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href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_2025\" title=\"Википедија:Уређивачки маратон поводом Међународног дана жена 2025\"\u003EУређивачком маратону поводом Међународног дана жена - Викигеп 2025\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E, од 7. до 14. марта.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"noticebanner\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"plainlinks\" style=\"background-color: #d5fdf4; border-radius:5px; margin-top:10px; position:relative; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-family: \u0026#39;Helvetica\u0026#39;, \u0026#39;Arial\u0026#39;, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.15 ); overflow:hidden;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv 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line-height: 18px; box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.15 ); overflow:hidden;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"display:block; top:4px; width:100%; text-align:center;;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color:#000085; font-size:25px; line-height:25px\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:50px;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-top:2px; color:#444; font-size:1.15em; line-height:1.5;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:8px; padding-right:8px;\"\u003EУчествујте у \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D1%83_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0\" title=\"Википедија:Такмичење у писању чланака/Медицина\"\u003Eтакмичењу у писању чланака из области медицине\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"noticebanner\" style=\"display: none;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"plainlinks\" style=\"background-color: #FBEBEA; border-radius:5px; margin-top:10px; position:relative; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-family: \u0026#39;Helvetica\u0026#39;, \u0026#39;Arial\u0026#39;, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.15 ); overflow:hidden;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"display:block; top:4px; width:100%; text-align:center;;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color:#000085; font-size:25px; line-height:25px\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:50px;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-top:2px; color:#444; font-size:1.15em; line-height:1.5;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:8px; padding-right:8px;\"\u003EПрикључите се \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_2\" title=\"Википедија:Акција писања изабраних спискова 2\"\u003Eдругој акцији писања изабраних спискова\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сајт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Садржај" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Садржај</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">помери на страну</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">сакриј</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Почетак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definicije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definicije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definicije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definicije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kladus_i_predak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kladus_i_predak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kladus i predak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kladus_i_predak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kladusi_i_filogenetska_stabla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kladusi_i_filogenetska_stabla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kladusi i filogenetska stabla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kladusi_i_filogenetska_stabla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Terminologija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidi_još" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidi_još"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vidi još</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidi_još-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Садржај" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Садржај" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Прикажи/сакриј садржај" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Прикажи/сакриј садржај</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kladus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Чланак на другим језицима. Доступан на: 67" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 језика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade — африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="فرع حيوي — арапски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرع حيوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арапски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado — арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="تقسيمة (بيولوجيا) — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تقسيمة (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad — азербејџански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербејџански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad — индонежански" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонежански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad — малајски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Клон (еволюция) — бугарски" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клон (еволюция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="бугарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Клада — белоруски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белоруски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladus" title="Kladus — босански" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kladus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade — каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Клада — чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Клада" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad — чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade — немачки" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaad" title="Klaad — естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κλάδος — грчки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλάδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грчки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade — енглески" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="енглески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado — шпански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="шпански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klado" title="Klado — есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klado" title="Klado — баскијски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klado" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%87" title="تبارشاخه — персијски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبارشاخه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade — француски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade — западни фризијски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западни фризијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1d" title="Clád — ирски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clád" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade — манкс" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="манкс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado — галицијски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галицијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A3_(%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="ענף (פילוגנטיקה) — хебрејски" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ענף (פילוגנטיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="хебрејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="क्लेड — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्लेड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Կլադ — јерменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="јерменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klado" title="Klado — илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Klado" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grein_(flokkunarfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Grein (flokkunarfræði) — исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grein (flokkunarfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado — италијански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италијански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B2%90%E7%BE%A4" title="分岐群 — јапански" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分岐群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="јапански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade — јавански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="јавански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EA%B5%B0" title="계통군 — корејски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계통군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladus" title="Cladus — латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cladus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaad" title="Klaad — лимбуршки" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Klaad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбуршки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1d" title="Klád — мађарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="мађарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Клад — македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad — малтешки" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="малтешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്ലാഡ് — малајалам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малајалам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="क्लेड — марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्लेड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade — холандски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="холандски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade — норвешки букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвешки букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade — нисконемачки" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нисконемачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad — пољски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="пољски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado — португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clad%C4%83" title="Cladă — румунски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cladă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румунски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Клада — руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%84%D8%A6%DA%8A" title="ڪلئڊ — синди" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪلئڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetva_(taxon%C3%B3mia)" title="Vetva (taxonómia) — словачки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vetva (taxonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad — словеначки" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словеначки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladus" title="Kladus — српскохрватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kladus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="српскохрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladi" title="Kladi — фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kladi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad — шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="உயிரிக்கிளை — тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரிக்கிளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskadrant" title="Taskadrant — кабиле" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taskadrant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабиле" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94" title="เคลด — тајски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคลด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A1nh_(ph%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Nhánh (phân loại học) 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hreflang="vec" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="венецијански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF" title="演化支 — ву кинески" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="演化支" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF" title="演化支 — кинески" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="演化支" 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href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5/Kladus" rel="nofollow" title="Скорашње измене страница које су повезане с овом [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Повезане измене</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедија:Водич_за_отпремање" title="Поставите слике и снимке [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Отпреми датотеку</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&oldid=29088831" title="Трајна веза до ове измене на овој страници"><span>Трајна веза</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&action=info" title="Више информација о овој страници"><span>Подаци о страници</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kladus&action=show-download-screen"><span>Преузми у PDF-у</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Одштампајте ову страницу [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Одштампај</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> На другим пројектима </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q713623" title="Веза ка ставци на спремишту података [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Ставка на Википодацима</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Алатке странице"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Изглед"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Изглед</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">помери на страну</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">сакриј</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sr" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kladus</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Грчки језик">grč.