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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Synaptic Plasticity</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">8,752 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Synaptic Plasticity</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Synaptic_Plasticity">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34087631 coauthored" data-work_id="34087631" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34087631/Elongation_factor_2_phosphorylation_in_dendrites_and_the_regulation_of_dendritic_mRNA_translation_in_neurons">Elongation factor-2 phosphorylation in dendrites and the regulation of dendritic mRNA translation in neurons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Neuronal activity results in long lasting changes in synaptic structure and function by regulating mRNA translation in dendrites. These activity dependent events yield the synthesis of proteins known to be important for synaptic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34087631" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Neuronal activity results in long lasting changes in synaptic structure and function by regulating mRNA translation in dendrites. These activity dependent events yield the synthesis of proteins known to be important for synaptic modifications and diverse forms of synaptic plasticity. Worthy of note, there is accumulating evidence that the eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 Kinase (eEF2K)/eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 (eEF2) pathway may be strongly involved in this process. Upon activation, eEF2K phosphorylates and thereby inhibits eEF2, resulting in a dramatic reduction of mRNA translation. eEF2K is activated by elevated levels of calcium and binding of Calmodulin (CaM), hence its alternative name calcium/CaM-dependent protein kinase III (CaMKIII). In dendrites, this process depends on glutamate signaling and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation. Interestingly, it has been shown that eEF2K can be activated in dendrites by metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 1/5 signaling, as well. Therefore, neuronal activity can induce local proteomic changes at the postsynapse by altering eEF2K activity. Well-established targets of eEF2K in dendrites include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc), the alpha subunit of calcium/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (αCaMKII), and microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B), all of which have well-known functions in different forms of synaptic plasticity. In this review we will give an overview of the involvement of the eEF2K/eEF2 pathway at dendrites in regulating the translation of dendritic mRNA in the context of altered NMDAR-and neuronal activity, and diverse forms of synaptic plasticity, such as metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent-long-term depression (mGluR-LTD). For this, we draw on studies carried out both in vitro and in vivo.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34087631" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2740f20b0a890a2c7d6734e22d8dbc42" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54020591,"asset_id":34087631,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54020591/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="66864609" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CVerpelli">Chiara Verpelli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="66864609" type="text/json">{"id":66864609,"first_name":"Chiara","last_name":"Verpelli","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CVerpelli","display_name":"Chiara Verpelli","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CVerpelli?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-34087631">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-34087631"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/LorenzaCulotta">Lorenza Culotta</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-34087631'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-34087631').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34087631 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34087631"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34087631; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34087631]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34087631").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34087631").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34087631"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30347" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation">Translation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="30347" type="text/json">{"id":30347,"name":"Translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="418263" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES">SYNAPSES</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="418263" type="text/json">{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34087631]'), work: {"id":34087631,"title":"Elongation factor-2 phosphorylation in dendrites and the regulation of dendritic mRNA translation in neurons","created_at":"2017-07-31T06:29:45.682-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34087631/Elongation_factor_2_phosphorylation_in_dendrites_and_the_regulation_of_dendritic_mRNA_translation_in_neurons?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_34087631","summary":"Neuronal activity results in long lasting changes in synaptic structure and function by regulating mRNA translation in dendrites. These activity dependent events yield the synthesis of proteins known to be important for synaptic modifications and diverse forms of synaptic plasticity. Worthy of note, there is accumulating evidence that the eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 Kinase (eEF2K)/eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 (eEF2) pathway may be strongly involved in this process. Upon activation, eEF2K phosphorylates and thereby inhibits eEF2, resulting in a dramatic reduction of mRNA translation. eEF2K is activated by elevated levels of calcium and binding of Calmodulin (CaM), hence its alternative name calcium/CaM-dependent protein kinase III (CaMKIII). In dendrites, this process depends on glutamate signaling and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation. Interestingly, it has been shown that eEF2K can be activated in dendrites by metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 1/5 signaling, as well. Therefore, neuronal activity can induce local proteomic changes at the postsynapse by altering eEF2K activity. Well-established targets of eEF2K in dendrites include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc), the alpha subunit of calcium/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (αCaMKII), and microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B), all of which have well-known functions in different forms of synaptic plasticity. In this review we will give an overview of the involvement of the eEF2K/eEF2 pathway at dendrites in regulating the translation of dendritic mRNA in the context of altered NMDAR-and neuronal activity, and diverse forms of synaptic plasticity, such as metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent-long-term depression (mGluR-LTD). For this, we draw on studies carried out both in vitro and in vivo.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54020591,"asset_id":34087631,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":66864609,"first_name":"Chiara","last_name":"Verpelli","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CVerpelli","display_name":"Chiara Verpelli","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CVerpelli?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":66888697,"first_name":"Lorenza","last_name":"Culotta","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LorenzaCulotta","display_name":"Lorenza Culotta","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LorenzaCulotta?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":30347,"name":"Translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18092677" data-work_id="18092677" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18092677/Hippocampal_synaptic_plasticity_and_glutamate_receptor_regulation_influences_of_diabetes_mellitus">Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and glutamate receptor regulation: influences of diabetes mellitus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting primarily from inadequate insulin release (Type 1 insulindependent diabetes mellitus) or insulin insensitivity coupled with inadequate compensatory insulin... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18092677" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting primarily from inadequate insulin release (Type 1 insulindependent diabetes mellitus) or insulin insensitivity coupled with inadequate compensatory insulin release (Type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Previous studies involving behavioural and electrophysiological analysis indicate that diabetes mellitus induces cognitive impairment and defects of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Considered to be an important mechanism of learning and memory in mammals, long-term potentiation is known to require regulation of the glutamate receptor properties. According to many studies, defects of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of diabetic animals are due to abnormal glutamate receptors. We review here the changes in glutamate receptors that may account for modifications of long-term potentiation in various models of diabetes mellitus. As glutamate receptors are also involved in the appearance of neurodegenerative states, we discuss the possibility that deficits in long-term potentiation during chronic diabetes might arise from dysfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors in early stages of the disease. This review addresses the possible role of hyperglycaemia and insulin in regulating these receptors. D</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18092677" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fa06525a12f6cbada993d0998ee0f487" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39871604,"asset_id":18092677,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39871604/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38044274" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SylvainGagnon">Sylvain Gagnon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38044274" type="text/json">{"id":38044274,"first_name":"Sylvain","last_name":"Gagnon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SylvainGagnon","display_name":"Sylvain Gagnon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SylvainGagnon?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18092677 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18092677"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18092677, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18092677", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18092677 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18092677; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18092677"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18092677 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18092677"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18092677; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18092677]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18092677").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18092677").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18092677"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation">Long Term Potentiation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4247" type="text/json">{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57556" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus">Hippocampus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57556" type="text/json">{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58513" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Memory-1">Learning and Memory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="58513" type="text/json">{"id":58513,"name":"Learning and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Memory-1?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18092677]'), work: {"id":18092677,"title":"Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and glutamate receptor regulation: influences of diabetes mellitus","created_at":"2015-11-10T09:14:58.064-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18092677/Hippocampal_synaptic_plasticity_and_glutamate_receptor_regulation_influences_of_diabetes_mellitus?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_18092677","summary":"Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting primarily from inadequate insulin release (Type 1 insulindependent diabetes mellitus) or insulin insensitivity coupled with inadequate compensatory insulin release (Type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Previous studies involving behavioural and electrophysiological analysis indicate that diabetes mellitus induces cognitive impairment and defects of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Considered to be an important mechanism of learning and memory in mammals, long-term potentiation is known to require regulation of the glutamate receptor properties. According to many studies, defects of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of diabetic animals are due to abnormal glutamate receptors. We review here the changes in glutamate receptors that may account for modifications of long-term potentiation in various models of diabetes mellitus. As glutamate receptors are also involved in the appearance of neurodegenerative states, we discuss the possibility that deficits in long-term potentiation during chronic diabetes might arise from dysfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors in early stages of the disease. This review addresses the possible role of hyperglycaemia and insulin in regulating these receptors. D","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39871604,"asset_id":18092677,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38044274,"first_name":"Sylvain","last_name":"Gagnon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SylvainGagnon","display_name":"Sylvain Gagnon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SylvainGagnon?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":58513,"name":"Learning and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Memory-1?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":61233,"name":"Glutamate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate?f_ri=32003"},{"id":71290,"name":"Hyperglycemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hyperglycemia?f_ri=32003"},{"id":71400,"name":"Insulin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insulin?f_ri=32003"},{"id":71511,"name":"Diabetes mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes_mellitus?f_ri=32003"},{"id":89802,"name":"Glutamate receptors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate_receptors?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":341121,"name":"Cognitive impairment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_impairment?f_ri=32003"},{"id":409525,"name":"Carbohydrate metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbohydrate_metabolism?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1881412,"name":"Chromosome Pairing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chromosome_Pairing?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2012816,"name":"Glutamate Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate_Receptor?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62098394" data-work_id="62098394" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62098394/Cell_Cultures_From_Animal_Models_of_Alzheimers_Disease_as_a_Tool_for_Faster_Screening_and_Testing_of_Drug_Efficacy">Cell Cultures From Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease as a Tool for Faster Screening and Testing of Drug Efficacy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Approximately 2 million people in the United States suffer from Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common cause of chronic dementia among the aging population. During the last 7 yr, excellent opportunities to screen drugs against... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62098394" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Approximately 2 million people in the United States suffer from Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common cause of chronic dementia among the aging population. During the last 7 yr, excellent opportunities to screen drugs against AD have been provided by animal models of the disease. Because even in the fastest model, AD pathology does not start before the end of the second month, it has been necessary to wait at least until that age to inject drugs into the animal to assess whether they prevent, reduce, or revert synaptic impairment, plaque formation, and increase of β-amyloid (Aβ) levels, the main features of the disease. A solution to the problems mentioned above is achieved by the present fast, efficient, and reproducible cultured cell system from animal models of AD or Aβ-associated diseases, for the screening and testing of compounds for the treatment and therapy of AD or Aβ-associated diseases.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62098394" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5aa054eeea68aa33d5118a10f8f0f094" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74952608,"asset_id":62098394,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74952608/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="146117408" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoelJacob35">Joel Jacob</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="146117408" type="text/json">{"id":146117408,"first_name":"Joel","last_name":"Jacob","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoelJacob35","display_name":"Joel Jacob","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoelJacob35?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62098394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62098394"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62098394, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62098394", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism">Polymorphism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3855" type="text/json">{"id":3855,"name":"Polymorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation">Long Term Potentiation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4247" type="text/json">{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=576752]'), work: {"id":576752,"title":"Schizophrenia susceptibility genes converge on interlinked pathways related to glutamatergic transmission and long-term potentiation, oxidative stress and 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Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":61233,"name":"Glutamate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate?f_ri=32003"},{"id":159033,"name":"Genetic determinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_determinism?f_ri=32003"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission?f_ri=32003"},{"id":181936,"name":"Gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene?f_ri=32003"},{"id":251027,"name":"NMDA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NMDA?f_ri=32003"},{"id":279546,"name":"Association","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Association?f_ri=32003"},{"id":316015,"name":"Gen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gen?f_ri=32003"},{"id":401947,"name":"Sensitivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":999803,"name":"Gene Family","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Family?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2468494,"name":"False Positive","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/False_Positive?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2555845,"name":"NMDA receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NMDA_receptor?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15520064" data-work_id="15520064" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15520064/An_impairment_of_hippocampal_synaptic_plasticity_in_mice_lacking_mGlu7_receptors">An impairment of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in mice lacking mGlu7 receptors</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Eight subtypes of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have been identified of which two, mGlu5 and mGlu7, are highly expressed at synapses made between CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. This input, the Schaffer... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15520064" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Eight subtypes of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have been identified of which two, mGlu5 and mGlu7, are highly expressed at synapses made between CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. This input, the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway, displays robust long-term potentiation (LTP), a process believed to utilise molecular mechanisms that are key processes involved in the synaptic basis of learning and memory. To investigate the possible function in LTP of mGlu7 receptors, a subtype for which no specific antagonists exist, we generated a mouse lacking this receptor, by homologous recombination. We found that LTP could be induced in mGlu7-/-mice and that once the potentiation had reached a stable level there was no difference in the magnitude of LTP between mGlu7-/-mice and their littermate controls. However, the initial decremental phase of LTP, known as short-term potentiation (STP), was greatly attenuated in the mGlu7-/-mouse. In addition, there was less frequency facilitation during, and less post-tetanic potentiation following, a high frequency train in the mGlu7-/-mouse. These results show that the absence of mGlu7 receptors results in alterations in short-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15520064" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f82a33c3d8af4860402aae5f9111dcfb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43123321,"asset_id":15520064,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43123321/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34673384" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TrevorBushell">Trevor Bushell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34673384" type="text/json">{"id":34673384,"first_name":"Trevor","last_name":"Bushell","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TrevorBushell","display_name":"Trevor Bushell","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TrevorBushell?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15520064 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15520064"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15520064, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15520064", }); 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This input, the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway, displays robust long-term potentiation (LTP), a process believed to utilise molecular mechanisms that are key processes involved in the synaptic basis of learning and memory. To investigate the possible function in LTP of mGlu7 receptors, a subtype for which no specific antagonists exist, we generated a mouse lacking this receptor, by homologous recombination. We found that LTP could be induced in mGlu7-/-mice and that once the potentiation had reached a stable level there was no difference in the magnitude of LTP between mGlu7-/-mice and their littermate controls. However, the initial decremental phase of LTP, known as short-term potentiation (STP), was greatly attenuated in the mGlu7-/-mouse. In addition, there was less frequency facilitation during, and less post-tetanic potentiation following, a high frequency train in the mGlu7-/-mouse. These results show that the absence of mGlu7 receptors results in alterations in short-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43123321,"asset_id":15520064,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34673384,"first_name":"Trevor","last_name":"Bushell","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TrevorBushell","display_name":"Trevor Bushell","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TrevorBushell?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":7955,"name":"Neuropharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropharmacology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21853579" data-work_id="21853579" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21853579/Alzheimer_s_disease_cerebrovascular_dysfunction_and_the_benefits_of_exercise_From_vessels_to_neurons">Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrovascular dysfunction and the benefits of exercise: From vessels to neurons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Many lines of independent research have provided convergent evidence regarding oxidative stress, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical studies spurred by these findings engage basic and clinical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21853579" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Many lines of independent research have provided convergent evidence regarding oxidative stress, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical studies spurred by these findings engage basic and clinical communities with tangible results regarding molecular targets and patient outcomes. Focusing on recent progress in characterizing age-related diseases specifically highlights oxidative stress and mechanisms for therapeutic action in AD. Oxidative stress has been investigated independently for its relationship with aging and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and provides evidence of shared pathophysiology across these conditions. The mechanisms by which oxidative stress impacts the cerebrovasculature and bloodbrain barrier are of critical importance for evaluating antioxidant therapies. Clinical research has identified homocysteine as a relevant risk factor for AD and dementia; basic research into molecular mechanisms associated with homocysteine metabolism has revealed important findings. Oxidative stress has direct implications in the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases and careful scrutiny of oxidative stress in the CNS has therapeutic implications for future clinical trials. These mechanisms of dysfunction, acting independently or in concert, through oxidative stress may provide the research community with concise working concepts and promising new directions to yield new methods for evaluation and treatment of dementia and AD.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21853579" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ca327256fbb68f0fac60b2d7e3d16343" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42597395,"asset_id":21853579,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42597395/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33346" href="https://utsa.academia.edu/GeorgePerry">George Perry</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33346" type="text/json">{"id":33346,"first_name":"George","last_name":"Perry","domain_name":"utsa","page_name":"GeorgePerry","display_name":"George Perry","profile_url":"https://utsa.academia.edu/GeorgePerry?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33346/79273/127429599/s65_george.perry.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21853579 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21853579"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21853579, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21853579", }); 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Clinical studies spurred by these findings engage basic and clinical communities with tangible results regarding molecular targets and patient outcomes. Focusing on recent progress in characterizing age-related diseases specifically highlights oxidative stress and mechanisms for therapeutic action in AD. Oxidative stress has been investigated independently for its relationship with aging and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and provides evidence of shared pathophysiology across these conditions. The mechanisms by which oxidative stress impacts the cerebrovasculature and bloodbrain barrier are of critical importance for evaluating antioxidant therapies. Clinical research has identified homocysteine as a relevant risk factor for AD and dementia; basic research into molecular mechanisms associated with homocysteine metabolism has revealed important findings. Oxidative stress has direct implications in the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases and careful scrutiny of oxidative stress in the CNS has therapeutic implications for future clinical trials. These mechanisms of dysfunction, acting independently or in concert, through oxidative stress may provide the research community with concise working concepts and promising new directions to yield new methods for evaluation and treatment of dementia and AD.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42597395,"asset_id":21853579,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33346,"first_name":"George","last_name":"Perry","domain_name":"utsa","page_name":"GeorgePerry","display_name":"George Perry","profile_url":"https://utsa.academia.edu/GeorgePerry?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33346/79273/127429599/s65_george.perry.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":3662,"name":"Dementia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dementia?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4531,"name":"Clinical Trial","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Trial?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":24735,"name":"Cardiovascular disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_disease?f_ri=32003"},{"id":25443,"name":"Exercise therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_therapy?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics?f_ri=32003"},{"id":37848,"name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Diseases?f_ri=32003"},{"id":93922,"name":"Nitric oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_oxide?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":138877,"name":"Vascular endothelium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vascular_endothelium?f_ri=32003"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=32003"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=32003"},{"id":195983,"name":"Homocysteine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homocysteine?f_ri=32003"},{"id":197120,"name":"Endothelial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endothelial_dysfunction?f_ri=32003"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=32003"},{"id":295257,"name":"Antioxidant enzyme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant_enzyme?f_ri=32003"},{"id":426588,"name":"Blood Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_Flow?f_ri=32003"},{"id":546356,"name":"Clinical Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Study?f_ri=32003"},{"id":557543,"name":"Blood Vessels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_Vessels?f_ri=32003"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1120234,"name":"Alzheimer Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alzheimer_Disease?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1205102,"name":"Cerebrovascular Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebrovascular_Disorders?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19894209 coauthored" data-work_id="19894209" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19894209/Effects_of_moderate_and_chronic_exercise_on_the_nitrergic_system_and_behavioral_parameters_in_rats">Effects of moderate and chronic exercise on the nitrergic system and behavioral parameters in rats</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Several reports suggest that nitric oxide (NO) could play a critical role on synaptic plasticity related to physical activity improving learning and memory; thus, physical exercise would have important effects on cerebral health. In order... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19894209" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Several reports suggest that nitric oxide (NO) could play a critical role on synaptic plasticity related to physical activity improving learning and memory; thus, physical exercise would have important effects on cerebral health. In order to analyze the long-term effects of chronic moderate physical training on the morphology and activity of nitrergic neurons belonging to the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum, and their relationship with behavioral parameters. Wistar rats were aerobically trained (AT) up to the age of 18 months and compared to sedentary controls (SC). At the end of the training protocol behavioral parameters were analyzed in an eight-arms radial maze. Rats were sacrificed by perfusion fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were dissected out and coronal sections containing the three mentioned areas were obtained. The neurons expressing nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were stained using the technique of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19894209" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="417c338f767f235a66a8450a0898a986" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40904029,"asset_id":19894209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40904029/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40729315" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JuanL%C3%B3pezcosta">Juan López-costa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40729315" type="text/json">{"id":40729315,"first_name":"Juan","last_name":"López-costa","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JuanLópezcosta","display_name":"Juan López-costa","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JuanL%C3%B3pezcosta?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19894209">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19894209"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdrianaPietrelli">Adriana Pietrelli</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19894209'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19894209').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19894209 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19894209"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19894209; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19894209]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19894209").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19894209").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19894209"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2749" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior">Animal Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2749" type="text/json">{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9112" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity">Physical Activity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9112" type="text/json">{"id":9112,"name":"Physical Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9351" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Analysis">Image Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9351" type="text/json">{"id":9351,"name":"Image Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Analysis?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19894209]'), work: {"id":19894209,"title":"Effects of moderate and chronic exercise on the nitrergic system and behavioral parameters in rats","created_at":"2015-12-29T15:28:38.565-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19894209/Effects_of_moderate_and_chronic_exercise_on_the_nitrergic_system_and_behavioral_parameters_in_rats?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_19894209","summary":"Several reports suggest that nitric oxide (NO) could play a critical role on synaptic plasticity related to physical activity improving learning and memory; thus, physical exercise would have important effects on cerebral health. In order to analyze the long-term effects of chronic moderate physical training on the morphology and activity of nitrergic neurons belonging to the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum, and their relationship with behavioral parameters. Wistar rats were aerobically trained (AT) up to the age of 18 months and compared to sedentary controls (SC). At the end of the training protocol behavioral parameters were analyzed in an eight-arms radial maze. Rats were sacrificed by perfusion fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were dissected out and coronal sections containing the three mentioned areas were obtained. The neurons expressing nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were stained using the technique of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40904029,"asset_id":19894209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40729315,"first_name":"Juan","last_name":"López-costa","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JuanLópezcosta","display_name":"Juan López-costa","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JuanL%C3%B3pezcosta?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":50581416,"first_name":"Adriana","last_name":"Pietrelli","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AdrianaPietrelli","display_name":"Adriana Pietrelli","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AdrianaPietrelli?