to the Imperial Parliament. <br/> Limerick Poor-Law Union comprises 34 electoral divisions, with an <br/> area of 177,951 acres, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a population in 1851 of 110,628. <br/> The town is built on both <span class="gstxt_hlt">sides </span>of the Shannon, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>on King&#39;s <br/> Island, a tract about a <span class="gstxt_hlt">mile </span>long <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>from a quarter to half a mile <br/> broad, lying nearly north <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>south, with the main stream on its west <br/> side. Englishtown, the oldest part of the city, occupies the southern <br/> end of the island. On the west it is connected by Thomond-bridge <br/> with Thomond-gate, a suburb of considerable extent on the county <br/> Clare side of the Shannon. Irishtown, which is next in antiquity to <br/> Englishtown, lies to the south of it on the left bank of the smaller <br/> branch of the Shannon, which is called the Abbey, or Salmon Weir <br/> River. Newtown Pery, which has sprung up within the last sixty years, <br/> extends to the south-west of Irishtown, on a gentle elevation along the <br/> left bank of the reunited river. <br/></p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body'>The county of Limerick lies chiefly in the sees of Limerick <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Emly; but small portions of it belong to the dioceses of Cashel <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Killaloe. It returns four members to the Imperial Parliament, two for the county <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>two for the city of Limerick. Assizes are held in the <span class="gstxt_hlt">city of </span>Limerick, where are the county prison, the county infirmary, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the district lunatic asylum for the counties of Clare, Limerick, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and Kerry</span>. Quarter sessions <span class="gstxt_hlt">are held </span>in Limerick, <span class="gstxt_hlt">Bruff, </span>Newcastle, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Rathkeale, in which towns, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>in Croom, Glin, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Kilfinane, there are bridewells. Petty sessions are held in 22 places. The medical charities of the county include, besides those already <span class="gstxt_hlt">mentioned</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">fever hospitals </span>in Limerick, Adare, Kilfinane, Newcastle, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Rathkeale; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>32 dispensaries.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>There was one savings bank in the county in 1852, at Limerick: the total amount due to depositors on November 20th 1852 was 93,0371. 88 5d. The Union <span class="gstxt_hlt">workhouses </span>are at Limerick, Kilmallock, Newcastle, Rathkeale, Croom, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Glin. The county is the headquarters of the Limerick Military Division, which includes also Clare <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Galway counties, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>parts of Kerry, <span class="gstxt_hlt">King&#39;s </span>County, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Tipperary. A barrack station is at Newcastle, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the staff of the county militia is <span class="gstxt_hlt">stationed in Limerick city</span>. The county constabulary numbers 667 men <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>officers, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>is distributed into 10 districts, comprising 95 stations, of which Limerick is the head-quarters. In September <span class="gstxt_hlt">1852 there </span>were 124 National schools in operation, attended by 9382 <span class="gstxt_hlt">male and </span>11,565 female scholars.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>History <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Antiquities.-Prior to the arrival of the English in Ireland Limerick constituted part of Thomond. Donald <span class="gstxt_hlt">O&#39;Brien </span>was prince of this territory at the time of the English invasion, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and</span>, notwithstanding grants of his <span class="gstxt_hlt">lands </span>made by Henry II., first <span class="gstxt_hlt">to the </span>family of the Earl of Cornwall, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>next to Philip de Braosa, neither of whom could get possession, <span class="gstxt_hlt">Donald </span>held his princedom till his death in 1194. In <span class="gstxt_hlt">1199 King </span>John renewed his <span class="gstxt_hlt">father&#39;s grants </span>to the De Braosa family, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>bestowed the city of Limerick <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the cantred adjoining on <span class="gstxt_hlt">William de </span>Burgho, to whom he <span class="gstxt_hlt">committed the </span>custody of the city. William de Braosa was afterwards attainted, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>his lands reverted to the crown. A portion of the forfeited <span class="gstxt_hlt">lands, comprising </span>the barony of Owneybeg, was then <span class="gstxt_hlt">conferred </span>on Theobald Fitz-Walter, the ancestor of the Ormonde family, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and other </span>portions on Hamo de Valois, William Fitz-Adelm de Burgho, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Thomas, son of Maurice Fitzgerald, the ancestor of the great family of Desmond, which subsequently became <span class="gstxt_hlt">possessed </span>of the greater part of the counties of Limerick, Kerry, Cork, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Waterford. The estates of Gerald, the 16th earl, who finally forfeited the family property, in the county of Limerick alone consisted of 96,165 acres, which were granted among twelve individuals, most of whose names are now extinct in the county. The forfeitures which ensued after the rebellion of 1641, in which this county <span class="gstxt_hlt">took </span>a very prominent part, embraced almost