</a> κλάδος [<i>kládos</i>] = grana) ili <i>monophylum</i> je grana – grupa oblika <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот">života</a> koja se sastoji od zajedničkog pretka i svih njegovih potomaka i predstavlja jedinstvenu granu na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stablo_%C5%BEivota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stablo života (страница не постоји)">stablu života</a>. Za <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еволуција">evolucijsku</a> granu ili kladus se širi i naziv <b>klada</b>, što može dovesti do nesporazuma, kada se govori o <a href="/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo">filogenetskim stablima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Clade-grade_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Clade-grade_II.svg/414px-Clade-grade_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="414" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Clade-grade_II.svg/621px-Clade-grade_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Clade-grade_II.svg/828px-Clade-grade_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram">Kladogram</a> (porodično stablo) „velikih“ bioloških grupa pokazuje poslednje zajedničke pretke kompozitnih stabala na vertikalnoj liniji, a „deblo“ je na dnu. Plave i crvene podgrupe (levo i desno) predstavljaju kladuse ili monofiletske <i>potpune</i> taksonomske grupe; svaka pokazuje svog zajedničkog pretka 'granu', ili 'stabljiku' i sve potomačke grane. Zelena podgrupa nije kladus; predstavlja parafiletsku grupu, koja je <i>nepotpuna</i>, jer plava grana, iako silazi s njom od zajedničkog pretka na stablu, isključena je iz zelene podgrupe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zajednički predak može biti <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Индивидуа">individua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Populacija">populacija</a> ili čak <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="Врста">vrsta</a> (izumrla ili postojeća). Klades su ugnežđeni, jedan u drugom, kao što se svaka grana deli u manje grane. Ove podele odražavaju evolucijsku istoriju, od kada se kao populacija razišla i evoluirala samostalno.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mnoge grupe se obično zovu kladusi (grane), na primer, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Глодари">glodari</a>, ili <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Инсект">insekti</a>, jer se, u svakom slučaju, njihovo ime sastoji od zajedničkog pretka sa svim svojim potomačkim granama. Glodari, na primer, su grana <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Сисар">sisara</a> koji su se odvojili nakon završetka vladavine dinosaurusa, pre 66.000.000 godina. Originalna populacija i svi njeni potomci su kladus. Kladus glodara odgovara nazivu <i>Rodentia</i>, a insekati klasi <i>Insecta</i>. Ove grane uključuju manje kladuse, kao što su "<a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Веверице">veverice</a>" ili "<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Мрав">mravi</a>", od kojih svaki sadrži još manje grane (kladuse). Kladus „glodara“ je sa svoje strane uključen u <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Сисар">sisare</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Кичмењак">kičmenjake</a> i kladuse <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Животиња">životinja</a>. </p><p>Često, međutim, zajednička oznaka za vrste živih bića ima samo ime debla kladusa. <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Гуштери">Gušteri</a> nisu kladus, a nije nisu ni <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Мајмуни">majmuni</a>. Zmije su kladus, a gušteri i zmije zajedno čine veći kladus, ali kladus „guštera“ isključuje zmije na osnovu <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Анатомија">anatomije</a>. Zmije su još uvek deo tog kladusa. Iako su evoluirale tako da izgledaju drugačije. Termin „gušter“ stavlja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gekon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gekon (страница не постоји)">gekone</a> i gila čudovišta u istu kategoriju, ali isključuje zmije. Budući da su gila čudovišta uže vezana za zmije nego što su za gekone, termin „gušteri“ ne imenuje ovaj kladus. Na isti način, „majmuni“ nisu kladus jer isključuju repate majmune. </p><p>Evroazijski repati majmuni su srodniji majmunima Starog sveta nego što su majmunima Novog sveta, tako da bilo koji kladus nije dovoljno velik da uključi majmune Novog sveta i majmune Starog sveta. Konačno, mnogi definitivni kladusi nemaju zajednička uslove taj status. Na primer, ne postoji termin za kladus koji uključuje sve repate i bezepe majmune, uključujući i ljude. Termin kao što su "<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Кичмењак">kičmenjak</a>" i "<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Сисар">sisar</a>" rezultiraju iz modernih taksonomija, jer stara taksonomija nije imala uslove za ove kladuse. </p><p>Sve više taksonomi izbegavaju imenovanja <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон">taksona</a> koji nisu kladusi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologija">Etimologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Уредите одељак „Etimologija”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&action=edit&section=1" title="Уреди извор одељка: Etimologija"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Cladogram_Crocodilia_NL.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cladogram_Crocodilia_NL.PNG/200px-Cladogram_Crocodilia_NL.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cladogram_Crocodilia_NL.PNG/300px-Cladogram_Crocodilia_NL.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cladogram_Crocodilia_NL.PNG/400px-Cladogram_Crocodilia_NL.PNG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><i>Gavialidae</i>, <i>Crocodylidae</i> i <i>Alligatoridae</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Termin "kladus" skovao je <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>. biolog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Huxley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Huxley (страница не постоји)">Džulijan Haksli</a> da se odnosi na rezultat <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кладогенеза">kladogeneze</a>; ovaj koncept, Haksli je pozajmio od Bernharda Renča. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definicije">Definicije</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Уредите одељак „Definicije”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&action=edit&section=2" title="Уреди извор одељка: Definicije"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gavijali (<i>Gavialidae</i>), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Крокодили">krokodili</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crocodylidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crocodylidae (страница не постоји)">Crocodylidae</a></i>) i <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Алигатори">aligatori</a> (<i>Alligatoridae</i>) su kladusi čija se imena ovde primenjuju u <a href="/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo">filogenetskom stablu</a> krokodila. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kladus_i_predak">Kladus i predak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Уредите одељак „Kladus i predak”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&action=edit&section=3" title="Уреди извор одељка: Kladus i predak"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/220px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/330px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/440px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>Rano <a href="/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo">filogenetsko stablo</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ернст Хекел">Hekel</a>, <a href="/wiki/1866" title="1866">1866</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kladus je po definiciji monofiletski, što znači da ima jednog pretka (koji može biti organizam, <a href="/wiki/Populacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Populacija">populacija</a> ili <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="Врста">vrsta</a>) i sve njegove potomke. Predak može biti poznat ili nepoznat; bilo koji i svi članovi kladusa mogu biti postojeći ili izumrl9. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kladusi_i_filogenetska_stabla">Kladusi i filogenetska stabla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Уредите одељак „Kladusi i filogenetska stabla”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&action=edit&section=4" title="Уреди извор одељка: Kladusi i filogenetska stabla"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24414138">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetika">Filogenetika</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кладистика">Kladistika</a></div> <p>Nauka koja pokušava da rekonstruiše filogenetska stabala i na taj način otkrije kladuse se zove <a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetika">filogenetika</a> ili <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кладистика">kladistika</a>, ovaj termin koji potiče iz „kladus“ potiče od <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%80" title="Ернст Мајр">Ernsta Majer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>). Rezultati filogenetskih / kladističkih analize su stabla u obliku dijagrama koji se zovu <a href="/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram">kladogrami</a>; oni su, kao i sve njihove grane, filogenetske hipoteze. Tri metode definiranja kladusa su istaknuta u opisu <a href="/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo">nomenklaturi fdilogenetskog stabla</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminologija">Terminologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Уредите одељак „Terminologija”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&action=edit&section=5" title="Уреди извор одељка: Terminologija"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram">Kladogram</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" class="mw-disambig" title="Примат">primata</a> pokazujuje ugneždenu prirodu stabla primata. Odnosi među kladusima se mogu opisati na više načina: </p> <ul><li>Kladus se nalazi unutar klada se kaže da se <i>ugnezdio</i> u okviru tog kladusa. U dijagramu <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Хуманоид">humanoidnog</a> kladusa, majmuna i ljudi su uklopljen u kladus primata.</li> <li>Dva cladusa su <a href="/wiki/Sestrinske_vrste" title="Sestrinske vrste">sestrinska</a> ako imaju neposrednog zajedničkog pretka. U dijagramu, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Лемури">lemuri</a> i lori su sestrinski kladusi.</li> <li>Kladus <i>A</i> je <i>bazni</i> za kladus <i>B</i>, ako je <i>A</i> grana sa loze koja vodi do <i>B</i> pre prve grane koja vodi samo članove <i>B</i>. U dijagramu na desno, u kladusu <i><a href="/wiki/Strepsirrhini" title="Strepsirrhini">Strepsirrhini</a></i>, uključujući i lemure i lorije, bazni je za hominoide, majmune i ljude. Neki autori su koristili „bazni“ u drugom smislu, u značenju kladusa koji je „primitivniji“ ili vrstama manje bogat od svog sestrinskog kladusa; drugi smatraju da je ova upotreba pogrešana.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidi_još"><span id="Vidi_jo.C5.A1"></span>Vidi još</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Уредите одељак „Vidi još”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&action=edit&section=6" title="Уреди извор одељка: Vidi još"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кладистика">Kladistika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кладогенеза">Kladogeneza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo">Filogenetsko stablo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Уредите одељак „Reference”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladus&action=edit&section=7" title="Уреди извор одељка: Reference"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28440201">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benton M. J. : Vertebrate palaeontology. Blackwell. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-632-05637-8" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-632-05637-8">978-0-632-05637-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennig W. : Phylogenetic systematics (tr. D. Dwight Davis and Rainer Zangerl), Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press (reprinted 1979 and 1999). 1966. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-252-06814-0" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-252-06814-0">978-0-252-06814-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Benton, M. J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/16218/files/PAL_E3435.pdf">„Stems, nodes, crown clades, and rank-free lists: Is Linnaeus dead?”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>75</b> (4): 633—648. <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11117201">11117201</a>. <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17851383">17851383</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185x.2000.tb00055.x">10.1111/j.1469-185x.2000.tb00055.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AKladus&rft.atitle=Stems%2C+nodes%2C+crown+clades%2C+and+rank-free+lists%3A+Is+Linnaeus+dead%3F&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=633-648&rft.volume=75&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F16218%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E3435.pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17851383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-185x.2000.tb00055.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11117201&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benton M. J. (2004): Vertebrate Palaeontology. <cite class="citation book"> (3rd изд.). 2000. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-632-05637-8" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-632-05637-8">978-0-632-05637-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AKladus&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-632-05637-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Недостаје или је празан параметар <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B:CS1_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5#citation_missing_title" title="Помоћ:CS1 грешке">помоћ</a>)</span>.: Blackwell Science.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayr E. : The growth of biological thought – Diversity, evolution, and inheritance, 11th printing, first: Copyright © 1982. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge (Mass.), Londo (England). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-674-36445-5" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-674-36445-5">978-0-674-36445-5</a>.. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-674-36446-2" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-674-36446-2">978-0-674-36446-2</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25469611">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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