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":9112,"name":"Physical Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":9351,"name":"Image Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Analysis?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":58513,"name":"Learning and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Memory-1?f_ri=32003"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=32003"},{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=32003"},{"id":233770,"name":"Cognitive Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Performance?f_ri=32003"},{"id":323597,"name":"Fluorescent Antibody Technique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescent_Antibody_Technique?f_ri=32003"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=32003"},{"id":382388,"name":"Nitric Oxide Synthase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_Oxide_Synthase?f_ri=32003"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=32003"},{"id":594772,"name":"Aerobic training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerobic_training?f_ri=32003"},{"id":638048,"name":"Physical Exercise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Exercise?f_ri=32003"},{"id":800515,"name":"Long Term Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Effect?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1014845,"name":"Physical Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Training?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1169505,"name":"Maze Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maze_Learning?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1193624,"name":"Oxygen Consumption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxygen_Consumption?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2002412,"name":"Optical Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Density?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75816672" data-work_id="75816672" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75816672/Bridging_emotion_theory_and_neurobiology_through_dynamic_systems_modeling">Bridging emotion theory and neurobiology through dynamic systems modeling</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Efforts to bridge emotion theory with neurobiology can be facilitated by dynamic systems (DS) modeling. DS principles stipulate higher-order wholes emerging from lower-order constituents through bidirectional causal processes – offering a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75816672" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Efforts to bridge emotion theory with neurobiology can be facilitated by dynamic systems (DS) modeling. DS principles stipulate higher-order wholes emerging from lower-order constituents through bidirectional causal processes – offering a common language for psychological and neurobiological models. After identifying some limitations of mainstream emotion theory, I apply DS principles to emotion–cognition relations. I then present a psychological model based on this reconceptualization, identifying trigger, self-amplification, and self-stabilization phases of emotion-appraisal states, leading to consolidating traits. The article goes on to describe neural structures and functions involved in appraisal and emotion, as well as DS mechanisms of integration by which they interact. These mechanisms include nested feedback interactions, global effects of neuromodulation, vertical integration, action-monitoring, and synaptic plasticity, and they are modeled in terms of both functional inte...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75816672" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0d3a649036974ed0032b9137ddb91a69" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83437037,"asset_id":75816672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83437037/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="95588119" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcLewis14">Marc Lewis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="95588119" type="text/json">{"id":95588119,"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Lewis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcLewis14","display_name":"Marc Lewis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcLewis14?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/95588119/21884622/21162359/s65_marc.lewis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75816672 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75816672"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75816672, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75816672", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75816672]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75816672").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75816672").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75816672"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="254" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion">Emotion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="254" type="text/json">{"id":254,"name":"Emotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4212" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition">Cognition</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4212" type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75816672]'), work: {"id":75816672,"title":"Bridging emotion theory and neurobiology through dynamic systems modeling","created_at":"2022-04-08T06:11:19.710-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75816672/Bridging_emotion_theory_and_neurobiology_through_dynamic_systems_modeling?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_75816672","summary":"Efforts to bridge emotion theory with neurobiology can be facilitated by dynamic systems (DS) modeling. DS principles stipulate higher-order wholes emerging from lower-order constituents through bidirectional causal processes – offering a common language for psychological and neurobiological models. After identifying some limitations of mainstream emotion theory, I apply DS principles to emotion–cognition relations. I then present a psychological model based on this reconceptualization, identifying trigger, self-amplification, and self-stabilization phases of emotion-appraisal states, leading to consolidating traits. The article goes on to describe neural structures and functions involved in appraisal and emotion, as well as DS mechanisms of integration by which they interact. These mechanisms include nested feedback interactions, global effects of neuromodulation, vertical integration, action-monitoring, and synaptic plasticity, and they are modeled in terms of both functional inte...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83437037,"asset_id":75816672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":95588119,"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Lewis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcLewis14","display_name":"Marc Lewis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcLewis14?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/95588119/21884622/21162359/s65_marc.lewis.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":254,"name":"Emotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":42162,"name":"Emotions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotions?f_ri=32003"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=32003"},{"id":84032,"name":"Appraisal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Appraisal?f_ri=32003"},{"id":97252,"name":"Comprehension","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comprehension?f_ri=32003"},{"id":210005,"name":"Dynamic systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_systems?f_ri=32003"},{"id":299563,"name":"Self Organization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Organization?f_ri=32003"},{"id":325701,"name":"Functional integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_integration?f_ri=32003"},{"id":598602,"name":"Psychological Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Theory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":634757,"name":"Dynamic Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_Systems-1?f_ri=32003"},{"id":868912,"name":"Dynamic System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_System?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2948559,"name":"Higher order","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_order?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_58975977" data-work_id="58975977" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58975977/The_neurotrophin_receptors_trkA_trkB_and_trkC_are_differentially_regulated_after_excitotoxic_lesion_in_rat_striatum">The neurotrophin receptors trkA, trkB and trkC are differentially regulated after excitotoxic lesion in rat striatum</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the present work, we examined the time-dependent changes in trkA, trk B and trkC mRNA levels induced by the injection of glutamate receptor agonists into the striatum. Changes in trk mRNAs induced by quinolinate,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_58975977" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the present work, we examined the time-dependent changes in trkA, trk B and trkC mRNA levels induced by the injection of glutamate receptor agonists into the striatum. Changes in trk mRNAs induced by quinolinate, a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazo-Ž. Ž. lepropionate AMPA , kainate or 1S,3 R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid ACPD were analyzed by a ribonuclease protection assay. All high-affinity neurotrophin receptors showed differential regulation after intrastriatal injury. Up-regulation of trkA expression was observed in kainate-or ACPD-injected striata at 10 and 24 h, respectively, whereas quinolinate injection induced down-regulation between 4 and 6 h after injury. Interestingly, all the excitatory amino acid receptor agonists induced up-regulation of trk B-kinase mRNA levels. This increase was maximal between 2 and 4 h after injection except in kainate injected striata, which showed the peak of expression at 10 h. In contrast, no changes in trkC mRNA expression were observed after striatal excitotoxic injury. In conclusion, our results show that trk receptor mRNA levels are differentially regulated by excitatory amino acid receptor agonists in the striatum, suggesting that changes in the levels of neurotrophin receptors might be involved either in synaptic plasticity processes or in neuronal protection in the striatal excitotoxic paradigm.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/58975977" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="805ef36a8a1cd00d013b99e68ff672b0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73126265,"asset_id":58975977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73126265/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37628743" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EstherP%C3%A9rezNavarro">Esther Pérez-Navarro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37628743" type="text/json">{"id":37628743,"first_name":"Esther","last_name":"Pérez-Navarro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EstherPérezNavarro","display_name":"Esther Pérez-Navarro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EstherP%C3%A9rezNavarro?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_58975977 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="58975977"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 58975977, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_58975977", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_58975977 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58975977; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_58975977"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_58975977 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="58975977"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58975977; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=58975977]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_58975977").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_58975977").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="58975977"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="310960" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/mRna_expression_levels">mRna expression levels</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="310960" type="text/json">{"id":310960,"name":"mRna expression levels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/mRna_expression_levels?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="375054" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats">Rats</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="375054" type="text/json">{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=58975977]'), work: {"id":58975977,"title":"The neurotrophin receptors trkA, trkB and trkC are differentially regulated after excitotoxic lesion in rat striatum","created_at":"2021-10-19T00:53:08.509-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/58975977/The_neurotrophin_receptors_trkA_trkB_and_trkC_are_differentially_regulated_after_excitotoxic_lesion_in_rat_striatum?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_58975977","summary":"In the present work, we examined the time-dependent changes in trkA, trk B and trkC mRNA levels induced by the injection of glutamate receptor agonists into the striatum. Changes in trk mRNAs induced by quinolinate, a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazo-Ž. Ž. lepropionate AMPA , kainate or 1S,3 R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid ACPD were analyzed by a ribonuclease protection assay. All high-affinity neurotrophin receptors showed differential regulation after intrastriatal injury. Up-regulation of trkA expression was observed in kainate-or ACPD-injected striata at 10 and 24 h, respectively, whereas quinolinate injection induced down-regulation between 4 and 6 h after injury. Interestingly, all the excitatory amino acid receptor agonists induced up-regulation of trk B-kinase mRNA levels. This increase was maximal between 2 and 4 h after injection except in kainate injected striata, which showed the peak of expression at 10 h. In contrast, no changes in trkC mRNA expression were observed after striatal excitotoxic injury. In conclusion, our results show that trk receptor mRNA levels are differentially regulated by excitatory amino acid receptor agonists in the striatum, suggesting that changes in the levels of neurotrophin receptors might be involved either in synaptic plasticity processes or in neuronal protection in the striatal excitotoxic paradigm.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73126265,"asset_id":58975977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37628743,"first_name":"Esther","last_name":"Pérez-Navarro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EstherPérezNavarro","display_name":"Esther Pérez-Navarro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EstherP%C3%A9rezNavarro?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":310960,"name":"mRna expression levels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/mRna_expression_levels?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":394477,"name":"Time Dependent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Dependent?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2012816,"name":"Glutamate Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate_Receptor?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2486335,"name":"Corpus striatum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_striatum?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26468149" data-work_id="26468149" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26468149/Intermittent_fasting_and_caloric_restriction_ameliorate_age_related_behavioral_deficits_in_the_triple_transgenic_mouse_model_of_Alzheimers_disease">Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction ameliorate age-related behavioral deficits in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function associated with the neuropathological hallmarks amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Because aging... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26468149" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function associated with the neuropathological hallmarks amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Because aging is the major risk factor for AD, and dietary energy restriction can retard aging processes in the brain, we tested the hypothesis that two different energy restriction regimens, 40% calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF) can protect against cognitive decline in the triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTgAD mice). Groups of 3xTgAD mice were maintained on an ad libitum control diet, or CR or IF diets, beginning at 3 months of age. Half of the mice in each diet group were subjected to behavioral testing (Morris swim task and open field apparatus) at 10 months of age and the other half at 17 months of age. At 10 months 3xTgAD mice on the control diet exhibited reduced exploratory activity compared to nontransgenic mice and to 3xTgAD mice on CR and IF diets. Overall, there were no major differences in performance in the water maze among genotypes or diets in 10-month-old mice. In 17-month-old 3xTgAD mice the CR and IF groups exhibited higher levels of exploratory behavior, and performed better in both the goal latency and probe trials of the swim task, compared to 3xTgAD mice on the control diet. 3xTgAD mice in the CR group showed lower levels of Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42 and phospho-tau in the hippocampus compared to the control diet group, whereas Aβ and phospho-tau levels were not decreased in 3xTgAD mice in the IF group. IF may therefore protect neurons against adverse effects of Aβ and tau pathologies on synaptic function. We conclude that CR and IF dietary regimens can ameliorate age-related deficits in cognitive function by mechanisms that may or may not be related to Aβ and tau pathologies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26468149" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a4ab336d813ff3b56e57a846dc4ccec9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46761988,"asset_id":26468149,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46761988/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50348120" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RoyCutler">Roy Cutler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50348120" type="text/json">{"id":50348120,"first_name":"Roy","last_name":"Cutler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RoyCutler","display_name":"Roy Cutler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RoyCutler?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26468149 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26468149"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26468149, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26468149", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26468149]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26468149").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26468149").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26468149"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2214" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology_Of_Disease">Neurobiology Of Disease</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2214" type="text/json">{"id":2214,"name":"Neurobiology Of Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology_Of_Disease?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25804" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology">Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25804" type="text/json">{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26468149]'), work: {"id":26468149,"title":"Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction ameliorate age-related behavioral deficits in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","created_at":"2016-06-24T09:27:23.724-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26468149/Intermittent_fasting_and_caloric_restriction_ameliorate_age_related_behavioral_deficits_in_the_triple_transgenic_mouse_model_of_Alzheimers_disease?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_26468149","summary":"Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function associated with the neuropathological hallmarks amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Because aging is the major risk factor for AD, and dietary energy restriction can retard aging processes in the brain, we tested the hypothesis that two different energy restriction regimens, 40% calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF) can protect against cognitive decline in the triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTgAD mice). Groups of 3xTgAD mice were maintained on an ad libitum control diet, or CR or IF diets, beginning at 3 months of age. Half of the mice in each diet group were subjected to behavioral testing (Morris swim task and open field apparatus) at 10 months of age and the other half at 17 months of age. At 10 months 3xTgAD mice on the control diet exhibited reduced exploratory activity compared to nontransgenic mice and to 3xTgAD mice on CR and IF diets. Overall, there were no major differences in performance in the water maze among genotypes or diets in 10-month-old mice. In 17-month-old 3xTgAD mice the CR and IF groups exhibited higher levels of exploratory behavior, and performed better in both the goal latency and probe trials of the swim task, compared to 3xTgAD mice on the control diet. 3xTgAD mice in the CR group showed lower levels of Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42 and phospho-tau in the hippocampus compared to the control diet group, whereas Aβ and phospho-tau levels were not decreased in 3xTgAD mice in the IF group. IF may therefore protect neurons against adverse effects of Aβ and tau pathologies on synaptic function. We conclude that CR and IF dietary regimens can ameliorate age-related deficits in cognitive function by mechanisms that may or may not be related to Aβ and tau pathologies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46761988,"asset_id":26468149,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50348120,"first_name":"Roy","last_name":"Cutler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RoyCutler","display_name":"Roy Cutler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RoyCutler?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2214,"name":"Neurobiology Of Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology_Of_Disease?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":37931,"name":"Transgenic Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transgenic_Mice?f_ri=32003"},{"id":58513,"name":"Learning and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Memory-1?f_ri=32003"},{"id":71459,"name":"Fasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fasting?f_ri=32003"},{"id":81805,"name":"Calorie restriction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calorie_restriction?f_ri=32003"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=32003"},{"id":121707,"name":"Open Field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Open_Field?f_ri=32003"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=32003"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":441653,"name":"Cognitive Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Function?f_ri=32003"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=32003"},{"id":766081,"name":"Caloric Restriction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caloric_Restriction?f_ri=32003"},{"id":891140,"name":"Cognitive Decline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Decline?f_ri=32003"},{"id":994239,"name":"Transgenic Mouse Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transgenic_Mouse_Technology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1120234,"name":"Alzheimer Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alzheimer_Disease?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1169505,"name":"Maze Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maze_Learning?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1916141,"name":"Water maze","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_maze?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2058817,"name":"Immunoblotting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunoblotting?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2246318,"name":"Motor activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_activity?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30223795 coauthored" data-work_id="30223795" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30223795/Plasticity_related_microRNA_and_their_potential_contribution_to_the_maintenance_of_long_term_potentiation">Plasticity-related microRNA and their potential contribution to the maintenance of long-term potentiation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a form of synaptic plasticity that is an excellent model for the molecular mechanisms that underlie memory. LTP, like memory, is persistent, and both are widely believed to be maintained by a coordinated... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30223795" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a form of synaptic plasticity that is an excellent model for the molecular mechanisms that underlie memory. LTP, like memory, is persistent, and both are widely believed to be maintained by a coordinated genomic response. Recently, a novel class of non-coding RNA, microRNA, has been implicated in the regulation of LTP. MicroRNA negatively regulate protein synthesis by binding to specific messenger RNA response elements. The aim of this review is to summarize experimental evidence for the proposal that microRNA play a major role in the regulation of LTP. We discuss a growing body of research which indicates that specific microRNA regulate synaptic proteins relevant to LTP maintenance, as well as studies that have reported differential expression of microRNA in response to LTP induction. We conclude that microRNA are ideally suited to contribute to the regulation of LTP-related gene expression; microRNA are pleiotropic, synaptically located, tightly reg...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30223795" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e1e7353285dd5a9bb2a3c55d6b335462" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50682898,"asset_id":30223795,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50682898/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="57729070" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrigidRyan2">Brigid Ryan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="57729070" type="text/json">{"id":57729070,"first_name":"Brigid","last_name":"Ryan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrigidRyan2","display_name":"Brigid Ryan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrigidRyan2?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-30223795">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-30223795"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoannaWilliams6">Joanna Williams</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-30223795'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-30223795').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30223795 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30223795"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30223795; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30223795]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30223795").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30223795").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30223795"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation">Long Term Potentiation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4247" type="text/json">{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5490" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MicroRNA">MicroRNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5490" type="text/json">{"id":5490,"name":"MicroRNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MicroRNA?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46858" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory">Memory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46858" type="text/json">{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30223795]'), work: {"id":30223795,"title":"Plasticity-related microRNA and their potential contribution to the maintenance of long-term potentiation","created_at":"2016-12-02T12:07:54.693-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30223795/Plasticity_related_microRNA_and_their_potential_contribution_to_the_maintenance_of_long_term_potentiation?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_30223795","summary":"Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a form of synaptic plasticity that is an excellent model for the molecular mechanisms that underlie memory. LTP, like memory, is persistent, and both are widely believed to be maintained by a coordinated genomic response. Recently, a novel class of non-coding RNA, microRNA, has been implicated in the regulation of LTP. MicroRNA negatively regulate protein synthesis by binding to specific messenger RNA response elements. The aim of this review is to summarize experimental evidence for the proposal that microRNA play a major role in the regulation of LTP. We discuss a growing body of research which indicates that specific microRNA regulate synaptic proteins relevant to LTP maintenance, as well as studies that have reported differential expression of microRNA in response to LTP induction. We conclude that microRNA are ideally suited to contribute to the regulation of LTP-related gene expression; microRNA are pleiotropic, synaptically located, tightly reg...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50682898,"asset_id":30223795,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57729070,"first_name":"Brigid","last_name":"Ryan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrigidRyan2","display_name":"Brigid Ryan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrigidRyan2?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":57560964,"first_name":"Joanna","last_name":"Williams","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoannaWilliams6","display_name":"Joanna Williams","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoannaWilliams6?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":5490,"name":"MicroRNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MicroRNA?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19235698" data-work_id="19235698" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19235698/Slow_waves_synaptic_plasticity_and_information_processing_insights_from_transcranial_magnetic_stimulation_and_high_density_EEG_experiments">Slow waves, synaptic plasticity and information processing: insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation and high-density EEG experiments</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19235698" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c19f0f3921983c6a2362084de1a1245d" rel="nofollow" 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19235698").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19235698"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation">Long Term Potentiation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4247" type="text/json">{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6565" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcranial_Magnetic_Stimulation">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6565" type="text/json">{"id":6565,"name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcranial_Magnetic_Stimulation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19235698]'), work: {"id":19235698,"title":"Slow waves, synaptic plasticity and information processing: insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation and high-density EEG experiments","created_at":"2015-11-30T07:44:48.683-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19235698/Slow_waves_synaptic_plasticity_and_information_processing_insights_from_transcranial_magnetic_stimulation_and_high_density_EEG_experiments?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_19235698","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40507510,"asset_id":19235698,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39470084,"first_name":"Marcello","last_name":"Massimini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcelloMassimini","display_name":"Marcello Massimini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcelloMassimini?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39470084/29062669/27100280/s65_marcello.massimini.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":6565,"name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcranial_Magnetic_Stimulation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":9040,"name":"Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness?f_ri=32003"},{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=32003"},{"id":12176,"name":"Information Integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Integration?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":36837,"name":"Information Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Processing?f_ri=32003"},{"id":66228,"name":"Thalamus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thalamus?f_ri=32003"},{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":133324,"name":"Sleep","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sleep?f_ri=32003"},{"id":174781,"name":"Oscillations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oscillations?f_ri=32003"},{"id":190905,"name":"Periodicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Periodicity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":194177,"name":"Cortical Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cortical_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=32003"},{"id":424245,"name":"Information Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Transmission?f_ri=32003"},{"id":620661,"name":"High Density Concrete","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Density_Concrete?f_ri=32003"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13501392" data-work_id="13501392" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13501392/Experience_dependent_structural_synaptic_plasticity_in_the_mammalian_brain">Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">| Synaptic plasticity in adult neural circuits may involve the strengthening or weakening of existing synapses as well as structural plasticity, including synapse formation and elimination. Indeed, long-term in vivo imaging studies are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13501392" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">| Synaptic plasticity in adult neural circuits may involve the strengthening or weakening of existing synapses as well as structural plasticity, including synapse formation and elimination. Indeed, long-term in vivo imaging studies are beginning to reveal the structural dynamics of neocortical neurons in the normal and injured adult brain. Although the overall cell-specific morphology of axons and dendrites, as well as of a subpopulation of small synaptic structures, are remarkably stable, there is increasing evidence that experiencedependent plasticity of specific circuits in the somatosensory and visual cortex involves cell type-specific structural plasticity: some boutons and dendritic spines appear and disappear, accompanied by synapse formation and elimination, respectively. This Review focuses on recent evidence for such structural forms of synaptic plasticity in the mammalian cortex and outlines open questions. nature revIewS | neuroScience <a href="http://www.nature.com/reviews/neuro" rel="nofollow">www.nature.com/reviews/neuro</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13501392" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="464a97437c902f377b574a95e04e7f40" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45263497,"asset_id":13501392,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45263497/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32704594" href="https://unige.academia.edu/AnthonyHoltmaat">Anthony Holtmaat</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32704594" type="text/json">{"id":32704594,"first_name":"Anthony","last_name":"Holtmaat","domain_name":"unige","page_name":"AnthonyHoltmaat","display_name":"Anthony Holtmaat","profile_url":"https://unige.academia.edu/AnthonyHoltmaat?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13501392 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13501392"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13501392, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13501392", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13501392]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13501392").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13501392").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13501392"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3777" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis">Neurogenesis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3777" type="text/json">{"id":3777,"name":"Neurogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4070" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Dynamics">Structural Dynamics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4070" type="text/json">{"id":4070,"name":"Structural Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Dynamics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13501392]'), work: {"id":13501392,"title":"Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain","created_at":"2015-07-01T08:29:56.067-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13501392/Experience_dependent_structural_synaptic_plasticity_in_the_mammalian_brain?