the entire county, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>introduced a numerous new proprietary. The war of the Revolution terminated in further forfeitures comprising 14,188 acres. The families of Fitzgerald, Rice, Trant, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Brown were the principal sufferers. A spirit of insubordination among the peasantry, arising, it is said, from the severe <span class="gstxt_hlt">exaction of </span>rack-rents, broke out into insurrectionary acts in 1762, 1786, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>1793. These at the time were <span class="gstxt_hlt">suppressed</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>many of the ringleaders executed. In 1815, 1817, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and finally in 1821-22</span>, the peasantry, from a similar cause, rose in <span class="gstxt_hlt">arms</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>after several severe conflicts with the king&#39;s troops they were put down. Great <span class="gstxt_hlt">numbers </span>of the peasantry who were taken were executed or transported, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the famine of 1823, added to the rigour of summary justice, <span class="gstxt_hlt">completely </span>broke the spirit of the insurgents. Limerick is among the richest of the Irish counties in antiquities, several of which have been <span class="gstxt_hlt">already </span>mentioned. The cyclopean remains, stone circles, pillar stones, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and altars</span>, on the banks of the beautiful Lough Gur, are so numerous <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>gigantic as to form one of the most magnificent collections of primeval remains in existence. Military earthen works are numerous in all parts of the county. <span class="gstxt_hlt">The </span>Iargest raths are those at Bruree, Kilpeacon, Pallasgreen, Shanid, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span></p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-align:right;'>The</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body'> <p class='gtxt_body'>The ancient city of Limerick is by some supposed to be the Regia of Ptolem&#230;us. It was a place of some note in the 5th century when visited <span class="gstxt_hlt">by Patrick</span>. The Danes made their first attempt on Limerick in 812; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and</span>, although repeatedly baffled, succeeded about the middle of the century in getting possession of the place. Towards the close of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">10th century </span>they were reduced by the celebrated Brian Boroimhe, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>rendered tributary to the kings of Munster. effectual <span class="gstxt_hlt">introduction </span>of English government did not take place till the time of <span class="gstxt_hlt">Henry II</span>. [LIMERICK, County of.] King John in 1210 visited Limerick, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>caused Thomond-<span class="gstxt_hlt">bridge to </span>be erected over the Shannon, the castle of Limerick to be built, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and established a </span>mint in the city. Great numbers of English settlers now arrived, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the city continued to prosper until the <span class="gstxt_hlt">invasion </span>of Ireland by <span class="gstxt_hlt">Edward </span>Bruce, who burned the suburbs in 1314, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>during the winter of 1316 made Limerick the rendezvous for his <span class="gstxt_hlt">Irish </span>allies. On the termination of this war the fortifications of the town were increased. In the wars succeeding the rebellion of 1641 the city was seized by <span class="gstxt_hlt">the Roman </span>Catholics, became the head-quarters of their <span class="gstxt_hlt">supreme </span>council, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>was for several years the scene of great commotion <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>outrage. In 1651 it surrendered to the army of the Parliament under General Ireton. At the Revolution Limerick declared for King James. After the battle of the Boyne <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the flight of James it was unsuccessfully besieged by King William. In the following year the town was invested by the army of William, under General Ginkel. The besieged having been closely pressed for some weeks proposed an armistice, when negotiations were opened, which terminated, on the 3rd of October, in the signature of the celebrated treaty of Limerick. The city now began slowly to recover from the effects of these <span class="gstxt_hlt">repeated disasters</span>. In 1697 the castle in the Irishtown was thrown down, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a market-house erected on its site; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>in 1717 the Abbey River <span class="gstxt_hlt">was </span>partly quayed in. About 1760, <span class="gstxt_hlt">besides </span>several new roads, a canal was commenced, by which the Shannon was rendered navigable to Killaloe. <span class="gstxt_hlt">In </span>1761 a commodious bridge was erected between Englishtown <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the southern bank of the main river. In 1796 the buildings of <span class="gstxt_hlt">the Irishtown </span>began to extend along the southern bank of the main river, on an open elevated plot of ground called South Prior&#39;s Land, or <span class="gstxt_hlt">Newtown </span>Pery. This division now constitutes the best part of Limerick, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>is justly considered one of the most elegant towns in <span class="gstxt_hlt">Ireland</span>. Englishtown is closely built, with confused lines of narrow <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>irregular streets. It has been deserted by the wealthier classes, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>although it still contains several <span class="gstxt_hlt">important </span>buildings, it presents a general appearance of wretchedness <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>decay. The older part of <span class="gstxt_hlt">Irishtown </span>is <span class="gstxt_hlt">similar </span>in character, but <span class="gstxt_hlt">on the whole </span>it is better built <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>inhabited, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>contains several <span class="gstxt_hlt">straight and </span>well-formed streets, <span class="gstxt_hlt">especially </span>in <span class="gstxt_hlt">the line </span>of the Dublin road, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and at </span>the south-east side of</p> </div> </div> <!