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id="toc-Submarines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Submarines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_declaration_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_declaration_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Japanese declaration of war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_declaration_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_wave_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_wave_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 First wave composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_wave_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_wave_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_wave_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Second wave composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_wave_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_casualties_and_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_casualties_and_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 American casualties and damage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_casualties_and_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Japanese losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_third_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_third_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Possible third wave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_third_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ships_lost_or_damaged" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships_lost_or_damaged"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ships lost or damaged </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ships_lost_or_damaged-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ships lost or damaged subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ships_lost_or_damaged-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battleships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battleships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Battleships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battleships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ex-battleship_(target/AA_training_ship)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ex-battleship_(target/AA_training_ship)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ex-battleship (target/AA training ship) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ex-battleship_(target/AA_training_ship)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cruisers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cruisers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cruisers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cruisers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destroyers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destroyers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Destroyers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destroyers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Auxiliaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Salvage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 News coverage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-News_coverage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle News coverage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-News_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coverage_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coverage_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Coverage in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coverage_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coverage_in_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coverage_in_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Coverage in Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coverage_in_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Niihau_Incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niihau_Incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Niihau Incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niihau_Incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Strategic implications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retrospective_debate_on_American_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retrospective_debate_on_American_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Retrospective debate on American intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retrospective_debate_on_American_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_government_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_government_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.2 US government documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_government_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.3 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazine_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazine_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.4 Magazine articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazine_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.5 Online sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Accounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Historical documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Attack on Pearl Harbor</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanval_op_Pearl_Harbor" title="Aanval op Pearl Harbor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aanval op Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="الهجوم على بيرل هاربر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهجوم على بيرل هاربر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataque_a_Pearl_Harbor" title="Ataque a Pearl Harbor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ataque a Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_rehe_o%C3%B1endyr%C3%BDr%C3%B5guare" title="Pearl Harbor rehe oñendyrýrõguare – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pearl Harbor rehe oñendyrýrõguare" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6rl-Harbora_h%C3%BCcum" title="Pörl-Harbora hücum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pörl-Harbora hücum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%87%DB%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="پرل هاربر هۆجومو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پرل هاربر هۆجومو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3" title="পার্ল হারবার আক্রমণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পার্ল হারবার আক্রমণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Напад на Пёрл-Харбар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Напад на Пёрл-Харбар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataki_sa_Pearl_Harbor" title="Ataki sa Pearl Harbor – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ataki sa Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Нападение над Пърл Харбър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нападение над Пърл Харбър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsailh_war_Pearl_Harbor" title="Arsailh war Pearl Harbor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arsailh war Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atac_a_Pearl_Harbor" title="Atac a Pearl Harbor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atac a Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atok_na_Pearl_Harbor" title="Útok na Pearl Harbor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Útok na Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymosodiad_ar_Pearl_Harbor" title="Ymosodiad ar Pearl Harbor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymosodiad ar Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angrebet_p%C3%A5_Pearl_Harbor" title="Angrebet på Pearl Harbor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Angrebet på Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angriff_auf_Pearl_Harbor" title="Angriff auf Pearl Harbor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Angriff auf Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCnnak_Pearl_Harborile" title="Rünnak Pearl Harborile – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rünnak Pearl Harborile" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BB_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81" title="Επίθεση στο Περλ Χάρμπορ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επίθεση στο Περλ Χάρμπορ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataque_a_Pearl_Harbor" title="Ataque a Pearl Harbor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ataque a Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atako_kontra%C5%AD_Pearl_Harbor" title="Atako kontraŭ Pearl Harbor – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atako kontraŭ Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harborko_erasoa" title="Pearl Harborko erasoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pearl Harborko erasoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="حمله به پرل هاربر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حمله به پرل هاربر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attaque_de_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attaque de Pearl Harbor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Attaque de Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oanfal_op_Pearl_Harbor" title="Oanfal op Pearl Harbor – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oanfal op Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionsa%C3%AD_ar_Pearl_Harbor" title="Ionsaí ar Pearl Harbor – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ionsaí ar Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataque_a_Pearl_Harbor" title="Ataque a Pearl Harbor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ataque a Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EC%A3%BC%EB%A7%8C_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B2%A9" title="진주만 공격 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진주만 공격" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%93%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Հարձակում Փերլ Հարբորի վրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարձակում Փերլ Հարբորի վրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="पर्ल हार्बर पर आक्रमण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्ल हार्बर पर आक्रमण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napad_na_Pearl_Harbor" title="Napad na Pearl Harbor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Napad na Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atako_kontre_Pearl_Harbor" title="Atako kontre Pearl Harbor – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atako kontre Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyerangan_Pearl_Harbor" title="Penyerangan Pearl Harbor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyerangan Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81r%C3%A1sin_%C3%A1_Perluh%C3%B6fn" title="Árásin á Perluhöfn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Árásin á Perluhöfn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacco_di_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attacco di Pearl Harbor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attacco di Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="המתקפה על פרל הארבור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המתקפה על פרל הארבור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyerangan_Pearl_Harbor" title="Panyerangan Pearl Harbor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panyerangan Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%94_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="პერლ-ჰარბორზე თავდასხმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პერლ-ჰარბორზე თავდასხმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93rlh%C4%81rboras_bombard%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Pērlhārboras bombardēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pērlhārboras bombardēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugr%C3%ABff_op_Pearl_Harbor" title="Ugrëff op Pearl Harbor – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ugrëff op Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_Harboro_u%C5%BEpuolimas" title="Perl Harboro užpuolimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perl Harboro užpuolimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataca_a_Pearl_Harbor" title="Ataca a Pearl Harbor – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ataca a Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_elleni_jap%C3%A1n_t%C3%A1mad%C3%A1s" title="Pearl Harbor elleni japán támadás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pearl Harbor elleni japán támadás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Напад на Перл Харбор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Напад на Перл Харбор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പേൾ ഹാർബറിലെ ആക്രമണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പേൾ ഹാർബറിലെ ആക്രമണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="पर्ल हार्बरवरील हल्ला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पर्ल हार्बरवरील हल्ला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="გენთხაფა პერლ-ჰარბორშა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გენთხაფა პერლ-ჰარბორშა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="الهجوم على بيرل هاربر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الهجوم على بيرل هاربر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_Pearl_Harbor" title="Serangan Pearl Harbor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serangan Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanval_op_Pearl_Harbor" title="Aanval op Pearl Harbor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aanval op Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="पर्ल हार्बर आक्रमण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पर्ल हार्बर आक्रमण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%8F%A0%E6%B9%BE%E6%94%BB%E6%92%83" title="真珠湾攻撃 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真珠湾攻撃" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angrepet_p%C3%A5_Pearl_Harbor" title="Angrepet på Pearl Harbor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Angrepet på Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataca_de_Pearl_Harbor" title="Ataca de Pearl Harbor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ataca de Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyorl_Harborga_hujum" title="Pyorl Harborga hujum – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pyorl Harborga hujum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਰਲ ਹਾਰਬਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਹਮਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਲ ਹਾਰਬਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਹਮਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%84_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%DB%81" title="پرل ہاربر اُتے حملہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرل ہاربر اُتے حملہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atak_na_Pearl_Harbor" title="Atak na Pearl Harbor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atak na Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataque_a_Pearl_Harbor" title="Ataque a Pearl Harbor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ataque a Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacul_de_la_Pearl_Harbor" title="Atacul de la Pearl Harbor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atacul de la Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нападение на Перл-Харбор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нападение на Перл-Харбор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="آپریشن زی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آپریشن زی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulmi_n%C3%AB_Pearl_Harbor" title="Sulmi në Pearl Harbor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sulmi në Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Attack on Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atok_na_Pearl_Harbor" title="Útok na Pearl Harbor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Útok na Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napad_na_Pearl_Harbor" title="Napad na Pearl Harbor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Napad na Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbour" title="Attack on Pearl Harbour – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Attack on Pearl Harbour" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Напад на Перл Харбор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Напад на Перл Харбор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napad_na_Pearl_Harbor" title="Napad na Pearl Harbor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Napad na Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ys_Pearl_Harboriin" title="Hyökkäys Pearl Harboriin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyökkäys Pearl Harboriin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacken_mot_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attacken mot Pearl Harbor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Attacken mot Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-atake_sa_Pearl_Harbor" title="Pag-atake sa Pearl Harbor – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pag-atake sa Pearl Harbor" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பேர்ள் துறைமுகத் தாக்குதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேர்ள் துறைமுகத் தாக்குதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="การโจมตีเพิร์ลฮาร์เบอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การโจมตีเพิร์ลฮาร์เบอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%AC%E1%8E%BE_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%B3_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%98%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%92%E1%8E%A2" title="ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Pearl Harbor Saldırısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pearl Harbor Saldırısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB-%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Напад на Перл-Гарбор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Напад на Перл-Гарбор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%84_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%DB%81" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor&params=21.365_N_157.95_W_type:event_region:US-HI">21°21′54″N 157°57′00″W / 21.365°N 157.950°W / 21.365; -157.950</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until January 9, 2025 at 12:46 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1941 Japanese surprise attack on the US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"December 7, 1941" redirects here. For the date, see <a href="/wiki/December_1941#December_7,_1941_(Sunday)" title="December 1941">December 1941 § December 7, 1941 (Sunday)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Attack on Pearl Harbor</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Asiatic-Pacific Theater</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/300px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/450px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/600px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6404" data-file-height="4543" /></a> Photograph of <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Row" title="Battleship Row">Battleship Row</a> taken from a Japanese plane at the beginning of the attack. The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on <a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">USS West Virginia</a>. Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen: one over <a href="/wiki/USS_Neosho_(AO-23)" title="USS Neosho (AO-23)">USS Neosho</a> and one over the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard" title="Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard">Naval Yard</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>December 7, 1941; 82 years ago (1941-12-07)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a>, US</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor&params=21.365_N_157.95_W_type:event_region:US-HI">21°21′54″N 157°57′00″W / 21.365°N 157.950°W / 21.365; -157.950</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Japanese victory United States joins the <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">Allied Forces</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel">Husband E. Kimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Short" title="Walter Short">Walter Short</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Nagumo" title="Chūichi Nagumo">Chūichi Nagumo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">US Pacific Fleet</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Fleet" title="1st Air Fleet">1st Air Fleet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>8 <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a></li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a></li> <li>30 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a></li> <li>4 <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a></li> <li>73 other ships<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[nb 1]</a></li> <li>390 aircraft</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>6 <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a></li> <li>2 battleships</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a></li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a></li> <li>9 destroyers</li> <li>8 tankers</li> <li>23 <a href="/wiki/Fleet_submarine" title="Fleet submarine">fleet submarines</a></li> <li>5 <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarines</a></li> <li>414 <a href="/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">aircraft</a> (353 took part in the raid)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>4 battleships sunk</li> <li>4 battleships damaged</li> <li>1 ex-battleship sunk</li> <li>1 harbor <a href="/wiki/Tug" class="mw-redirect" title="Tug">tug</a> sunk</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a> damaged<a href="#cite_note-6">[nb 2]</a></li> <li>3 destroyers damaged</li> <li>3 other ships damaged</li> <li>188 aircraft destroyed</li> <li>159 aircraft damaged</li> <li>2,008 <a href="/wiki/Personnel_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Personnel of the United States Navy">sailors</a> killed</li> <li>109 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a> killed</li> <li>208 soldiers killed<a href="#cite_note-USN-7">[5]</a></li> <li>68 civilians killed<a href="#cite_note-censusfactsheet-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-USN-7">[5]</a></li> <li>2,403 total killed<a href="#cite_note-censusfactsheet-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-USN-7">[5]</a></li> <li>1,178 military and civilians wounded<a href="#cite_note-USN-7">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>4 <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarines</a> sunk</li> <li>1 midget submarine grounded</li> <li>29 aircraft destroyed</li> <li>74 aircraft damaged</li> <li>129 killed<a href="#cite_note-PHFS-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kimberly-10">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Sakamaki" title="Kazuo Sakamaki">1 sailor</a> captured<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2004272-11">[9]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="text-align: center;">Civilian casualties</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>68 killed<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></li> <li>35 wounded<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnEngelmanFairchild2000194-14">[12]</a></li> <li>3 aircraft shot down</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div class="switcher-container"><style 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.pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor is located in Hawaii"><img alt="Attack on Pearl Harbor is located in Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg/300px-USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg/450px-USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg/600px-USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="935" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.973%;left:45.082%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Attack on Pearl Harbor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg" title="File:USA Hawaii location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within Hawaii</div>Show map of Hawaii</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor is located in Pacific Ocean"><img alt="Attack on Pearl Harbor is located in Pacific Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/300px-Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/450px-Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/600px-Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="645" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.292%;left:54.168%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Attack on Pearl Harbor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Hawaiian Islands Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Hawaiian_Islands_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Hawaiian Islands Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hawaiian_Islands_Campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hawaiian Islands Campaign</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">1st Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Johnston_and_Palmyra" title="Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra">Johnston and Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Bombardment_of_Midway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Bombardment of Midway (page does not exist)">2nd Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">3rd Midway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_offensives,_1940–1942" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_offensives,_1940–1942" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War#Japanese_offensives,_1941–42" title="Pacific War">Japanese offensives, 1940–1942</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1940 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Suiyuan" title="Battle of West Suiyuan">West Suiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuyuan" title="Battle of Wuyuan">Wuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimingjie_germ_weapon_attack" title="Kaimingjie germ weapon attack">Kaimingjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hubei_Operation" title="Central Hubei Operation">Central Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">North China</a></li></ul> 1941 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panjiayu_Massacre" title="Panjiayu Massacre">Panjiayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hubei_Operation" title="Western Hubei Operation">Western Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">2nd Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">Sand Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">3rd Changsha</a></li></ul> 1942 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Qantas_Short_Empire_shootdown" title="1942 Qantas Short Empire shootdown">Qantas Short Empire shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_KNILM_Douglas_DC-3_shootdown" title="1942 KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown">KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tulagi_(May_1942)" title="Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)">Tulagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY">Nauru and Ocean Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Sydney_Harbour" title="Attack on Sydney Harbour">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Newcastle" title="Shelling of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Dureenbee" title="Attack on the Dureenbee">Dureenbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Mount Emily</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Central Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts_raids" title="Marshalls–Gilberts raids">Marshalls–Gilberts raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilberts and Marshalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inmate" title="Operation Inmate">Truk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Island_massacre" title="Ocean Island massacre">Ocean Island</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean (1941–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Japanese merchant raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Ceylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stab" title="Operation Stab">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Malacca Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jurist" title="Operation Jurist">Jurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace">Tiderace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zipper" title="Operation Zipper">Zipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_South-East_Asia_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of South-East Asia (1944–45)">Strategic bombing (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma and India (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY">RY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo (1945)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)#Bombardment_of_Estevan_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fire balloon bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PX" title="Operation PX">PX</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Yokosuka" title="Attack on Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagami_Bay" title="Battle of Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Downfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutanchiang" title="Battle of Mutanchiang">Mutanchiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">Chongjin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The attack on Pearl Harbor<a href="#cite_note-15">[nb 3]</a> was a surprise <a href="/wiki/Military_strike" title="Military strike">military strike</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Pearl_Harbor" title="Naval Station Pearl Harbor">American naval base</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii, the United States, just before 8:00 a.m. (local time) on Sunday, December 7, 1941. At the time, the United States was a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">neutral country</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The attack on Hawaii and other U.S. territories led the United States to formally enter World War II on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> the day following the attack, on December 8, 1941. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Japanese military leadership</a> referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI,<a href="#cite_note-17">[nb 4]</a> and as Operation Z during its planning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFukudome1955b-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillon200017ff-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison2001101,_120,_250-20">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>'s attack on Pearl Harbor was preceded by months of negotiations between the United States and Japan over the future of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>. Japanese demands included that the United States <a href="/wiki/ABCD_line" title="ABCD line">end its sanctions against Japan</a>, cease aiding <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">China</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and allow Japan to access the resources of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. Anticipating a negative response, Japan sent out its naval attack groups in November 1941 just prior to receiving the <a href="/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a>—which states the United States desire that Japan withdraw from China and <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a>. Japan intended the attack as a <a href="/wiki/Preventive_war" title="Preventive war">preventive</a> action. Its aim was to prevent the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> from interfering with its planned military actions in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> against overseas territories of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and the United States. Over the course of seven hours, Japan conducted coordinated attacks on the U.S.-held <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake Island</a>; and on the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore#Outbreak_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gill85-21">[17]</a> The attack on Pearl Harbor started at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian time (6:18 p.m. GMT).<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii_time-22">[nb 5]</a> The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft (including <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">level and dive bombers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bombers</a>) in two waves, launched from six <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parillo288-23">[18]</a> Of the eight United States Navy <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> present, all were damaged and four were sunk. All but <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona">USS Arizona</a> were later raised, and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, an anti-aircraft training ship,<a href="#cite_note-25">[nb 6]</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">minelayer</a>. More than 180 US aircraft were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a> A total of 2,393 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded, making it the deadliest event ever recorded in Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a> It was also the deadliest foreign attack against the United States in its history until the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> of 2001.<a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a> Important base installations, such as the power station, <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard" title="Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard">shipyard</a>, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the <a href="/wiki/Station_Hypo" class="mw-redirect" title="Station Hypo">intelligence section</a>) were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarines</a> were lost, and 129 servicemen killed.<a href="#cite_note-PHFS-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kimberly-10">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Sakamaki" title="Kazuo Sakamaki">Kazuo Sakamaki</a>, the commanding officer of one of the submarines, was captured. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">Japan declared war</a> on the United States and the British Empire later that day (December 8 in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>), but the declarations were not delivered until the following day. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">The British government declared war on Japan</a> immediately after learning that their territory had also been attacked, while the following day (December 8), <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">the United States Congress declared war on Japan</a>. On December 11, though they had no formal obligation to do so under the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> with Japan, <a href="/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_against_the_United_States_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="German declaration of war against the United States (1941)">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States" title="Italian declaration of war on the United States">Italy</a> each declared war on the United States, which responded with a declaration of war against <a href="/wiki/1941_United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="1941 United States declaration of war upon Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Italy">Italy</a>. While there were historical precedents for the unannounced military action by Japan, the lack of any formal warning, as required by the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Convention of 1907">Hague Convention of 1907</a>, and the perception that the attack had been unprovoked, led then-<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, in the opening line of his speech to a <a href="/wiki/Joint_Session_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Session of Congress">Joint Session of Congress</a> the following day, to famously label December 7, 1941, "<a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">a date which will live in infamy</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor">Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg/220px-Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg/330px-Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg/440px-Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5808" data-file-height="4583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> on October 30, 1941, a month prior to the attack, with <a href="/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island</a> visible (in the center)</figcaption></figure> War between the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was seen as a possibility since the 1920s. Japan had been wary of American territorial and military expansion in the Pacific and Asia since the late 1890s, followed by the annexation of islands, such as <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Philippines</a>, which they felt were close to or within their <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorth2014-29">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyFarber2019-30">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> At the same time, Japanese strategic thinkers believed that Japan needed economic self-sufficiency in order to wage modern war. The experiences of World War I had taught the Japanese that modern wars would be protracted, require total mobilization and create vulnerabilities for <a href="/wiki/Trade_embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade embargo">trade embargoes</a> and encirclement. As a consequence, Japan needed access to strategically important resources (e.g. iron, oil) that could not be extracted at sufficient levels in the home islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnhart198717–49-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a> Although Japan had begun to take a hostile stance against the United States after the rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> the relationship between the two countries was cordial enough that they remained trading partners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauren1978-36">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-PaW-94,96-37">[31]</a> Tensions did not seriously grow until <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931</a>. Over the next decade, Japan expanded into <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and endeavored to secure enough independent resources to attain victory on the mainland. The "<a href="/wiki/Nanshin-ron" title="Nanshin-ron">Southern Operation</a>" was designed to assist these efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyFarber2019-30">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnhart1987-38">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Starting in December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on <a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS Panay</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_Allison" class="mw-redirect" title="John Moore Allison">Allison incident</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a> swung Western public opinion sharply against Japan. The United States unsuccessfully proposed a joint action with the United Kingdom to blockade Japan.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> In 1938, following an appeal by President Roosevelt, American companies stopped providing Japan with implements of war.<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> In 1940, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japan invaded French Indochina</a>, attempting to stymie the flow of supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">aviation gasoline</a> to Japan, which the latter perceived as an unfriendly act.<a href="#cite_note-42">[nb 7]</a> The United States did not stop oil exports, however, partly because of the prevailing sentiment in Washington that given Japanese dependence on American oil, such an action was likely to be considered an extreme provocation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorth2014-29">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-PaW-94-43">[36]</a> In mid-1940, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> moved the Pacific Fleet from <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> to Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a> He also ordered a military buildup in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a>, taking both actions in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East. Because the Japanese high command was mistakenly certain any attack on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_European_colonies#Asia-Pacific" title="List of former European colonies">United Kingdom's Southeast Asian colonies</a>, including Singapore,<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> would bring the United States into the war, a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to prevent American naval interference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-46">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] An <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">invasion of the Philippines</a> was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners. The American <a href="/wiki/War_Plan_Orange" title="War Plan Orange">War Plan Orange</a> had envisioned defending the Philippines with an elite force of 40,000 men; this option was never implemented due to opposition from <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur#Field_Marshal_of_the_Philippine_Army" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, who felt he would need a force ten times that size.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 1941, American planners expected to have to abandon the Philippines at the outbreak of war. Late that year, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hart" title="Thomas C. Hart">Thomas C. Hart</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Asiatic_Fleet" title="United States Asiatic Fleet">United States Asiatic Fleet</a>, was given orders to that effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200763-47">[40]</a> The United States finally ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941, following the seizure of French Indochina<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a>, in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption.<a href="#cite_note-PaW-125-49">[42]</a> Because of this decision, Japan proceeded with <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">plans to take the oil-rich Dutch East Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[nb 8]</a> On August 17, Roosevelt warned Japan that America was prepared to take opposing steps if "neighboring countries" were attacked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatloffSnell198069-52">[44]</a> Japan and the United States engaged in negotiations during 1941, attempting to improve relations. In the course of these negotiations, Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina after making peace with the Nationalist government. It also proposed to adopt an independent interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> and to refrain from trade discrimination, provided all other nations reciprocated. Washington rejected these proposals. Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe</a> then offered to meet with Roosevelt, but Roosevelt insisted on reaching an agreement before any meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatloffSnell1980-53">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-54">[46]</a> The American ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting, warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoe government and peace in the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvestigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_–_"Review_of_the_Diplomatic_Conversations"1946[httpwwwibiblioorgphaphacongressapp-dhtml314_314]-55">[47]</a> However, his recommendation was not acted upon. The Konoe government collapsed the following month when the Japanese military rejected a withdrawal of all troops from China.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_V:_The_Decision_for_War-56">[48]</a> Japan's final proposal, delivered on November 20, offered to withdraw from southern Indochina and to refrain from attacks in Southeast Asia, so long as the United States, United Kingdom, and Netherlands supplied one million U.S. gallons (3.8 million liters) of aviation fuel, lifted their sanctions against Japan, and ceased aid to China.<a href="#cite_note-57">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chapter_V:_The_Decision_for_War-56">[48]</a> The American counter-proposal of November 26 (November 27 in Japan), the <a href="/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a>, required Japan to completely evacuate China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers. On November 26 in Japan, the day before the note's delivery, the Japanese task force left port for <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a> The Japanese intended the attack as a <a href="/wiki/Preventive_war" title="Preventive war">preventive action</a> to keep the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> from interfering with their planned military actions in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> against overseas territories of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and the United States. Over the course of seven hours, there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the American-held <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake Island</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore#Outbreak_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gill85-21">[17]</a> From the Japanese point of view, it was seen as a preemptive strike "before the oil gauge ran empty."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorth2014-29">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_planning">Military planning</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor,_Japan,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>'s 1941 attack plan on <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></figcaption></figure> Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the "Southern Resource Area", the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally, began early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a>, then commanding Japan's <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gailey1997p68-59">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[52]</a> He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a> only after much contention with Naval Headquarters, including a threat to resign his command.<a href="#cite_note-Gailey1997p70-61">[53]</a> Full-scale planning was underway by early spring 1941, primarily by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABnosuke_Kusaka" title="Ryūnosuke Kusaka">Ryūnosuke Kusaka</a>, with assistance from Commander <a href="/wiki/Minoru_Genda" title="Minoru Genda">Minoru Genda</a> and Yamamoto's Deputy Chief of Staff, Captain Kameto Kuroshima.<a href="#cite_note-62">[54]</a> The planners studied the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> intensively.<a href="#cite_note-64">[nb 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[nb 10]</a> Over the next several months, pilots were trained, equipment was adapted, and intelligence was collected. Despite these preparations, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> did not approve the attack plan until November 5, after the third of four <a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Imperial Conferences</a> called to consider the matter.<a href="#cite_note-67">[57]</a> At first, he hesitated to engage in war but eventually authorized the Pearl Harbor strike despite dissent from certain advisors.<a href="#cite_note-nuclearm-68">[58]</a> Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1, after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the Hull note would "destroy the fruits of the China incident, endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea".<a href="#cite_note-69">[59]</a> Before the attack, he became more involved in military matters, even joining the Conference of Military Councillors, which was considered unusual for him.<a href="#cite_note-nuclearm-68">[58]</a> Additionally, he actively sought more information about the war plans.<a href="#cite_note-nuclearm-68">[58]</a> According to an aide, he openly displayed happiness upon hearing about the success of the surprise attacks.<a href="#cite_note-nuclearm-68">[58]</a> By late 1941, many observers believed that hostilities between the United States and Japan were imminent. A <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52% of Americans expected war with Japan, 27% did not, and 21% had no opinion.<a href="#cite_note-cipo19411208-70">[60]</a> While American Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions, officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target; instead, they expected the Philippines to be attacked first. This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes, as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south.<a href="#cite_note-72">[nb 11]</a> They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-46">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectives">Objectives</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg/220px-PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg/330px-PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg/440px-PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>The route followed by the Japanese fleet to Pearl Harbor and back</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg/220px-A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg/330px-A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg/440px-A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>An Imperial Japanese Navy <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zero</a> fighter on the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a></figcaption></figure> The Japanese attack had several major aims. First, it intended to destroy important American fleet units, thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with the Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and enabling Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference. The leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> (IJN) ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Decisive_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Decisive battle">decisive battle</a>" doctrine, especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships. Second, it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 <a href="/wiki/Two-Ocean_Navy_Act" title="Two-Ocean Navy Act">Vinson-Walsh Act</a> erased any chance of victory.<a href="#cite_note-Willmott14-73">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[63]</a> Third, to deliver a blow to America's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific, battleships were chosen as the main targets, since they were the prestige ships of navies at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Willmott14-73">[62]</a> Finally, it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale to such an extent that the American government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests and seek a peace compromise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981-75">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimm2011-76">[65]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Striking the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor had two distinct disadvantages: the targeted ships would be in very shallow water, so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them, and most of the crews would survive the attack since many would be on <a href="/wiki/Shore_leave" title="Shore leave">shore leave</a> or would be rescued from the harbor. A further important disadvantage was the absence of all three of the Pacific Fleet's aircraft carriers (<a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">Enterprise</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)">Lexington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)">Saratoga</a>). Despite these concerns, Yamamoto decided to press ahead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-46">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-77">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975-78">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Japanese confidence in their ability to win a short war meant that other targets in the harbor, especially the navy yard, oil tank farms and submarine base, were left unscathed, since by their thinking the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-77">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approach_and_attack">Approach and attack</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg/220px-Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg/330px-Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg/440px-Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2235" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>Part of the Japanese task force on November 22, 1941, prior to its departure</figcaption></figure> On November 26, 1941, a Japanese task force (the <a href="/wiki/Kido_Butai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kido Butai">Striking Force</a>) of six aircraft carriers – <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga">Kaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū">Sōryū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku">Shōkaku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a> – departed <a href="/wiki/Kasatka_Bay" title="Kasatka Bay">Hittokapu Bay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Iturup" title="Iturup">Etorofu</a> (now Iterup) Island in the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>, en route to a position northwest of Hawaii, intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor: 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive <a href="/wiki/Combat_air_patrol" title="Combat air patrol">combat air patrol</a> (CAP), including nine fighters from the first wave. The first wave was to be the primary attack, while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second, with battleships as the third target.