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_13501392","summary":"| Synaptic plasticity in adult neural circuits may involve the strengthening or weakening of existing synapses as well as structural plasticity, including synapse formation and elimination. Indeed, long-term in vivo imaging studies are beginning to reveal the structural dynamics of neocortical neurons in the normal and injured adult brain. Although the overall cell-specific morphology of axons and dendrites, as well as of a subpopulation of small synaptic structures, are remarkably stable, there is increasing evidence that experiencedependent plasticity of specific circuits in the somatosensory and visual cortex involves cell type-specific structural plasticity: some boutons and dendritic spines appear and disappear, accompanied by synapse formation and elimination, respectively. This Review focuses on recent evidence for such structural forms of synaptic plasticity in the mammalian cortex and outlines open questions. nature revIewS | neuroScience www.nature.com/reviews/neuro","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45263497,"asset_id":13501392,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32704594,"first_name":"Anthony","last_name":"Holtmaat","domain_name":"unige","page_name":"AnthonyHoltmaat","display_name":"Anthony Holtmaat","profile_url":"https://unige.academia.edu/AnthonyHoltmaat?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":3777,"name":"Neurogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4070,"name":"Structural Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Dynamics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=32003"},{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex?f_ri=32003"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=32003"},{"id":62693,"name":"Synapse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synapse?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":189685,"name":"In Vivo Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vivo_Imaging?f_ri=32003"},{"id":277717,"name":"Somatosensory Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somatosensory_Cortex?f_ri=32003"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=32003"},{"id":432089,"name":"Experience-Dependent Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experience-Dependent_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":535713,"name":"Dendrite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dendrite?f_ri=32003"},{"id":908385,"name":"Long Term","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2228752,"name":"Visual Pathway","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Pathway?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14314037 coauthored" data-work_id="14314037" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14314037/Event_driven_contrastive_divergence_neural_sampling_foundations">Event-driven contrastive divergence: neural sampling foundations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) and Deep Belief Networks have been demonstrated to perform efficiently in a variety of applications, such as dimensionality reduction, feature learning, and classification. Their implementation on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14314037" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) and Deep Belief Networks have been demonstrated to perform efficiently in a variety of applications, such as dimensionality reduction, feature learning, and classification. Their implementation on neuromorphic hardware platforms emulating large-scale networks of spiking neurons can have significant advantages from the perspectives of scalability, power dissipation and real-time interfacing with the environment. However, the traditional RBM architecture and the commonly used training algorithm known as Contrastive Divergence (CD) are based on discrete updates and exact arithmetics which do not directly map onto a dynamical neural substrate. Here, we present an event-driven variation of CD to train a RBM constructed with Integrate & Fire (I&F) neurons, that is constrained by the limitations of existing and near future neuromorphic hardware platforms. Our strategy is based on neural sampling, which allows us to synthesize a spiking neural network that samples from a target Boltzmann distribution. The recurrent activity of the network replaces the discrete steps of the CD algorithm, while Spike Time Dependent Plasticity (STDP) carries out the weight updates in an online, asynchronous fashion. We demonstrate our approach by training an RBM composed of leaky I&F neurons with STDP synapses to learn a generative model of the MNIST hand-written digit dataset, and by testing it in recognition, generation and cue integration tasks. Our results contribute to a machine learning-driven approach for synthesizing networks of spiking neurons capable of carrying out practical, high-level functionality.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14314037" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="36d132a3844735a255c95ea2ddc4a45a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44330306,"asset_id":14314037,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44330306/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33266562" href="https://ucsd.academia.edu/KennethKreutzdelgado">Kenneth Kreutz-delgado</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33266562" type="text/json">{"id":33266562,"first_name":"Kenneth","last_name":"Kreutz-delgado","domain_name":"ucsd","page_name":"KennethKreutzdelgado","display_name":"Kenneth Kreutz-delgado","profile_url":"https://ucsd.academia.edu/KennethKreutzdelgado?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-14314037">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-14314037"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ucsd.academia.edu/GertCauwenberghs">Gert Cauwenberghs</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-14314037'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-14314037').html(); 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Their implementation on neuromorphic hardware platforms emulating large-scale networks of spiking neurons can have significant advantages from the perspectives of scalability, power dissipation and real-time interfacing with the environment. However, the traditional RBM architecture and the commonly used training algorithm known as Contrastive Divergence (CD) are based on discrete updates and exact arithmetics which do not directly map onto a dynamical neural substrate. Here, we present an event-driven variation of CD to train a RBM constructed with Integrate \u0026 Fire (I\u0026F) neurons, that is constrained by the limitations of existing and near future neuromorphic hardware platforms. Our strategy is based on neural sampling, which allows us to synthesize a spiking neural network that samples from a target Boltzmann distribution. The recurrent activity of the network replaces the discrete steps of the CD algorithm, while Spike Time Dependent Plasticity (STDP) carries out the weight updates in an online, asynchronous fashion. We demonstrate our approach by training an RBM composed of leaky I\u0026F neurons with STDP synapses to learn a generative model of the MNIST hand-written digit dataset, and by testing it in recognition, generation and cue integration tasks. Our results contribute to a machine learning-driven approach for synthesizing networks of spiking neurons capable of carrying out practical, high-level functionality.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44330306,"asset_id":14314037,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33266562,"first_name":"Kenneth","last_name":"Kreutz-delgado","domain_name":"ucsd","page_name":"KennethKreutzdelgado","display_name":"Kenneth Kreutz-delgado","profile_url":"https://ucsd.academia.edu/KennethKreutzdelgado?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":33320929,"first_name":"Gert","last_name":"Cauwenberghs","domain_name":"ucsd","page_name":"GertCauwenberghs","display_name":"Gert Cauwenberghs","profile_url":"https://ucsd.academia.edu/GertCauwenberghs?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33320929/42500187/34082113/s65_gert.cauwenberghs.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":85262,"name":"Markov Chain Monte Carlo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Markov_Chain_Monte_Carlo?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10994810" data-work_id="10994810" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10994810/Huperzia_saururus_activity_on_synaptic_transmission_in_the_hippocampus">Huperzia saururus, activity on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. (Lycopodiaceae) known as cola de quirquincho is used in folk medicine to improve memory. The cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, including those in the medial septum, and in the vertical limbs of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10994810" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. (Lycopodiaceae) known as cola de quirquincho is used in folk medicine to improve memory. The cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, including those in the medial septum, and in the vertical limbs of the diagonal band of Broca and the nucleus basalis of Meynert, provide a major source of cholinergic enervation of the cortex and hippocampus. These neurons have also been shown to play an important role in learning and memory processes. Thus, the effects of this traditional Argentinean species were studied in relation to its activity on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. The alkaloid extract obtained first by decoction of the aerial parts and by subsequent alkaline extraction, was purified by using a Sephadex LH 20 packed column.Electrophysiological experiments were developed with the purified extract (E2) on rat hippocampus slices, thus eliciting long-term potentiation (LTP). Results show a marked increase in the hippocampal synaptic plasticity. The threshold value for generation of LTP was 22 ± 1.01 Hz on average for E2, while for controls it was 86 ± 0.92 Hz. All of these factors could explain the use of Huperzia saururus as a memory improver as is reported in the ethnomedicine.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10994810" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="714e89d695c4377f19e878e7ee71f6b1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46977632,"asset_id":10994810,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46977632/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26626101" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarielaPerez5">Mariela Perez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26626101" type="text/json">{"id":26626101,"first_name":"Mariela","last_name":"Perez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarielaPerez5","display_name":"Mariela Perez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarielaPerez5?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10994810 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10994810"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10994810, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10994810", }); 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Trevis. (Lycopodiaceae) known as cola de quirquincho is used in folk medicine to improve memory. The cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, including those in the medial septum, and in the vertical limbs of the diagonal band of Broca and the nucleus basalis of Meynert, provide a major source of cholinergic enervation of the cortex and hippocampus. These neurons have also been shown to play an important role in learning and memory processes. Thus, the effects of this traditional Argentinean species were studied in relation to its activity on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. The alkaloid extract obtained first by decoction of the aerial parts and by subsequent alkaline extraction, was purified by using a Sephadex LH 20 packed column.Electrophysiological experiments were developed with the purified extract (E2) on rat hippocampus slices, thus eliciting long-term potentiation (LTP). Results show a marked increase in the hippocampal synaptic plasticity. The threshold value for generation of LTP was 22 ± 1.01 Hz on average for E2, while for controls it was 86 ± 0.92 Hz. All of these factors could explain the use of Huperzia saururus as a memory improver as is reported in the ethnomedicine.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46977632,"asset_id":10994810,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26626101,"first_name":"Mariela","last_name":"Perez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarielaPerez5","display_name":"Mariela Perez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarielaPerez5?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":3867,"name":"Folk Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folk_Medicine?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4083,"name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":14032,"name":"Ethnopharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnopharmacology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=32003"},{"id":58513,"name":"Learning and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Memory-1?f_ri=32003"},{"id":159959,"name":"Basal forebrain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basal_forebrain?f_ri=32003"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission?f_ri=32003"},{"id":354056,"name":"Plant extracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_extracts?f_ri=32003"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=32003"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=32003"},{"id":858133,"name":"Nucleus Basalis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleus_Basalis?f_ri=32003"},{"id":998228,"name":"Huperzia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Huperzia?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2024797,"name":"Medial Septum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medial_Septum?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26167113 coauthored" data-work_id="26167113" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26167113/Gu%C3%ADa_b%C3%A1sica_en_Neurociencias">Guía básica en Neurociencias</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Señalización neural I y II. Membrana celular y concentraciones iónicas Permeabilidad de la membrana Mecanismos de transporte a través de la membrana - Transporte activo - Transporte pasivo - Transporte especializado... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26167113" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Señalización neural I y II.<br /><br />Membrana celular y concentraciones iónicas<br />Permeabilidad de la membrana<br />Mecanismos de transporte a través de la membrana<br />      - Transporte activo<br />      - Transporte pasivo<br />      - Transporte especializado<br />Canales y transportadores básicos<br />    - Generalidades<br />    - Propiedades de los canales iónicos relevantes<br />    - Rol biológico de los canales iónicos<br />    - Enfermedades relacionadas con canales iónicos (canalipatías)<br />    - Proteínas transportadoras<br /><br />Propiedades eléctricas y potenciales de membrana<br />    - Potenciales de membrana<br />    - Potencial de acción<br /><br />Las fibras nerviosas y su capacidad de conducción<br />    - Mielina<br />    - Sinapsis<br />    - Neurotransmisores<br />    - Unión neuromuscular<br />    - Agonismo y antagonismo</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26167113" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3094d362921c35f36cf74c4970435499" rel="nofollow" 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window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26167113"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26167113 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26167113"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26167113; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26167113]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26167113").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26167113").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26167113"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4377" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membranes">Membranes</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4377" type="text/json">{"id":4377,"name":"Membranes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membranes?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Trafficking">Membrane Trafficking</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13537" type="text/json">{"id":13537,"name":"Membrane Trafficking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Trafficking?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22272" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22272" type="text/json">{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="31084" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ion_Channels">Ion Channels</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="31084" type="text/json">{"id":31084,"name":"Ion Channels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ion_Channels?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26167113]'), work: {"id":26167113,"title":"Guía básica en 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antagonismo","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46494641,"asset_id":26167113,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25977437,"first_name":"Sergio","last_name":"Sánchez Enríquez","domain_name":"hfont2011","page_name":"SergioSánchezEnríquez","display_name":"Sergio Sánchez Enríquez","profile_url":"https://hfont2011.academia.edu/SergioS%C3%A1nchezEnr%C3%ADquez?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":18279386,"first_name":"Jose Rafael","last_name":"Villafan Bernal","domain_name":"conacyt","page_name":"JoseRafaelVillafanBernal","display_name":"Jose Rafael Villafan Bernal","profile_url":"https://conacyt.academia.edu/JoseRafaelVillafanBernal?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18279386/5115942/18215677/s65_jose_rafael.villafan_bernal.jpeg"},{"id":253624,"first_name":"Rodrigo","last_name":"Ramos-Zúñiga M.D. Ph.D.","domain_name":"guadalajara","page_name":"RodrigoRamosZúñigaMDPhD","display_name":"Rodrigo Ramos-Zúñiga M.D. 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u-tcGrayDarkest">Review showing the general mechanisms of synaptic plasticity to understand the importance of some treatments for the rehabilitation of the visual system</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23738688" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f8bd09d207438bd6f58cfb590343cd40" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44175389,"asset_id":23738688,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button 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InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23738688"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23738688; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23738688]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23738688").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23738688").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23738688"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2229" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision_Science">Vision Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2229" type="text/json">{"id":2229,"name":"Vision Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239755" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences">Neurosciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239755" type="text/json">{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23738688]'), work: {"id":23738688,"title":"Synaptic Plasticity and visual system","created_at":"2016-03-28T13:20:13.822-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23738688/Synaptic_Plasticity_and_visual_system?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_23738688","summary":"Review showing the general mechanisms of synaptic plasticity to understand the importance of some treatments for the rehabilitation of the visual system","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44175389,"asset_id":23738688,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46026140,"first_name":"Orduña","last_name":"Anguiano","domain_name":"ipn","page_name":"OrduñaAnguiano","display_name":"Orduña 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js-work-card work_20885709" data-work_id="20885709" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20885709/Long_term_depression_in_the_CNS">Long-term depression in the CNS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The two major forms of long-lasting synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brainlong-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) -are characterized by a long-lasting increase or decrease in synaptic strength, respectively. Both... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20885709" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The two major forms of long-lasting synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brainlong-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) -are characterized by a long-lasting increase or decrease in synaptic strength, respectively. Both processes are thought to be involved in information storage and therefore in learning and memory and other physiological processes. The last few years have seen rapid advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the generation of LTD and in the functions of LTD in health and disease.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20885709" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4eee029629dbdeb43fd8ccbfdfd32626" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41613583,"asset_id":20885709,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41613583/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42184502" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SPeineau">S. 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Both processes are thought to be involved in information storage and therefore in learning and memory and other physiological processes. The last few years have seen rapid advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the generation of LTD and in the functions of LTD in health and disease.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41613583,"asset_id":20885709,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42184502,"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Peineau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SPeineau","display_name":"S. Peineau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SPeineau?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":2483,"name":"Addiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Addiction?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":9729,"name":"Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stress?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=32003"},{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics?f_ri=32003"},{"id":37848,"name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Diseases?f_ri=32003"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=32003"},{"id":43774,"name":"Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning?f_ri=32003"},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":58513,"name":"Learning and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Memory-1?f_ri=32003"},{"id":62693,"name":"Synapse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synapse?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":147195,"name":"Central Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Nervous_System?f_ri=32003"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission?f_ri=32003"},{"id":207154,"name":"Long Term Depression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Depression?f_ri=32003"},{"id":527780,"name":"Neurodegenerative Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Disease?f_ri=32003"},{"id":600780,"name":"Drugs of Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drugs_of_Abuse?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1423077,"name":"Substance-Related Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Substance-Related_Disorders?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2012816,"name":"Glutamate Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate_Receptor?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2016105,"name":"Acute stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_stress?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21159177" data-work_id="21159177" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21159177/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_sleep">Cognitive neuroscience of sleep</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mechanism is at the heart of understanding, and this chapter addresses underlying brain mechanisms and pathways of cognition and the impact of sleep on these processes, especially those serving learning and memory. This chapter reviews... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21159177" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mechanism is at the heart of understanding, and this chapter addresses underlying brain mechanisms and pathways of cognition and the impact of sleep on these processes, especially those serving learning and memory. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the relationship between sleep/waking states and cognition from the perspective afforded by basic neurophysiological investigations. The extensive overlap between sleep mechanisms and the neurophysiology of learning and memory processes provide a foundation for theories of a functional link between the sleep and learning systems. Each of the sleep states, with its attendant alterations in neurophysiology, is associated with facilitation of important functional learning and memory processes. For rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, salient features such as PGO waves, theta synchrony, increased acetylcholine, reduced levels of monoamines and, within the neuron, increased transcription of plasticity-related genes, cumulatively allow for freely occurring bidirectional plasticity (long-term potentiation (LTP) and its reversal, depotentiation). Thus, REM sleep provides a novel neural environment in which the synaptic remodeling essential to learning and cognition can occur, at least within the hippocampal complex. During nonREM sleep Stage 2 spindles, the cessation and subsequent strong bursting of noradrenergic cells and coincident reactivation of hippocampal and cortical targets would also increase synaptic plasticity, allowing targeted bidirectional plasticity in the neocortex as well. In delta nonREM sleep, orderly neuronal reactivation events in phase with slow wave delta activity, together with high protein synthesis levels, would facilitate the events that convert early LTP to long lasting LTP. Conversely, delta sleep does not activate immediate early genes associated with de novo LTP. This nonREM sleep-unique genetic environment combined with low acetylcholine levels may serve to reduce the strength of cortical circuits that activate in the ~50% of delta-coincident reactivation events that do not appear in their waking firing sequence. The chapter reviews the results of manipulation studies, typically total sleep or REM sleep deprivation, that serve to underscore the functional significance of the phenomenological associations. Finally, the implications of sleep neurophysiology for learning and memory will be considered from a larger perspective in which the association of specific sleep states with both potentiation or depotentiation is integrated into mechanistic models of cognition. Long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus in freely moving rats is reinforced by intraventricular application of norepinephrine, but not oxotremorine. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 83, 72-8. ASTON-JONES, G. & BLOOM, F. E. (1981) Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21159177" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2b92387126e5f2e36aaab8819c9e5d32" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41741096,"asset_id":21159177,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41741096/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42336059" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PoeGina">Gina Poe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42336059" type="text/json">{"id":42336059,"first_name":"Gina","last_name":"Poe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PoeGina","display_name":"Gina Poe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PoeGina?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21159177 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21159177"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21159177, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21159177", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21159177]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21159177").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21159177").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21159177"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation">Long Term Potentiation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4247" type="text/json">{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21548" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Neuroscience">Cognitive Neuroscience</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21548" type="text/json">{"id":21548,"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21159177]'), work: {"id":21159177,"title":"Cognitive neuroscience of sleep","created_at":"2016-01-29T09:29:20.249-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21159177/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_sleep?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_21159177","summary":"Mechanism is at the heart of understanding, and this chapter addresses underlying brain mechanisms and pathways of cognition and the impact of sleep on these processes, especially those serving learning and memory. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the relationship between sleep/waking states and cognition from the perspective afforded by basic neurophysiological investigations. The extensive overlap between sleep mechanisms and the neurophysiology of learning and memory processes provide a foundation for theories of a functional link between the sleep and learning systems. Each of the sleep states, with its attendant alterations in neurophysiology, is associated with facilitation of important functional learning and memory processes. For rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, salient features such as PGO waves, theta synchrony, increased acetylcholine, reduced levels of monoamines and, within the neuron, increased transcription of plasticity-related genes, cumulatively allow for freely occurring bidirectional plasticity (long-term potentiation (LTP) and its reversal, depotentiation). Thus, REM sleep provides a novel neural environment in which the synaptic remodeling essential to learning and cognition can occur, at least within the hippocampal complex. During nonREM sleep Stage 2 spindles, the cessation and subsequent strong bursting of noradrenergic cells and coincident reactivation of hippocampal and cortical targets would also increase synaptic plasticity, allowing targeted bidirectional plasticity in the neocortex as well. In delta nonREM sleep, orderly neuronal reactivation events in phase with slow wave delta activity, together with high protein synthesis levels, would facilitate the events that convert early LTP to long lasting LTP. Conversely, delta sleep does not activate immediate early genes associated with de novo LTP. This nonREM sleep-unique genetic environment combined with low acetylcholine levels may serve to reduce the strength of cortical circuits that activate in the ~50% of delta-coincident reactivation events that do not appear in their waking firing sequence. The chapter reviews the results of manipulation studies, typically total sleep or REM sleep deprivation, that serve to underscore the functional significance of the phenomenological associations. Finally, the implications of sleep neurophysiology for learning and memory will be considered from a larger perspective in which the association of specific sleep states with both potentiation or depotentiation is integrated into mechanistic models of cognition. Long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus in freely moving rats is reinforced by intraventricular application of norepinephrine, but not oxotremorine. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 83, 72-8. ASTON-JONES, G. \u0026 BLOOM, F. E. (1981) Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41741096,"asset_id":21159177,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42336059,"first_name":"Gina","last_name":"Poe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PoeGina","display_name":"Gina Poe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PoeGina?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":21548,"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":46081,"name":"Memory Consolidation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_Consolidation?f_ri=32003"},{"id":51565,"name":"Serotonin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotonin?f_ri=32003"},{"id":58513,"name":"Learning and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Memory-1?f_ri=32003"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=32003"},{"id":133324,"name":"Sleep","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sleep?f_ri=32003"},{"id":149692,"name":"Brain Waves","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Waves?f_ri=32003"},{"id":159958,"name":"Acetylcholine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acetylcholine?f_ri=32003"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=32003"},{"id":548363,"name":"Learning System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_System?f_ri=32003"},{"id":592786,"name":"Rem Sleep","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rem_Sleep?f_ri=32003"},{"id":911004,"name":"High-protein Diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High-protein_Diet?f_ri=32003"},{"id":966462,"name":"Spike time Dependent Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spike_time_Dependent_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1993786,"name":"Cumulant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cumulant?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33747823" data-work_id="33747823" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33747823/The_Rewiring_Brain_A_Computational_Approach_to_Structural_Plasticity_in_the_Adult_Brain">The Rewiring Brain: A Computational Approach to Structural Plasticity in the Adult Brain</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The adult brain is not as hard-wired as traditionally thought. By modifying their small- or large-scale morphology, neurons can make new synaptic connections or break existing ones (structural plasticity). Structural changes accompany... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33747823" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The adult brain is not as hard-wired as traditionally thought. By modifying their small- or large-scale morphology, neurons can make new synaptic connections or break existing ones (structural plasticity). Structural changes accompany memory formation and learning, and are induced by neurogenesis, neurodegeneration and brain injury such as stroke. Exploring the role of structural plasticity in the brain can be greatly assisted by mathematical and computational models, as they enable us to bridge the gap between system-level dynamics and lower level cellular and molecular processes. However, most traditional neural network models have fixed neuronal morphologies and a static connectivity pattern, with plasticity merely arising from changes in the strength of existing synapses (synaptic plasticity). In The Rewiring Brain, the editors bring together, for the first time, contemporary modeling studies that investigate the implications of structural plasticity for brain function and pathology. Starting with an experimental background on structural plasticity in the adult brain, the book covers computational studies on homeostatic structural plasticity, the impact of structural plasticity on cognition and cortical connectivity, the interaction between synaptic and structural plasticity, neurogenesis-related structural plasticity, and structural plasticity in neurological disorders. Structural plasticity adds a whole new dimension to brain plasticity, and The Rewiring Brain shows how computational approaches may help to gain a better understanding of the full adaptive potential of the adult brain. The book is written for both computational and experimental neuroscientists. Key features: • Reviews the current state of knowledge of structural plasticity in the adult brain. • Gives a comprehensive overview of computational studies on structural plasticity. • Provides insights into the potential driving forces of structural plasticity and the functional implications of structural plasticity for learning and memory. • Serves as inspiration for developing novel treatment strategies for stimulating functional repair after brain damage. For a preview and to order the book, go to: <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-rewiring-brain/van-ooyen/978-0-12-803784-3" rel="nofollow">https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-rewiring-brain/van-ooyen/978-0-12-803784-3</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33747823" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="892240ad537f8116ab32c4b80e29a03e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53969613,"asset_id":33747823,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53969613/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13197303" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArjenvanOoyen">Arjen van Ooyen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13197303" type="text/json">{"id":13197303,"first_name":"Arjen","last_name":"van Ooyen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArjenvanOoyen","display_name":"Arjen van Ooyen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArjenvanOoyen?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13197303/3721252/4360030/s65_arjen.van_ooyen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33747823 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33747823"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33747823, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33747823", }); 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By modifying their small- or large-scale morphology, neurons can make new synaptic connections or break existing ones (structural plasticity). Structural changes accompany memory formation and learning, and are induced by neurogenesis, neurodegeneration and brain injury such as stroke. Exploring the role of structural plasticity in the brain can be greatly assisted by mathematical and computational models, as they enable us to bridge the gap between system-level dynamics and lower level cellular and molecular processes. However, most traditional neural network models have fixed neuronal morphologies and a static connectivity pattern, with plasticity merely arising from changes in the strength of existing synapses (synaptic plasticity). In The Rewiring Brain, the editors bring together, for the first time, contemporary modeling studies that investigate the implications of structural plasticity for brain function and pathology. Starting with an experimental background on structural plasticity in the adult brain, the book covers computational studies on homeostatic structural plasticity, the impact of structural plasticity on cognition and cortical connectivity, the interaction between synaptic and structural plasticity, neurogenesis-related structural plasticity, and structural plasticity in neurological disorders. Structural plasticity adds a whole new dimension to brain plasticity, and The Rewiring Brain shows how computational approaches may help to gain a better understanding of the full adaptive potential of the adult brain. The book is written for both computational and experimental neuroscientists. Key features: • Reviews the current state of knowledge of structural plasticity in the adult brain. • Gives a comprehensive overview of computational studies on structural plasticity. •\tProvides insights into the potential driving forces of structural plasticity and the functional implications of structural plasticity for learning and memory. • Serves as inspiration for developing novel treatment strategies for stimulating functional repair after brain damage. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/16880342/From_neuron_to_neural_networks_dynamics">From neuron to neural networks dynamics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents an overview of some techniques and concepts coming from dynamical system theory and used for the analysis of dynamical neural networks models. In a first section, we describe the dynamics of the neuron, starting from... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16880342" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents an overview of some techniques and concepts coming from dynamical system theory and used for the analysis of dynamical neural networks models. In a first section, we describe the dynamics of the neuron, starting from the Hodgkin-Huxley description, which is somehow the canonical description for the "biological neuron". We discuss some models reducing the Hodgkin-Huxley model to a two dimensional dynamical system, keeping one of the main feature of the neuron: its excitability. We present then examples of phase diagram and bifurcation analysis for the Hodgin-Huxley equations. Finally, we end this section by a dynamical system analysis for the nervous flux propagation along the axon. We then consider neuron couplings, with a brief description of synapses, synaptic plasticiy and learning, in a second section. We also briefly discuss the delicate issue of causal action from one neuron to another when complex feedback effects and non linear dynamics are involved. The third section presents the limit of weak coupling and the use of normal forms technics to handle this situation. We consider then several examples of recurrent models with different type of synaptic interactions (symmetric, cooperative, random). We introduce various techniques coming from statistical physics and dynamical systems theory. A last section is devoted to a detailed example of recurrent model where we go in deep in the analysis of the dynamics and discuss the effect of learning on the neuron dynamics. We also present recent methods allowing the analysis of the non linear effects of the neural dynamics on signal propagation and causal action. An appendix, presenting the main notions of dynamical systems theory useful for the comprehension of the chapter, has been added for the convenience of the reader.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16880342" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="46836851e9da012d7d6280d1ecf486f6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39234997,"asset_id":16880342,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39234997/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36355385" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ManuelSamuelides">Manuel Samuelides</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36355385" type="text/json">{"id":36355385,"first_name":"Manuel","last_name":"Samuelides","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ManuelSamuelides","display_name":"Manuel Samuelides","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ManuelSamuelides?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16880342 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16880342"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16880342, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16880342", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16880342]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16880342").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16880342").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16880342"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16460" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Physics">Statistical Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16460" type="text/json">{"id":16460,"name":"Statistical Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Physics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26066" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Network">Neural Network</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26066" type="text/json">{"id":26066,"name":"Neural Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Network?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="75834" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Theory">System Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="75834" type="text/json">{"id":75834,"name":"System Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Theory?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16880342]'), work: {"id":16880342,"title":"From neuron to neural networks dynamics","created_at":"2015-10-16T09:12:07.154-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16880342/From_neuron_to_neural_networks_dynamics?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_16880342","summary":"This paper presents an overview of some techniques and concepts coming from dynamical system theory and used for the analysis of dynamical neural networks models. In a first section, we describe the dynamics of the neuron, starting from the Hodgkin-Huxley description, which is somehow the canonical description for the \"biological neuron\". We discuss some models reducing the Hodgkin-Huxley model to a two dimensional dynamical system, keeping one of the main feature of the neuron: its excitability. We present then examples of phase diagram and bifurcation analysis for the Hodgin-Huxley equations. Finally, we end this section by a dynamical system analysis for the nervous flux propagation along the axon. We then consider neuron couplings, with a brief description of synapses, synaptic plasticiy and learning, in a second section. We also briefly discuss the delicate issue of causal action from one neuron to another when complex feedback effects and non linear dynamics are involved. The third section presents the limit of weak coupling and the use of normal forms technics to handle this situation. We consider then several examples of recurrent models with different type of synaptic interactions (symmetric, cooperative, random). We introduce various techniques coming from statistical physics and dynamical systems theory. A last section is devoted to a detailed example of recurrent model where we go in deep in the analysis of the dynamics and discuss the effect of learning on the neuron dynamics. We also present recent methods allowing the analysis of the non linear effects of the neural dynamics on signal propagation and causal action. An appendix, presenting the main notions of dynamical systems theory useful for the comprehension of the chapter, has been added for the convenience of the reader.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39234997,"asset_id":16880342,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36355385,"first_name":"Manuel","last_name":"Samuelides","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ManuelSamuelides","display_name":"Manuel Samuelides","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ManuelSamuelides?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":16460,"name":"Statistical Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Physics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":26066,"name":"Neural Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Network?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":75834,"name":"System Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Theory?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":86148,"name":"Dynamic Systems Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_Systems_Theory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":96596,"name":"System Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Analysis?f_ri=32003"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":133253,"name":"Non Linear Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non_Linear_Dynamics?f_ri=32003"},{"id":252813,"name":"Evolutionary Computing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Computing?f_ri=32003"},{"id":868912,"name":"Dynamic System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_System?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1131399,"name":"Bifurcation Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bifurcation_Analysis?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2132350,"name":"Normal Form","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normal_Form?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34421632" data-work_id="34421632" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34421632/Dysconnection_in_Schizophrenia_From_Abnormal_Synaptic_Plasticity_to_Failures_of_Self_monitoring">Dysconnection in Schizophrenia: From Abnormal Synaptic Plasticity to Failures of Self-monitoring</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Over the last 2 decades, a large number of neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies of patients with schizophrenia have furnished in vivo evidence for dysconnectivity, ie, abnormal functional integration of brain processes. While the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34421632" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Over the last 2 decades, a large number of neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies of patients with schizophrenia have furnished in vivo evidence for dysconnectivity, ie, abnormal functional integration of brain processes. While the evidence for dysconnectivity in schizophrenia is strong, its etiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and significance for clinical symptoms are unclear. First, dysconnectivity could result from aberrant wiring of connections during development, from aberrant synaptic plasticity, or from both. Second, it is not clear how schizophrenic symptoms can be understood mechanistically as a consequence of dysconnectivity. Third, if dysconnectivity is the primary pathophysiology, and not just an epiphenomenon, then it should provide a mechanistic explanation for known empirical facts about schizophrenia. This article addresses these 3 issues in the framework of the dysconnection hypothesis. This theory postulates that the core pathology in schizophrenia resides in aberrant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated synaptic plasticity due to abnormal regulation of NMDARs by neuromodulatory transmitters like dopamine, serotonin, or acetylcholine. We argue that this neurobiological mechanism can explain failures of selfmonitoring, leading to a mechanistic explanation for firstrank symptoms as pathognomonic features of schizophrenia, and may provide a basis for future diagnostic classifications with physiologically defined patient subgroups. Finally, we test the explanatory power of our theory against a list of empirical facts about schizophrenia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34421632" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="169b9d61d2bd2f2a4176ae38e505c903" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54299200,"asset_id":34421632,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54299200/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20661" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/ChrisFrith">Chris Frith</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20661" type="text/json">{"id":20661,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Frith","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"ChrisFrith","display_name":"Chris Frith","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/ChrisFrith?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20661/6969/6683/s65_chris.frith.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34421632 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34421632"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34421632, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34421632", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34421632]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34421632").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34421632").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34421632"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3227" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3227" type="text/json">{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5356" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetoencephalography">Magnetoencephalography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5356" type="text/json">{"id":5356,"name":"Magnetoencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetoencephalography?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6200" type="text/json">{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7968" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction">Prediction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7968" type="text/json">{"id":7968,"name":"Prediction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34421632]'), work: {"id":34421632,"title":"Dysconnection in Schizophrenia: From Abnormal Synaptic Plasticity to Failures of Self-monitoring","created_at":"2017-08-31T01:22:26.937-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34421632/Dysconnection_in_Schizophrenia_From_Abnormal_Synaptic_Plasticity_to_Failures_of_Self_monitoring?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_34421632","summary":"Over the last 2 decades, a large number of neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies of patients with schizophrenia have furnished in vivo evidence for dysconnectivity, ie, abnormal functional integration of brain processes. While the evidence for dysconnectivity in schizophrenia is strong, its etiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and significance for clinical symptoms are unclear. First, dysconnectivity could result from aberrant wiring of connections during development, from aberrant synaptic plasticity, or from both. Second, it is not clear how schizophrenic symptoms can be understood mechanistically as a consequence of dysconnectivity. Third, if dysconnectivity is the primary pathophysiology, and not just an epiphenomenon, then it should provide a mechanistic explanation for known empirical facts about schizophrenia. This article addresses these 3 issues in the framework of the dysconnection hypothesis. This theory postulates that the core pathology in schizophrenia resides in aberrant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated synaptic plasticity due to abnormal regulation of NMDARs by neuromodulatory transmitters like dopamine, serotonin, or acetylcholine. We argue that this neurobiological mechanism can explain failures of selfmonitoring, leading to a mechanistic explanation for firstrank symptoms as pathognomonic features of schizophrenia, and may provide a basis for future diagnostic classifications with physiologically defined patient subgroups. Finally, we test the explanatory power of our theory against a list of empirical facts about schizophrenia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54299200,"asset_id":34421632,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20661,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Frith","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"ChrisFrith","display_name":"Chris Frith","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/ChrisFrith?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20661/6969/6683/s65_chris.frith.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":5356,"name":"Magnetoencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetoencephalography?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":7968,"name":"Prediction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=32003"},{"id":11106,"name":"Self Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Control?f_ri=32003"},{"id":24089,"name":"Causality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Causality?f_ri=32003"},{"id":31486,"name":"Coding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coding?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":38385,"name":"Delusions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Delusions?f_ri=32003"},{"id":51565,"name":"Serotonin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotonin?f_ri=32003"},{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=32003"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=32003"},{"id":85589,"name":"Hallucinations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hallucinations?f_ri=32003"},{"id":124951,"name":"Effective Connectivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Effective_Connectivity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":154424,"name":"Predictive coding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predictive_coding?f_ri=32003"},{"id":159958,"name":"Acetylcholine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acetylcholine?f_ri=32003"},{"id":197351,"name":"Awareness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Awareness?f_ri=32003"},{"id":251027,"name":"NMDA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NMDA?f_ri=32003"},{"id":325701,"name":"Functional integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_integration?f_ri=32003"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1972481,"name":"Reality Testing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reality_Testing?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3201006" data-work_id="3201006" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3201006/Triple_Transgenic_Model_of_Alzheimers_Disease_with_Plaques_and_Tangles">Triple-Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Plaques and Tangles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The neuropathological correlates of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. To study the interaction between Aβ and tau and their effect on synaptic function, we derived a triple-transgenic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3201006" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The neuropathological correlates of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. To study the interaction between Aβ and tau and their effect on synaptic function, we derived a triple-transgenic model (3×Tg-AD) harboring PS1M146V, APPSwe, and tauP301L transgenes. Rather than crossing independent lines, we microinjected two transgenes into single-cell embryos from homozygous PS1M146V knockin mice, generating mice with the same genetic background. 3×Tg-AD mice progressively develop plaques and tangles. Synaptic dysfunction, including LTP deficits, manifests in an age-related manner, but before plaque and tangle pathology. Deficits in long-term synaptic plasticity correlate with the accumulation of intraneuronal Aβ. These studies suggest a novel pathogenic role for intraneuronal Aβ with regards to synaptic plasticity. The recapitulation of salient features of AD in these mice clarifies the relationships between Aβ, synaptic dysfunction, and tangles and provides a valuable model for evaluating potential AD therapeutics as the impact on both lesions can be assessed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3201006" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="29eb00d457c8ab76dbadbbcb77fb379f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50414895,"asset_id":3201006,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50414895/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3658028" href="https://utah.academia.edu/JasonShepherd">Jason Shepherd</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3658028" type="text/json">{"id":3658028,"first_name":"Jason","last_name":"Shepherd","domain_name":"utah","page_name":"JasonShepherd","display_name":"Jason Shepherd","profile_url":"https://utah.academia.edu/JasonShepherd?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3658028/1290862/1605363/s65_jason.shepherd.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3201006 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3201006"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3201006, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3201006", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3201006]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3201006").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3201006").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3201006"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84760" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice">Mice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="84760" type="text/json">{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="235046" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Single_Cell">Single Cell</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="235046" type="text/json">{"id":235046,"name":"Single Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Single_Cell?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3201006]'), work: {"id":3201006,"title":"Triple-Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Plaques and Tangles","created_at":"2013-04-03T05:43:36.530-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3201006/Triple_Transgenic_Model_of_Alzheimers_Disease_with_Plaques_and_Tangles?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_3201006","summary":"The neuropathological correlates of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. To study the interaction between Aβ and tau and their effect on synaptic function, we derived a triple-transgenic model (3×Tg-AD) harboring PS1M146V, APPSwe, and tauP301L transgenes. Rather than crossing independent lines, we microinjected two transgenes into single-cell embryos from homozygous PS1M146V knockin mice, generating mice with the same genetic background. 3×Tg-AD mice progressively develop plaques and tangles. Synaptic dysfunction, including LTP deficits, manifests in an age-related manner, but before plaque and tangle pathology. Deficits in long-term synaptic plasticity correlate with the accumulation of intraneuronal Aβ. These studies suggest a novel pathogenic role for intraneuronal Aβ with regards to synaptic plasticity. The recapitulation of salient features of AD in these mice clarifies the relationships between Aβ, synaptic dysfunction, and tangles and provides a valuable model for evaluating potential AD therapeutics as the impact on both lesions can be assessed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50414895,"asset_id":3201006,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3658028,"first_name":"Jason","last_name":"Shepherd","domain_name":"utah","page_name":"JasonShepherd","display_name":"Jason Shepherd","profile_url":"https://utah.academia.edu/JasonShepherd?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3658028/1290862/1605363/s65_jason.shepherd.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":235046,"name":"Single Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Single_Cell?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=32003"},{"id":473565,"name":"Neuron","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuron?f_ri=32003"},{"id":992249,"name":"Neurofibrillary Tangles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurofibrillary_Tangles?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1027717,"name":"Embryos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryos?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1120234,"name":"Alzheimer Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alzheimer_Disease?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12728211" data-work_id="12728211" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12728211/Pathogenesis_of_depression_Insights_from_human_and_rodent_studies">Pathogenesis of depression: Insights from human and rodent studies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Major depressive disorder (MDD) will affect one out of every five people in their lifetime and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of MDD have yet to be completely... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12728211" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Major depressive disorder (MDD) will affect one out of every five people in their lifetime and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of MDD have yet to be completely understood and current treatments remain ineffective in a large subset of patients. In this review, we summarize the most recent discoveries and insights for which parallel findings have been obtained in human depressed subjects and rodent models of mood disorders in order to examine the potential etiology of depression. These mechanisms range from synaptic plasticity mechanisms to epigenetics and the immune system where there is strong evidence to support a functional role in the development of specific depression symptomology. Ultimately we conclude by discussing how novel therapeutic strategies targeting central and peripheral processes might ultimately aid in the development of effective new treatments for MDD and related stress disorders.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12728211" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="36aa7e54db5cde7098a198f677d91ac8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37796240,"asset_id":12728211,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37796240/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24953813" href="https://mssm.academia.edu/CarolineMenard">Caroline Menard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24953813" type="text/json">{"id":24953813,"first_name":"Caroline","last_name":"Menard","domain_name":"mssm","page_name":"CarolineMenard","display_name":"Caroline Menard","profile_url":"https://mssm.academia.edu/CarolineMenard?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24953813/6760964/7635145/s65_caroline.menard.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12728211 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12728211"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12728211, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12728211", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12728211]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12728211").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12728211").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12728211"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3217" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression">Depression</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3217" type="text/json">{"id":3217,"name":"Depression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9111" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines">Cytokines</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9111" type="text/json">{"id":9111,"name":"Cytokines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22404" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22404" type="text/json">{"id":22404,"name":"Epigenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12728211]'), work: {"id":12728211,"title":"Pathogenesis of depression: Insights from human and rodent studies","created_at":"2015-06-01T10:05:46.410-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12728211/Pathogenesis_of_depression_Insights_from_human_and_rodent_studies?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_12728211","summary":"Major depressive disorder (MDD) will affect one out of every five people in their lifetime and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of MDD have yet to be completely understood and current treatments remain ineffective in a large subset of patients. In this review, we summarize the most recent discoveries and insights for which parallel findings have been obtained in human depressed subjects and rodent models of mood disorders in order to examine the potential etiology of depression. These mechanisms range from synaptic plasticity mechanisms to epigenetics and the immune system where there is strong evidence to support a functional role in the development of specific depression symptomology. Ultimately we conclude by discussing how novel therapeutic strategies targeting central and peripheral processes might ultimately aid in the development of effective new treatments for MDD and related stress disorders. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37796240,"asset_id":12728211,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24953813,"first_name":"Caroline","last_name":"Menard","domain_name":"mssm","page_name":"CarolineMenard","display_name":"Caroline Menard","profile_url":"https://mssm.academia.edu/CarolineMenard?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24953813/6760964/7635145/s65_caroline.menard.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":3217,"name":"Depression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":9111,"name":"Cytokines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":22404,"name":"Epigenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":196442,"name":"Astrocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrocytes?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31349669" data-work_id="31349669" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31349669/Relating_Simulation_and_Modeling_of_Neural_Networks">Relating Simulation and Modeling of Neural Networks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31349669" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7288d156ba922e2f9996eec85d171251" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51731845,"asset_id":31349669,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51731845/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="59912764" href="https://independent.academia.edu/G%C3%BCntherPalm">Günther Palm</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="59912764" type="text/json">{"id":59912764,"first_name":"Günther","last_name":"Palm","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GüntherPalm","display_name":"Günther Palm","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/G%C3%BCntherPalm?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31349669 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31349669"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31349669, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31349669", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31349669]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31349669").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31349669").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31349669"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11598" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Networks">Neural Networks</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11598" type="text/json">{"id":11598,"name":"Neural Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Networks?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60658" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Simulation">Numerical Simulation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60658" type="text/json">{"id":60658,"name":"Numerical Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Simulation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="117643" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological">Biological</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="117643" type="text/json">{"id":117643,"name":"Biological","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31349669]'), work: {"id":31349669,"title":"Relating Simulation and Modeling of Neural Networks","created_at":"2017-02-10T05:13:50.365-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31349669/Relating_Simulation_and_Modeling_of_Neural_Networks?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_31349669","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51731845,"asset_id":31349669,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":59912764,"first_name":"Günther","last_name":"Palm","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GüntherPalm","display_name":"Günther Palm","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/G%C3%BCntherPalm?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11598,"name":"Neural Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Networks?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":60658,"name":"Numerical Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Simulation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":117643,"name":"Biological","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25398901" data-work_id="25398901" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25398901/Activity_regulated_genes_as_mediators_of_neural_circuit_plasticity">Activity-regulated genes as mediators of neural circuit plasticity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Modifications of neuronal circuits allow the brain to adapt and change with experience. This plasticity manifests during development and throughout life, and can be remarkably long lasting. Evidence has linked activity-regulated gene... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25398901" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Modifications of neuronal circuits allow the brain to adapt and change with experience. This plasticity manifests during development and throughout life, and can be remarkably long lasting. Evidence has linked activity-regulated gene expression to the long-term structural and electrophysiological adaptations that take place during developmental critical periods, learning and memory, and alterations to sensory map representations in the adult. In all these cases, the cellular response to neuronal activity integrates multiple tightly coordinated mechanisms to precisely orchestrate long-lasting, functional and structural changes in brain circuits. Experience-dependent plasticity is triggered when neuronal excitation activates cellular signaling pathways from the synapse to the nucleus that initiate new programs of gene expression. The protein products of activity-regulated genes then work via a diverse array of cellular mechanisms to modify neuronal functional properties. Synaptic stre...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25398901" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87e9727d6dc4c10d23e8facc9c5e4c7d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45712945,"asset_id":25398901,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45712945/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37074159" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EllyNedivi">Elly Nedivi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37074159" type="text/json">{"id":37074159,"first_name":"Elly","last_name":"Nedivi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EllyNedivi","display_name":"Elly Nedivi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EllyNedivi?