-- Content from Google Book Search, generated at 1734882337966062 --> <div class='flow' style=''> <a class='page' id='PA521'></a> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body'>the town, where it has been much improved by a considerable extension. The streets of <span class="gstxt_hlt">Newtown </span>Pery, which intersect each other at right angles, are spacious <span class="gstxt_hlt">and airy</span>, well lighted <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>paved, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>contain many handsome shops <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>dwelling-houses<span class="gstxt_hlt">. The principal </span>street, <span class="gstxt_hlt">running </span>from the New-bridge, which connects it with Englishtown, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>terminating in a double crescent, presents a fine line of buildings, <span class="gstxt_hlt">upwards </span>of a mile in length. Towards the south-west end of Newtown is a handsome square with a lofty column in the centre, surmounted by a statue of Lord Monteagle. The city is lighted with gas; the streets are generally well paved; the supply of water is from elevated tanks, to which the water is raised by steam power.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>Of the public buildings in Limerick, the most <span class="gstxt_hlt">remarkable </span>are the following: St. Mary&#39;s cathedral, founded in 1180, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>rebuilt in 1490, occupies an open space in the centre of Englishtown. <span class="gstxt_hlt">It </span>is a venerable cruciform structure, measuring 156 feet by 114 feet, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>has a square embattled tower 120 feet high. St. Munchin&#39;s <span class="gstxt_hlt">church</span>, supposed to have been the former cathedral, is situated on an elevated open plot in the north of Englishtown, overlooking the Shannon. There are besides 4 Episcopal <span class="gstxt_hlt">chapels</span>, one of which is attached to the Blind Asylum; 4 parochial <span class="gstxt_hlt">and 3 </span>conventual Roman Catholic chapels; also chapels for <span class="gstxt_hlt">Wesleyan and </span>Primitive Methodists, Presbyterians, Inde pendents, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Quakers. The Limerick Institution, founded in 1829, <span class="gstxt_hlt">has </span>an extensive library attached to it. There are several National <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Free schools; a district Diocesan school, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>schools supported by the Nuns of the Presentation Convent, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>by the Monastic Society of Christian Brothers.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>The exchange was built in 1778, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>has a commodious hall <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>handsome portico. The city court-house stands near the Abbey River; the county court-house, which stands towards the main stream of the Shannon on the west, is a very handsome building, erected in <span class="gstxt_hlt">1808 </span>at a cost of 12,000l. It is quadrangular, built of hewn stone, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>has a fine portico of four Roman Doric <span class="gstxt_hlt">columns</span>. The chief public <span class="gstxt_hlt">buildings </span>of Irishtown are the corn- <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>butter-markets, the linen-hall <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the fever-hospital. At the <span class="gstxt_hlt">southern </span>extremity of the new bridge which leads from Englishtown into Newtown-Pery, facing the main river, is the new custom-house, a handsome structure, built in 1769. The Chamber of Commerce was erected in 1805. On Charlotte quay, is the assembly-house, built in 1770, now converted into a theatre. In the southern suburbs is the new county jail, erected in 1821 at a cost of 25,000l. It consists of a central polygonal tower, <span class="gstxt_hlt">60 </span>feet high, surrounded by 5 diverging ranges of prison buildings, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>having a fine Doric entrance in front. Near <span class="gstxt_hlt">it is </span>the County Lunatic Asylum, erected at a cost of nearly 30,000l., <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>opened in 1821 for 150 patients.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>The charitable <span class="gstxt_hlt">institutions </span>are the County Limerick infirmary; Barrington&#39;s hospital <span class="gstxt_hlt">and City of </span>Limerick infirmary, erected by Sir Joseph Brrington in <span class="gstxt_hlt">1829</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>chiefly supported by the Limerick Monte de Piet&#224;, opened in <span class="gstxt_hlt">March</span>, 1837; the City of Limerick dispensary; the Limerick asylum <span class="gstxt_hlt">for blind </span>females; the house of industry, founded in 1774; the fever <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>lock hospital, founded by Lady Hartstonge in 1781; the lying-in hospital, opened in 1812; Hall&#39;s almshouses, founded by Dr. Jeremy Hall in the early part of the last century; the corporation almshouse, for reduced widows; the St. George&#39;s Widows&#39; <span class="gstxt_hlt">asylum</span>; Mrs. Villiers&#39;s almshouses, also for widows, erected in 1826; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>several minor charities. A savings bank has been in operation <span class="gstxt_hlt">since </span>1820.