<a href="#cite_note-79">[68]</a> The first wave carried most of the weapons designed to attack capital ships, mainly specially adapted <a href="/wiki/Type_91_torpedo" title="Type 91 torpedo">Type 91</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerial_torpedo" title="Aerial torpedo">aerial torpedoes</a> which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extension that let them operate in shallow water.<a href="#cite_note-80">[69]</a> The aircrews were ordered to select the highest-value targets (battleships and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>) or, if these were not present, any other high-value ships (cruisers and destroyers). First-wave <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bombers</a> were to attack ground targets. Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did not intercept the bombers, especially in the first wave. When the fighters' fuel got low, they were to refuel aboard the aircraft carriers and return to combat. Fighters were to assume CAP duties where needed, especially over American airfields.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Before the attack commenced, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched reconnaissance floatplanes from <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Chikuma_(1938)" title="Japanese cruiser Chikuma (1938)">Chikuma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Tone_(1937)" title="Japanese cruiser Tone (1937)">Tone</a>, to scout Oahu and Lahaina Roads, Maui, respectively, with orders to report on American fleet composition and location.<a href="#cite_note-81">[70]</a> Reconnaissance aircraft flights risked alerting the Americans,<a href="#cite_note-82">[71]</a> and were not necessary. Fleet composition and preparedness information in Pearl Harbor were already known from the reports of the Japanese spy <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Yoshikawa" title="Takeo Yoshikawa">Takeo Yoshikawa</a>. A report of the absence of the American fleet at Lahaina anchorage off Maui was received from the Tone's floatplane and the fleet submarine <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-72" title="Japanese submarine I-72">I-72</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[72]</a> Another four scout planes patrolled the area between the Japanese carrier force (the <a href="/wiki/Kid%C5%8D_Butai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidō Butai">Kidō Butai</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niihau</a>, to detect any counterattack.<a href="#cite_note-DiGiulian_OOB-84">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarines">Submarines</h3></div> Fleet submarines <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-16" title="Japanese submarine I-16">I-16</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-18" title="Japanese submarine I-18">I-18</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-20" title="Japanese submarine I-20">I-20</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-22_(1938)" title="Japanese submarine I-22 (1938)">I-22</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-24_(1939)" title="Japanese submarine I-24 (1939)">I-24</a> each embarked a <a href="/wiki/Ko-hyoteki_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ko-hyoteki class submarine">Type A</a> <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarine</a> for transport to the waters off Oahu.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p56-85">[74]</a> The five I-boats left <a href="/wiki/Kure_Naval_District" title="Kure Naval District">Kure Naval District</a> on November 25, 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p56-85">[74]</a> On December 6, they came to within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of the mouth of Pearl Harbor<a href="#cite_note-86">[75]</a> and launched their midget subs at about 01:00 local time on December 7.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p57-87">[76]</a> At 03:42 Hawaiian time, the <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweeper</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Condor_(AMc-14)" title="USS Condor (AMc-14)">Condor</a> spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the Pearl Harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Ward" title="USS Ward">Ward</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p58-89">[78]</a> The midget may have entered Pearl Harbor. However, Ward sank another midget submarine at 06:37<a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p58-89">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[nb 12]</a> in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater. A midget submarine on the north side of <a href="/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island</a> missed the <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">seaplane tender</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Curtiss_(AV-4)" title="USS Curtiss (AV-4)">Curtiss</a> with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Monaghan_(DD-354)" title="USS Monaghan (DD-354)">Monaghan</a> with her other one before being sunk by Monaghan at 08:43.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p58-89">[78]</a> A third midget submarine, <a href="/wiki/HA._19_(Japanese_Midget_Submarine)" class="mw-redirect" title="HA. 19 (Japanese Midget Submarine)">Ha-19</a>, grounded twice, once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu, where it was captured on December 8.<a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a> Ensign <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Sakamaki" title="Kazuo Sakamaki">Kazuo Sakamaki</a> swam ashore and was captured by <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_National_Guard" title="Hawaii National Guard">Hawaii National Guard</a> Corporal <a href="/wiki/David_Akui" title="David Akui">David Akui</a>, becoming the first Japanese <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[nb 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[81]</a> A fourth had been damaged by a <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charge</a> attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes.<a href="#cite_note-95">[82]</a> It was found outside the harbor in 1960. Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00:41 on December 8 claiming to have damaged one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor.<a href="#cite_note-USSBSp19-96">[83]</a> In 1992, 2000, and 2001 <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Undersea_Research_Laboratory" title="Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory">Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory</a>'s submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor. The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus American equipment had been dumped after the war, including vehicles and landing craft. Both of its torpedoes were missing. This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_St._Louis_(CL-49)" title="USS St. Louis (CL-49)">St. Louis</a> at 10:04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor, and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Helm" title="USS Helm">Helm</a> at 08:21.<a href="#cite_note-97">[84]</a> There is dispute over this official chain of events though. The "torpedo" that St. Louis saw was also reportedly a porpoising minesweeping float being towed by the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Boggs" title="USS Boggs">Boggs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[85]</a> Some historians and naval architects theorise that a photo taken by a Japanese naval aviator of Battleship Row during the attack on Pearl Harbor that was declassified in the 1990s and publicized in the 2000s to the public,<a href="#cite_note-99">[86]</a> shows the fifth midget submarine firing a torpedo at West Virginia and another at Oklahoma. These torpedoes were twice the size of the aerial torpedoes so it was possible that both torpedoes heavily contributed to the sinkings of both ships and especially helped to capsize Oklahoma as Oklahoma was the only battleship that day to suffer catastrophic damage to her <a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">belt armor</a> at the waterline from a torpedo. Admiral Chester Nimitz, in a report to Congress, confirmed that one midget submarine's torpedo (possibly from the other midget submarine that fired torpedoes but failed to hit a target) which was fired but did not explode was recovered in Pearl Harbor and was much larger than the aerial torpedoes.<a href="#cite_note-100">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[88]</a> <a href="#cite_note-102">[89]</a> Others dispute this theory.<a href="#cite_note-103">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_declaration_of_war">Japanese declaration of war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></div> The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but this was not Admiral Yamamoto's intention. He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end.<a href="#cite_note-104">[91]</a> However, the attack began before the notice could be delivered. Tokyo transmitted the 5000-word notification (commonly called the "14-Part Message") in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington. Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it at 1:00 p.m. Washington time, as ordered, and consequently the message was not presented until more than one hour after the attack had begun —  but American code breakers had <a href="/wiki/Purple_cipher" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple cipher">already deciphered</a> and translated most of the message hours before it was scheduled to be delivered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1983-105">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-codebreakers-106">[93]</a>: pp.2ff  The final part of the message is sometimes described as a declaration of war. While it was viewed by a number of senior American government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981424,_475-107">[94]</a> and that war might break out at any moment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981493–494-108">[95]</a> it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">A declaration of war</a> was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8 (late December 7 in the United States),<a href="#cite_note-109">[96]</a> but not delivered to the American government until the day after the attack. For decades, <a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">conventional wisdom</a> held that Japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington.<a href="#cite_note-110">[97]</a> In 1999, however, Takeo Iguchi, a professor of law and international relations at <a href="/wiki/International_Christian_University" title="International Christian University">International Christian University</a> in Tokyo, discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how, and indeed whether, to notify Washington of Japan's intention to break off negotiations and start a war, including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying, "[O]ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success." Of this, Iguchi said, "The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war, or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed."<a href="#cite_note-111">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[99]</a> In any event, even if the Japanese had decoded and delivered the 14-Part Message before the beginning of the attack, it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-113">[100]</a> The final two paragraphs of the message read:<a href="#cite_note-114">[101]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese-American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>The Japanese Government regrets to have to notify hereby the American Government that in view of the attitude of the American Government it cannot but consider that it is impossible to reach an agreement through further negotiations.</blockquote> United States naval intelligence officers were alarmed by the unusual timing for delivering the message — 1:00 p.m. on a Sunday, which was 7:30 a.m. in Hawaii — and attempted to alert Pearl Harbor. But due to communication problems the warning was not delivered before the attack.<a href="#cite_note-codebreakers-106">[93]</a>: Ch. 1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_wave_composition">First wave composition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearlmap1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pearlmap1.png/220px-Pearlmap1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pearlmap1.png/330px-Pearlmap1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pearlmap1.png/440px-Pearlmap1.png 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese attacked in two waves. The first wave was detected by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> at 136 nautical miles (252 km), but was misidentified as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombers">bombers</a> arriving from the American mainland. Top: A: Ford Island NAS. B: Hickam Field. C: Bellows Field. D: Wheeler Field. E: Kaneohe NAS. F: Ewa MCAS. R-1: Opana Radar Station. R-2: Kawailoa RS. R-3: Kaaawa RS. G: Kahuku. H: Haleiwa. I: Wahiawa. J: Kaneohe. K: Honolulu. 0: B-17s from mainland. 1: First strike group. 1-1: Level bombers. 1–2: Torpedo bombers. 1–3: Dive bombers. 2: Second strike group. 2-1: Level bombers. 2-1F: Fighters. 2-2: Dive bombers. Bottom: A: Wake Island. B: Midway Islands. C: Johnston Island. D: Hawaii. D-1: Oahu. 1: <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)">Lexington</a>. 2: <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">Enterprise</a>. 3: First Air Fleet.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearlmap2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pearlmap2.png/220px-Pearlmap2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pearlmap2.png/330px-Pearlmap2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pearlmap2.png/440px-Pearlmap2.png 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  City <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Army base <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Navy base Attacked targets: 1: <a href="/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)">USS California</a>. 2: <a href="/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)" title="USS Maryland (BB-46)">USS Maryland</a>. 3: <a href="/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)">USS Oklahoma</a>. 4: <a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)">USS Tennessee</a>. 5: <a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">USS West Virginia</a>. 6: <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona">USS Arizona</a>. 7: <a href="/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)">USS Nevada</a>. 8: <a href="/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)" title="USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)">USS Pennsylvania</a>. 9: <a href="/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island NAS</a>. 10: <a href="/wiki/Hickam_Air_Force_Base" title="Hickam Air Force Base">Hickam field</a>. Ignored infrastructure targets: A: Oil storage tanks. B: CINCPAC headquarters building. C: Submarine base. D: Navy Yard.</figcaption></figure> The first attack wave of 183 airplanes, led by Commander <a href="/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida" title="Mitsuo Fuchida">Mitsuo Fuchida</a>, was launched north of Oahu.<a href="#cite_note-115">[102]</a> Six airplanes failed to launch due to technical difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-DiGiulian_OOB-84">[73]</a> The first wave included three groups of airplanes:<a href="#cite_note-117">[nb 14]</a> <ul><li>1st Group (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers)<a href="#cite_note-navsource-ijnaf-118">[104]</a> <ul><li>49 <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B5N" title="Nakajima B5N">Nakajima B5N</a> Kate bombers armed with 800‑kg (1760 lb) <a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor-piercing bomb">armor-piercing bombs</a>, organized in four sections (one failed to launch)</li> <li>40 B5N bombers armed with <a href="/wiki/Type_91_torpedo" title="Type 91 torpedo">Type 91 torpedoes</a>, also in four sections</li></ul></li> <li>2nd Group – (targets: <a href="/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheeler Field">Wheeler Field</a>) <ul><li>51 <a href="/wiki/Aichi_D3A" title="Aichi D3A">Aichi D3A</a> Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb (249 kg) <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_bomb" title="General-purpose bomb">general-purpose bombs</a> (3 failed to launch)</li></ul></li> <li>3rd Group – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe) <ul><li>43 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M "Zero"</a> fighters for air control and <a href="/wiki/Strafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Strafe">strafing</a><a href="#cite_note-IJN-116">[103]</a> (2 failed to launch)</li></ul></li></ul> As the first wave approached Oahu, it was <a href="/wiki/Radar_warning_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Radar warning of Pearl Harbor attack">detected</a> by United States Army <a href="/wiki/SCR-270_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="SCR-270 radar">SCR-270 radar</a> positioned at <a href="/wiki/Opana_Radar_Site" title="Opana Radar Site">Opana Point</a> near the island's northern tip. This post had been in training mode for months, but was not yet operational.<a href="#cite_note-119">[105]</a> The operators, Privates George Elliot Jr. and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lockard" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lockard">Joseph Lockard</a>, reported a target to Private <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._McDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph P. McDonald">Joseph P. McDonald</a>, a private stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Shafter" title="Fort Shafter">Fort Shafter</a>'s Intercept Center near Pearl Harbor.<a href="#cite_note-120">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[108]</a> Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Kermit_A._Tyler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermit A. Tyler">Kermit A. Tyler</a>, a newly assigned officer at the thinly manned Intercept Center, presumed it was the scheduled arrival of six <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17</a> bombers from California. The Japanese planes were approaching from a direction very close (only a few degrees difference) to the bombers,<a href="#cite_note-123">[109]</a> and while the operators had never seen a formation as large on radar, they neglected to tell Tyler of its size.<a href="#cite_note-prange501-124">[110]</a> Tyler, for security reasons, could not tell the operators of the six B-17s that were due (even though it was widely known).<a href="#cite_note-prange501-124">[110]</a> As the first wave approached Oahu, they encountered and shot down several American aircraft. At least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning. Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the Japanese air assault began at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian time<a href="#cite_note-Prange_1941,_p.174-125">[111]</a> (3:18 a.m. December 8 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Standard Time">Japanese Standard Time</a>, as kept by ships of the Kido Butai),<a href="#cite_note-126">[112]</a> with the attack on Kaneohe. A total of 353<a href="#cite_note-parillo288-23">[18]</a> Japanese planes reached Oahu in two waves. Slow, vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave, exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present (the battleships), while dive bombers attacked American <a href="/wiki/Military_airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Military airbase">air bases</a> across Oahu, starting with <a href="/wiki/Hickam_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Hickam Field">Hickam Field</a>, the largest, and <a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheeler Field">Wheeler Field</a>, the main United States Army Air Forces fighter base. The 171 planes in the second wave attacked the Army Air Forces' <a href="/wiki/Bellows_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellows Field">Bellows Field</a>, near Kaneohe on the windward side of the island, and Ford Island. The only aerial opposition came from a handful of <a href="/wiki/P-36_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-36 Hawk">P-36 Hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/P-40_Warhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-40 Warhawk">P-40 Warhawks</a> and some <a href="/wiki/SBD_Dauntless" class="mw-redirect" title="SBD Dauntless">SBD Dauntless</a> dive bombers from the carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">Enterprise</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-128">[nb 15]</a> In the first-wave attack, about eight of the forty-nine 800‑kg (1760 lb) armor-piercing bombs dropped hit their intended battleship targets. At least two of those bombs broke up on impact, another detonated before penetrating an unarmored deck, and one was a dud. Thirteen of the forty torpedoes hit battleships, while four hit other ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHone1977-129">[114]</a> Men aboard the ships awoke to the sounds of alarms, bombs exploding, and gunfire, prompting them to dress as they ran to <a href="/wiki/General_quarters" title="General quarters">General Quarters</a> stations. (The famous message, "Air raid Pearl Harbor. This is not drill.",<a href="#cite_note-130">[nb 16]</a> was sent from the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two, the first senior Hawaiian command to respond.) American servicemen were caught unprepared by the attack. Ammunition lockers were locked, aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip in the open to prevent sabotage,<a href="#cite_note-parillo293-131">[115]</a> guns unmanned (none of the Navy's <a href="/wiki/5%22/38_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="5"/38 caliber gun">5"/38s</a>, only a quarter of its machine guns, and only four of 31 Army batteries got in action).<a href="#cite_note-parillo293-131">[115]</a> Despite this low <a href="/wiki/Alert_state" title="Alert state">alert status</a>, many American military personnel responded effectively during the attack.<a href="#cite_note-133">[nb 17]</a> Ensign <a href="/wiki/Joseph_K._Taussig_Jr." title="Joseph K. Taussig Jr.">Joseph Taussig Jr.</a>, aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)">Nevada</a>, commanded the ship's antiaircraft guns and was severely wounded but remained at his post. Lieutenant Commander F. J. Thomas commanded Nevada in the captain's absence and got her underway until the ship was grounded at 9:10 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-134">[117]</a> One of the destroyers, <a href="/wiki/USS_Aylwin_(DD-355)" title="USS Aylwin (DD-355)">Aylwin</a>, got underway with only four officers aboard, all ensigns, none with more than a year's sea duty; she operated at sea for 36 hours before her commanding officer managed to get back aboard.<a href="#cite_note-135">[118]</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Bennion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mervyn Bennion">Mervyn Bennion</a>, commanding <a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">West Virginia</a>, led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb which hit <a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)">Tennessee</a>, moored alongside.<a href="#cite_note-136">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_wave_composition">Second wave composition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg/220px-B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg/330px-B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg/440px-B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2146" /></a><figcaption>Second wave B5N2 Bomber Kate Over Hickam Field</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg/220px-Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg/330px-Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg/440px-Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>This message, in response to the question "Is channel clear?" denotes the first U.S. ship, relates to orders for <a href="/wiki/USS_St._Louis_(CL-49)" title="USS St. Louis (CL-49)">St. Louis</a> to clear <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>. It is now housed with the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a></figcaption></figure> The second planned wave consisted of 171 planes: 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Commander">Lieutenant-Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Shigekazu_Shimazaki" title="Shigekazu Shimazaki">Shigekazu Shimazaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IJN-116">[103]</a> Four planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-DiGiulian_OOB-84">[73]</a> This wave and its targets also comprised three groups of planes:<a href="#cite_note-IJN-116">[103]</a> <ul><li>1st Group – 54 B5Ns armed with 550 lb (249 kg) and 132 lb (60 kg) general-purpose bombs<a href="#cite_note-navsource-ijnaf-118">[104]</a> <ul><li>27 B5Ns – aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point</li> <li>27 B5Ns – hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field</li></ul></li> <li>2nd Group (targets: aircraft carriers and cruisers) <ul><li>78 D3As armed with 550 lb (249 kg) general-purpose bombs, in four sections (3 aborted)</li></ul></li> <li>3rd Group – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe) <ul><li>35 A6Ms for defense and strafing (1 aborted)</li></ul></li></ul> The second wave was divided into three groups. One was tasked to attack Kāneʻohe, the rest Pearl Harbor proper. The separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously from several directions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_casualties_and_damage">American casualties and damage</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:872px;max-width:872px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/202px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/303px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/404px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2326" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Arizona during the attack</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg/210px-USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg/315px-USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg/420px-USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="453" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nevada, on fire and down at the bow, attempting to leave the harbor before being deliberately beached</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_West_Virginia2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USS_West_Virginia2.jpg/199px-USS_West_Virginia2.