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25398901 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25398901"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25398901, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25398901", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25398901 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25398901; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25398901"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25398901 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25398901"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25398901; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25398901]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25398901").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25398901").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25398901"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">29</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27784" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression">Gene expression</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27784" type="text/json">{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38831" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction">Signal Transduction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38831" type="text/json">{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25398901]'), work: {"id":25398901,"title":"Activity-regulated genes as mediators of neural circuit plasticity","created_at":"2016-05-17T08:18:22.531-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25398901/Activity_regulated_genes_as_mediators_of_neural_circuit_plasticity?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_25398901","summary":"Modifications of neuronal circuits allow the brain to adapt and change with experience. This plasticity manifests during development and throughout life, and can be remarkably long lasting. Evidence has linked activity-regulated gene expression to the long-term structural and electrophysiological adaptations that take place during developmental critical periods, learning and memory, and alterations to sensory map representations in the adult. In all these cases, the cellular response to neuronal activity integrates multiple tightly coordinated mechanisms to precisely orchestrate long-lasting, functional and structural changes in brain circuits. Experience-dependent plasticity is triggered when neuronal excitation activates cellular signaling pathways from the synapse to the nucleus that initiate new programs of gene expression. The protein products of activity-regulated genes then work via a diverse array of cellular mechanisms to modify neuronal functional properties. Synaptic stre...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45712945,"asset_id":25398901,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37074159,"first_name":"Elly","last_name":"Nedivi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EllyNedivi","display_name":"Elly Nedivi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EllyNedivi?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":49646,"name":"Protein Structure and Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Structure_and_Function?f_ri=32003"},{"id":58513,"name":"Learning and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Memory-1?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":135554,"name":"GAP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GAP?f_ri=32003"},{"id":177250,"name":"ERK","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ERK?f_ri=32003"},{"id":177251,"name":"CREB","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CREB?f_ri=32003"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=32003"},{"id":213801,"name":"Structural Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Change?f_ri=32003"},{"id":238162,"name":"Protein Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Function?f_ri=32003"},{"id":251023,"name":"PKA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PKA?f_ri=32003"},{"id":251027,"name":"NMDA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NMDA?f_ri=32003"},{"id":298943,"name":"TrkB","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TrkB?f_ri=32003"},{"id":300599,"name":"AMPA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AMPA?f_ri=32003"},{"id":332514,"name":"Coordination Mechanisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coordination_Mechanisms?f_ri=32003"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=32003"},{"id":432085,"name":"Critical Period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Period?f_ri=32003"},{"id":432089,"name":"Experience-Dependent Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experience-Dependent_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":473566,"name":"LTP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LTP?f_ri=32003"},{"id":473567,"name":"Neuronal Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Activity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":595079,"name":"MAPK","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MAPK?f_ri=32003"},{"id":998944,"name":"Term Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Term_Structure?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2045377,"name":"Functional Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Properties?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14714558" data-work_id="14714558" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14714558/RECENT_ADVANCES_IN_THE_NEUROBIOLOGY_OF_ATTACHMENT_BEHAVIOR">RECENT ADVANCES IN THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF ATTACHMENT BEHAVIOR</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In a biological sense an individual's life is all about survival and reproduction. Beside the selection of a mate, the mutual commitment of a parent to sustain an infant through a period of dependency is amongst the most important aspects... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14714558" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In a biological sense an individual's life is all about survival and reproduction. Beside the selection of a mate, the mutual commitment of a parent to sustain an infant through a period of dependency is amongst the most important aspects of natural selection. Here we review how the highly conserved circuitry of key midbrain and hypothalamic structures, and limbic and frontal cortical regions support these processes, and at the same time are involved in shaping the offspring's emotional development and behavior. Many recent studies provided new findings on how attachment behavior and parental bonding is promoted and maintained through genetic and epigenetic influences on synaptic plasticity of mirror neurons and various neuropeptide systems, particularly oxytocinergic, and how these systems serve to link social cues to the brain reward system. Most of this evidence suggests that stress, early parental deprivation and lack of care during the postnatal period leads to profound and lasting changes in the attachment pattern and motivational development with consequent increased vulnerability of the mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine-associated reward reinforcement pathways to psychosocial stressors, abuse of stimulants and psychopathology later in life.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14714558" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5cbc4aacc3ac5a3f75180e8c5e891a68" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43949811,"asset_id":14714558,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43949811/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33669318" href="https://unizg.academia.edu/GoranSimic">Goran Simic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33669318" type="text/json">{"id":33669318,"first_name":"Goran","last_name":"Simic","domain_name":"unizg","page_name":"GoranSimic","display_name":"Goran Simic","profile_url":"https://unizg.academia.edu/GoranSimic?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33669318/9926726/11068006/s65_goran.simic.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14714558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14714558"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14714558, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14714558", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14714558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14714558; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14714558"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14714558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14714558"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14714558; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14714558]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14714558").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14714558").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14714558"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Selection">Natural Selection</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="40422" type="text/json">{"id":40422,"name":"Natural Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Selection?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51566" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine">Dopamine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51566" type="text/json">{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14714558]'), work: {"id":14714558,"title":"RECENT ADVANCES IN THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF ATTACHMENT BEHAVIOR","created_at":"2015-08-06T06:27:33.903-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14714558/RECENT_ADVANCES_IN_THE_NEUROBIOLOGY_OF_ATTACHMENT_BEHAVIOR?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_14714558","summary":"In a biological sense an individual's life is all about survival and reproduction. Beside the selection of a mate, the mutual commitment of a parent to sustain an infant through a period of dependency is amongst the most important aspects of natural selection. Here we review how the highly conserved circuitry of key midbrain and hypothalamic structures, and limbic and frontal cortical regions support these processes, and at the same time are involved in shaping the offspring's emotional development and behavior. Many recent studies provided new findings on how attachment behavior and parental bonding is promoted and maintained through genetic and epigenetic influences on synaptic plasticity of mirror neurons and various neuropeptide systems, particularly oxytocinergic, and how these systems serve to link social cues to the brain reward system. Most of this evidence suggests that stress, early parental deprivation and lack of care during the postnatal period leads to profound and lasting changes in the attachment pattern and motivational development with consequent increased vulnerability of the mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine-associated reward reinforcement pathways to psychosocial stressors, abuse of stimulants and psychopathology later in life.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43949811,"asset_id":14714558,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33669318,"first_name":"Goran","last_name":"Simic","domain_name":"unizg","page_name":"GoranSimic","display_name":"Goran Simic","profile_url":"https://unizg.academia.edu/GoranSimic?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33669318/9926726/11068006/s65_goran.simic.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":40422,"name":"Natural Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Selection?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":119236,"name":"Translational Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translational_Neuroscience?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132523,"name":"Mirror Neuron","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mirror_Neuron?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28792373" data-work_id="28792373" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28792373/A_theory_of_alpha_theta_neurofeedback_creative_performance_enhancement_long_distance_functional_connectivity_and_psychological_integration">A theory of alpha/theta neurofeedback, creative performance enhancement, long distance functional connectivity and psychological integration</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Professionally significant enhancement of music and dance performance and mood has followed training with an EEG-neurofeedback protocol which increases the ratio of theta to alpha waves using auditory feedback with eyes closed. While... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28792373" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Professionally significant enhancement of music and dance performance and mood has followed training with an EEG-neurofeedback protocol which increases the ratio of theta to alpha waves using auditory feedback with eyes closed. While originally the protocol was designed to induce hypnogogia, a state historically associated with creativity, the outcome was psychological integration, while subsequent applications focusing on raising the theta-alpha ratio, reduced depression and anxiety in alcoholism and resolved post traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). In optimal performance studies we confirmed associations with creativity in musical performance, but effects also included technique and communication. We extended efficacy to dance and social anxiety. Diversity of outcome has a counterpart in wide ranging associations between theta oscillations and behaviour in cognitive and affective neuroscience: in animals with sensory-motor activity in exploration, effort, working memory, learning, retention and REM sleep; in man with meditative concentration, reduced anxiety and sympathetic autonomic activation, as well as task demands in virtual spatial navigation, focussed and sustained attention, working and recognition memory, and having implications for synaptic plasticity and long term potentiation. Neuroanatomical circuitry involves the ascending mescencephalic-cortical arousal system, and limbic circuits subserving cognitive as well as affective/ motivational functions. Working memory and meditative bliss, representing cognitive and affective domains, respectively, involve coupling between frontal and posterior cortices, exemplify a role for theta and alpha waves in mediating the interaction between distal and widely distributed connections. It is posited that this mediation in part underpins the integrational attributes of alpha-theta training in optimal performance and psychotherapy, creative associations in hypnogogia, and enhancement of technical, communication and artistic domains of performance in the arts.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28792373" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aee2542d9003ab28e17873d5923d2fe7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49210183,"asset_id":28792373,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49210183/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18201859" href="https://goldsmiths.academia.edu/Johngruzelier">John gruzelier</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18201859" type="text/json">{"id":18201859,"first_name":"John","last_name":"gruzelier","domain_name":"goldsmiths","page_name":"Johngruzelier","display_name":"John gruzelier","profile_url":"https://goldsmiths.academia.edu/Johngruzelier?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28792373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28792373"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28792373, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28792373", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28792373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28792373; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28792373"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28792373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28792373"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28792373; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28792373]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28792373").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28792373").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28792373"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">22</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1751" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creativity">Creativity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1751" type="text/json">{"id":1751,"name":"Creativity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creativity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28792373]'), work: {"id":28792373,"title":"A theory of alpha/theta neurofeedback, creative performance enhancement, long distance functional connectivity and psychological integration","created_at":"2016-09-29T05:29:34.239-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28792373/A_theory_of_alpha_theta_neurofeedback_creative_performance_enhancement_long_distance_functional_connectivity_and_psychological_integration?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_28792373","summary":"Professionally significant enhancement of music and dance performance and mood has followed training with an EEG-neurofeedback protocol which increases the ratio of theta to alpha waves using auditory feedback with eyes closed. While originally the protocol was designed to induce hypnogogia, a state historically associated with creativity, the outcome was psychological integration, while subsequent applications focusing on raising the theta-alpha ratio, reduced depression and anxiety in alcoholism and resolved post traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). In optimal performance studies we confirmed associations with creativity in musical performance, but effects also included technique and communication. We extended efficacy to dance and social anxiety. Diversity of outcome has a counterpart in wide ranging associations between theta oscillations and behaviour in cognitive and affective neuroscience: in animals with sensory-motor activity in exploration, effort, working memory, learning, retention and REM sleep; in man with meditative concentration, reduced anxiety and sympathetic autonomic activation, as well as task demands in virtual spatial navigation, focussed and sustained attention, working and recognition memory, and having implications for synaptic plasticity and long term potentiation. Neuroanatomical circuitry involves the ascending mescencephalic-cortical arousal system, and limbic circuits subserving cognitive as well as affective/ motivational functions. Working memory and meditative bliss, representing cognitive and affective domains, respectively, involve coupling between frontal and posterior cortices, exemplify a role for theta and alpha waves in mediating the interaction between distal and widely distributed connections. It is posited that this mediation in part underpins the integrational attributes of alpha-theta training in optimal performance and psychotherapy, creative associations in hypnogogia, and enhancement of technical, communication and artistic domains of performance in the arts.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49210183,"asset_id":28792373,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18201859,"first_name":"John","last_name":"gruzelier","domain_name":"goldsmiths","page_name":"Johngruzelier","display_name":"John gruzelier","profile_url":"https://goldsmiths.academia.edu/Johngruzelier?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":1751,"name":"Creativity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creativity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=32003"},{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003"},{"id":6002,"name":"Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":8538,"name":"Working Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Memory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=32003"},{"id":9749,"name":"Neurofeedback","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurofeedback?f_ri=32003"},{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=32003"},{"id":24782,"name":"Recognition memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recognition_memory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=32003"},{"id":138524,"name":"Cognitive Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Processing?f_ri=32003"},{"id":174781,"name":"Oscillations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oscillations?f_ri=32003"},{"id":226366,"name":"Connectivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Connectivity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":554075,"name":"Spatial navigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_navigation?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1275961,"name":"Alpha Rhythm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alpha_Rhythm?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1394091,"name":"Theta Rhythm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theta_Rhythm?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2444775,"name":"Psychomotor Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychomotor_Performance?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5806665" data-work_id="5806665" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5806665/BDNF_function_in_adult_synaptic_plasticity_The_synaptic_consolidation_hypothesis">BDNF function in adult synaptic plasticity: The synaptic consolidation hypothesis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Interest in BDNF as an activity-dependent modulator of neuronal structure and function in the adult brain has intensified in recent years. Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate synapses makes this system attractive as a dynamic,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5806665" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Interest in BDNF as an activity-dependent modulator of neuronal structure and function in the adult brain has intensified in recent years. Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate synapses makes this system attractive as a dynamic, activity-dependent regulator of excitatory transmission and plasticity. Despite individual breakthroughs, an integrated understanding of BDNF function in synaptic plasticity is lacking. Here, we attempt to distill current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and function of BDNF in LTP. BDNF activates distinct mechanisms to regulate the induction, early maintenance, and late maintenance phases of LTP. Evidence from genetic and pharmacological approaches is reviewed and tabulated. The specific contribution of BDNF depends on the stimulus pattern used to induce LTP, which impacts the duration and perhaps the subcellular site of BDNF release. Particular attention is given to the role of BDNF as a trigger for protein synthesis-dependent late phase LTP-a process referred to as synaptic consolidation. Recent experiments suggest that BDNF activates synaptic consolidation through transcription and rapid dendritic trafficking of mRNA encoded by the immediate early gene, Arc. A model is proposed in which BDNF signaling at glutamate synapses drives the translation of newly transported (Arc) and locally stored (i.e., aCaMKII) mRNA in dendrites. In this model BDNF tags synapses for mRNA capture, while Arc translation defines a critical window for synaptic consolidation. The biochemical mechanisms by which BDNF regulates local translation are also discussed. Elucidation of these mechanisms should shed light on a range of adaptive brain responses including memory and mood resilience. #</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5806665" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1a94fd4ea3b602c5a7d7e89877b16cdc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49131274,"asset_id":5806665,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49131274/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8077034" href="https://uib.academia.edu/CBramham">Clive Bramham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8077034" type="text/json">{"id":8077034,"first_name":"Clive","last_name":"Bramham","domain_name":"uib","page_name":"CBramham","display_name":"Clive Bramham","profile_url":"https://uib.academia.edu/CBramham?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8077034/2913724/6962331/s65_clive.bramham.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5806665 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5806665"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5806665, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5806665", }); 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Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate synapses makes this system attractive as a dynamic, activity-dependent regulator of excitatory transmission and plasticity. Despite individual breakthroughs, an integrated understanding of BDNF function in synaptic plasticity is lacking. Here, we attempt to distill current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and function of BDNF in LTP. BDNF activates distinct mechanisms to regulate the induction, early maintenance, and late maintenance phases of LTP. Evidence from genetic and pharmacological approaches is reviewed and tabulated. The specific contribution of BDNF depends on the stimulus pattern used to induce LTP, which impacts the duration and perhaps the subcellular site of BDNF release. Particular attention is given to the role of BDNF as a trigger for protein synthesis-dependent late phase LTP-a process referred to as synaptic consolidation. Recent experiments suggest that BDNF activates synaptic consolidation through transcription and rapid dendritic trafficking of mRNA encoded by the immediate early gene, Arc. A model is proposed in which BDNF signaling at glutamate synapses drives the translation of newly transported (Arc) and locally stored (i.e., aCaMKII) mRNA in dendrites. In this model BDNF tags synapses for mRNA capture, while Arc translation defines a critical window for synaptic consolidation. The biochemical mechanisms by which BDNF regulates local translation are also discussed. Elucidation of these mechanisms should shed light on a range of adaptive brain responses including memory and mood resilience. #","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49131274,"asset_id":5806665,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8077034,"first_name":"Clive","last_name":"Bramham","domain_name":"uib","page_name":"CBramham","display_name":"Clive Bramham","profile_url":"https://uib.academia.edu/CBramham?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8077034/2913724/6962331/s65_clive.bramham.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics?f_ri=32003"},{"id":38139,"name":"Protein synthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_synthesis?f_ri=32003"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=32003"},{"id":49646,"name":"Protein Structure and Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Structure_and_Function?f_ri=32003"},{"id":61233,"name":"Glutamate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate?f_ri=32003"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=32003"},{"id":63426,"name":"PLC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLC?f_ri=32003"},{"id":91391,"name":"mTOR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/mTOR?f_ri=32003"},{"id":94065,"name":"Arc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arc?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":177250,"name":"ERK","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ERK?f_ri=32003"},{"id":177251,"name":"CREB","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CREB?f_ri=32003"},{"id":178253,"name":"ARG","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ARG?f_ri=32003"},{"id":251023,"name":"PKA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PKA?f_ri=32003"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=32003"},{"id":426260,"name":"Calmodulin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calmodulin?f_ri=32003"},{"id":473566,"name":"LTP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LTP?f_ri=32003"},{"id":477722,"name":"CaMKII","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CaMKII?f_ri=32003"},{"id":595079,"name":"MAPK","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MAPK?f_ri=32003"},{"id":632482,"name":"Acd","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acd?f_ri=32003"},{"id":736136,"name":"Protein Kinase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Kinase?f_ri=32003"},{"id":985351,"name":"TRP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TRP?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1010725,"name":"Protein Binding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Binding?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1194885,"name":"UTR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UTR?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1216474,"name":"GFP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GFP?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34619178" data-work_id="34619178" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34619178/Arc_protein_a_flexible_hub_for_synaptic_plasticity_and_cognition">Arc protein: a flexible hub for synaptic plasticity and cognition</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mammalian excitatory synapses express diverse types of synaptic plasticity. A major challenge in neuroscience is to understand how a neuron utilizes different types of plasticity to sculpt brain development, function, and behavior.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34619178" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mammalian excitatory synapses express diverse types of synaptic plasticity. A major challenge in neuroscience is to understand how a neuron utilizes different types of plasticity to sculpt brain development, function, and behavior. Neuronal activity-induced expression of the immediate early protein, Arc, is critical for long-term potentiation and depression of synaptic transmission, homeostatic synaptic scaling, and adaptive functions such as long-term memory formation. However, the molecular basis of Arc protein function as a regulator of synaptic plasticity and cognition remains a puzzle. Recent work on the biophys-ical and structural properties of Arc, its protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications have shed light on the issue. Here, we present Arc protein as a flexible, multifunctional and interactive hub. Arc interacts with specific effector proteins in neuronal compartments (dendritic spines, nuclear domains) to bidirectionally regulate synaptic strength by distinct molecular mechanisms. Arc stability, subcellular localization, and interactions are dictated by synaptic activity and post-translational modification of Arc. This functional versatility and context-dependent signaling supports a view of Arc as a highly specialized master organizer of long-term synaptic plasticity, critical for information storage and cognition.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34619178" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="88e391ee03bbd14fb2b75727f77b05e2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54484067,"asset_id":34619178,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54484067/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6261" href="https://uib.academia.edu/CliveBramham">Clive Bramham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6261" type="text/json">{"id":6261,"first_name":"Clive","last_name":"Bramham","domain_name":"uib","page_name":"CliveBramham","display_name":"Clive Bramham","profile_url":"https://uib.academia.edu/CliveBramham?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6261/1282860/1596236/s65_clive.bramham.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34619178 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34619178"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34619178, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34619178", }); 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A major challenge in neuroscience is to understand how a neuron utilizes different types of plasticity to sculpt brain development, function, and behavior. Neuronal activity-induced expression of the immediate early protein, Arc, is critical for long-term potentiation and depression of synaptic transmission, homeostatic synaptic scaling, and adaptive functions such as long-term memory formation. However, the molecular basis of Arc protein function as a regulator of synaptic plasticity and cognition remains a puzzle. Recent work on the biophys-ical and structural properties of Arc, its protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications have shed light on the issue. Here, we present Arc protein as a flexible, multifunctional and interactive hub. Arc interacts with specific effector proteins in neuronal compartments (dendritic spines, nuclear domains) to bidirectionally regulate synaptic strength by distinct molecular mechanisms. Arc stability, subcellular localization, and interactions are dictated by synaptic activity and post-translational modification of Arc. This functional versatility and context-dependent signaling supports a view of Arc as a highly specialized master organizer of long-term synaptic plasticity, critical for information storage and cognition.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54484067,"asset_id":34619178,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6261,"first_name":"Clive","last_name":"Bramham","domain_name":"uib","page_name":"CliveBramham","display_name":"Clive Bramham","profile_url":"https://uib.academia.edu/CliveBramham?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6261/1282860/1596236/s65_clive.bramham.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":49833,"name":"Protein-protein interactions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein-protein_interactions?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":233229,"name":"Genes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genes?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9844953" data-work_id="9844953" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9844953/Behavioral_and_neural_plasticity">Behavioral and neural plasticity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9844953" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="21d8d7f531fb28a06596aaffe70a3ec7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36187577,"asset_id":9844953,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36187577/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="23028981" href="https://acg-gr.academia.edu/MichaelNikoletseas">Michael M Nikoletseas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23028981" type="text/json">{"id":23028981,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Nikoletseas","domain_name":"acg-gr","page_name":"MichaelNikoletseas","display_name":"Michael M Nikoletseas","profile_url":"https://acg-gr.academia.edu/MichaelNikoletseas?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23028981/6246227/82214289/s65_michael.nikoletseas.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9844953 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9844953"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9844953, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9844953", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9844953 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9844953; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9844953"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9844953 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9844953"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9844953; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9844953]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9844953").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9844953").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9844953"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1047" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavioral_Sciences">Behavioral Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1047" type="text/json">{"id":1047,"name":"Behavioral Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavioral_Sciences?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2380" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasticity">Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2380" type="text/json">{"id":2380,"name":"Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_Psychology_">Learning (Psychology)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3697" type="text/json">{"id":3697,"name":"Learning (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_Psychology_?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9844953]'), work: {"id":9844953,"title":"Behavioral and neural plasticity","created_at":"2014-12-20T02:59:21.236-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9844953/Behavioral_and_neural_plasticity?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_9844953","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36187577,"asset_id":9844953,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":23028981,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Nikoletseas","domain_name":"acg-gr","page_name":"MichaelNikoletseas","display_name":"Michael M Nikoletseas","profile_url":"https://acg-gr.academia.edu/MichaelNikoletseas?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23028981/6246227/82214289/s65_michael.nikoletseas.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":1047,"name":"Behavioral Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavioral_Sciences?