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>About a mile above the city, the river is crossed by Athlunkardbridge, a fine <span class="gstxt_hlt">structure </span>of five large elliptic arches. Wellesley-bridge, with the same form <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>number of arches, each 70 feet in span, connects the east end of Newtown Pery with the county Clare side of the river. It was completed in 1827 at a cost of 60,000l. Thomondbridge has been lately rebuilt by the corporation at an expense of 12,000. At the end of this bridge is Treaty Stone, noted as the spot on which the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Treaty </span>of Limerick was signed. On the Abbey River, New-bridge, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Ball&#39;s-bridge, the latter a beautiful <span class="gstxt_hlt">single </span>arch, erected in 1831, connect Englishtown with Newtown Pery <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Irishtown. Higher up on the same stream is Park-bridge, an old <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>lofty structure of five irregular arches.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>Limerick possesses various important branches of productive industry. <span class="gstxt_hlt">The </span>manufacture of lace, introduced in 1829, has gradually increased, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>gives employment to a considerable number of <span class="gstxt_hlt">females. </span>Fish-hooks <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>a superior quality are made in great number, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>largely exported to America<span class="gstxt_hlt">. There </span>are several iron-foundries, <span class="gstxt_hlt">tanneries</span>, flour-mills, breweries, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>distilleries; three ship-building slips, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a <span class="gstxt_hlt">patent </span>slip for vessels <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>500 tons. The interests of manufactures <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>trade are <span class="gstxt_hlt">attended to </span>by the Chamber of Commerce, the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Agricultural </span>Association, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Trustees for the promotion of Industry.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>The trade of Limerick has increased with the growth of the city. Being the natural outlet for the produce <span class="gstxt_hlt">of a </span>great part of the counties of Limerick, Clare, Tipperary, Cork, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Kerry, it has since the termination of the civil wars been, next <span class="gstxt_hlt">to Cork</span>, the chief seaport of <span class="gstxt_hlt">Munster</span>. It has also an extensive export trade through the Shannon <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Grand Canal by way of Dublin. The mayor is admiral of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">port, with </span>jurisdiction from 3 miles above the city to the open <span class="gstxt_hlt">sea. </span>The port is under the control of 72 commissioners, 42 for life, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>15 elected each year to serve for two <span class="gstxt_hlt">years</span>, by whom are appointed <span class="gstxt_hlt">a resident </span>engineer, harbour master, &amp;c., <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>50 pilots.</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>The harbour extends about 1600 yards in length, <span class="gstxt_hlt">by 150 </span>yards in breadth. It has from 2 feet to 9 feet at low-water, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>19 feet at spring tide, when vessels of 600 <span class="gstxt_hlt">tons can </span>moor at the quays. There are about 1600 yards <span class="gstxt_hlt">of quayage and </span>wharfage running irregularly along the Abbey River <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the main stream of the Shannon, to a weir thrown across the river <span class="gstxt_hlt">towards </span>the lower end of Newtown Pery. <span class="gstxt_hlt">Between </span>Wellesley-bridge <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the custom-house is a large floating dock, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>near the lower <span class="gstxt_hlt">end of </span>the island is one 300 yards in length, called <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>Long Dock. A lateral cut with a swing bridge, at <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>south end of Wellesley-bridge, admits vessels to the upper quays, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>to the works in Abbey River, which connect the harbour with the canals of the Limerick navigation.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>On 31st December, 1853, the number of vessels registered as belonging to <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>port of Limerick was 59 under 50 tons, <span class="gstxt_hlt">amounting </span>to 1761 tons, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>40 above 50 tons, <span class="gstxt_hlt">amounting to </span>10,315 tons; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>one steam-<span class="gstxt_hlt">vessel </span>of 300 tons. The number <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>tonnage of vessels entered <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>cleared at the port during 1853 <span class="gstxt_hlt">were as </span>follows, namely:Inwards 564 sailing-vessels of 89,530 tons, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>81 <span class="gstxt_hlt">steam-</span>vessels of 21,228 tons; outwards, 529 sailing-vessels of 76,763 tons, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>80 steamvessels of 21,168 tons. The amount of customs duties received at the port in 1851 was 159,781. 8s. 2d.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'><span class="gstxt_hlt">Limerick </span>is the head-quarters of the South-western Military District, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>contains several barracks. One, consisting of three sides of a square, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>affording accommodation for 400 men, stands within the remains of King John&#39;s Castle. There are a fine new barrack near Newtown Pery, one for artillery in Irishtown, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>another for infantry in St. John&#39;s Square.