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USS_West_Virginia2.jpg/299px-USS_West_Virginia2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USS_West_Virginia2.jpg/398px-USS_West_Virginia2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="3654" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">West Virginia was sunk by six torpedoes and two bombs during the attack.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:247px;max-width:247px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg/245px-SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg/368px-SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg/490px-SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="392" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A destroyed <a href="/wiki/Vought_SB2U_Vindicator" title="Vought SB2U Vindicator">Vindicator</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Ewa" title="Marine Corps Air Station Ewa">Ewa field</a>, the victim of one of the smaller attacks on the approach to Pearl Harbor</div></div></div></div></div> Ninety minutes after it began, the attack was over. 2,008 sailors were killed and 710 others wounded; 218 soldiers and airmen (who were part of the Army prior to the independent <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> in 1947) were killed and 364 wounded; 109 Marines were killed and 69 wounded; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded. In total, 2,403 Americans were killed, and 1,178 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-137">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[121]</a> Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground, including five battleships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnEngelmanFairchild2000194-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[122]</a> All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were legally non-combatants, given that there was no state of war when the attack occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaffrey2004210–229-140">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd200457-141">[124]</a> Of the American fatalities, nearly half were due to the explosion of <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona">Arizona</a>'s forward <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">magazine</a> after she was hit by a modified 16-inch (410 mm) shell.<a href="#cite_note-142">[nb 18]</a> Author Craig Nelson wrote that the vast majority of the U.S. sailors killed at Pearl Harbor were junior enlisted personnel. "The officers of the Navy all lived in houses and the junior people were the ones on the boats, so pretty much all of the people who died in the direct line of the attack were very junior people", Nelson said. "So everyone is about 17 or 18 whose story is told there."<a href="#cite_note-143">[125]</a> Among the notable <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian casualties">civilian casualties</a> were nine <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Fire_Department" title="Honolulu Fire Department">Honolulu Fire Department</a> firefighters who responded to Hickam Field during the bombing in Honolulu, becoming the only fire department members on American soil to be attacked by a foreign power in history. Fireman Harry Tuck Lee Pang of Engine 6 was killed near the hangars by machine-gun fire from a Japanese plane. Captains Thomas Macy and John Carreira of Engine 4 and Engine 1, respectively, died while battling flames inside the hangar after a Japanese bomb crashed through the roof. An additional six firefighters were wounded by Japanese shrapnel. The wounded later received <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Hearts</a> (originally reserved for service members <a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action">wounded</a> by enemy action while partaking in armed conflicts) for their peacetime actions that day on June 13, 1944; the three firefighters killed did not receive theirs until December 7, 1984, on the 43rd anniversary of the attack. This made the nine men the only non-military firefighters to receive such an award in American history.<a href="#cite_note-144">[126]</a> Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire amidships, Nevada attempted to exit the harbor. She was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got under way and sustained more hits from 250 lb (113 kg) bombs, which started further fires. She was deliberately beached to avoid risking blocking the harbor entrance if she sank there. <a href="/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)">California</a> was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes. The crew might have kept her afloat, but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps. Burning oil from Arizona and <a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">West Virginia</a> was drifted down toward her and probably made the situation look worse than it was. The disarmed <a href="/wiki/Target_ship" title="Target ship">target ship</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)">Utah</a> was holed twice by torpedoes. West Virginia was hit by seven torpedoes, the seventh tearing away her rudder. <a href="/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)">Oklahoma</a> was hit by four torpedoes, the last two above her <a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">belt armor</a>, which caused her to capsize. <a href="/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)" title="USS Maryland (BB-46)">Maryland</a> was hit by two of the converted 16" shells, but neither caused serious damage. Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships (the largest vessels present), they did not ignore other targets. The light cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Helena_(CL-50)" title="USS Helena (CL-50)">Helena</a> was torpedoed, and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer <a href="/wiki/USS_Oglala" title="USS Oglala">Oglala</a>. Two destroyers in <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Cassin_(DD-372)" title="USS Cassin (DD-372)">Cassin</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Downes_(DD-375)" title="USS Downes (DD-375)">Downes</a>, were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel <a href="/wiki/Bunker_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker fuel">bunkers</a>. The leaking fuel caught fire; flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise, and both were burned out. Cassin slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against Downes. The light cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Raleigh_(CL-7)" title="USS Raleigh (CL-7)">Raleigh</a> was holed by a torpedo. The light cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Honolulu_(CL-48)" title="USS Honolulu (CL-48)">Honolulu</a> was damaged but remained in service. The repair vessel <a href="/wiki/USS_Vestal" title="USS Vestal">Vestal</a>, moored alongside Arizona, was heavily damaged and beached. The seaplane tender Curtiss was also damaged. The destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-373)" title="USS Shaw (DD-373)">Shaw</a> was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine.<a href="#cite_note-145">[127]</a> Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged, 155 of them on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-parillo288-23">[18]</a> Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base. Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrBorch2008-146">[128]</a> and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack: 1st Lieutenant Lewis M. Sanders and 2nd Lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Phil_Rasmussen" title="Phil Rasmussen">Philip M. Rasmussen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Taylor" title="Kenneth M. Taylor">Kenneth M. Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Welch_(pilot)" title="George Welch (pilot)">George S. Welch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_W._Brown_(pilot)" title="Harry W. Brown (pilot)">Harry W. Brown</a>, and Gordon H. Sterling Jr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArakaki1991ch._IV-147">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1982-148">[130]</a> Of 33 <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated PBY Catalinas</a> in Hawaii, 30 were destroyed, while three on patrol at the time of the attack returned undamaged. Friendly fire brought down some American planes on top of that, including four from an inbound flight from <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">Enterprise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1970235-149">[131]</a> At the time of the attack, nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor. Of these, three were shot down.<a href="#cite_note-ALA-150">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_losses">Japanese losses</h3></div> Fifty-five Japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the attack, and one, <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Sakamaki" title="Kazuo Sakamaki">Kazuo Sakamaki</a>, was captured. Of Japan's 414<a href="#cite_note-IJN-116">[103]</a> available planes, 350 took part in the raid. Twenty-nine were lost, nine in the first wave (three fighters, one dive bomber, and five torpedo bombers) and twenty in the second (six fighters and fourteen dive bombers),<a href="#cite_note-USSBSp18-151">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[nb 19]</a> with another 74 damaged by antiaircraft fire from the ground.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_third_wave">Possible third wave</h3></div> According to some accounts, several Japanese junior officers, including Fuchida and Genda, urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to sink more of the Pearl Harbor's remaining warships, and damage the base's maintenance shops, drydock facilities and oil tank yards.<a href="#cite_note-Gailey1997p68-59">[51]</a> Most notably, Fuchida gave a firsthand account of this meeting several times after the war. However, some historians have <a href="/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida#Historical_controversy" title="Mitsuo Fuchida">cast doubt</a> on this and many other of Fuchida's later claims, which sometimes conflict with documented historic records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParshall2010-153">[134]</a> Genda, who opined during the planning for the attack that <a href="/wiki/Events_leading_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor#Concept_of_Japanese_invasion_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor">without an invasion</a> three strikes were necessary to fully disable the Pacific Fleet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaravaggio2014-154">[135]</a> denied requesting an additional attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2001156–157-155">[136]</a> Regardless, it is undisputed that the captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike soon after the second returned,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn200516-156">[137]</a> but Nagumo decided to withdraw for several reasons: <ul><li>American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike, and two-thirds of Japan's losses were incurred during the second wave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190-157">[138]</a></li> <li>Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike, he would be risking three-quarters of the Combined Fleet's strength to wipe out the remaining targets (which included the facilities) while suffering higher aircraft losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190-157">[138]</a></li> <li>The location of the American carriers remained unknown. In addition, the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land-based bombers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190-157">[138]</a> Nagumo was uncertain whether the United States had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000191-158">[139]</a></li> <li>A third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time, and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night. At the time, only the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> had developed night carrier techniques, so this was a substantial risk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen198834–38-159">[140]</a> The first two waves had launched the entirety of the Combined Fleet's air strength. A third wave would have required landing both the first and second wave before launching the first wave again. Compare Nagumo's situation in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>, where an attack returning from Midway kept Nagumo from launching an immediate strike on American carriers.</li> <li>The task force's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer, since he was at the very limit of logistical support. To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel, perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-160">[141]</a></li> <li>He believed the second strike had essentially accomplished the mission's main objective (neutralizing the United States Pacific Fleet) and did not wish to risk further losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey199797-161">[142]</a> Moreover, it was IJN practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott198316-162">[143]</a></li></ul> Although a hypothetical third strike would have likely focused on the base's remaining warships,<a href="#cite_note-163">[144]</a> military historians have suggested any potential damage to the shore facilities would have hampered the Pacific Fleet far more seriously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-77">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975-78">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] If they had been wiped out, "serious [American] operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey199797–98-164">[145]</a> according to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a>, later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, "it would have prolonged the war another two years".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYergin1991327-165">[146]</a> At a conference aboard his flagship the following morning, Yamamoto supported Nagumo's withdrawal without launching a third wave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey199797-161">[142]</a> In retrospect, sparing the vital dockyards, maintenance shops, and the oil tank farm meant the United States could respond relatively quickly in the Pacific. Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo's decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey199798-166">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ships_lost_or_damaged">Ships lost or damaged</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships_present_at_Pearl_Harbor,_December_7,_1941" title="List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941">List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg/220px-NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg/330px-NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg/440px-NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/Homer_N._Wallin" title="Homer N. Wallin">Homer N. Wallin</a> (center) supervises salvage operations aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)">USS California</a> in early 1942</figcaption></figure> Twenty-one American ships were damaged or lost in the attack, of which all but three were repaired and returned to service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968203–269-167">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battleships">Battleships</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona">Arizona</a> (Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isaac_C._Kidd" title="Isaac C. Kidd">Isaac C. Kidd</a>'s flagship of <a href="/wiki/ComBatPac" title="ComBatPac">Battleship Division One</a>): hit by four armor-piercing bombs, exploded; total loss, not salvaged. 1,177 dead. Later <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">memorialized</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)">Oklahoma</a>: hit by five torpedoes, capsized; total loss, salvaged, sank en route to scrapping May 1947. 429 dead.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">West Virginia</a>: hit by two bombs, seven torpedoes, sunk; returned to service July 1944. 106 dead.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)">California</a>: hit by two bombs, two torpedoes, sunk; returned to service January 1944. 104 dead.<a href="#cite_note-168">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)">Nevada</a>: hit by six bombs, one torpedo, beached; returned to service October 1942. 60 dead.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)" title="USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)">Pennsylvania</a> (Admiral <a href="/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel">Husband E. Kimmel</a>'s flagship of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a>):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon198149-169">[150]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a> with Cassin and Downes, hit by one bomb and debris from USS Cassin; remained in service. 9 dead.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)">Tennessee</a>: hit by two bombs; returned to service February 1942. 5 dead.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)" title="USS Maryland (BB-46)">Maryland</a>: hit by two bombs; returned to service February 1942. 4 dead (including floatplane pilot shot down).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ex-battleship_(target/AA_training_ship)">Ex-battleship (target/AA training ship)</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)">Utah</a>: hit by two torpedoes, capsized; total loss, salvage stopped. 64 dead. Later <a href="/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)#Memorial" title="USS Utah (BB-31)">memorialized</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cruisers">Cruisers</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Helena_(CL-50)" title="USS Helena (CL-50)">Helena</a>: hit by one torpedo; returned to service January 1942. 20 dead.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Raleigh_(CL-7)" title="USS Raleigh (CL-7)">Raleigh</a>: hit by one torpedo; returned to service February 1942.<a href="#cite_note-170">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Honolulu_(CL-48)" title="USS Honolulu (CL-48)">Honolulu</a>: near miss, light damage; remained in service.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destroyers">Destroyers</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cassin_(DD-372)" title="USS Cassin (DD-372)">Cassin</a>: in drydock with Downes and Pennsylvania, hit by one bomb, burned; reconstructed and returned to service February 1944.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Downes_(DD-375)" title="USS Downes (DD-375)">Downes</a>: in drydock with Cassin and Pennsylvania, caught fire from Cassin, burned; reconstructed and returned to service November 1943.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Helm" title="USS Helm">Helm</a>: underway to West Loch, damaged by two near-miss bombs;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968198-171">[152]</a> continued patrol; dry-docked January 15, 1942, and sailed January 20, 1942.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-373)" title="USS Shaw (DD-373)">Shaw</a>: hit by three bombs; returned to service June 1942.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oglala" title="USS Oglala">Oglala</a> (minelayer): damaged by torpedo hit on Helena, capsized; returned to service (as engine-repair ship) February 1944.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vestal" title="USS Vestal">Vestal</a> (repair ship): hit by two bombs, blast and fire from Arizona, beached; returned to service by August 1942.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Curtiss_(AV-4)" title="USS Curtiss (AV-4)">Curtiss</a> (seaplane tender): hit by one bomb, one crashed Japanese aircraft; returned to service January 1942. 19 dead.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Sotoyomo_(YTM-9)" title="USS Sotoyomo (YTM-9)">Sotoyomo</a> (harbor tug): damaged by explosion and fires in Shaw; sunk; returned to service August 1942.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YFD-2" title="YFD-2">YFD-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_floating_drydock" title="Auxiliary floating drydock">yard floating dock</a>): damaged by bombs; sunk; returned to service January 25, 1942, servicing Shaw.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salvage">Salvage</h2></div> After a systematic search for survivors, Captain <a href="/wiki/Homer_N._Wallin" title="Homer N. Wallin">Homer N. Wallin</a> was ordered to lead a formal salvage operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968v-172">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[nb 20]</a> Around Pearl Harbor, divers from the Navy (shore and tenders), the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard" title="Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard">Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard</a>, and civilian contractors (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Bridge_Company" title="Pacific Bridge Company">Pacific Bridge Company</a> and others) began work on the ships that could be refloated. They patched holes, cleared debris, and pumped water out of ships. <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Storer" title="Melvin Storer">Melvin Storer</a> and other Navy divers worked inside the damaged ships.<a href="#cite_note-:3-175">[155]</a> Within six months, five battleships and two cruisers were patched or refloated so they could be sent to shipyards in Pearl Harbor and on the mainland for extensive repair.<a href="#cite_note-GrierCSM-176">[156]</a> Intensive salvage operations continued for another year, a total of some 20,000 man-hours under water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymer1996-177">[157]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968277-178">[158]</a> Arizona and the target ship Utah were too heavily damaged for salvage and remain where they were sunk,<a href="#cite_note-usnp-pearl-battleship-179">[159]</a> with Arizona becoming a <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">war memorial</a>. Oklahoma, while successfully raised, was never repaired and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947. The Nevada proved particularly difficult to raise and repair; two men involved in the operation died after inhaling poisonous gases that had accumulated in the ship's interior.<a href="#cite_note-GrierCSM-176">[156]</a> When feasible, armament and equipment were removed from vessels too damaged to repair and put to use to improve the anti-aircraft defense of the harbor or installed aboard other craft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968274f-180">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="News_coverage">News coverage</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coverage_in_the_United_States">Coverage in the United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Downes_(DD-375),_USS_Cassin_(DD-372)_and_USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard,_7_December_1941_(306533).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg/220px-USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg/330px-USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg/440px-USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="2653" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)" title="USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)">Pennsylvania</a> behind the wreckage of Downes and Cassin</figcaption></figure> The initial announcement of the attack on Pearl Harbor was made by the White House Press Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Early" title="Stephen Early">Stephen Early</a>, at 2:22 p.m. Eastern time (8:52 a.m. Hawaiian time): "The Japanese have attacked Pearl Harbor from the air and all naval and military activities on the island of Oahu, principal American base in the Hawaiian islands."<a href="#cite_note-181">[161]</a> As information developed, Early made a number of additional announcements to approximately 150 White House reporters over the course of the afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-182">[162]</a> Initial reports of the attack moved on news wires at approximately 2:25 p.m. Eastern time. The first radio coverage (which, at the time, represented the earliest opportunity for ordinary people to learn of the attack) was on the CBS radio network's scheduled news program, World News Today, at 2:30 p.m. Eastern time. <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Daly" title="John Charles Daly">John Charles Daly</a> read the initial report, then switched to London, where <a href="/wiki/Robert_Trout" title="Robert Trout">Robert Trout</a> ad-libbed on the possible London reaction. The first report on NBC cut into a play, a dramatization of The Inspector-General, at 2:33 p.m. Eastern time and lasted only 21 seconds. Unlike the later practice with major news stories, there were only brief interruptions of scheduled commercial programming.