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":2380,"name":"Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":3697,"name":"Learning (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_Psychology_?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":11103,"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology_of_Learning_and_Memory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":30601,"name":"Behavioral Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavioral_Neuroscience?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":240756,"name":"Neural plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_plasticity?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2500422" data-work_id="2500422" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2500422/The_neuroprotective_potential_of_flavonoids_a_multiplicity_of_effects">The neuroprotective potential of flavonoids: a multiplicity of effects</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Flavonoids exert a multiplicity of neuroprotective actions within the brain, including a potential to protect neurons against injury induced by neurotoxins, an ability to suppress neuroinflammation, and the potential to promote memory,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2500422" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Flavonoids exert a multiplicity of neuroprotective actions within the brain, including a potential to protect neurons against injury induced by neurotoxins, an ability to suppress neuroinflammation, and the potential to promote memory, learning and cognitive function. These effects appear to be underpinned by two common processes. Firstly, they interact with critical protein and lipid kinase signalling cascades in the brain leading to an inhibition of apoptosis triggered by neurotoxic species and to a promotion of neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. Secondly, they induce beneficial effects on the vascular system leading to changes in cerebrovascular blood flow capable of causing angiogenesis, neurogenesis and changes in neuronal morphology. Through these mechanisms, the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods throughout life holds the potential to limit neurodegeneration and to prevent or reverse age-dependent loses in cognitive performance. The intense interest in the development of drugs capable of enhancing brain function means that flavonoids may represent important precursor molecules in the quest to develop of a new generation of brain enhancing drugs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2500422" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d063b55501af3e6e16a7dce3bc1edc6c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50597193,"asset_id":2500422,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50597193/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3258685" href="https://eastanglia.academia.edu/httpspeopleueaacukd_vauzour">David Vauzour</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3258685" type="text/json">{"id":3258685,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Vauzour","domain_name":"eastanglia","page_name":"httpspeopleueaacukd_vauzour","display_name":"David Vauzour","profile_url":"https://eastanglia.academia.edu/httpspeopleueaacukd_vauzour?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2500422 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2500422"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2500422, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2500422", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2500422 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2500422; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2500422"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2500422 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2500422"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2500422; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2500422]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2500422").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2500422").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2500422"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8014" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Sciences">Life Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8014" type="text/json">{"id":8014,"name":"Life Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Sciences?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37851" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection">Neuroprotection</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37851" type="text/json">{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2500422]'), work: {"id":2500422,"title":"The neuroprotective potential of flavonoids: a multiplicity of effects","created_at":"2013-02-01T21:27:56.100-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2500422/The_neuroprotective_potential_of_flavonoids_a_multiplicity_of_effects?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_2500422","summary":"Flavonoids exert a multiplicity of neuroprotective actions within the brain, including a potential to protect neurons against injury induced by neurotoxins, an ability to suppress neuroinflammation, and the potential to promote memory, learning and cognitive function. These effects appear to be underpinned by two common processes. Firstly, they interact with critical protein and lipid kinase signalling cascades in the brain leading to an inhibition of apoptosis triggered by neurotoxic species and to a promotion of neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. Secondly, they induce beneficial effects on the vascular system leading to changes in cerebrovascular blood flow capable of causing angiogenesis, neurogenesis and changes in neuronal morphology. Through these mechanisms, the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods throughout life holds the potential to limit neurodegeneration and to prevent or reverse age-dependent loses in cognitive performance. The intense interest in the development of drugs capable of enhancing brain function means that flavonoids may represent important precursor molecules in the quest to develop of a new generation of brain enhancing drugs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50597193,"asset_id":2500422,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3258685,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Vauzour","domain_name":"eastanglia","page_name":"httpspeopleueaacukd_vauzour","display_name":"David Vauzour","profile_url":"https://eastanglia.academia.edu/httpspeopleueaacukd_vauzour?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":8014,"name":"Life Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Sciences?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":66744,"name":"Biomedical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Research?f_ri=32003"},{"id":100498,"name":"Neuroinflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroinflammation?f_ri=32003"},{"id":233770,"name":"Cognitive Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Performance?f_ri=32003"},{"id":426588,"name":"Blood Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_Flow?f_ri=32003"},{"id":441653,"name":"Cognitive Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Function?f_ri=32003"},{"id":968358,"name":"Brain Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Function?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3188765" data-work_id="3188765" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3188765/BDNF_function_in_adult_synaptic_plasticity_the_synaptic_consolidation_hypothesis">BDNF function in adult synaptic plasticity: the synaptic consolidation hypothesis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Interest in BDNF as an activity-dependent modulator of neuronal structure and function in the adult brain has intensified in recent years. Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate synapses makes this system attractive as a dynamic,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3188765" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Interest in BDNF as an activity-dependent modulator of neuronal structure and function in the adult brain has intensified in recent years. Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate synapses makes this system attractive as a dynamic, activity-dependent regulator of excitatory transmission and plasticity. Despite individual breakthroughs, an integrated understanding of BDNF function in synaptic plasticity is lacking. Here, we attempt to distill current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and function of BDNF in LTP. BDNF activates distinct mechanisms to regulate the induction, early maintenance, and late maintenance phases of LTP. Evidence from genetic and pharmacological approaches is reviewed and tabulated. The specific contribution of BDNF depends on the stimulus pattern used to induce LTP, which impacts the duration and perhaps the subcellular site of BDNF release. Particular attention is given to the role of BDNF as a trigger for protein synthesis-dependent late phase LTP-a process referred to as synaptic consolidation. Recent experiments suggest that BDNF activates synaptic consolidation through transcription and rapid dendritic trafficking of mRNA encoded by the immediate early gene, Arc. A model is proposed in which BDNF signaling at glutamate synapses drives the translation of newly transported (Arc) and locally stored (i.e., aCaMKII) mRNA in dendrites. In this model BDNF tags synapses for mRNA capture, while Arc translation defines a critical window for synaptic consolidation. The biochemical mechanisms by which BDNF regulates local translation are also discussed. Elucidation of these mechanisms should shed light on a range of adaptive brain responses including memory and mood resilience. #</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3188765" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9d84ef097ef1ddc4e18793a629e4afee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35135382,"asset_id":3188765,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35135382/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6261" href="https://uib.academia.edu/CliveBramham">Clive Bramham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6261" type="text/json">{"id":6261,"first_name":"Clive","last_name":"Bramham","domain_name":"uib","page_name":"CliveBramham","display_name":"Clive Bramham","profile_url":"https://uib.academia.edu/CliveBramham?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6261/1282860/1596236/s65_clive.bramham.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3188765 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3188765"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3188765, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3188765", }); 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Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate synapses makes this system attractive as a dynamic, activity-dependent regulator of excitatory transmission and plasticity. Despite individual breakthroughs, an integrated understanding of BDNF function in synaptic plasticity is lacking. Here, we attempt to distill current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and function of BDNF in LTP. BDNF activates distinct mechanisms to regulate the induction, early maintenance, and late maintenance phases of LTP. Evidence from genetic and pharmacological approaches is reviewed and tabulated. The specific contribution of BDNF depends on the stimulus pattern used to induce LTP, which impacts the duration and perhaps the subcellular site of BDNF release. Particular attention is given to the role of BDNF as a trigger for protein synthesis-dependent late phase LTP-a process referred to as synaptic consolidation. Recent experiments suggest that BDNF activates synaptic consolidation through transcription and rapid dendritic trafficking of mRNA encoded by the immediate early gene, Arc. A model is proposed in which BDNF signaling at glutamate synapses drives the translation of newly transported (Arc) and locally stored (i.e., aCaMKII) mRNA in dendrites. In this model BDNF tags synapses for mRNA capture, while Arc translation defines a critical window for synaptic consolidation. The biochemical mechanisms by which BDNF regulates local translation are also discussed. Elucidation of these mechanisms should shed light on a range of adaptive brain responses including memory and mood resilience. #","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35135382,"asset_id":3188765,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6261,"first_name":"Clive","last_name":"Bramham","domain_name":"uib","page_name":"CliveBramham","display_name":"Clive Bramham","profile_url":"https://uib.academia.edu/CliveBramham?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6261/1282860/1596236/s65_clive.bramham.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_239782" data-work_id="239782" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/239782/Manuscript_of_my_Ph_D_thesis">Manuscript of my Ph.D thesis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/239782" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f12fd341c5fe48367cde1aba71ea32e5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":962319,"asset_id":239782,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/962319/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="191625" href="https://lgm1.academia.edu/AliKHALFALLAH">Dr. Ali KHALFALLAH</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="191625" type="text/json">{"id":191625,"first_name":"Dr. Ali","last_name":"KHALFALLAH","domain_name":"lgm1","page_name":"AliKHALFALLAH","display_name":"Dr. Ali KHALFALLAH","profile_url":"https://lgm1.academia.edu/AliKHALFALLAH?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/191625/46260/3541435/s65_dr._ali.khalfallah.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_239782 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="239782"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 239782, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_239782", }); 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Being enveloped in "womb-waters" means our smell sense is not fully-activated with the mechanisms for breathing air (replete... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33422960" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Light & Scent (People Relearn a Heightened Sense of Smell to Enhance Brain Plasticity) <br /><br />We're born smellers.  Being enveloped in "womb-waters" means our smell sense is not fully-activated with the mechanisms for breathing air (replete with essential scent molecules) until we take that very first lung-filling breath.  In fact, the human olfactory system is increasingly understood to be highly dynamic. The neurobiological underpinnings of this plasticity, including “bottom-up” factors like regulation of peripheral odor receptors and “top-down” factors like the sensory consequences of emotional and cognitive states, are  really just beginning to be explored with regards to more therapeutic potentials. As the human olfactory bulb is actually quite large in absolute terms and contains a similar number of neurons to that of other mammals there's increasing awareness of engaging our excellent olfactory abilities to assist in trauma and rehabilitative recovery.  (Check out some recent discoveries about this topic to learn how and why we can detect and discriminate an extraordinary range of odors.) <br /><br />~ <a href="http://www.natureandforesttherapy.org/blog/on-the-scent-of-wellness" rel="nofollow">http://www.natureandforesttherapy.org/blog/on-the-scent-of-wellness</a><br /><br />~ <a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/06/06/531744473/learn-to-sniff-the-world-like-a-dog-does-and-see-in-a-new-way" rel="nofollow">http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/06/06/531744473/learn-to-sniff-the-world-like-a-dog-does-and-see-in-a-new-way</a><br /><br />~Poor human olfaction is a 19th-century myth<br /><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6338/eaam7263" rel="nofollow">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6338/eaam7263</a><br /><br />In our mother, the foods she ingested and air she breathed, while being filtered, prepared us to emerge ready and able to smell:  with the mighty task @ hand -- singularly feeding.  We, alone, released from the umbilical, needed to seek out mother's nipple.  Scent being our pathfinder.  Though, in these earliest of "sniffings" we're also unleashing a slew of early and rapid neurological changes to bring the nose, eyes and even ears into a whole concerted/highly orchestrated neurological realm of learning, forever changing how we navigate and discover the essence of our brand new world.<br /><br />Startle reflex is something everyone knows about.  We've all felt it at one time or another.  It is the response of our mind and our body from a sudden unexpected stimulus. When startled, our bodies go through many physical changes including contraction of muscles of the arm and leg, blinking, increase in blood pressure, respiration and breathing rate. While the muscle contraction responses generally resolve themselves in a matter of seconds, it often takes our breathing, respiration and blood pressure much more time to normalize.  In humans, this is typically measured by determining the magnitude of the muscle activity of the eyeblink reflex during the emission of a sudden loud noise. (And this response is capitalized on in certain " eye-movement-based " PTS therapy approaches such as Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Comprehensive Resource Model (CRM) and Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART)).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33422960" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3c3b3f84516f912ea1145903428e2233" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53474483,"asset_id":33422960,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53474483/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5261124" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RandyEady">Randy Eady</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5261124" type="text/json">{"id":5261124,"first_name":"Randy","last_name":"Eady","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RandyEady","display_name":"Randy Eady","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RandyEady?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5261124/2314810/165968407/s65_randy.eady.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33422960 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33422960"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33422960, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33422960", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33422960 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33422960; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33422960"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33422960 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33422960"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33422960; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33422960]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33422960").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33422960").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33422960"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1702" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vibroacoustic_Therapy_and_Vibroacoustic_Sound_Therapy">Vibroacoustic Therapy and Vibroacoustic Sound Therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1702" type="text/json">{"id":1702,"name":"Vibroacoustic Therapy and Vibroacoustic Sound Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vibroacoustic_Therapy_and_Vibroacoustic_Sound_Therapy?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3718" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_PTSD_">Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3718" type="text/json">{"id":3718,"name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_PTSD_?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23758" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photobiology">Photobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23758" type="text/json">{"id":23758,"name":"Photobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photobiology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33422960]'), work: {"id":33422960,"title":"Startle Reflex Therapy: Smelling Light, Seeing Sound","created_at":"2017-06-12T06:24:32.267-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33422960/Startle_Reflex_Therapy_Smelling_Light_Seeing_Sound?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_33422960","summary":"Light \u0026 Scent (People Relearn a Heightened Sense of Smell to Enhance Brain Plasticity) \n\nWe're born smellers. Being enveloped in \"womb-waters\" means our smell sense is not fully-activated with the mechanisms for breathing air (replete with essential scent molecules) until we take that very first lung-filling breath. In fact, the human olfactory system is increasingly understood to be highly dynamic. The neurobiological underpinnings of this plasticity, including “bottom-up” factors like regulation of peripheral odor receptors and “top-down” factors like the sensory consequences of emotional and cognitive states, are really just beginning to be explored with regards to more therapeutic potentials. As the human olfactory bulb is actually quite large in absolute terms and contains a similar number of neurons to that of other mammals there's increasing awareness of engaging our excellent olfactory abilities to assist in trauma and rehabilitative recovery. (Check out some recent discoveries about this topic to learn how and why we can detect and discriminate an extraordinary range of odors.) \n\n~ http://www.natureandforesttherapy.org/blog/on-the-scent-of-wellness\n\n~ http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/06/06/531744473/learn-to-sniff-the-world-like-a-dog-does-and-see-in-a-new-way\n\n~Poor human olfaction is a 19th-century myth\nhttp://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6338/eaam7263\n\nIn our mother, the foods she ingested and air she breathed, while being filtered, prepared us to emerge ready and able to smell: with the mighty task @ hand -- singularly feeding. We, alone, released from the umbilical, needed to seek out mother's nipple. Scent being our pathfinder. Though, in these earliest of \"sniffings\" we're also unleashing a slew of early and rapid neurological changes to bring the nose, eyes and even ears into a whole concerted/highly orchestrated neurological realm of learning, forever changing how we navigate and discover the essence of our brand new world.\n\nStartle reflex is something everyone knows about. We've all felt it at one time or another. It is the response of our mind and our body from a sudden unexpected stimulus. When startled, our bodies go through many physical changes including contraction of muscles of the arm and leg, blinking, increase in blood pressure, respiration and breathing rate. While the muscle contraction responses generally resolve themselves in a matter of seconds, it often takes our breathing, respiration and blood pressure much more time to normalize. In humans, this is typically measured by determining the magnitude of the muscle activity of the eyeblink reflex during the emission of a sudden loud noise. (And this response is capitalized on in certain \" eye-movement-based \" PTS therapy approaches such as Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Comprehensive Resource Model (CRM) and Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART)). ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53474483,"asset_id":33422960,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5261124,"first_name":"Randy","last_name":"Eady","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RandyEady","display_name":"Randy Eady","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RandyEady?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5261124/2314810/165968407/s65_randy.eady.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1702,"name":"Vibroacoustic Therapy and Vibroacoustic Sound Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vibroacoustic_Therapy_and_Vibroacoustic_Sound_Therapy?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":3718,"name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_PTSD_?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":23758,"name":"Photobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photobiology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":51867,"name":"Olfaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Olfaction?f_ri=32003"},{"id":55215,"name":"Light therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light_therapy?f_ri=32003"},{"id":58517,"name":"Startle Reflex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Startle_Reflex?f_ri=32003"},{"id":70336,"name":"Combat PTSD","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combat_PTSD?f_ri=32003"},{"id":100966,"name":"Brain Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35150394" data-work_id="35150394" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35150394/Spike_Based_Synaptic_Plasticity_in_Silicon_Design_Implementation_Application_and_Challenges_This_paper_reviews_challenges_and_progress_in_implementing_timing_based_neuronal_learning_mechanisms_in_silicon">Spike-Based Synaptic Plasticity in Silicon: Design, Implementation, Application, and Challenges This paper reviews challenges and progress in implementing timing-based neuronal learning mechanisms in silicon</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The ability to carry out signal processing, classification, recognition, and computation in artificial spiking neural networks (SNNs) is mediated by their synapses. In particular, through activity-dependent alteration of their efficacies,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35150394" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The ability to carry out signal processing, classification, recognition, and computation in artificial spiking neural networks (SNNs) is mediated by their synapses. In particular, through activity-dependent alteration of their efficacies, synapses play a fundamental role in learning. The mathematical prescriptions under which synapses modify their weights are termed synaptic plasticity rules. These learning rules can be based on abstract computational neuroscience models or on detailed biophysical ones. As these rules are being proposed and developed by experimental and computational neuroscientists, engineers strive to design and implement them in silicon and en masse in order to employ them in complex real-world applications. In this paper, we describe analog very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuit implementations of multiple synaptic plasticity rules, ranging from phenomenological ones (e.g., based on spike timing, mean firing rates, or both) to biophysically realistic ones (e.g., calcium-dependent models). We discuss the application domains, weaknesses, and strengths of various representative approaches proposed in the literature , and provide insight into the challenges that engineers face when designing and implementing synaptic plasticity rules in VLSI technology for utilizing them in real-world applications.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35150394" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6863fcb0999ebe4372fc3f0014215350" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55012143,"asset_id":35150394,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55012143/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="220112" href="https://adelaide.academia.edu/DerekAbbott">Derek Abbott</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="220112" type="text/json">{"id":220112,"first_name":"Derek","last_name":"Abbott","domain_name":"adelaide","page_name":"DerekAbbott","display_name":"Derek Abbott","profile_url":"https://adelaide.academia.edu/DerekAbbott?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/220112/49850/45897/s65_derek.abbott.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35150394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35150394"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35150394, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35150394", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35150394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35150394; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35150394"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35150394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35150394"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35150394; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35150394]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35150394").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35150394").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35150394"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1136" type="text/json">{"id":1136,"name":"Microelectronics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microelectronics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5451" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Neuroscience">Computational Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5451" type="text/json">{"id":5451,"name":"Computational Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11943" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuromorphic_VLSi">Neuromorphic VLSi</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11943" type="text/json">{"id":11943,"name":"Neuromorphic VLSi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuromorphic_VLSi?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35150394]'), work: {"id":35150394,"title":"Spike-Based Synaptic Plasticity in Silicon: Design, Implementation, Application, and Challenges This paper reviews challenges and progress in implementing timing-based neuronal learning mechanisms in silicon","created_at":"2017-11-15T00:19:11.009-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35150394/Spike_Based_Synaptic_Plasticity_in_Silicon_Design_Implementation_Application_and_Challenges_This_paper_reviews_challenges_and_progress_in_implementing_timing_based_neuronal_learning_mechanisms_in_silicon?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_35150394","summary":"The ability to carry out signal processing, classification, recognition, and computation in artificial spiking neural networks (SNNs) is mediated by their synapses. In particular, through activity-dependent alteration of their efficacies, synapses play a fundamental role in learning. The mathematical prescriptions under which synapses modify their weights are termed synaptic plasticity rules. These learning rules can be based on abstract computational neuroscience models or on detailed biophysical ones. As these rules are being proposed and developed by experimental and computational neuroscientists, engineers strive to design and implement them in silicon and en masse in order to employ them in complex real-world applications. In this paper, we describe analog very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuit implementations of multiple synaptic plasticity rules, ranging from phenomenological ones (e.g., based on spike timing, mean firing rates, or both) to biophysically realistic ones (e.g., calcium-dependent models). We discuss the application domains, weaknesses, and strengths of various representative approaches proposed in the literature , and provide insight into the challenges that engineers face when designing and implementing synaptic plasticity rules in VLSI technology for utilizing them in real-world applications.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55012143,"asset_id":35150394,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":220112,"first_name":"Derek","last_name":"Abbott","domain_name":"adelaide","page_name":"DerekAbbott","display_name":"Derek Abbott","profile_url":"https://adelaide.academia.edu/DerekAbbott?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/220112/49850/45897/s65_derek.abbott.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1136,"name":"Microelectronics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microelectronics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":5451,"name":"Computational Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":11943,"name":"Neuromorphic VLSi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuromorphic_VLSi?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":44255,"name":"Neuromorphic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuromorphic_Engineering?f_ri=32003"},{"id":317562,"name":"Spiking Neural Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spiking_Neural_Networks?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36085080" data-work_id="36085080" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36085080/Adaptive_optimization_of_visual_sensitivity">Adaptive optimization of visual sensitivity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Sensory systems adapt to environmental change. It has been argued that adaptation should have the effect of optimizing sensitivity to the new environment. Here we consider a framework in which this premise is made concrete using an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36085080" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Sensory systems adapt to environmental change. It has been argued that adaptation should have the effect of optimizing sensitivity to the new environment. Here we consider a framework in which this premise is made concrete using an economic normative theory of visual motion perception. In this framework, visual systems adapt to the environment by reallocating their limited neural resources. The allocation is optimal when uncertainties about different aspects of stimulation are balanced. This theory makes predictions about visual sensitivity as a function of environmental statistics. Adaptive optimization of the visual system should be manifested as a change in sensitivity for an observer and for the underlying motion-sensitive neurons. We review evidence supporting these predictions and examine effects of adaptation on the neuronal representation of visual motion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36085080" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6b82412336afc700481a6e851bc5ae84" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55974155,"asset_id":36085080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55974155/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="197863" href="https://salk.academia.edu/SergeiGepshtein">Sergei Gepshtein</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="197863" type="text/json">{"id":197863,"first_name":"Sergei","last_name":"Gepshtein","domain_name":"salk","page_name":"SergeiGepshtein","display_name":"Sergei Gepshtein","profile_url":"https://salk.academia.edu/SergeiGepshtein?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/197863/46981/18243549/s65_sergei.gepshtein.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36085080 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36085080"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36085080, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36085080", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36085080 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36085080; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36085080"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36085080 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36085080"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36085080; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36085080]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36085080").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36085080").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36085080"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="246" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="246" type="text/json">{"id":246,"name":"Psychophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychophysics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="867" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception">Perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="867" type="text/json">{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2229" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision_Science">Vision Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2229" type="text/json">{"id":2229,"name":"Vision Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36085080]'), work: {"id":36085080,"title":"Adaptive optimization of visual sensitivity","created_at":"2018-03-05T17:33:58.572-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36085080/Adaptive_optimization_of_visual_sensitivity?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_36085080","summary":"Sensory systems adapt to environmental change. It has been argued that adaptation should have the effect of optimizing sensitivity to the new environment. Here we consider a framework in which this premise is made concrete using an economic normative theory of visual motion perception. In this framework, visual systems adapt to the environment by reallocating their limited neural resources. The allocation is optimal when uncertainties about different aspects of stimulation are balanced. This theory makes predictions about visual sensitivity as a function of environmental statistics. Adaptive optimization of the visual system should be manifested as a change in sensitivity for an observer and for the underlying motion-sensitive neurons. We review evidence supporting these predictions and examine effects of adaptation on the neuronal representation of visual motion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55974155,"asset_id":36085080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":197863,"first_name":"Sergei","last_name":"Gepshtein","domain_name":"salk","page_name":"SergeiGepshtein","display_name":"Sergei Gepshtein","profile_url":"https://salk.academia.edu/SergeiGepshtein?