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>The assizes for the county are held in Limerick, also quarter <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>petty <span class="gstxt_hlt">sessions. </span>The mayor holds a court of conscience for pleas under 40s., <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the assistant barrister holds a civil bill court for the <span class="gstxt_hlt">county</span>. Fairs are held on Easter Tuesday, July <span class="gstxt_hlt">4th, </span>August 4th, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>December 4th. The market-days are Wednesday <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Saturday.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'><span class="gstxt_hlt">The </span>see of Limerick is in the <span class="gstxt_hlt">archiepiscopal </span>province of Dublin; it comprises a large part of Limerick, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a small portion of Clare. It contains 56 benefices. The <span class="gstxt_hlt">chapter </span>consists of a dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, archdeacon, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>11 <span class="gstxt_hlt">prebendaries</span>. in 1663 was united to that of Ardfert <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Aghadoe. revenue of the united diocese is 49731. The bishop&#39;s palace is situated in the New Town of Limerick, overlooking the Shannon. LIMISSO. [CYPRUS.]</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body gtxt_lineated'>The diocese <br/>The annual <br/></p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body'> <p class='gtxt_body'>LIMOGES, a city in France, <span class="gstxt_hlt">capital </span>of the department of HauteVienne, is situated on the summit <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>slope of a hill on the right bank of the Vienne, which is here <span class="gstxt_hlt">crossed </span>by three bridges, 236 miles S. by W. from Paris, in 45&#176; 49&#8242; 52&quot; N. lat., 1&#176; 15&#8242; 35&quot; E. long., <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>had 37,010 inhabitants in the commune according to the <span class="gstxt_hlt">census of </span>1851. It was <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>chief town of the Celtic tribe Lemovices, to whom both the town <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the province of Limousin owe their names. It was called <span class="gstxt_hlt">Augustoritum by the </span>Romans, under whom it was a place of considerable importance, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>became in the 3rd century the seat of a bishop. It was at the <span class="gstxt_hlt">convergence </span>of several Roman roads. There was an amphitheatre, said to have been built by the emperor Trajan, of which there were sufficient remains in 1713 to admit of a plan being drawn; it was about 1500 feet in circumference. It was entirely destroyed in 1714, in order to form the Place d&#39;Orsay. There are now no Roman remains at Limoges in good preservation, except a subterraneous aqueduct, which conveys the water of a fountain in the upper part of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">town. In </span>the 5th century Limoges came into the power of <span class="gstxt_hlt">the Visigoths</span>; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>was successively pillaged or destroyed by the Franks <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>by <span class="gstxt_hlt">the Northmen</span>. It was ceded to the English by the treaty of Bretigny, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>formed part of the great principality of Aquitaine under <span class="gstxt_hlt">Edward </span>the Black Prince. The people of Limoges were persuaded by their bishop to revolt from Edward, one of whose last exploits (A.D. 1370) was the capture of the town. Irritated by <span class="gstxt_hlt">treachery, the </span>prince put three thousand of the inhabitants, men, women, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>children, to the sword.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'><span class="gstxt_hlt">Limoges </span>is built on a hill which commands a prospect of the delightful <span class="gstxt_hlt">valley </span>of the Vienne. The older part of the town consists of narrow <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>steep <span class="gstxt_hlt">streets, with </span>timber-framed houses: the more modern part contains broad <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>straight <span class="gstxt_hlt">streets, two </span>handsome squares, several excellent houses, <span class="gstxt_hlt">new </span>boulevards, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a number of public fountains. Of the public edifices the <span class="gstxt_hlt">principal are </span>the town-hall, the cathedral of St.-Etienne, a fine <span class="gstxt_hlt">gothic edifice </span>of the 13th century; the churches of <span class="gstxt_hlt">St.-Michel</span>-des-Lions, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>St.-Pierre-du-Queyroix; the episcopal palace, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the beautiful <span class="gstxt_hlt">fountain </span>of Aigoul&#232;ne. The public library of <span class="gstxt_hlt">12,000 volumes</span>, the cavalry barracks, the prefect&#39;s residence, the theatre, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the <span class="gstxt_hlt">hospitals </span>also deserve notice. There is a great monthly <span class="gstxt_hlt">cattle market</span>, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>nine yearly fairs are held.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>Limoges is <span class="gstxt_hlt">the seat of </span>a bishop, <span class="gstxt_hlt">whose </span>diocese includes the departments of Creuse <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Haute-Vienne; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>of a High Court, the jurisdiction <span class="gstxt_hlt">of which comprehends </span>the <span class="gstxt_hlt">departments of Haute</span>-Vienne, Corr&#232;ze, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Creuse. It has tribunals of first <span class="gstxt_hlt">instance and </span>of commerce, a <span class="gstxt_hlt">college, a </span>mint, an ecclesiastical college, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and several charitable </span>institutions. A great <span class="gstxt_hlt">number </span>of books are <span class="gstxt_hlt">printed </span>at Limoges; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and the </span>manufacture of fine <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>coarse woollen-cloth, paper, <span class="gstxt_hlt">porcelain, and </span>crucibles is important<span class="gstxt_hlt">. Flannel</span>, cotton handkerchiefs, glue, nails, <span class="gstxt_hlt">woollen</span>-yarn, room-paper, articles in papier-m&#226;ch&#233;, &amp;c., are also made. There is besides a considerable commerce in corn, chestnuts, wine, brandy, liqueurs, iron, copper, tin, kaolin, &amp;c.