<a href="#cite_note-183">[163]</a> The attacks were covered on television but the extent of it was limited; as commercial television had started just 6 months earlier, "a few thousand TV sets existed" in the United States, with most being in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Greater New York City area</a>, and only a handful of stations existed which were all in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and Philadelphia. <a href="/wiki/WNBC" title="WNBC">WNBT</a> from New York was the only TV station that was regularly airing that day in the country, with the comedy movie <a href="/wiki/Millionaire_Playboy" title="Millionaire Playboy">Millionaire Playboy</a>, which was scheduled for 3:30-4:30 PM, being interrupted with the news of the attack. The other station known to cover the attacks was WCBW, also out of New York, where a special report on the attack was broadcast that evening. There are no recordings of either stations' coverage, either visual or audio.<a href="#cite_note-184">[164]</a> A contemporaneous newspaper report compared the attack to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Arthur" title="Battle of Port Arthur">Battle of Port Arthur</a> in which the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the Imperial Russian Navy, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, 37 years prior.<a href="#cite_note-185">[165]</a> Modern writers have continued to note parallels between the attacks, albeit more dispassionately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeck2016-186">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coverage_in_Japan">Coverage in Japan</h3></div> News of the attack was first broadcast at 11:30 AM (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time" title="Japan Standard Time">Japanese Standard Time</a>), however it had already been announced "shortly after" 7 AM (Japanese Standard Time) that Japan had "entered into a situation of war with the United States and Britain in the Western Pacific before dawn." There was no further elaboration or explanation, and the attacks were already finished by that time.<a href="#cite_note-:1-187">[167]</a> The attack on Pearl Harbor was eventually covered in the Japanese press, but press in wartime Japan was heavily censored.<a href="#cite_note-:0-188">[168]</a> One Japanese newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun</a> did report on the attack the day it occurred, and from that point onward their editorials began to back governmental decisions regardless of what they were.<a href="#cite_note-189">[169]</a> The Asahi Shimbun also reported the declaration of war on the United States after the attacks, framing it as an Imperial Order, with most Japanese people taking it that way. In contrast, coverage in the New York Times focused on "the danger to democracy and to the nation" brought on by the Japanese attack.<a href="#cite_note-:0-188">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> broadcast 12 special news reports along with its 6 regularly scheduled ones that day.<a href="#cite_note-:1-187">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor">Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard" style="border: 1px solid #CCC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hawaii" title="Category:History of Hawaii">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:3px;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History of Hawaii</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii"><img alt="Flag of Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/75px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/113px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Early history</a> (pre–1795)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Discovery and settlement</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1219–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kealakekua_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kealakekua Bay">Battle of Kealakekua Bay</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1779</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a> (1795–1893)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha" title="House of Kamehameha">Kamehameha dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1795–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I#Conquest_of_the_islands" title="Kamehameha I">Unification of Hawaii</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1810</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Laplace_affair" title="Laplace affair">Laplace affair</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair" title="Paulet affair">Paulet affair</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Honolulu" title="French invasion of Honolulu">French invasion of Honolulu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1861–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kal%C4%81kaua" title="House of Kalākaua">Kalākaua dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1874–1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1875</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Bayonet Constitution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1887</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Wilcox_rebellion_of_1889" title="Wilcox rebellion of 1889">Rebellions and revolutions</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1887–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional</a> (1893–1894)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Leper_War_on_Kaua%CA%BBi" title="Leper War on Kauaʻi">Leper War on Kauaʻi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Week_(Hawaii)" title="Black Week (Hawaii)">Black Week</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893–1894</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1894–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1895_Wilcox_rebellion" title="1895 Wilcox rebellion">Counter-Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Annexation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1898</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a> (1898–1959)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Organic_Act" title="Hawaiian Organic Act">Hawaiian Organic Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Oahu_sugar_strike_of_1920" title="Oahu sugar strike of 1920">Oahu sugar strike</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hanapepe_massacre" title="Hanapepe massacre">Hanapēpē Massacre</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Massie_Trial" title="Massie Trial">Massie Trial</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1932</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Honouliuli_National_Historic_Site" title="Honouliuli National Historic Site">Honouliuli Internment Camp</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Democratic_Revolution_of_1954" title="Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954">Democratic Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1954</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">State of Hawaii</a> (1959–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kalama_Valley_protests" title="Kalama Valley protests">Kalama Valley protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1978_Hawaii_State_Constitutional_Convention" title="1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention">State Constitutional Convention</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1999_Honolulu_shootings" title="1999 Honolulu shootings">Xerox murders</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2008_occupation_of_Iolani_Palace" title="2008 occupation of Iolani Palace">Occupation of Iolani Palace</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_molasses_spill" title="Honolulu molasses spill">Honolulu molasses spill</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Meter_Telescope_protests" title="Thirty Meter Telescope protests">TMT protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2014–now</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_false_missile_alert" title="2018 Hawaii false missile alert">False missile alert</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Lane_(2018)" title="Hurricane Lane (2018)">Hurricane Lane</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Hawaii" title="George Floyd protests in Hawaii">George Floyd protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Red_Hill_water_crisis" title="Red Hill water crisis">Red Hill water crisis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2021–now</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2023_Hawaii_wildfires" title="2023 Hawaii wildfires">Hawaii wildfires</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(Hawaii)" title="Big Five (Hawaii)">Big Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Hawaii" title="Legal status of Hawaii">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Hawaii">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">NRHP listings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Sugar plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Honolulu" title="Timeline of Honolulu">Timeline of Honolulu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/13px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/26px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Hawaii" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Hawaii">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding: 2px; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remember_december_7th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Remember_december_7th.jpg/220px-Remember_december_7th.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Remember_december_7th.jpg/330px-Remember_december_7th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Remember_december_7th.jpg/440px-Remember_december_7th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A 1942 poster by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Saalburg" title="Allen Saalburg">Allen Saalburg</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_War_Information" title="United States Office of War Information">United States Office of War Information</a></figcaption></figure> The day after the attack, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> delivered his famous <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Joint_Session_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Session of Congress">Joint Session of Congress</a>, calling for a <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan</a>. Congress obliged his request less than an hour later. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it.<a href="#cite_note-193">[nb 21]</a> Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day. The United Kingdom had already been at war with Germany since September 1939 and with Italy since June 1940, and British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> had promised to declare war "within the hour" of a Japanese attack on the United States.<a href="#cite_note-194">[173]</a> Upon learning of the Japanese attacks on <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, Churchill promptly determined there was no need to either wait or further consult the US government and immediately summoned the Japanese Ambassador. As a result, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">the United Kingdom declared war on Japan</a> nine hours before the United States did. The attack was an initial shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater. Further losses compounded the alarming setback. Japan <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">attacked the Philippines</a> hours later (because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines). Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">the battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse were sunk</a> off the coast of Malaya, causing Churchill later to recollect "In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California. Over this vast expanse of waters, Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked."<a href="#cite_note-195">[174]</a> Throughout the war, Pearl Harbor was frequently used in <a href="/wiki/American_propaganda_during_World_War_II" title="American propaganda during World War II">American propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[175]</a> One further consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its aftermath (notably the <a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a>) was that Japanese-American residents and citizens were relocated to nearby <a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese-American internment">Japanese-American internment</a> camps. Within hours of the attack, hundreds of Japanese-American leaders were rounded up and taken to high-security camps such as <a href="/wiki/Sand_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Sand Island (Hawaii)">Sand Island</a> at the mouth of Honolulu harbor and <a href="/wiki/Kilauea_Military_Camp" title="Kilauea Military Camp">Kilauea Military Camp</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">island of Hawaii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1995-197">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-198">[177]</a> Eventually, more than 110,000 Japanese Americans, nearly all who lived on the West Coast, were forced into interior camps, but in <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, where the 150,000-plus Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1972-199">[178]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-200">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[180]</a> The attack also had international consequences. The Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, bordering the Pacific Ocean, had long had a large population of Japanese immigrants and their <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese-Canadian</a> descendants. Pre-war tensions were exacerbated by the Pearl Harbor attack, leading to a reaction from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">government of Canada</a>. On February 24, 1942, Order-in-Council P.C. no. 1486 was passed under the <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a>, allowing for the forced removal of any and all Canadians of Japanese descent from British Columbia, as well as prohibiting them from returning to the province. On March 4, regulations under the act were adopted to evacuate Japanese Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-202">[181]</a> As a result, 12,000 were <a href="/wiki/Interned" class="mw-redirect" title="Interned">interned</a> in interior camps, 2,000 were sent to road camps, and another 2,000 were forced to work in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">prairies</a> on sugar beet farms.<a href="#cite_note-203">[182]</a> In the wake of the attack, 15 <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medals of Honor</a>, 51 <a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Crosses</a>, 53 <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Stars</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Medal" title="Navy and Marine Corps Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Medals</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Crosses</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Distinguished Service Medal</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medals</a> were awarded to the American servicemen who distinguished themselves in combat at Pearl Harbor.<a href="#cite_note-204">[183]</a> Additionally, a special <a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards and decorations of the United States military">military award</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Commemorative_Medal" title="Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal">Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal</a>, was later authorized for all military veterans of the attack. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niihau_Incident">Niihau Incident</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg/220px-Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg/330px-Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg/440px-Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi's aircraft ten days after it crashed</figcaption></figure> Japanese planners of the Pearl Harbor attack had determined that some means were required for rescuing fliers whose aircraft were damaged too badly to return to the carriers. The island of <a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niihau</a>, only thirty minutes by air from Pearl Harbor, was designated as the rescue point.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the second wave, a Zero fighter flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of Hiryu was damaged in the attack on Wheeler, so he flew to the rescue point. The aircraft was further damaged on his crash landing. Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the Native Hawaiians, who, aware of the tension between the United States and Japan, took the pilot's pistol, maps, codes and other documents. The island's residents had no telephones or radios and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese-American residents in an attempt to recover the documents. During the ensuing struggles, Nishikaichi was killed, and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded; one collaborator committed suicide, and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents had apparently gone to Nishikaichi's assistance was a source of concern for many and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted.<a href="#cite_note-205">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_implications">Strategic implications</h3></div> Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Hara" title="Chūichi Hara">Chūichi Hara</a> summed up the Japanese result by saying, "We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war."<a href="#cite_note-206">[185]</a> While the attack accomplished its intended objective, it turned out to be largely unnecessary. Unbeknownst to Yamamoto, who conceived the original plan, the United States Navy had decided as far back as 1935 to abandon "charging" across the Pacific towards the Philippines in response to an outbreak of war (in keeping with the evolution of <a href="/wiki/War_Plan_Orange" title="War Plan Orange">Plan Orange</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-46">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The United States instead adopted "<a href="/wiki/Plan_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan Dog">Plan Dog</a>" in 1940, which emphasized keeping the IJN out of the eastern Pacific and away from the shipping lanes to Australia, while the United States concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-207">[186]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Fortunately for the United States, the American aircraft carriers were untouched; otherwise the Pacific Fleet's ability to conduct offensive operations would have been crippled for a year or more (given no diversions from the Atlantic Fleet). As it was, the Navy was left with no choice but to rely on carriers and submarines. While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to service, their relatively low speed and high fuel consumption limited their deployment, and they served mainly in shore bombardment roles (their only major action being the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Surigao Strait">Battle of Surigao Strait</a> in October 1944). A major flaw in Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships, in keeping with the doctrine of Captain <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>. As a result, Yamamoto (and his successors) hoarded battleships for a "decisive battle" that never happened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-77">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2007-208">[187]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Japanese confidence in their ability to win a quick victory meant that they neglected Pearl Harbor's navy repair yards, oil tank farms, submarine base and old headquarters building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-77">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] All of these targets were omitted from Genda's list, yet they proved more important than any battleship to the American war effort in the Pacific. The survival of the repair shops and fuel depots allowed Pearl Harbor to maintain logistical support of the Navy,<a href="#cite_note-209">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[189]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battles of the Coral Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a>. It was submarines that immobilized the Imperial Japanese Navy's heavy ships and brought Japan's economy to a virtual standstill by crippling the importation of oil and raw materials: by the end of 1942, the amount of raw materials brought in was cut in half, "to a disastrous ten million tons", while oil "was almost completely stopped".<a href="#cite_note-211">[nb 22]</a> Lastly, the basement of the Old Administration Building was the home of the <a href="/wiki/Station_HYPO" title="Station HYPO">cryptanalytic unit</a> which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force's success.<a href="#cite_note-212">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retrospective_debate_on_American_intelligence">Retrospective debate on American intelligence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg/220px-Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg/330px-Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg/440px-Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS Arizona Memorial</a></figcaption></figure> Ever since the Japanese attack, there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught unaware, and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans and related topics. As early as 1924, Chief of United States Air Service <a href="/wiki/Mason_Patrick" title="Mason Patrick">Mason Patrick</a> showed concern for military vulnerabilities in the Pacific, having sent General <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell">Billy Mitchell</a> on a survey of the Pacific and the East. Patrick called Mitchell's subsequent report, which identified vulnerabilities in Hawaii, a "theoretical treatise on employment of airpower in the Pacific, which, in all probability undoubtedly will be of extreme value some 10 or 15 years hence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolk2007-213">[191]</a> At least two naval war games, one in 1932 and another in 1936, proved that Pearl was vulnerable to such an attack. Admiral <a href="/wiki/James_O._Richardson" title="James O. Richardson">James Richardson</a> was removed from command shortly after protesting President Roosevelt's decision to move the bulk of the Pacific fleet to Pearl Harbor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin196841-42-214">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[193]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] The decisions of military and political leadership to ignore these warnings have contributed to conspiracy theories. Several writers, including decorated World War II veteran and journalist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stinnett" title="Robert Stinnett">Robert Stinnett</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Deceit" title="Day of Deceit">Day of Deceit</a>, and former United States Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alfred_Theobald" title="Robert Alfred Theobald">Robert Alfred Theobald</a>, author of The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor: The Washington Background of the Pearl Harbor Attack, have argued that various parties high in the American and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may even have let it happen or encouraged it in order to force the United States into the war via the so-called "back door". However, this <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a> is rejected by mainstream historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1986-216">[194]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrados1995[httpsarchiveorgdetailscombinedfleetdec00pradpage161_161–177]-217">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiansky2002-218">[196]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-219">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[nb 23]</a> The theory that the Americans were warned in advance, however, is supported by statements made by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Ellis" title="Dick Ellis">Dick Ellis</a>, a British-Australian intelligence officer for MI6 who helped <a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a> set up the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>. Ellis was deputy to <a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson" title="William Stephenson">William Stephenson</a> at <a href="/wiki/British_Security_Co-ordination" title="British Security Co-ordination">British Security Co-ordination</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Fink" title="Jesse Fink">Jesse Fink</a>'s 2023 biography of Ellis, The Eagle in the Mirror, Ellis is quoted as saying: "[Stephenson] was convinced from the information that was reaching him that this attack was imminent, and through <a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">Jimmy Roosevelt</a>, President Roosevelt's son, he passed this information to the President. Now whether the President at that time had other information which corroborated this... it's impossible to say."<a href="#cite_note-222">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_in_popular_culture" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture">Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor">List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a> (1942 raid on Pearl Harbor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_National_Memorial" title="Pearl Harbor National Memorial">Pearl Harbor National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Survivors_Association" title="Pearl Harbor Survivors Association">Pearl Harbor Survivors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winds_Code" title="Winds Code">Winds Code</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Total includes <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Taney" title="USCGC Taney">USCGC Taney (WHEC-37)</a>, <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Reliance_(WSC-150)" title="USCGC Reliance (WSC-150)">USCGC Reliance (WSC-150)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Tiger" title="USCGC Tiger">USCGC Tiger (WSC-152)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Unless otherwise stated, all vessels listed were salvageable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimitz1942-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> For the Japanese designator of Oahu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford200232_fn._81-16">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawaii_time-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii_time_22-0">^</a> In 1941, Hawaii was half an hour different from the majority of other time zones. See <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9210:30" title="UTC−10:30">UTC−10:30</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)">USS Utah</a>; the former battleship Utah was moored in the space intended to have been occupied by the aircraft carrier Enterprise which, returning with a task force, had been expected to enter the channel at 0730 on December 7; delayed by weather, the task force did not reach Pearl Harbor until dusk the following day.