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/197863/46981/18243549/s65_sergei.gepshtein.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":246,"name":"Psychophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychophysics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":2229,"name":"Vision Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":5395,"name":"Swarm Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swarm_Intelligence?f_ri=32003"},{"id":5677,"name":"Adaptation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adaptation?f_ri=32003"},{"id":13493,"name":"Motion perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motion_perception?f_ri=32003"},{"id":16618,"name":"Optimality Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Theory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":59692,"name":"Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision?f_ri=32003"},{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=32003"},{"id":135373,"name":"Contrast sensitivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contrast_sensitivity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":146666,"name":"Normative Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normative_Theory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":158333,"name":"Receptive Field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Receptive_Field?f_ri=32003"},{"id":233216,"name":"Economics of neural activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_neural_activity?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13972809" data-work_id="13972809" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13972809/Role_of_BDNF_and_GDNF_in_drug_reward_and_relapse_A_review">Role of BDNF and GDNF in drug reward and relapse: A review</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13972809" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="96969d287680c9d80abab62399cc694e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44748777,"asset_id":13972809,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen 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Airavaara","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MikkoAiravaara?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13972809 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13972809"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13972809, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13972809", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13972809 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13972809; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13972809"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13972809 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13972809"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13972809; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13972809]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13972809").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13972809").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13972809"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2483" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Addiction">Addiction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2483" type="text/json">{"id":2483,"name":"Addiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Addiction?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49021" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reward">Reward</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49021" type="text/json">{"id":49021,"name":"Reward","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reward?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13972809]'), work: {"id":13972809,"title":"Role of BDNF and GDNF in drug reward and relapse: A review","created_at":"2015-07-13T00:17:32.276-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13972809/Role_of_BDNF_and_GDNF_in_drug_reward_and_relapse_A_review?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_13972809","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44748777,"asset_id":13972809,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33020194,"first_name":"Mikko","last_name":"Airavaara","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MikkoAiravaara","display_name":"Mikko Airavaara","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MikkoAiravaara?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":2483,"name":"Addiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Addiction?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":49021,"name":"Reward","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reward?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=32003"},{"id":58513,"name":"Learning and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Memory-1?f_ri=32003"},{"id":70202,"name":"Incubation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Incubation?f_ri=32003"},{"id":86176,"name":"Alcohol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol?f_ri=32003"},{"id":130117,"name":"Glial Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glial_Cell?f_ri=32003"},{"id":164269,"name":"Extinction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extinction?f_ri=32003"},{"id":177235,"name":"Self-administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self-administration?f_ri=32003"},{"id":234187,"name":"Recurrence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recurrence?f_ri=32003"},{"id":558549,"name":"Street Drugs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Street_Drugs?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1423077,"name":"Substance-Related Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Substance-Related_Disorders?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1529835,"name":"Choice Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Choice_Behavior?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18591374" data-work_id="18591374" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18591374/Synaptic_Plasticity_and_Memory_An_Evaluation_of_the_Hypothesis">Synaptic Plasticity and Memory: An Evaluation of the Hypothesis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Changing the strength of connections between neurons is widely assumed to be the mechanism by which memory traces are encoded and stored in the central nervous system. In its most general form, the synaptic plasticity and memory... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18591374" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Changing the strength of connections between neurons is widely assumed to be the mechanism by which memory traces are encoded and stored in the central nervous system. In its most general form, the synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis states that "activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is induced at appropriate synapses during memory formation and is both necessary and sufficient for the information storage underlying the type of memory mediated by the brain area in which that plasticity is observed." We outline a set of criteria by which this hypothesis can be judged and describe a range of experimental strategies used to investigate it. We review both classical and newly discovered properties of synaptic plasticity and stress the importance of the neural architecture and synaptic learning rules of the network in which it is embedded. The greater part of the article focuses on types of memory mediated by the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex. We conclude that a wealth of data supports the notion that synaptic plasticity is necessary for learning and memory, but that little data currently supports the notion of sufficiency. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2000.23:649-711. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by Iowa State University on 02/10/05. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2000.23:649-711. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by Iowa State University on 02/10/05. For personal use only.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18591374" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6f8f6feffbf4863e13cf4a5be2383b51" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40145876,"asset_id":18591374,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40145876/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38630868" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardMorris22">Richard Morris</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38630868" type="text/json">{"id":38630868,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Morris","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RichardMorris22","display_name":"Richard Morris","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RichardMorris22?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18591374 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18591374"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18591374, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18591374", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18591374]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18591374").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18591374").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18591374"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation">Long Term Potentiation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4247" type="text/json">{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18591374]'), work: {"id":18591374,"title":"Synaptic Plasticity and Memory: An Evaluation of the Hypothesis","created_at":"2015-11-18T08:35:43.878-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18591374/Synaptic_Plasticity_and_Memory_An_Evaluation_of_the_Hypothesis?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_18591374","summary":"Changing the strength of connections between neurons is widely assumed to be the mechanism by which memory traces are encoded and stored in the central nervous system. In its most general form, the synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis states that \"activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is induced at appropriate synapses during memory formation and is both necessary and sufficient for the information storage underlying the type of memory mediated by the brain area in which that plasticity is observed.\" We outline a set of criteria by which this hypothesis can be judged and describe a range of experimental strategies used to investigate it. We review both classical and newly discovered properties of synaptic plasticity and stress the importance of the neural architecture and synaptic learning rules of the network in which it is embedded. The greater part of the article focuses on types of memory mediated by the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex. We conclude that a wealth of data supports the notion that synaptic plasticity is necessary for learning and memory, but that little data currently supports the notion of sufficiency. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2000.23:649-711. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by Iowa State University on 02/10/05. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2000.23:649-711. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by Iowa State University on 02/10/05. For personal use only.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40145876,"asset_id":18591374,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38630868,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Morris","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RichardMorris22","display_name":"Richard Morris","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RichardMorris22?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":43774,"name":"Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning?f_ri=32003"},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=32003"},{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=32003"},{"id":58513,"name":"Learning and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_and_Memory-1?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":147195,"name":"Central Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Nervous_System?f_ri=32003"},{"id":159962,"name":"Amygdala","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amygdala?f_ri=32003"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=32003"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1110846" data-work_id="1110846" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1110846/Synaptic_signaling_and_aberrant_RNA_splicing_in_autism_spectrum_disorders">Synaptic signaling and aberrant RNA splicing in autism spectrum disorders</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Interactions between presynaptic and postsynaptic cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) drive synapse maturation during development. These trans-synaptic interactions are regulated by alternative splicing of CAM RNAs, which ultimately... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1110846" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Interactions between presynaptic and postsynaptic cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) drive synapse maturation during development. These trans-synaptic interactions are regulated by alternative splicing of CAM RNAs, which ultimately determines neurotransmitter phenotype. The diverse assortment of RNAs produced by alternative splicing generates countless protein isoforms necessary for guiding specialized cell-to-cell connectivity. Failure to generate the appropriate synaptic adhesion proteins is associated with disrupted glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling, resulting in loss of activity-dependent neuronal plasticity, and risk for developmental disorders, including autism. While the majority of genetic mutations currently linked to autism are rare variants that change the protein-coding sequence of synaptic candidate genes, regulatory polymorphisms affecting constitutive and alternative splicing have emerged as risk factors in numerous other diseases, accounting for an estimated 40–60% of general disease risk. Here, we review the relationship between aberrant RNA splicing of synapse-related genes and autism spectrum disorders.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1110846" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6a976ba46f1549983a98f0ddc4ced20f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":6830908,"asset_id":1110846,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/6830908/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="280989" href="https://uiowa.academia.edu/RyanSmith">Ryan Smith</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="280989" type="text/json">{"id":280989,"first_name":"Ryan","last_name":"Smith","domain_name":"uiowa","page_name":"RyanSmith","display_name":"Ryan Smith","profile_url":"https://uiowa.academia.edu/RyanSmith?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/280989/354291/17633278/s65_ryan.smith.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1110846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1110846"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1110846, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1110846", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1110846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1110846; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1110846"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1110846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1110846"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1110846; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1110846]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1110846").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1110846").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1110846"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4270" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism_Spectrum_Disorders">Autism Spectrum Disorders</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4270" type="text/json">{"id":4270,"name":"Autism Spectrum Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism_Spectrum_Disorders?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13485" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GABAergic_Neurotransmission">GABAergic Neurotransmission</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13485" type="text/json">{"id":13485,"name":"GABAergic Neurotransmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GABAergic_Neurotransmission?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1110846]'), work: {"id":1110846,"title":"Synaptic signaling and aberrant RNA splicing in autism spectrum disorders","created_at":"2011-11-23T01:42:27.934-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1110846/Synaptic_signaling_and_aberrant_RNA_splicing_in_autism_spectrum_disorders?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_1110846","summary":"Interactions between presynaptic and postsynaptic cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) drive synapse maturation during development. These trans-synaptic interactions are regulated by alternative splicing of CAM RNAs, which ultimately determines neurotransmitter phenotype. The diverse assortment of RNAs produced by alternative splicing generates countless protein isoforms necessary for guiding specialized cell-to-cell connectivity. Failure to generate the appropriate synaptic adhesion proteins is associated with disrupted glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling, resulting in loss of activity-dependent neuronal plasticity, and risk for developmental disorders, including autism. While the majority of genetic mutations currently linked to autism are rare variants that change the protein-coding sequence of synaptic candidate genes, regulatory polymorphisms affecting constitutive and alternative splicing have emerged as risk factors in numerous other diseases, accounting for an estimated 40–60% of general disease risk. Here, we review the relationship between aberrant RNA splicing of synapse-related genes and autism spectrum disorders.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":6830908,"asset_id":1110846,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":280989,"first_name":"Ryan","last_name":"Smith","domain_name":"uiowa","page_name":"RyanSmith","display_name":"Ryan Smith","profile_url":"https://uiowa.academia.edu/RyanSmith?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/280989/354291/17633278/s65_ryan.smith.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4270,"name":"Autism Spectrum Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism_Spectrum_Disorders?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":13485,"name":"GABAergic Neurotransmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GABAergic_Neurotransmission?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":86290,"name":"Glutamate Signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate_Signaling?f_ri=32003"},{"id":139002,"name":"Alternative splicing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_splicing?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1223929,"name":"Autism Spectrum Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism_Spectrum_Treatment?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4031861" data-work_id="4031861" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4031861/Tripartite_synapses_astrocytes_process_and_control_synaptic_information">Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The term 'tripartite synapse' refers to a concept in synaptic physiology based on the demonstration of the existence of bidirectional communication between astrocytes and neurons. Consistent with this concept, in addition to the classic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4031861" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The term 'tripartite synapse' refers to a concept in synaptic physiology based on the demonstration of the existence of bidirectional communication between astrocytes and neurons. Consistent with this concept, in addition to the classic 'bipartite' information flow between the pre-and postsynaptic neurons, astrocytes exchange information with the synaptic neuronal elements, responding to synaptic activity and, in turn, regulating synaptic transmission. Because recent evidence has demonstrated that astrocytes integrate and process synaptic information and control synaptic transmission and plasticity, astrocytes, being active partners in synaptic function, are cellular elements involved in the processing, transfer and storage of information by the nervous system. Consequently, in contrast to the classically accepted paradigm that brain function results exclusively from neuronal activity, there is an emerging view, which we review herein, in which brain function actually arises from the coordinated activity of a network comprising both neurons and glia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4031861" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="20e841bc76d45ff8d96bf21954184035" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31576675,"asset_id":4031861,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31576675/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4847262" href="https://csic.academia.edu/MartaNavarrete">Marta Navarrete</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4847262" type="text/json">{"id":4847262,"first_name":"Marta","last_name":"Navarrete","domain_name":"csic","page_name":"MartaNavarrete","display_name":"Marta Navarrete","profile_url":"https://csic.academia.edu/MartaNavarrete?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4031861 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4031861"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4031861, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4031861", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4031861 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4031861; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4031861"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4031861 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4031861"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4031861; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4031861]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4031861").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4031861").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4031861"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="167" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology">Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="167" type="text/json">{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="859" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication">Communication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="859" type="text/json">{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium">Calcium</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9534" type="text/json">{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4031861]'), work: {"id":4031861,"title":"Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information","created_at":"2013-07-15T02:07:07.554-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4031861/Tripartite_synapses_astrocytes_process_and_control_synaptic_information?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_4031861","summary":"The term 'tripartite synapse' refers to a concept in synaptic physiology based on the demonstration of the existence of bidirectional communication between astrocytes and neurons. Consistent with this concept, in addition to the classic 'bipartite' information flow between the pre-and postsynaptic neurons, astrocytes exchange information with the synaptic neuronal elements, responding to synaptic activity and, in turn, regulating synaptic transmission. Because recent evidence has demonstrated that astrocytes integrate and process synaptic information and control synaptic transmission and plasticity, astrocytes, being active partners in synaptic function, are cellular elements involved in the processing, transfer and storage of information by the nervous system. Consequently, in contrast to the classically accepted paradigm that brain function results exclusively from neuronal activity, there is an emerging view, which we review herein, in which brain function actually arises from the coordinated activity of a network comprising both neurons and glia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31576675,"asset_id":4031861,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4847262,"first_name":"Marta","last_name":"Navarrete","domain_name":"csic","page_name":"MartaNavarrete","display_name":"Marta Navarrete","profile_url":"https://csic.academia.edu/MartaNavarrete?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":62693,"name":"Synapse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synapse?f_ri=32003"},{"id":130116,"name":"Astrocyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrocyte?f_ri=32003"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission?f_ri=32003"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=32003"},{"id":196442,"name":"Astrocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrocytes?f_ri=32003"},{"id":341079,"name":"Storage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storage?f_ri=32003"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2213585,"name":"Information System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_System?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26745160" data-work_id="26745160" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26745160/Neuropharmacology_of_the_essential_oil_of_bergamot">Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bergamot (Citrus bergamia, Risso) is a fruit most knowledgeable for its essential oil (BEO) used in aromatherapy to minimize symptoms of stress-induced anxiety and mild mood disorders and cancer pain though the rational basis for such... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26745160" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bergamot (Citrus bergamia, Risso) is a fruit most knowledgeable for its essential oil (BEO) used in aromatherapy to minimize symptoms of stress-induced anxiety and mild mood disorders and cancer pain though the rational basis for such applications awaits to be discovered. The behavioural and EEG spectrum power effects of BEO correlate well with its exocytotic and carrier-mediated release of discrete amino acids endowed with neurotransmitter function in the mammalian hippocampus supporting the deduction that BEO is able to interfere with normal and pathological synaptic plasticity. The observed neuroprotection in the course of experimental brain ischemia and pain does support this view. In conclusion, the data yielded so far contribute to our understanding of the mode of action of this phytocomplex on nerve tissue under normal and pathological experimental conditions and provide a rational basis for the practical use of BEO in complementary medicine. The opening of a wide venue for future research and translation into clinical settings is also envisaged.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26745160" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="21f551f406e44dc72476868e56f21e99" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47024629,"asset_id":26745160,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47024629/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50743057" href="https://unical.academia.edu/DAmantea">Diana Amantea</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50743057" type="text/json">{"id":50743057,"first_name":"Diana","last_name":"Amantea","domain_name":"unical","page_name":"DAmantea","display_name":"Diana Amantea","profile_url":"https://unical.academia.edu/DAmantea?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26745160 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26745160"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26745160, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26745160", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26745160 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26745160; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26745160"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26745160 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26745160"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26745160; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26745160]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26745160").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26745160").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26745160"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4083" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine">Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4083" type="text/json">{"id":4083,"name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5541" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology">Plant Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5541" type="text/json">{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7955" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7955" type="text/json">{"id":7955,"name":"Neuropharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropharmacology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26745160]'), work: {"id":26745160,"title":"Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot","created_at":"2016-07-05T05:14:14.678-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26745160/Neuropharmacology_of_the_essential_oil_of_bergamot?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_26745160","summary":"Bergamot (Citrus bergamia, Risso) is a fruit most knowledgeable for its essential oil (BEO) used in aromatherapy to minimize symptoms of stress-induced anxiety and mild mood disorders and cancer pain though the rational basis for such applications awaits to be discovered. The behavioural and EEG spectrum power effects of BEO correlate well with its exocytotic and carrier-mediated release of discrete amino acids endowed with neurotransmitter function in the mammalian hippocampus supporting the deduction that BEO is able to interfere with normal and pathological synaptic plasticity. The observed neuroprotection in the course of experimental brain ischemia and pain does support this view. In conclusion, the data yielded so far contribute to our understanding of the mode of action of this phytocomplex on nerve tissue under normal and pathological experimental conditions and provide a rational basis for the practical use of BEO in complementary medicine. The opening of a wide venue for future research and translation into clinical settings is also envisaged.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47024629,"asset_id":26745160,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50743057,"first_name":"Diana","last_name":"Amantea","domain_name":"unical","page_name":"DAmantea","display_name":"Diana Amantea","profile_url":"https://unical.academia.edu/DAmantea?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4083,"name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":7955,"name":"Neuropharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropharmacology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":48465,"name":"Essential Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essential_Oil?f_ri=32003"},{"id":72845,"name":"Cancer pain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_pain?f_ri=32003"},{"id":143416,"name":"Complementary Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_Medicine?f_ri=32003"},{"id":147195,"name":"Central Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Nervous_System?f_ri=32003"},{"id":172827,"name":"Brain Ischemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Ischemia?f_ri=32003"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission?f_ri=32003"},{"id":220614,"name":"Citrus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citrus?f_ri=32003"},{"id":295272,"name":"Akt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Akt?f_ri=32003"},{"id":321836,"name":"Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum?f_ri=32003"},{"id":331187,"name":"Mode of action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mode_of_action?f_ri=32003"},{"id":523688,"name":"Fitoterapia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fitoterapia?f_ri=32003"},{"id":585573,"name":"Amino Acid Profile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Profile?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1208692,"name":"Mood Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mood_Disorder?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9784561 coauthored" data-work_id="9784561" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9784561/Two_Stage_Translational_Control_of_Dentate_Gyrus_LTP_Consolidation_Mediated_by_Sustained_BDNF_TrkB_Signaling_to_MNK">Two-Stage Translational Control of Dentate Gyrus LTP Consolidation Mediated by Sustained BDNF-TrkB Signaling to MNK.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The logic of translational control in synaptic plasticity is not well understood. Panja et al. show that long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of live rodents is a two-stage process driven by brainderived neurotrophic factor... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9784561" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The logic of translational control in synaptic plasticity is not well understood. Panja et al. show that long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of live rodents is a two-stage process driven by brainderived neurotrophic factor signaling to MAP-kinase-interacting kinase and activation of functionally and mechanistically distinct forms of translation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9784561" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="21e85aa342729289b56e5aea65808901" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35960561,"asset_id":9784561,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35960561/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="23566212" href="https://nih.academia.edu/DebabrataPanja">Debabrata Panja</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23566212" type="text/json">{"id":23566212,"first_name":"Debabrata","last_name":"Panja","domain_name":"nih","page_name":"DebabrataPanja","display_name":"Debabrata Panja","profile_url":"https://nih.academia.edu/DebabrataPanja?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23566212/9075293/10123040/s65_debabrata.panja.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-9784561">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-9784561"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnniVedeler">Anni Vedeler</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uib.academia.edu/CliveBramham">Clive Bramham</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-9784561'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-9784561').html(); 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Panja et al. show that long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of live rodents is a two-stage process driven by brainderived neurotrophic factor signaling to MAP-kinase-interacting kinase and activation of functionally and mechanistically distinct forms of translation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35960561,"asset_id":9784561,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":23566212,"first_name":"Debabrata","last_name":"Panja","domain_name":"nih","page_name":"DebabrataPanja","display_name":"Debabrata Panja","profile_url":"https://nih.academia.edu/DebabrataPanja?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23566212/9075293/10123040/s65_debabrata.panja.jpg"},{"id":27215886,"first_name":"Anni","last_name":"Vedeler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnniVedeler","display_name":"Anni Vedeler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnniVedeler?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27215886/7716210/8652614/s65_anni.vedeler.jpg_oh_e7e07aff84c0309ac92aa1dbd9f1ab3a_oe_5577220d___gda___1435717314_3ac76afcf3c59d6bd4878bbabf1b11fb"},{"id":6261,"first_name":"Clive","last_name":"Bramham","domain_name":"uib","page_name":"CliveBramham","display_name":"Clive Bramham","profile_url":"https://uib.academia.edu/CliveBramham?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6261/1282860/1596236/s65_clive.bramham.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":2639,"name":"Neuroimaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroimaging?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":11816,"name":"Tumor Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tumor_Immunology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":18491,"name":"Molecular Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biochemistry?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32913,"name":"Neuroimmunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroimmunology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":41012,"name":"Recombinant DNA Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_DNA_Technology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":107987,"name":"Animal Models in Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Models_in_Psychiatry?f_ri=32003"},{"id":985666,"name":"Paraneoplastic Syndromes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paraneoplastic_Syndromes?