</p> </div> </div> <!-- Content from Google Book Search, generated at 1734882337990991 --> <div class='flow' style=''> <a class='page' id='PA523'></a> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>LIMONE. [CONI.]</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body'>LIMOUSIN, or LIMOSIN, an old province of France, now forms the departments of Corr&#232;ze <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Haute-Vienne. <span class="gstxt_hlt">It was </span>watered by the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Vienne</span>, one of the great <span class="gstxt_hlt">tributaries </span>of the Loire, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>by the Dordogne, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>its tributaries the Isle <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Vez&#232;re, all belonging to the system of the Garonne. The province was divided into two parts by the <span class="gstxt_hlt">Vez&#232;re</span>-Upper Limousin, which <span class="gstxt_hlt">was </span>to the north-west of that river, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>had Limoges for its <span class="gstxt_hlt">capital</span>: <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Lower Limousin, of which the chief towns were Brives <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Tulle. Limoges was also the capital of the whole province,</p> <p class='gtxt_body'>This district was anciently inhabited by the Lemovices, a Celtic people. In the division of Gaul into provinces, Limousin was included in Aquitania. It formed part of the dominions of the Visigoths till the overthrow of Alaric II. by Clovis at the battle of Vouill&#233;. It was subsequently under the government of the dukes of Aquitaine, from whom it was taken by Pepin-le-Bref. It was afterwards included in the great duchy of Guienne, under which Limoges, its capital, became the head of a vice-county. It was in a quarrel with Ademar V., viscount of Limoges, that Richard I. (Coeur-de-Lion), king of England <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>duke of Guienne, lost his life, being shot with an arrow as he was besieging the castle of Chalus in Limousin. The possession of Limousin was subsequently disputed by the kings of England, as dukes of Guienne, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the kings of France. It <span class="gstxt_hlt">afterwards </span>came by marriage into the <span class="gstxt_hlt">hands </span>of the dukes of Bretagne, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>later still into those of the counts of Albret. It was inherited by Henri IV. from his mother Jeanne d&#39;Albret, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>was by him united to the French crown.</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body gtxt_lineated'><span class="gstxt_hlt">LIMOUX</span>. [AUDE.] <br/>LINARES. [JAEN.] <br/></p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body'>LINCOLN, the county town of Lincolnshire, a city, a county of itself, a municipal <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>parliamentary borough, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the seat of a PoorLaw Union, is situated on the left bank of the river Witham, in 53&#176; 14&#39; N. lat., 0<span class="gstxt_hlt">&#176; 32</span>&#8242; W. long., distant 132 miles N. by W. from London by road, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>140 miles by the Great Northern railway vi&#226; Boston. The <span class="gstxt_hlt">population </span>of the <span class="gstxt_hlt">borough </span>in 1851 was 17,536. The borough <span class="gstxt_hlt">is governed </span>by 6 aldermen <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>18 councillors, one of whom is mayor, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>returns 2 members to the Imperial <span class="gstxt_hlt">Parliament</span>. There are 13 parishes; the livings are in the archdeaconry <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>diocese of Lincoln. Lincoln Poor-Law <span class="gstxt_hlt">Union </span>contains 86 parishes <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>townships, with an area of 149,218 acres, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a population in 1851 of 42,003. Lincoln was a place of considerable importance under the Romans: the existing vestiges of their <span class="gstxt_hlt">residence here </span>are noticed under the county. In the time of the Saxons <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>of the Danes it was also a place of consequence. At the time of <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>Conquest it was one of the most important places in the kingdom, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the emporium of a considerable trade. William the Conqueror ordered the erection of a strong castle here in 1086. The prosperity of the place appears to have been further promoted in the time of Henry I. by clearing out the Fosse Dyke, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>making it again available for navigation. This inland communication, with the navigation of the river Witham, rendered the situation of Lincoln peculiarly favourable for commerce. The town was incorporated by charter of Henry II. In the reign of Stephen the empress Maud was besieged here by the king, who took the city, but the empress escaped. In 1141 <span class="gstxt_hlt">Stephen </span>besieged Lincoln, but was defeated in an action near the town, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>was taken prisoner by the Earl of Gloucester, natural brother of the empress. In the civil wars of the reign of John the town was taken by Gilbert de Gaunt, one of the barons in the interest of Louis, dauphin of France, who had created him Earl of Lincoln. The castle however held out for the king. After <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>death of John, a battle was fought here between the royalists <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the adherents of the dauphin, in which the latter were entirely <span class="gstxt_hlt">defeated</span>. The battle was fought June 4, 1218. | Lincoln sent members to Parliament in the reign of Henry III. John of Gaunt, son of Edward III., in whose hands the castle was for some time, effected on it considerable <span class="gstxt_hlt">improvements</span>. In the civil war of Charles I. the city, the cathedral, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the castle having been occupied by the Royalists, were stormed by the Parliamentarians under the Earl of Manchester in May 1644. Of the castle little more than the gateway is now standing.