<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> After it was announced in September that iron and steel scrap export would also be prohibited, Japanese Ambassador Horinouchi protested to Secretary Hull on October 8, 1940, warning this might be considered an "unfriendly act".<a href="#cite_note-PaW-96-41">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> This was mainly a Japanese Navy preference; the Japanese Army would have chosen to attack the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-46">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayashi1959-50">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> "The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto. There is, however, no doubt that they did know, as did the Japanese. Lieutenant Commander Takeshi Naito, the assistant <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">naval attaché</a> to Berlin, flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand, and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Commander <a href="/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida" title="Mitsuo Fuchida">Mitsuo Fuchida</a> about his observations. Fuchida led the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941."<a href="#cite_note-63">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> "A <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bomber</a> needed a long, level flight, and when released, its conventional torpedo would plunge nearly a hundred feet deep before swerving upward to strike a hull. Pearl Harbor deep averages 42 feet. But the Japanese borrowed an idea from the British carrier-based torpedo raid on the Italian naval base of Taranto. They fashioned auxiliary wooden tail fins to keep the torpedoes horizontal, so they would dive to only 35 feet, and they added a breakaway "nosecone" of soft wood to cushion the impact with the surface of the water."<a href="#cite_note-65">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Noted by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_Jr." title="Arthur MacArthur Jr.">Arthur MacArthur</a> in the 1890s.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchester1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-71">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> She was located by a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a> research submersible on August 28, 2002, in 400 m (1,300 ft) of water, 6 nmi (11 km) outside the harbor.<a href="#cite_note-90">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> While the nine sailors who died in the attack were quickly lionized by the Japanese government as Kyūgunshin ("The Nine War Heroes"), the news of Sakamaki's capture, which had been publicized in American news broadcasts, was kept secret. Even after the war, however, he received recriminating correspondence from those who despised him for not sacrificing his own life. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, Planning and Execution. First wave: 189 planes, 50 Kates w/bombs, 40 Kates with torpedoes, 54 Vals, 45 Zekes Second wave: 171 planes, 54 Kates w/bombs, 81 Vals, 36 Zekes. The Combat Air Patrol over the carriers alternated 18 plane shifts every two hours, with 18 more ready for takeoff on the flight decks and an additional 18 ready on hangar decks.<a href="#cite_note-IJN-116">[103]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> In the twenty-five sorties flown, USAF Historical Study No.85 credits six pilots with ten planes destroyed: 1st Lieutenant Lewis M. Sanders (P-36) and 2nd Lieutenants Philip M Rasmussen (P-36), Gordon H. Sterling Jr. (P-36, <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a>), Harry W. Brown (P-36), <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Taylor" title="Kenneth M. Taylor">Kenneth M. Taylor</a> (P-40, 2), and <a href="/wiki/George_Welch_(pilot)" title="George Welch (pilot)">George S. Welch</a> (P-40, 4). Three of the P-36 kills were not verified by the Japanese and may have been shot down by naval <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> fire.<a href="#cite_note-127">[113]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">pages needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Odd though it may sound, "not" is correct, in keeping with standard Navy telegraphic practice. This was confirmed by Beloite and Beloite after years of research and debate. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> The gunners that did get in action scored most of the victories against Japanese aircraft that morning, including the first of the attack by <a href="/wiki/USS_Tautog_(SS-199)" title="USS Tautog (SS-199)">Tautog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorie_Miller" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorie Miller">Dorie Miller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a>-worthy effort. Miller was an African-American cook aboard West Virginia who took over an unattended <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft gun">anti-aircraft gun</a> on which he had no training. He was the first African-American sailor to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-navyfaq57-132">[116]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> The wreck has become a <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">memorial</a> to those lost that day, most of whom remain within the ship. She continues to leak small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>, decades after the attack. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> pilots of the 46th and 47th Pursuit Squadrons, 15th Pursuit Group, claim to have destroyed ten. Overall, the Americans claimed to have shot down 41 Japanese aircraft. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Wallin had been assigned to go to <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> in East Africa. The harbor there was blocked by scuttled Italian and German ships, which prevented British use of the port. Commander <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellsberg" title="Edward Ellsberg">Edward Ellsberg</a> was sent instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsberg1946-173">[154]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> The pact had one of its objectives limiting US intervention in conflicts involving the three nations.<a href="#cite_note-190">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[172]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> In less than eleven months, most of Japan's elite naval aviators who had been at Pearl Harbor were lost in subsequent battles. Lack of fuel and an inflexible training policy meant that they could not be replaced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-46">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Prange" title="Gordon Prange">Gordon Prange</a> specifically addresses some revisionist works, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a>, President Roosevelt and the Coming War 1941; <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Chamberlin" title="William Henry Chamberlin">William Henry Chamberlin</a>, America's Second Crusade; <a href="/wiki/John_T._Flynn" title="John T. Flynn">John T. Flynn</a>, The Roosevelt Myth; George Morgenstern, Pearl Harbor; Frederic R. Sanborn, Design for War; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alfred_Theobald" title="Robert Alfred Theobald">Robert Alfred Theobald</a>, The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor; Harry E. Barnes, ed., Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace and The Court Historians versus Revisionism; <a href="/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel">Husband E. Kimmel</a>, Admiral Kimmel's Story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1991867-220">[198]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/ships-present-at-pearl-harbor.html">"Ships and District Craft Present at Pearl Harbor, 0800 7 December 1941"</a>, The Navy Department Library, <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>, November 13, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118145021/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/ships-present-at-pearl-harbor.html">archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2021, retrieved December 8, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Navy+Department+Library&rft.atitle=Ships+and+District+Craft+Present+at+Pearl+Harbor%2C+0800+7+December+1941&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fs%2Fships-present-at-pearl-harbor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiesen2017" class="citation cs2">Thiesen, William H. 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(1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pearlharborverdi00pran/">Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History</a>, Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-050668-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-050668-X"><bdi>0-07-050668-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+The+Verdict+of+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-07-050668-X&rft.aulast=Prange&rft.aufirst=Gordon+William&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Donald+M.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+Katherine+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpearlharborverdi00pran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1988" class="citation cs2">Prange, Gordon William; Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. 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Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallthirdreich00shir">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</a>, New York: Simon and Schuster</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallthirdreich00shir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation cs2">Smith, Carl (1999), Pearl Harbor 1941: The Day of Infamy, Campaign Series, vol. 62, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-798-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-798-8"><bdi>1-85532-798-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+1941%3A+The+Day+of+Infamy&rft.series=Campaign+Series&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85532-798-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymonds2011" class="citation cs2">Symonds, Craig L. 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(2001). Pearl Harbor. London, England: Cassell & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35884-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35884-7"><bdi>978-0-304-35884-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35884-7&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorth2014" class="citation cs2">Worth, Roland H. Jr. (2014), No Choice but War: The United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific, Jefferson, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland, Incorporated</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7752-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-7752-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Choice+but+War%3A+The+United+States+Embargo+Against+Japan+and+the+Eruption+of+War+in+the+Pacific&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7752-4&rft.aulast=Worth&rft.aufirst=Roland+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYergin1991" class="citation cs2">Yergin, Daniel (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prizeepicques00yerg">The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power</a>, New York: Simon & Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-79932-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-79932-0"><bdi>0-671-79932-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prize%3A+The+Epic+Quest+for+Oil%2C+Money+%26+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-671-79932-0&rft.aulast=Yergin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprizeepicques00yerg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimm2011" class="citation cs2">Zimm, Alan D. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LgkaTwEACAAJ">Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions</a>, Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-010-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-010-7"><bdi>978-1-61200-010-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906070947/https://books.google.com/books?id=LgkaTwEACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2015, retrieved June 27, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor%3A+Strategy%2C+Combat%2C+Myths%2C+Deceptions&rft.place=Havertown%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-010-7&rft.aulast=Zimm&rft.aufirst=Alan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLgkaTwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_government_documents">US government documents</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_State1943" class="citation cs2">Department of State (1943), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Dip/PaW/">Peace and War, United States Foreign Policy 1931–1941</a>, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512150939/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/paw/">archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2008, retrieved December 8, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+War%2C+United+States+Foreign+Policy+1931%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rft.au=Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FDip%2FPaW%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatloffSnell1980" class="citation cs2">Matloff, Maurice; Snell, Edwin M. (1980) [1952], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/SP1941-42/chapter4.htm">"IV: The Showdown with Japan: August–December 1941"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/SP1941-42/">Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army in World War II">United States Army in World War II</a>, Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Center_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Center of Military History">US Army Center of Military History</a>, CMH Pub 1-3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210084845/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/Sp1941-42/index.htm">archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2021, retrieved December 10, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV%3A+The+Showdown+with+Japan%3A+August%E2%80%93December+1941&rft.btitle=Strategic+Planning+for+Coalition+Warfare%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=US+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Matloff&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Snell%2C+Edwin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FSP1941-42%2Fchapter4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1962" class="citation cs2">Morton, Louis (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/">Strategy and Command: The First Two Years</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army in World War II">United States Army in World War II</a>, Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Center_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Center of Military History">US Army Center of Military History</a>, CMD Pub 5-1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211231320/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/">archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2021, retrieved December 10, 2021 – via HyperWar Foundation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+and+Command%3A+The+First+Two+Years&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=US+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-P-Strategy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNimitz1942" class="citation report cs2">Nimitz, Chester (February 15, 1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/rep/Pearl/CinCPac-Damage.html">CINCPAC Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor, 7 December, 1941</a> (Report), Enclosure (C) Damages Sustained by Ships as a Results of the Japanese Raid, December 7, 1941, Cincpac File No. A16-3/Serial 0479, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111235255/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/rep/Pearl/CinCPac-Damage.html">archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2012 – via HyperWar Foundation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=CINCPAC+Report+of+Japanese+Raid+on+Pearl+Harbor%2C+7+December%2C+1941&rft.pages=Enclosure+%28C%29+Damages+Sustained+by+Ships+as+a+Results+of+the+Japanese+Raid%2C+December+7%2C+1941&rft.date=1942-02-15&rft.aulast=Nimitz&rft.aufirst=Chester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSN%2Frep%2FPearl%2FCinCPac-Damage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey1946" class="citation cs2">United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific), Naval Analysis Division (1946), Daniels, Gordon (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaignsofpacif46unit/">The Campaigns of the Pacific War</a>, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, retrieved December 7, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1946&rft.au=United+States+Strategic+Bombing+Survey+%28Pacific%29%2C+Naval+Analysis+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcampaignsofpacif46unit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45">U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor</a>, United States National Archives, Modern Military Branch, 1942, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113234417/http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45">archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2008, retrieved December 25, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Navy+Report+of+Japanese+Raid+on+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=United+States+National+Archives%2C+Modern+Military+Branch&rft.date=1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2db.com%2Fdoc.php%3Fq%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInvestigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_–_"The_Japanese_Attack_And_Its_Aftermath"1946" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_2.html">"Part II: The Japanese Attack And Its Aftermath"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_0.html">Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack</a>, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1946, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501061754/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_0.html">archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2019, retrieved December 8, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+The+Japanese+Attack+And+Its+Aftermath&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Joint+Committee+on+the+Investigation+of+the+Pearl+Harbor+Attack&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpha%2Fcongress%2Fpart_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInvestigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_–_"Review_of_the_Diplomatic_Conversations"1946" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#314">"Appendix D: Review of the Diplomatic Conversations"</a>, Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1946, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429222741/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#314">archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+D%3A+Review+of+the+Diplomatic+Conversations&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Joint+Committee+on+the+Investigation+of+the+Pearl+Harbor+Attack&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpha%2Fcongress%2Fapp-d.html%23314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDANFS_Aylwin" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/aylwin-iii.html">"USS Aylwin III (DD-355)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. 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Retrieved December 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=USS+Shaw+II+%28DD-373%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fship-histories%2Fdanfs%2Fs%2Fshaw-ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaravaggio2014" class="citation journal cs2">Caravaggio, Angelo N. (Winter 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190848/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/59d3fa3c-3a53-49f6-9f28-6f0358389db8/-Winning--the-Pacific-War--The-Masterful-Strategy-.aspx">"'Winning' the Pacific War: The Masterful Strategy of Commander Minoru Genda"</a>, Naval War College Review, 67 (1): 85–118, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/59d3fa3c-3a53-49f6-9f28-6f0358389db8/-Winning--the-Pacific-War--The-Masterful-Strategy-.aspx">the original</a> on July 14, 2014</cite><span 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/612aa0c4-47a1-4107-afbb-17fa992adf59/Reflecting-on-Fuchida,-or--A-Tale-of-Three-Whopper">the original</a> on November 27, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=Reflecting+on+Fuchida+or+%22A+Tale+of+Three+Whoppers%22&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-138&rft.date=2010-03-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F01779130&rft.issn=0028-1484&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F75617787&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26397106%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Parshall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnwc.edu%2Fgetattachment%2F612aa0c4-47a1-4107-afbb-17fa992adf59%2FReflecting-on-Fuchida%2C-or--A-Tale-of-Three-Whopper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1982" class="citation journal cs2">Potter, Joseph V. 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Dorr">Dorr, Robert F.</a>; Borch, Fred L. 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(November 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navsource.org/Naval/ijnaf.htm">"Organization of the Japanese Air Attack Units December 7, 1941"</a>, NavSource Naval History, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213181330/http://www.navsource.org/Naval/ijnaf.htm">archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2007, retrieved December 8, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organization+of+the+Japanese+Air+Attack+Units+December+7%2C+1941&rft.pub=NavSource+Naval+History&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=Yarnell&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navsource.org%2FNaval%2Fijnaf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeach1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Beach,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward L. Beach, Jr.">Beach, Edward L. Jr.</a> (1995), Scapegoats: A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor, Naval Institute Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-059-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-059-2"><bdi>1-55750-059-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scapegoats%3A+A+Defense+of+Kimmel+and+Short+at+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-55750-059-2&rft.aulast=Beach&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Clausen, Henry C.; Lee, Bruce (2001), Pearl Harbor: Final Judgment, HarperCollins</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Final+Judgment&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Clausen&rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. An account of the secret "<a href="/wiki/Clausen_Inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Clausen Inquiry">Clausen Inquiry</a>" undertaken late in the war by order of Congress to Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a>. Clausen was given the authority to go anywhere and question anyone under oath. Ultimately, he traveled more than 55,000 miles and interviewed over a hundred US and British Army, Navy, and civilian personnel, in addition to being given access to all relevant Magic intercepts.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondon-Rall1989" class="citation journal cs2">Condon-Rall, M. E. (1989), "The U.S. Army medical department and the attack on Pearl Harbor", J Mil Hist, 53 (1): 65–78, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1986020">10.2307/1986020</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1986020">1986020</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11617401">11617401</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Mil+Hist&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+Army+medical+department+and+the+attack+on+Pearl+Harbor&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-78&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11617401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1986020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1986020&rft.aulast=Condon-Rall&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. This article discusses the state of medical readiness prior to the attack, and the post-attack response by medical personnel.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Dorsey, James (2009), "Literary Tropes, Rhetorical Looping, and the Nine Gods of War: 'Fascist Proclivities' Made Real", in Tansman, Alan (ed.), The Culture of Japanese Fascism, Durham, North Carolina / London: Duke University Press, pp. 409–431</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+Tropes%2C+Rhetorical+Looping%2C+and+the+Nine+Gods+of+War%3A+%27Fascist+Proclivities%27+Made+Real&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Japanese+Fascism&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina+%2F+London&rft.pages=409-431&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dorsey&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. A study of Japanese wartime media representations of the submarine component of the attack on Pearl Harbor.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_III" title="Hamilton Fish III">Fish, Hamilton III</a> (1983), Tragic Deception: FDR and America's Involvement in World War II, Devin-Adair, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8159-6917-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8159-6917-1"><bdi>0-8159-6917-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragic+Deception%3A+FDR+and+America%27s+Involvement+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Devin-Adair&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8159-6917-1&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Hamilton+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Gannon, Michael V. (2001), Pearl Harbor Betrayed, Henry Holt and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+Betrayed&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. A recent examination of the issues surrounding the surprise of the attack.