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8174191" data-work_id="8174191" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8174191/Kainate_receptors">Kainate receptors</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Kainate receptors form a family of ionotropic glutamate receptors that appear to play a special role in the regulation of the activity of synaptic networks. This review first describes briefly the molecular and pharmacological properties... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8174191" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Kainate receptors form a family of ionotropic glutamate receptors that appear to play a special role in the regulation of the activity of synaptic networks. This review first describes briefly the molecular and pharmacological properties of native and recombinant kainate receptors. It then attempts to outline the general principles that appear to govern the function of kainate receptors in the activity of synaptic networks under physiological conditions. It subsequently describes the way that kainate receptors are involved in synaptic integration, synaptic plasticity, the regulation of neurotransmitter release and the control of neuronal excitability, and the manner in which they might play an important role in synaptogenesis and synaptic maturation. These functions require the proper subcellular localization of kainate receptors in specific functional domains of the neuron, necessitating complex cellular and molecular trafficking events. We show that our comprehension of these mechanisms is just starting to emerge. Finally, this review presents evidence that implicates kainate receptors in pathophysiological conditions such as epilepsy, excitotoxicity and pain, and that shows that these receptors represent promising therapeutic targets.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8174191" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="47b6ac8353d81c4ac5072894203e9fe2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48193590,"asset_id":8174191,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48193590/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15983048" href="https://ufc.academia.edu/PauloPinheiro">Paulo Pinheiro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15983048" type="text/json">{"id":15983048,"first_name":"Paulo","last_name":"Pinheiro","domain_name":"ufc","page_name":"PauloPinheiro","display_name":"Paulo Pinheiro","profile_url":"https://ufc.academia.edu/PauloPinheiro?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15983048/4331198/5031528/s65_paulo.pinheiro.jpg_oh_c8787d53bc959b48c896b6a848aa48ca_oe_547c3739___gda___1416977151_4f45a1f1fe5fec7efb4e663c93368fb7"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8174191 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8174191"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8174191, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8174191", }); 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This review first describes briefly the molecular and pharmacological properties of native and recombinant kainate receptors. It then attempts to outline the general principles that appear to govern the function of kainate receptors in the activity of synaptic networks under physiological conditions. It subsequently describes the way that kainate receptors are involved in synaptic integration, synaptic plasticity, the regulation of neurotransmitter release and the control of neuronal excitability, and the manner in which they might play an important role in synaptogenesis and synaptic maturation. These functions require the proper subcellular localization of kainate receptors in specific functional domains of the neuron, necessitating complex cellular and molecular trafficking events. We show that our comprehension of these mechanisms is just starting to emerge. Finally, this review presents evidence that implicates kainate receptors in pathophysiological conditions such as epilepsy, excitotoxicity and pain, and that shows that these receptors represent promising therapeutic targets.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48193590,"asset_id":8174191,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15983048,"first_name":"Paulo","last_name":"Pinheiro","domain_name":"ufc","page_name":"PauloPinheiro","display_name":"Paulo Pinheiro","profile_url":"https://ufc.academia.edu/PauloPinheiro?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15983048/4331198/5031528/s65_paulo.pinheiro.jpg_oh_c8787d53bc959b48c896b6a848aa48ca_oe_547c3739___gda___1416977151_4f45a1f1fe5fec7efb4e663c93368fb7"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2898,"name":"Pain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pain?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":7648,"name":"Epilepsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epilepsy?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":133919,"name":"Non Functional Requirement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non_Functional_Requirement?f_ri=32003"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission?f_ri=32003"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":240853,"name":"Subcellular Localization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subcellular_Localization?f_ri=32003"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=32003"},{"id":990417,"name":"Recombinant Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_Proteins?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1145163,"name":"Synaptic Integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Integration?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2012816,"name":"Glutamate Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate_Receptor?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12731663" data-work_id="12731663" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12731663/Linking_neocortical_cognitive_and_genetic_variability_in_autism_with_alterations_of_brain_plasticity_The_Trigger_Threshold_Target_model">Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: The Trigger-Threshold-Target model</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Please cite this article in press as: Mottron, L., et al., Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: The Trigger-Threshold-Target model. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. (2014),... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12731663" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Please cite this article in press as: Mottron, L., et al., Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: The Trigger-Threshold-Target model. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. (2014), <a href="http://dx.Please" rel="nofollow">http://dx.Please</a> cite this article in press as: Mottron, L., et al., Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: The Trigger-Threshold-Target model. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. (2014), http://dx.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12731663" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e097a6c33fc68431d32d5b6c8eab9f5c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45974929,"asset_id":12731663,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45974929/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31763486" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GuyRouleau">Guy Rouleau</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31763486" type="text/json">{"id":31763486,"first_name":"Guy","last_name":"Rouleau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GuyRouleau","display_name":"Guy Rouleau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GuyRouleau?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12731663 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12731663"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12731663, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12731663", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12731663 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12731663; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12731663"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12731663 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12731663"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12731663; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12731663]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12731663").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12731663").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12731663"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="867" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception">Perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="867" type="text/json">{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2249" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism">Autism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2249" type="text/json">{"id":2249,"name":"Autism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4212" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition">Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4212" type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18174" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language">Language</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18174" type="text/json">{"id":18174,"name":"Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12731663]'), work: {"id":12731663,"title":"Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: The Trigger-Threshold-Target model","created_at":"2015-06-01T12:19:45.135-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12731663/Linking_neocortical_cognitive_and_genetic_variability_in_autism_with_alterations_of_brain_plasticity_The_Trigger_Threshold_Target_model?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_12731663","summary":"Please cite this article in press as: Mottron, L., et al., Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: The Trigger-Threshold-Target model. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. (2014), http://dx.Please cite this article in press as: Mottron, L., et al., Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: The Trigger-Threshold-Target model. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. (2014), http://dx.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45974929,"asset_id":12731663,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31763486,"first_name":"Guy","last_name":"Rouleau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GuyRouleau","display_name":"Guy Rouleau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GuyRouleau?f_ri=32003","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":2249,"name":"Autism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":18174,"name":"Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":42799,"name":"Speech","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Speech?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":493558,"name":"Neocortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neocortex?f_ri=32003"},{"id":598673,"name":"Cross Modal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Modal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79857165" data-work_id="79857165" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79857165/Plasticidad_Desde_el_arte_hacia_la_neuro_ciencia_2022_">Plasticidad: Desde el arte hacia la neuro-ciencia (2022)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Taller que apunta hacia tres objetivos: a. Aprender acerca de la etimología de la palabra plasticidad. b. Integrar la noción de plasticidad con la de morfología, cambio y metamorfosis. c. Repasar el concepto de plasticidad que adopta... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79857165" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Taller que apunta hacia tres objetivos: <br /> <br />a. Aprender acerca de la etimología de la palabra plasticidad. <br />b. Integrar la noción de plasticidad con la de morfología, cambio y metamorfosis. <br />c. Repasar el concepto de plasticidad que adopta la neurociencia. <br /> <br />Desde Goethe y Catherine Malabou hacia la neurociencia enfatizando sobre el carácter proteico de los procesos biológicos.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79857165" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7c78e1014336aa7c1dcf89989ca80c86" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86431062,"asset_id":79857165,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86431062/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52097472" href="https://uaq.academia.edu/PaulaMariaCorte">Paula Maria Corte</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52097472" type="text/json">{"id":52097472,"first_name":"Paula Maria","last_name":"Corte","domain_name":"uaq","page_name":"PaulaMariaCorte","display_name":"Paula Maria Corte","profile_url":"https://uaq.academia.edu/PaulaMariaCorte?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52097472/20873771/99084882/s65_paula_maria.corte.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79857165 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79857165"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79857165, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79857165", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79857165 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79857165; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_79857165"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_79857165 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79857165"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79857165; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79857165]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79857165").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79857165").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79857165"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8487" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sigmund_Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8487" type="text/json">{"id":8487,"name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sigmund_Freud?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8761" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8761" type="text/json">{"id":8761,"name":"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79857165]'), work: {"id":79857165,"title":"Plasticidad: Desde el arte hacia la neuro-ciencia (2022)","created_at":"2022-05-24T19:44:46.739-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79857165/Plasticidad_Desde_el_arte_hacia_la_neuro_ciencia_2022_?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_79857165","summary":"Taller que apunta hacia tres objetivos:\r\n\r\na. Aprender acerca de la etimología de la palabra plasticidad.\r\nb. Integrar la noción de plasticidad con la de morfología, cambio y metamorfosis.\r\nc. Repasar el concepto de plasticidad que adopta la neurociencia.\r\n\r\nDesde Goethe y Catherine Malabou hacia la neurociencia enfatizando sobre el carácter proteico de los procesos biológicos.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86431062,"asset_id":79857165,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52097472,"first_name":"Paula Maria","last_name":"Corte","domain_name":"uaq","page_name":"PaulaMariaCorte","display_name":"Paula Maria Corte","profile_url":"https://uaq.academia.edu/PaulaMariaCorte?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52097472/20873771/99084882/s65_paula_maria.corte.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":8487,"name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sigmund_Freud?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":8761,"name":"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":86637,"name":"Speculative Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Speculative_Philosophy?f_ri=32003"},{"id":100966,"name":"Brain Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":144768,"name":"Neurociencia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurociencia?f_ri=32003"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission?f_ri=32003"},{"id":381952,"name":"Theory of Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":443815,"name":"Plasticidad Cerebral","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasticidad_Cerebral?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29117120" data-work_id="29117120" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29117120/Sleep_and_Adult_Neurogenesis_Implications_for_Cognition_and_Mood">Sleep and Adult Neurogenesis: Implications for Cognition and Mood</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The hippocampal dentate gyrus plays a critical role in learning and memory throughout life, in part by the integration of adult-born neurons into existing circuits. Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is regulated by numerous... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29117120" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The hippocampal dentate gyrus plays a critical role in learning and memory throughout life, in part by the integration of adult-born neurons into existing circuits. Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is regulated by numerous environmental , physiological, and behavioral factors known to affect learning and memory. Sleep is also important for learning and memory. Here we critically examine evidence from correlation, deprivation, and stimulation studies that sleep may be among those factors that regulate hippocampal neurogenesis. There is mixed evidence for correlations between sleep variables and rates of hippocampal cell proliferation across the day, the year, and the lifespan. There is modest evidence that periods of increased sleep are associated with increased cell proliferation or survival. There is strong evidence that disruptions of sleep exceeding 24 h, by total deprivation , selective REM sleep deprivation, and chronic restriction or fragmentation, significantly inhibit cell proliferation and in some cases neurogenesis. The mechanisms by which sleep disruption inhibits neurogenesis are not fully understood. Although sleep disruption procedures are typically at least mildly stressful, elevated adrenal corticosterone secretion is not necessary for this effect. However, procedures that prevent both elevated corticosterone and interleukin 1b signaling have been found to block the effect of sleep deprivation on cell proliferation. This result suggests that sleep loss impairs hippocampal neurogenesis by the presence of wake-dependent factors, rather than by the absence of sleep-specific processes. This would weigh against a hypothesis that regulation of neurogenesis is a function of sleep. Nonetheless, impaired neurogenesis may underlie some of the memory and mood effects associated with acute and chronic sleep disruptions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29117120" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="42f9dba07b73be9e6c83e53d22902e11" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49564148,"asset_id":29117120,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49564148/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37161395" href="https://rug.academia.edu/PeterMeerlo">Peter Meerlo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37161395" type="text/json">{"id":37161395,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Meerlo","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"PeterMeerlo","display_name":"Peter Meerlo","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/PeterMeerlo?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37161395/14485308/15374793/s65_peter.meerlo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29117120 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29117120"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29117120, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29117120", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29117120 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29117120; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29117120"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29117120 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29117120"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29117120; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29117120]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29117120").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29117120").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29117120"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3777" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis">Neurogenesis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3777" type="text/json">{"id":3777,"name":"Neurogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4212" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition">Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4212" type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity">Synaptic Plasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32003" type="text/json">{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37896" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insomnia">Insomnia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37896" type="text/json">{"id":37896,"name":"Insomnia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insomnia?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29117120]'), work: {"id":29117120,"title":"Sleep and Adult Neurogenesis: Implications for Cognition and Mood","created_at":"2016-10-13T00:54:19.948-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29117120/Sleep_and_Adult_Neurogenesis_Implications_for_Cognition_and_Mood?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_29117120","summary":"The hippocampal dentate gyrus plays a critical role in learning and memory throughout life, in part by the integration of adult-born neurons into existing circuits. Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is regulated by numerous environmental , physiological, and behavioral factors known to affect learning and memory. Sleep is also important for learning and memory. Here we critically examine evidence from correlation, deprivation, and stimulation studies that sleep may be among those factors that regulate hippocampal neurogenesis. There is mixed evidence for correlations between sleep variables and rates of hippocampal cell proliferation across the day, the year, and the lifespan. There is modest evidence that periods of increased sleep are associated with increased cell proliferation or survival. There is strong evidence that disruptions of sleep exceeding 24 h, by total deprivation , selective REM sleep deprivation, and chronic restriction or fragmentation, significantly inhibit cell proliferation and in some cases neurogenesis. The mechanisms by which sleep disruption inhibits neurogenesis are not fully understood. Although sleep disruption procedures are typically at least mildly stressful, elevated adrenal corticosterone secretion is not necessary for this effect. However, procedures that prevent both elevated corticosterone and interleukin 1b signaling have been found to block the effect of sleep deprivation on cell proliferation. This result suggests that sleep loss impairs hippocampal neurogenesis by the presence of wake-dependent factors, rather than by the absence of sleep-specific processes. This would weigh against a hypothesis that regulation of neurogenesis is a function of sleep. Nonetheless, impaired neurogenesis may underlie some of the memory and mood effects associated with acute and chronic sleep disruptions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49564148,"asset_id":29117120,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37161395,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Meerlo","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"PeterMeerlo","display_name":"Peter Meerlo","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/PeterMeerlo?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37161395/14485308/15374793/s65_peter.meerlo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3777,"name":"Neurogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":37896,"name":"Insomnia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insomnia?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=32003"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=32003"},{"id":76423,"name":"Sleep Deprivation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sleep_Deprivation?f_ri=32003"},{"id":106431,"name":"Sleep disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sleep_disorders?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":133324,"name":"Sleep","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sleep?f_ri=32003"},{"id":246876,"name":"Dentate Gyrus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dentate_Gyrus?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2657620,"name":"Sleep Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sleep_Loss?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7779595" data-work_id="7779595" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7779595/Cellular_Plasticity_Cascades_in_the_Pathophysiology_and_Treatment_of_Bipolar_Disorder">Cellular Plasticity Cascades in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bipolar disorder (BPD) is characterized by recurrent episodes of disturbed affect including mania and depression as well as changes in psychovegetative function, cognitive performance, and general health. A growing body of data suggests... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7779595" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bipolar disorder (BPD) is characterized by recurrent episodes of disturbed affect including mania and depression as well as changes in psychovegetative function, cognitive performance, and general health. A growing body of data suggests that BPD arises from abnormalities in synaptic and neuronal plasticity cascades, leading to aberrant information processing in critical synapses and circuits. Thus, these illnesses can best be conceptualized as genetically influenced disorders of synapses and circuits rather than simply as deficits or excesses in individual neurotransmitters. In addition, commonly used moodstabilizing drugs that are effective in treating BPD have been shown to target intracellular signaling pathways that control synaptic plasticity and cellular resilience. In this article we draw on clinical, preclinical, neuroimaging, and post-mortem data to discuss the neurobiology of BPD within a conceptual framework while highlighting the role of neuroplasticity in the pathophysiology and treatment of this disorder.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7779595" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c7d2cc5db8b2efc7acbf63f898e35600" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48344095,"asset_id":7779595,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48344095/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14323056" href="https://umd.academia.edu/RobertSchloesser">Robert Schloesser</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14323056" type="text/json">{"id":14323056,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Schloesser","domain_name":"umd","page_name":"RobertSchloesser","display_name":"Robert Schloesser","profile_url":"https://umd.academia.edu/RobertSchloesser?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14323056/6079265/11913233/s65_robert.schloesser.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7779595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7779595"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7779595, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7779595", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7779595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7779595; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7779595"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7779595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7779595"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7779595; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7779595]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7779595").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7779595").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7779595"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">22</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2047" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2047" type="text/json">{"id":2047,"name":"Psychopharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychopharmacology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3217" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression">Depression</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3217" type="text/json">{"id":3217,"name":"Depression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3227" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3227" type="text/json">{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7779595]'), work: {"id":7779595,"title":"Cellular Plasticity Cascades in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder","created_at":"2014-07-25T06:24:11.667-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7779595/Cellular_Plasticity_Cascades_in_the_Pathophysiology_and_Treatment_of_Bipolar_Disorder?f_ri=32003","dom_id":"work_7779595","summary":"Bipolar disorder (BPD) is characterized by recurrent episodes of disturbed affect including mania and depression as well as changes in psychovegetative function, cognitive performance, and general health. A growing body of data suggests that BPD arises from abnormalities in synaptic and neuronal plasticity cascades, leading to aberrant information processing in critical synapses and circuits. Thus, these illnesses can best be conceptualized as genetically influenced disorders of synapses and circuits rather than simply as deficits or excesses in individual neurotransmitters. In addition, commonly used moodstabilizing drugs that are effective in treating BPD have been shown to target intracellular signaling pathways that control synaptic plasticity and cellular resilience. In this article we draw on clinical, preclinical, neuroimaging, and post-mortem data to discuss the neurobiology of BPD within a conceptual framework while highlighting the role of neuroplasticity in the pathophysiology and treatment of this disorder.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48344095,"asset_id":7779595,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14323056,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Schloesser","domain_name":"umd","page_name":"RobertSchloesser","display_name":"Robert Schloesser","profile_url":"https://umd.academia.edu/RobertSchloesser?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14323056/6079265/11913233/s65_robert.schloesser.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":2047,"name":"Psychopharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychopharmacology?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":3217,"name":"Depression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=32003","nofollow":true},{"id":3230,"name":"Bipolar Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bipolar_Disorder?f_ri=32003"},{"id":8942,"name":"Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment?f_ri=32003"},{"id":10115,"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropsychopharmacology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":36837,"name":"Information Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Processing?f_ri=32003"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=32003"},{"id":39001,"name":"Pathophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pathophysiology?f_ri=32003"},{"id":42276,"name":"Neuroplasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroplasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":59370,"name":"In Vitro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro?f_ri=32003"},{"id":100966,"name":"Brain Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=32003"},{"id":140534,"name":"Conceptual Framework","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conceptual_Framework?f_ri=32003"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=32003"},{"id":233770,"name":"Cognitive Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Performance?f_ri=32003"},{"id":267579,"name":"General Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/General_Health?f_ri=32003"},{"id":375314,"name":"Valproic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Valproic_Acid?f_ri=32003"},{"id":1212380,"name":"Intracellular Signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intracellular_Signaling?f_ri=32003"},{"id":2032101,"name":"Intracellular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intracellular?f_ri=32003"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5812418 coauthored" data-work_id="5812418" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5812418/Dual_regulation_of_translation_initiation_and_peptide_chain_elongation_during_BDNF_induced_LTP_in_vivo_evidence_for_compartment_specific_translation_control">Dual regulation of translation initiation and peptide chain elongation during BDNF-induced LTP in vivo: evidence for compartment-specific translation control</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Protein synthesis underlying activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is controlled at the level of mRNA translation. We examined the dynamics and spatial regulation of two key translation factors, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5812418" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Protein synthesis underlying activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is controlled at the level of mRNA translation. We examined the dynamics and spatial regulation of two key translation factors, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and elongation factor-2 (eEF2), during long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by local infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) into the dentate gyrus of anesthetized rats. BDNF-induced LTP led to rapid, transient phosphorylation of eIF4E and eEF2, and enhanced expression of eIF4E protein in dentate gyrus homogenates. Infusion of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 blocked BDNF-LTP and modulation of the translation factor activity and expression. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis revealed enhanced staining of phospho-eIF4E and total eIF4E in dentate granule cells. The in vitro synaptodendrosome preparation was used to isolate the synaptic effects of BDNF in the dentate gyrus. BDNF treatment of synaptodendrosomes elicited rapid, transient phosphorylation of eIF4E paralleled by enhanced expression of α-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. In contrast, BDNF had no effect on eEF2 phosphorylation state in synaptodendrosomes. The results demonstrate rapid ERK-dependent regulation of the initiation and elongation steps of protein synthesis during BDNF-LTP in vivo. Furthermore, the results suggest a compartment-specific regulation in which initiation is selectively enhanced by BDNF at synapses, while both initiation and elongation are modulated at non-synaptic sites.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5812418" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="652a8d848f65682b7dff7077987888ea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49127892,"asset_id":5812418,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49127892/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNzMxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8077034" href="https://uib.academia.edu/CBramham">Clive Bramham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8077034" type="text/json">{"id":8077034,"first_name":"Clive","last_name":"Bramham","domain_name":"uib","page_name":"CBramham","display_name":"Clive Bramham","profile_url":"https://uib.academia.edu/CBramham?f_ri=32003","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8077034/2913724/6962331/s65_clive.bramham.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-5812418">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-5812418"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uib.academia.edu/TambudzaiKanhemaJakobsen">Tambudzai Kanhema Jakobsen</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-5812418'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-5812418').html(); 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We examined the dynamics and spatial regulation of two key translation factors, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and elongation factor-2 (eEF2), during long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by local infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) into the dentate gyrus of anesthetized rats. BDNF-induced LTP led to rapid, transient phosphorylation of eIF4E and eEF2, and enhanced expression of eIF4E protein in dentate gyrus homogenates. Infusion of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 blocked BDNF-LTP and modulation of the translation factor activity and expression. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis revealed enhanced staining of phospho-eIF4E and total eIF4E in dentate granule cells. The in vitro synaptodendrosome preparation was used to isolate the synaptic effects of BDNF in the dentate gyrus. BDNF treatment of synaptodendrosomes elicited rapid, transient phosphorylation of eIF4E paralleled by enhanced expression of α-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. In contrast, BDNF had no effect on eEF2 phosphorylation state in synaptodendrosomes. The results demonstrate rapid ERK-dependent regulation of the initiation and elongation steps of protein synthesis during BDNF-LTP in vivo. 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