</p> <p class='gtxt_body'>The city is built on the southern slope <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>at the foot of a hill, on the summit of which is the cathedral. <span class="gstxt_hlt">The </span>town <span class="gstxt_hlt">is irregularly </span>laid out. The streets are well paved, lighted with gas, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>supplied with water from public conduits. The lighting, <span class="gstxt_hlt">watching</span>, sewerage, &amp;c., are provided for by a local act of a somewhat stringent character.</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-align:center;'>The nave is</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>The most important of the public buildings <span class="gstxt_hlt">is the </span>Cathedral, which is one of the finest of the English cathedrals, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>is advantageously situated on the summit of the hill; it may be seen for many miles across the flat country to the south-east or south-west; the three towers have at a <span class="gstxt_hlt">distance </span>a very fine effect. It has been erected at different periods, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>combines <span class="gstxt_hlt">various </span>styles, the predominant is early English, <span class="gstxt_hlt">of a remarkably </span>rich <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>beautiful character. very fine, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the piers in this part are peculiarly rich; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>though the side <span class="gstxt_hlt">aisles </span>are unusually narrow, the effect of the whole <span class="gstxt_hlt">is excellent</span>. The western front, which embraces the width of the nave <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>aisles with the side chapels or western transepts, is partly <span class="gstxt_hlt">Norman, </span>partly early English: it has two towers whose height from the ground is 180 feet. There were formerly spires upon these, of the height of 101 feet, but these were taken down more than 40 years ago; there are still pinnacles at the corners of the towers. At each angle of the</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body'>west front are octagonal staircase turrets crowned with pinnacles. Over the central doorway of the west front are several statues of the kings of England, from the Conquest to Edward III., under decorated canopies. The central or great transepts are chiefly in the early English style. At the ends of the transepts are circular windows; that at the end of the south transept is one of the finest circles in the early English style remaining. The <span class="gstxt_hlt">Galilee </span>court, or porch attached to the west side of the south transept, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the chapels <span class="gstxt_hlt">on the </span>east aisle of the same, have intricate <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>beautiful mouldings, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>their general composition <span class="gstxt_hlt">is excellent</span>. At the intersection of these <span class="gstxt_hlt">tran</span>septs with the nave <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>choir is the central tower, 53 feet square, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>300 feet high, with pinnacles at the corners. The choir is of rich <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>elaborate composition; it is separated from the nave by a rich stone screen. The eastern end of the choir, with the Lady Chapel, is of a <span class="gstxt_hlt">transition style </span>between the early English <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>decorated, of peculiar beauty <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>interest. It has a fine east window, of eight <span class="gstxt_hlt">lights</span>. There are two transepts to the east of the principal transepts, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>there are several chapels in different parts. The dimensions of the cathedral are as follows:-Exterior length within the buttresses 524 feet; interior length 482 feet; width of the cathedral -80 feet; height of the vaulting of the nave 80 feet; width of the western front 174 feet. Exterior length of the principal transept 250 feet, interior 222 feet; width 66 feet. Smaller or eastern transept-length 170 feet; width, including the side chapels, 44 feet. The old bell, called Tom of Lincoln, which was cast in 1610, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>hung in the northernmost of the west towers, became cracked in 1827, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>being broken up in 1834, with six other bells, was recast into the <span class="gstxt_hlt">present </span>large bell <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>two quarter bells by Mr. Mears of London, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>placed in the Rood (or central) tower in 1835. The new bell is 6 feet 10 inches in diameter at the mouth, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>weighs 5 tons 8 cwt.