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs2">Haynok, Robert J. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-12/how-japanese-did-it">"How the Japanese Did It"</a>, Naval History Magazine, vol. 23, no. 6, United States Naval Institute, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607195401/http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-12/how-japanese-did-it">archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2013, retrieved February 6, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+Japanese+Did+It&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Haynok&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnavalhistory%2F2009-12%2Fhow-japanese-did-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHixson2003" class="citation cs2">Hixson, Walter L., ed. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5mJWrEeqMfgC">The United States and the Road to War in the Pacific</a>, The American Experience in World War II, vol. 3, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94031-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94031-1"><bdi>0-415-94031-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221251/https://books.google.com/books?id=5mJWrEeqMfgC">archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023, retrieved March 21, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Road+to+War+in+the+Pacific&rft.series=The+American+Experience+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-94031-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5mJWrEeqMfgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. Part of a twelve-volume series.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Holmes, W. J. (1979), Double-Edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II, United States Naval Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Double-Edged+Secrets%3A+U.S.+Naval+Intelligence+Operations+in+the+Pacific+During+World+War+II&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. Contains some important material, such as Holmes's argument that, had the US Navy been warned of the attack and put to sea, it would have likely resulted in an even greater disaster.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hughes-Wilson, John (2004) [1999], Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-Ups (revised ed.), Robinson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Intelligence+Blunders+and+Cover-Ups&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Robinson&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hughes-Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. Contains a brief but insightful chapter on the particular intelligence failures, and a broader overview of what causes them.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Kimmett, Larry; Regis, Margaret (2004), The Attack on Pearl Harbor: An Illustrated History, NavPublishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=NavPublishing&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kimmett&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Regis%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. Using maps, photos, unique illustrations, and an animated CD, this book provides a detailed overview of the surprise attack that brought the United States into World War II.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrepinevich2002" class="citation report cs2">Krepinevich, Andrew F. (February 25, 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2002.02.25-Field-Exercises-and-Military-Transformation.pdf">Lighting the Path Ahead: Field Exercises and Transformation</a> (PDF) (Report), Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924003422/https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2002.02.25-Field-Exercises-and-Military-Transformation.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2021, retrieved December 11, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Lighting+the+Path+Ahead%3A+Field+Exercises+and+Transformation&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+and+Budgetary+Assessments&rft.date=2002-02-25&rft.aulast=Krepinevich&rft.aufirst=Andrew+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsbaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2F2002.02.25-Field-Exercises-and-Military-Transformation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. Contains a passage regarding the Yarnell attack, as well as reference citations.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._Layton" title="Edwin T. Layton">Layton, Edwin T.</a>; Pineau, Roger; Costello, John (1985), And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway – Breaking the Secrets, New York: W. Morrow, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06968-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06968-1"><bdi>978-0-688-06968-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+I+Was+There%3A+Pearl+Harbor+and+Midway+%E2%80%93+Breaking+the+Secrets&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+Morrow&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-688-06968-1&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Edwin+T.&rft.au=Pineau%2C+Roger&rft.au=Costello%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. Layton, Kimmel's Combat Intelligence Officer, says that <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> was the only field commander who had received any substantial amount of <a href="/wiki/Purple_(cipher_machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple (cipher machine)">Purple</a> intelligence.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Madsen, Daniel (2003), Resurrection-Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resurrection-Salvaging+the+Battle+Fleet+at+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Madsen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs2">McCollum, Arthur H. (October 7, 1940), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum">Memorandum for the Director: Estimate of the Situation in the Pacific and Recommendations for Action by the United States</a> (Memorandum), Office of Naval Intelligence, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124120956/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum">archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2022, retrieved December 9, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Memorandum+for+the+Director%3A+Estimate+of+the+Situation+in+the+Pacific+and+Recommendations+for+Action+by+the+United+States&rft.pub=Office+of+Naval+Intelligence&rft.date=1940-10-07&rft.aulast=McCollum&rft.aufirst=Arthur+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FMcCollum_memorandum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. The <a href="/wiki/McCollum_memo" title="McCollum memo">McCollum memo</a> is a 1940 memo from a Naval headquarters staff officer to his superiors outlining possible provocations to Japan, which might lead to war (declassified in 1994).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Melber, Takuma (2016), Pearl Harbor: Japans Angriff und der Kriegseintritt der USA [Pearl Harbor: Japan's Attack and the US Entry into the War] (in German), München: C.H. Beck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-69818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-69818-7"><bdi>978-3-406-69818-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Japans+Angriff+und+der+Kriegseintritt+der+USA&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-406-69818-7&rft.aulast=Melber&rft.aufirst=Takuma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs2">Moorhead, John J. (1942), "Surgical Experience at Pearl Harbor", The Journal of the American Medical Association, 118 (9): 712, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1942.62830090002009">10.1001/jama.1942.62830090002009</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Surgical+Experience+at+Pearl+Harbor&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=712&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1942.62830090002009&rft.aulast=Moorhead&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. An overview of different surgical procedures at the hospital at the scene of the event.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Morgenstern, George Edward (1947), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pearlharborthestoryofthesecretwar/">Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War</a>, The Devin-Adair Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+The+Story+of+the+Secret+War&rft.pub=The+Devin-Adair+Company&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Morgenstern&rft.aufirst=George+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpearlharborthestoryofthesecretwar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. Conspiracy theory.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Parker, Frederick D. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pearl-harbor-revisited-usn-communications-intelligence.html">Pearl Harbor Revisited: United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924–1941</a>, National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209030151/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pearl-harbor-revisited-usn-communications-intelligence.html">archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2021, retrieved December 9, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+Revisited%3A+United+States+Navy+Communications+Intelligence+1924%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=National+Security+Agency%2C+Center+for+Cryptologic+History&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Frederick+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Fnhhc%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fp%2Fpearl-harbor-revisited-usn-communications-intelligence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. Contains a detailed description of what the Navy knew from intercepted and decrypted Japan's communications prior to Pearl.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Rodgaard, John; Hsu, Peter K.; Lucas, Carroll L. & Biache, Andrew Jr. (December 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1999/december/pearl-harbor-attack-below">"Pearl Harbor – Attack from Below"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval History (magazine)">Naval History</a>, vol. 13, no. 6, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060930030611/http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/Articles99/Nhrodgaard.htm">archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History&rft.atitle=Pearl+Harbor+%E2%80%93+Attack+from+Below&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1999-12&rft.aulast=Rodgaard&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Peter+K.&rft.au=Lucas%2C+Carroll+L.&rft.au=Biache%2C+Andrew+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F1999%2Fdecember%2Fpearl-harbor-attack-below&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Seki, Eiji (2006), Mrs. Ferguson's Tea-Set, Japan and the Second World War: The Global Consequences Following Germany's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940, London: Brill/<a href="/wiki/Global_Oriental" title="Global Oriental">Global Oriental</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905246-28-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905246-28-1"><bdi>978-1-905246-28-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mrs.+Ferguson%27s+Tea-Set%2C+Japan+and+the+Second+World+War%3A+The+Global+Consequences+Following+Germany%27s+Sinking+of+the+SS+Automedon+in+1940&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brill%2FGlobal+Oriental&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-905246-28-1&rft.aulast=Seki&rft.aufirst=Eiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Stille, Mark E. (2011), Tora! Tora! Tora!: Pearl Harbor 1941, Raid Series, vol. 26, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-509-0"><bdi>978-1-84908-509-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tora%21+Tora%21+Tora%21%3A+Pearl+Harbor+1941&rft.series=Raid+Series&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-509-0&rft.aulast=Stille&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stinnett" title="Robert Stinnett">Stinnett, Robert</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050616074335/http://www.pearlharbor41.com/">Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor</a>, Free Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0129-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0129-9"><bdi>0-7432-0129-9</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pearlharbor41.com/">the original</a> on June 16, 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Day+of+Deceit%3A+The+Truth+About+FDR+and+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7432-0129-9&rft.aulast=Stinnett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pearlharbor41.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. A study of the Freedom of Information Act documents that led Congress to direct clearance of Kimmel and Short.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Takeo, Iguchi (2010), Demystifying Pearl Harbor: A New Perspective From Japan, I-House Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demystifying+Pearl+Harbor%3A+A+New+Perspective+From+Japan&rft.pub=I-House+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Takeo&rft.aufirst=Iguchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Theobald" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Theobald">Theobald, Robert A.</a> (1954), Final Secret of Pearl Harbor, Devin-Adair, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8159-5503-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8159-5503-0"><bdi>0-8159-5503-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Secret+of+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=Devin-Adair&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-8159-5503-0&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. Foreword by Fleet Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_F._Halsey,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Halsey, Jr.">William F. Halsey, Jr.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ian_W._Toll" title="Ian W. Toll">Toll, Ian W.</a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Crucible:_War_at_Sea_in_the_Pacific,_1941%E2%80%931942" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942">Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942</a>, New York: W. W. Norton</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Crucible%3A+War+at+Sea+in+the+Pacific%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Coady_Wedemeyer" title="Albert Coady Wedemeyer">Wedemeyer, Albert C.</a> (1958), Wedemeyer Reports!, Henry Holt Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89275-011-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89275-011-1"><bdi>0-89275-011-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wedemeyer+Reports%21&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+Co.&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-89275-011-1&rft.aulast=Wedemeyer&rft.aufirst=Albert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962), Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision, Stanford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Warning+and+Decision&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wohlstetter&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988">. The most cited scholarly work on the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor. Her introduction and analysis of the concept of "noise" persist in understanding intelligence failures.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Wohlstetter, Roberta (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210231934/http://ias.wustl.edu/files/ias/imce/wohlstetter_cuba_and_pearl_harbor.pdf">"Cuba and Pearl Harbor: Hindsight and Foresight"</a> (PDF), Foreign Affairs, 43 (4), Council on Foreign Relations: 691–707, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20039133">10.2307/20039133</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039133">20039133</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ias.wustl.edu/files/ias/imce/wohlstetter_cuba_and_pearl_harbor.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 10, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Cuba+and+Pearl+Harbor%3A+Hindsight+and+Foresight&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=691-707&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20039133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20039133%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wohlstetter&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fias.wustl.edu%2Ffiles%2Fias%2Fimce%2Fwohlstetter_cuba_and_pearl_harbor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pearl_Harbor_attack" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pearl Harbor attack">Pearl Harbor attack</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Attack on Pearl Harbor <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818203925/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq66-1.htm">Overview</a>(archived) from <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor">Account (with Video)</a> on History.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/Attack-Pearl-Harbor.htm">The Attack on Pearl Harbor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203013415/http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/Attack-Pearl-Harbor.htm">Archived</a> February 3, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on ThoughtCo.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190614081536/https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18arizona.htm">"Remembering Pearl Harbor:The USS Arizona Memorial" — Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan</a> (archived) from National Park Service</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/library/research/collections/archives/manuscript-collections/hawaii-war-records-depository/">Hawaii War Records Depository</a>, Archives & Manuscripts Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/7Dec41/index.html">7 December 1941, The Air Force Story</a> on ibiblio.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/magic/">The "Magic" Background</a> (PDFs or readable online) on ibiblio.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/congress/">The Congressional investigation</a> on ibiblio.org</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLTC_Jeffrey_J._GudmensCOL_Timothy_R._Reese2009" class="citation report cs1">LTC Jeffrey J. Gudmens; COL Timothy R. Reese (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/educational-services/staff-rides/StaffRideHB_PearlHarbor.pdf">Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941: A Study of Defending America</a> (PDF) (Report). Combat Studies Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Staff+Ride+Handbook+for+the+Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor%2C+7+December+1941%3A+A+Study+of+Defending+America&rft.pub=Combat+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.au=LTC+Jeffrey+J.+Gudmens&rft.au=COL+Timothy+R.+Reese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armyupress.army.mil%2FPortals%2F7%2Feducational-services%2Fstaff-rides%2FStaffRideHB_PearlHarbor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/w/world_war_ii_/pearl_harbor/index.html">Pearl Harbor</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accounts">Accounts</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch7.htm">Guarding The United States And Its Outposts</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents">Guarding the United States and Its Outposts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225041653/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents">Archived</a> December 25, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Official US Army history of Pearl Harbor by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/09/13/special/index.html">War comes to Hawaii</a> Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Monday, September 13, 1999</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/pearl-harbour-first-pictures">Video of first Newsreel from December 23, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor</a> from <a href="/wiki/British-Pathe" class="mw-redirect" title="British-Pathe">British-Pathe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8H-BTblzqO0&list=PLNxwX7r4A557deayljDNLqVA7Pl9Y8K9Z&index=1">Pearl Harbour – British Movietone News, 1942</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a> Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675029979_attack-on-Pearl-Harbor_Harbor-installations_USS-Arizona-burns_black-smoke-rises">Historic footage of Pearl Harbor during and immediately following attack on December 7, 1941</a> on CriticalPast</li> <li>Emily DeLetter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/pearl-harbor-remembrance-day-historical-photos-show-the-dec-7-1941-attack-in-hawaii/ar-AA1l7Znw?ocid=socialshare">Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day - 82 years later.</a> Historical photos show and video of the Dec. 7, 1941 attack in Hawaii, <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, 7 December 2023</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gb7XUDlhz6k">December 7th (long version)</a>  – Documentary made by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> several years after the attack, which shows (mostly by dramatization) life in Hawaii before, during, and after the attack on Pearl Harbor.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_documents">Historical documents</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45">US Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor</a> from World War II Database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar-two.net/events/usa_declaration_of_war_on_japan/">Second World War – USA Declaration of War on Japan</a> from WorldWar-Two.net</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/monos/097/index.html">Collection of extensive Japanese preparation military documents</a> on ibiblio.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pearl_Harbor_attack" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Template:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Template talk:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pearl_Harbor_attack" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor attack</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attack</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor">Prelude to the attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships_present_at_Pearl_Harbor,_December_7,_1941" title="List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941">Present US ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Row" title="Battleship Row">Battleship Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japanese carriers involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga">Kaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū">Sōryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku">Shōkaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States ships sunk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Arizona (BB-39)">Arizona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_salvaged_artifacts" title="USS Arizona salvaged artifacts">salvaged artifacts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oglala" title="USS Oglala">Oglala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-373)" title="USS Shaw (DD-373)">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Sotoyomo_(YTM-9)" title="USS Sotoyomo (YTM-9)">Sotoyomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YFD-2" title="YFD-2">YFD-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor">Consequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto%27s_sleeping_giant_quote" title="Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote">Sleeping giant quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">U.S. declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">U.K. declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Commissions" title="Roberts Commissions">Roberts Commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_the_Investigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack">Pearl Harbor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS Arizona Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Survivors_Association" title="Pearl Harbor Survivors Association">Survivors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Commemorative_Medal" title="Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal">Commemorative Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_The_Japanese_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_and_Southeast_Asia" title="Crisis: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia">Crisis: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Infamy_series" title="Days of Infamy series">Days of Infamy series</a> (2004–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War_series" title="Pacific War series">Pacific War series</a> (2007–08)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_of_Japan" title="Secret Agent of Japan">Secret Agent of Japan</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_at_Sea_from_Hawaii_to_Malaya" title="The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya">The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_(film)" title="Air Force (film)">Air Force</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_the_Army" title="This Is the Army">This Is the Army</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7th_(film)" title="December 7th (film)">December 7th</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_(film)" title="Task Force (film)">Task Force</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity" title="From Here to Eternity">From Here to Eternity</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_Mamie_Stover_(film)" title="The Revolt of Mamie Stover (film)">The Revolt of Mamie Stover</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Over_the_Pacific" title="Storm Over the Pacific">Storm Over the Pacific</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Harm%27s_Way" title="In Harm's Way">In Harm's Way</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tora!_Tora!_Tora!" title="Tora! Tora! Tora!">Tora! Tora! Tora!