</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-indent:1em;'>On the north side of the cathedral are the cloisters with the chapter. house. The cloisters inclose a <span class="gstxt_hlt">quadrangle of </span>118 feet by 91 feet; three sides remain in their original state, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>are of good decorated work; over the fourth (the north) side <span class="gstxt_hlt">is a </span>library built by Dean Honeywood in the latter <span class="gstxt_hlt">part of </span>the 17th century. The library contains a collection of books, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>some curious specimens of Roman antiquities. In the inclosure of the cloisters, some feet below the surface, is a handsome tesselated pavement. From the <span class="gstxt_hlt">eastern </span>side of the cloisters is the entrance to the chapter-house, a lofty <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>elegant decagon, with a groined roof supported by a central pillar. Its interior diameter is 60 feet 6 inches. The cathedral contains numerous monuments; many others <span class="gstxt_hlt">which </span>formerly existed have been removed or totally destroyed at <span class="gstxt_hlt">and since the </span>time of the Reformation. dean, precentor, chancellor, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>sub-dean have residences. bishop&#39;s palace was demolished during the civil wars; the ruins are on the south side of the cathedral. A modern house has been built on part of the site, in which the bishop resides when at Lincoln. The deanery is an ancient building: <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>near it is another ancient building, called the Works Chantry, formerly the residence of the chancellor of the diocese. The vicars&#39; college once formed a quadrangle, of which at present there remain only four houses inhabited by the vicars. There is an ancient gateway yet standing.</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-align:right;'>The</p> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-align:right;'>The</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body' style='margin-bottom: 1.5em;'> <p class='gtxt_body' style='text-align:right;'>The</p> </div> <div class='gtxt_body'> <p class='gtxt_body'>The see of Lincoln was removed from Dorchester on the bank of the Thames, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the seat of the bishopric was <span class="gstxt_hlt">placed at </span>Lincoln. The <span class="gstxt_hlt">diocese </span>of Lincoln includes the counties of Lincoln <span class="gstxt_hlt">and Nottingham, and </span>is divided into the archdeaconries of Lincoln, Nottingham <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Stow. The chapter consists of three <span class="gstxt_hlt">archdeacons</span>, a dean, precentor, chancellor, sub-dean, 4 minor canons, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>41 canons non-resident. The number of benefices is 793. The income of the bishop is 4000. Besides the cathedral there are in the city 13 churches of the Establishment, about one fourth of the number said to have been standing at the time of the Reformation. The old churches are mostly small <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>much mutilated, being generally the remains of larger <span class="gstxt_hlt">edifices. Three </span>of the churches have Norman towers. Six of the churches were rebuilt in a very mean manner during the last century. St. Peter&#39;s church, a large structure, erected in 1723, is a spacious classic pile. A church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, has been recently erected at the northern end of the town: it is in the early English style, with a tower <span class="gstxt_hlt">and spire </span>at the south-west angle of the nave. Wesleyan <span class="gstxt_hlt">Methodists and Independents </span>have each two chapels; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the Primitive <span class="gstxt_hlt">Methodists, </span>General <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Particular <span class="gstxt_hlt">Baptists, Countess </span>of Huntingdon&#39;s Connexion, <span class="gstxt_hlt">Roman Catholics</span>, Unitarians, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Quakers have each a place of worship. The Free Grammar <span class="gstxt_hlt">school was </span>remodelled in <span class="gstxt_hlt">1851; it </span>is under the care of a head master <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>three under masters, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>had 86 scholars in 1853. The <span class="gstxt_hlt">Diocesan </span>Public school is held in a handsome Tudor building, <span class="gstxt_hlt">erected in </span>1835. There <span class="gstxt_hlt">are </span>National, British, Wesleyan, Roman Catholic, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>Infant schools, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a girls school. The Permanent Stock <span class="gstxt_hlt">library, established </span>about 40 years back, <span class="gstxt_hlt">has a </span>valuable collection of books, numbering about 11,000 volumes, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>had 278 members in 1851. There are in the city a young mens mutual improvement society, a mechanics institute, which had 349 <span class="gstxt_hlt">members </span>in 1851, a museum, in which are many Roman remains, <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>a savings bank. The principal benevolent institutions are the <span class="gstxt_hlt">county </span>hospital, open to the whole county; the dispensary <span class="gstxt_hlt">limited to </span>the town; the county lunatic asylum, an extensive structure; <span class="gstxt_hlt">and </span>the lying-in institution. The principal public buildings <span class="gstxt_hlt">besides those </span>mentioned above, are the county jail, erected on part of the site of the castle; the city prison; the county courts,</p> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><a id="legacy-text-prev" style="font-size:80%;float:left;margin:2px 2px 2px 12px" href=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=wJhJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA507&focus=viewport&dq=maryland+colony+climate+and+geography&output=text>&laquo; Previous</a><a id="legacy-text-next" style="font-size:80%;float:right;margin:2px 12px 2px 2px" href=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=wJhJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA527&focus=viewport&dq=maryland+colony+climate+and+geography&output=text#c_top>Continue &raquo;</a></div></td></tr></table></div></div></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>

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