</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_(film)" title="1941 (film)">1941</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Countdown_(film)" title="The Final Countdown (film)">The Final Countdown</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)" title="Pearl Harbor (film)">Pearl Harbor</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_(2019_film)" title="Midway (2019 film)">Midway</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_of_Pearl_Harbor_in_1941" title="Vulnerability of Pearl Harbor in 1941">Vulnerability of Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Advance-knowledge conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_in_popular_culture" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_Japanese_surprise_attacks_and_battles_of_December_1941" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dec41attacks" title="Template:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dec41attacks" title="Template talk:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dec41attacks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_Japanese_surprise_attacks_and_battles_of_December_1941" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Imperial Japanese surprise attacks and battles of December 1941</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">First Bombardment of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Johnston_and_Palmyra" title="Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra">Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Invasion of Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Bombing of Rangoon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prachuap_Khiri_Khan" title="Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan">Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Invasion of Borneo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_Harbor_Attack,_7_December_1941_(24374354935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/100px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/150px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/200px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5767" data-file-height="4527" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/100px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/150px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/200px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="526" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Clark_Field" title="Attack on Clark Field">Attack on Clark and Iba Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Aparri" title="Japanese invasion of Aparri">Japanese invasion of Aparri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Batan_Island" title="Japanese invasion of Batan Island">Japanese invasion of Batan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Davao" title="Japanese invasion of Davao">Japanese invasion of Davao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lamon_Bay" title="Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay">Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Legazpi" title="Japanese invasion of Legazpi">Japanese invasion of Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Vigan" title="Japanese invasion of Vigan">Japanese invasion of Vigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurun" title="Battle of Gurun">Battle of Gurun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Battle of Jitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kampar" title="Battle of Kampar">Battle of Kampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kota_Bharu" title="Battle of Kota Bharu">Battle of Kota Bharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Battle of Kuala Lumpur">Battle of Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Bombing of Singapore (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines campaign (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1941" title="List of shipwrecks in December 1941">List of shipwrecks in December 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Wake#Service_history" title="USS Wake">USS Wake capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Peterel_(1927)" title="HMS Peterel (1927)">HMS Peterel sunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement#Japanese_occupy_the_International_Settlement_(1941)" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Invasion of Shanghai International Settlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_in_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USWWII" title="Template:USWWII"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USWWII" title="Template talk:USWWII"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USWWII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USWWII"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_in_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States in World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">Home front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_music_during_World_War_II" title="American music during World War II">American music during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_aircraft_production_during_World_War_II" title="United States aircraft production during World War II">United States aircraft production during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I._Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. Generation">G.I. Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_at_War" title="Schools at War">Schools at War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">Internment of German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Internment of Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">American women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America" title="Woman's Land Army of America">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_the_US_armed_forces_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II"> Minorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans_in_World_War_II" title="Hispanic Americans in World War II">Hispanic Americans in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Ricans in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="4100" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II"> Military participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Army"> Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_uniforms_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army uniforms in World War II">Uniforms</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Marine Corps"> Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy#World_War_II_(1941–1945)" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_medals_of_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="United States service medals of the World Wars"> Service medals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II">Medal of Honor recipients</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles_involving_the_United_States" title="List of World War II battles involving the United States">List of battles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Chinese-American service in World War II">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese-American service in World War II">Japanese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy#World_War_II_.281941.E2.80.931945.29" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Diplomatic participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji (Mutsuhito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō (Yoshihito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa (Hirohito)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration (ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code">Senjinkun military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities#Aerial_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Aerial bombing of cities">Aerial bombing of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Innsbruck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Innsbruck in World War II">Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vienna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vienna in World War II">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wiener_Neustadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wiener Neustadt in World War II">Wiener Neustadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Air_Raid" title="Aarhus Air Raid">Aarhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Carthage" title="Operation Carthage">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nex%C3%B8#Allied_air_attacks" title="Nexø">Nexø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8nne#Allied_air_attacks" title="Rønne">Rønne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Estonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Narva_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Narva in World War II">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">Tallinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood#Preliminary_attacks" title="Operation Charnwood">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia#Allied_preparations" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan#Destruction" title="Royan">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Leu-d%27Esserent" title="Saint-Leu-d'Esserent">Saint-Leu-d'Esserent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of the Ruhr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bochum#Allied_air_attacks" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Duisburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Duisburg in World War II">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Düsseldorf in World War II">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Essen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Essen in World War II">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen#Nazi_Germany" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld#Allied_air_attacks" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wuppertal_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen#World_War_II" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Augsburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Augsburg in World War II">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschersleben#Allied_air_attacks" title="Aschersleben">Aschersleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Baden-Baden_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Baden-Baden in World War II">Baden-Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bamberg" title="Bombing of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocholt,_Germany#Allied_air_attack" title="Bocholt, Germany">Bocholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Braunschweig_(October_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Braunschweig (October 1944)">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bremen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bremen in World War II">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz#World_War_II" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crailsheim#Allied_air_attacks" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darmstadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessau#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dietzenbach_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dietzenbach in World War II">Dietzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden#Allied_air_attacks" title="Emden">Emden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frankfurt_am_Main_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Freiburg_on_10_May_1940" title="Bombing of Freiburg on 10 May 1940">Freiburg (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tigerfish" title="Operation Tigerfish">Freiburg (Allies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Friedrichshafen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Friedrichshafen in World War II">Friedrichshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giessen#Allied_air_attack" title="Giessen">Giessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Bombing of Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halberstadt#Allied_air_attacks" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanau in World War II">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanover_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanover in World War II">Hannover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hildesheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hildesheim in World War II">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena#Allied_air_attacks" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern#World_War_II" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe#Allied_air_attacks" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleve#Allied_air_attacks" title="Kleve">Kleve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Königsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCbeck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Lübeck in World War II">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ludwigshafen_and_Oppau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau in World War II">Ludwigshafen / Oppau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Bombing of Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg#Allied_air_attacks" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mannheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mannheim in World War II">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers#Allied_air_attack" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster#Allied_air_attacks" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Munich_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Munich in World War II">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nordhausen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nuremberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Obersalzberg" title="Bombing of Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck#Allied_air_attacks" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn#Allied_air_attacks" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Peenemünde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam#Allied_air_attacks" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock#Allied_air_attack" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken#World_War_II" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt#World_War_II" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen#Allied_air_attacks" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stralsund_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Stralsund in World War II">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ulm_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ulm in World War II">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wesel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wesel in World War II">Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II">Wilhelmshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany#Allied_air_attacks" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Würzburg in World War II">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest#Allied_air_strikes" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassa" title="Bombing of Kassa">Kassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessandria#Allied_air_attacks" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ancona_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ancona in World War II">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari" title="Air raid on Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento#Allied_air_attacks" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bologna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bologna in World War II">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cagliari_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cagliari in World War II">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania#Allied_air_attacks" title="Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ferrara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ferrara in World War II">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Foggia" title="Bombing of Foggia">Foggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Frascati" title="Air raid on Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Genoa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Genoa in World War II">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorla" title="Bombing of Gorla">Gorla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Grosseto_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Grosseto in World War II">Grosseto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Livorno_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Livorno in World War II">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina#Allied_air_attacks" title="Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Milan in World War II">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Naples_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Naples in World War II">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Padua_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Padua in World War II">Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Palermo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Palermo in World War II">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pescara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pescara in World War II">Pescara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pisa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pisa in World War II">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Reggio_Calabria_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Reggio Calabria in World War II">Reggio Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terni#Allied_air_attacks" title="Terni">Terni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Treviso_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Treviso in World War II">Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste#Allied_air_attacks" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Turin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Turin in World War II">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Verona#20th_century" title="History of Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vicenza_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vicenza in World War II">Vicenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo#Allied_air_attacks" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zadar_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zadar in World War II">Zadar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Amsterdam" title="Bombing of Amsterdam">Amsterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombings_of_Amsterdam-Noord" title="Allied bombings of Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Oyster" title="Operation Oyster">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enschede#World_War_II" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Enkhuizen" title="Bombing of Enkhuizen">Enkhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland#Bombing_of_Middelburg" title="Battle of Zeeland">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nijmegen" title="Bombing of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombing_of_Rotterdam_in_World_War_II" title="Allied bombing of Rotterdam in World War II">Rotterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammerfest_(town)#Destruction_in_World_War_II" title="Hammerfest (town)">Hammerfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsos_campaign#Air_attacks" title="Namsos campaign">Namsos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frampol" title="Bombing of Frampol">Frampol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Ploiești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Timi%C8%99oara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Timișoara in World War II">Timișoara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Bombardment" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Minsk_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Minsk in World War II">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad" title="Bombing of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Switzerland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Stein_am_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Stein am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Zürich_and_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Zürich and Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow_Blitz" title="Barrow Blitz">Barrow-in-Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Blitz" title="Bath Blitz">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Blitz" title="Bournemouth Blitz">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Blitz" title="Brighton Blitz">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blitz" title="Bristol Blitz">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Blitz" title="Exeter Blitz">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenock_Blitz" title="Greenock Blitz">Greenock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_Blitz" title="Hull Blitz">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Blitz" title="Leeds Blitz">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Blitz" title="Norwich Blitz">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Blitz" title="Nottingham Blitz">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">Swansea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Yugoslavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgrade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Belgrade_(1944)" title="Bombing of Belgrade (1944)">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Podgorica_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Podgorica in World War II">Podgorica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sarajevo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sarajevo in World War II">Sarajevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Dublin</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Helsinki in World War II">Helsinki</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Prague" title="Bombing of Prague">Prague</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sofia_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sofia in World War II">Sofia</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zagreb in World War II">Zagreb</a> (Croatia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burma" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Burma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mandalay_(1942)" title="Bombing of Mandalay (1942)">Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Allied Rangoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Hong_Kong" title="Air raids on Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sukabumi" title="Bombing of Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Transom" title="Operation Transom">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Akita_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Akita in World War II">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Aomori_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Aomori in World War II">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chiba_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Chiba in World War II">Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukui_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Fukui in World War II">Fukui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukuoka" title="Bombing of Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gifu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gifu in World War II">Gifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamamatsu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamamatsu in World War II">Hamamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiratsuka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hiratsuka in World War II">Hiratsuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kobe in World War II">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C5%8Dfu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kōfu in World War II">Kōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kumagaya" title="Bombing of Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kure" title="Bombing of Kure">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagaoka" title="Bombing of Nagaoka">Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagoya" title="Bombing of Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Numazu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Numazu in World War II">Numazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Okazaki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Okazaki in World War II">Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Rabaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cockpit" title="Operation Cockpit">Sabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sendai_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Sendai during World War II">Sendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shizuoka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Shizuoka in World War II">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">10 March 1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi_Air_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyohashi Air Raid">Toyohashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Toyokawa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Toyokawa in World War II">Toyokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Utsunomiya_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Utsunomiya during World War II">Utsunomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Yawata">Yawata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata_(June_1944)" title="Bombing of Yawata (June 1944)">June 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yokkaichi_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Yokkaichi in World War II">Yokkaichi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taihoku</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Allied Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945)">Axis Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Unalaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Bangkok</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Colombo</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kuala_Lumpur_(1945)" title="Bombing of Kuala Lumpur (1945)">Kuala Lumpur</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a> (Philippines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Mandatory Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_raids_on_Cyprus_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing raids on Cyprus during World War II">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chad" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_Blaich" title="Sonderkommando Blaich">Fort Lamy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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