CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://phenomenex.blog/xmlrpc.php"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer> var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer"; var dataLayer = dataLayer || []; const gtm4wp_scrollerscript_debugmode = false; const gtm4wp_scrollerscript_callbacktime = 100; const gtm4wp_scrollerscript_readerlocation = 150; const gtm4wp_scrollerscript_contentelementid = "content"; const gtm4wp_scrollerscript_scannertime = 60; </script>  <script id='google_gtagjs-js-consent-mode-data-layer'> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('consent', 'default', {"ad_personalization":"denied","ad_storage":"denied","ad_user_data":"denied","analytics_storage":"denied","functionality_storage":"denied","security_storage":"denied","personalization_storage":"denied","region":["AT","BE","BG","CH","CY","CZ","DE","DK","EE","ES","FI","FR","GB","GR","HR","HU","IE","IS","IT","LI","LT","LU","LV","MT","NL","NO","PL","PT","RO","SE","SI","SK"],"wait_for_update":500}); window._googlesitekitConsentCategoryMap = {"statistics":["analytics_storage"],"marketing":["ad_storage","ad_user_data","ad_personalization"],"functional":["functionality_storage","security_storage"],"preferences":["personalization_storage"]}; window._googlesitekitConsents = {"ad_personalization":"denied","ad_storage":"denied","ad_user_data":"denied","analytics_storage":"denied","functionality_storage":"denied","security_storage":"denied","personalization_storage":"denied","region":["AT","BE","BG","CH","CY","CZ","DE","DK","EE","ES","FI","FR","GB","GR","HR","HU","IE","IS","IT","LI","LT","LU","LV","MT","NL","NO","PL","PT","RO","SE","SI","SK"],"wait_for_update":500}</script>   <title>The Science of Cyanide - SCIENCE UNFILTERED</title> <meta name="description" content="Cyanide poisoning has been used in movies and real life, mostly associated with espionage. But have you ever stopped to wonder what causes it to be lethal?" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Science of Cyanide - SCIENCE UNFILTERED" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Cyanide poisoning has been used in movies and real life, mostly associated with espionage. But have you ever stopped to wonder what causes it to be lethal?" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SCIENCE UNFILTERED" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/Phenomenex/" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2017-09-23T00:06:40+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2017-09-23T00:06:41+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?fit=810%2C450&ssl=1" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="810" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="author" content="Science Unfiltered" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@Phenomenex" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@Phenomenex" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Science Unfiltered" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="3 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/"},"author":{"name":"Science Unfiltered","@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/#/schema/person/7d33f13b460fe0c480a13a54723a36ba"},"headline":"The Science of Cyanide","datePublished":"2017-09-23T00:06:40+00:00","dateModified":"2017-09-23T00:06:41+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/"},"wordCount":617,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?fit=810%2C450&ssl=1","keywords":["adenosine triphosphate","cyanide","poison","spy"],"articleSection":["Featured","Fun Science","Pharma / Biopharma"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/","url":"https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/","name":"The Science of Cyanide - SCIENCE UNFILTERED","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?fit=810%2C450&ssl=1","datePublished":"2017-09-23T00:06:40+00:00","dateModified":"2017-09-23T00:06:41+00:00","description":"Cyanide poisoning has been used in movies and real life, mostly associated with espionage. But have you ever stopped to wonder what causes it to be lethal?","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/#primaryimage","url":"https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?fit=810%2C450&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?fit=810%2C450&ssl=1","width":810,"height":450,"caption":"cyanide"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://phenomenex.blog/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The Science of Cyanide"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/#website","url":"https://phenomenex.blog/","name":"SCIENCE UNFILTERED","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://phenomenex.blog/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/#organization","name":"Phenomenex","url":"https://phenomenex.blog/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/1538630_675153929213140_4471464164002657757_n.png?fit=640%2C640&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/1538630_675153929213140_4471464164002657757_n.png?fit=640%2C640&ssl=1","width":640,"height":640,"caption":"Phenomenex"},"image":{"@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/Phenomenex/","https://x.com/Phenomenex","https://www.instagram.com/phenomenexinc","https://www.linkedin.com/company/phenomenex","https://www.pinterest.com/phenomenex/","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgXbyGXbLyJw_cEnsqoDfFw"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/#/schema/person/7d33f13b460fe0c480a13a54723a36ba","name":"Science Unfiltered","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://phenomenex.blog/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/859052c5ad8ec9239d6338c10603a5c4?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/859052c5ad8ec9239d6338c10603a5c4?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","caption":"Science Unfiltered"},"url":"https://phenomenex.blog/author/phenomenex/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts-api.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//0.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//1.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//2.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//jetpack.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//public-api.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//c0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="SCIENCE UNFILTERED » Feed" href="https://phenomenex.blog/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="SCIENCE UNFILTERED » Comments Feed" href="https://phenomenex.blog/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="SCIENCE UNFILTERED » The Science of Cyanide Comments Feed" href="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-f1ef5f67864df543611eded5a46ca85f' href='https://phenomenex.blog/_static/??-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' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://phenomenex.blog/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <style id='outermost-social-sharing-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing{align-items:flex-start;background:none;box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;text-indent:0}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing .outermost-social-sharing-link a,.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing .outermost-social-sharing-link a:hover{border-bottom:0;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing .outermost-social-sharing-link a{padding:.25em}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing .outermost-social-sharing-link svg{height:1em;width:1em}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing .outermost-social-sharing-link span:not(.screen-reader-text){font-size:.65em;margin-left:.5em;margin-right:.5em}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.has-small-icon-size{font-size:16px}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing,.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:24px}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.has-large-icon-size{font-size:36px}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:48px}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.aligncenter{display:flex;justify-content:center}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.alignright{justify-content:flex-end}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link{border-radius:9999px;display:block;height:auto;transition:transform .1s ease}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link a{align-items:center;display:flex;line-height:0;transition:transform .1s ease}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link:hover{transform:scale(1.1)}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link-anchor,.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link-anchor svg,.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link-anchor:active,.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link-anchor:hover,.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing-link-anchor:visited{color:currentColor;fill:currentColor}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link{background-color:#f0f0f0;color:#444}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-bluesky{background-color:#1083fe;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-facebook{background-color:#1877f2;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-flipboard{background-color:#e12828;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-line{background-color:#06c755;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-linkedin{background-color:#0a66c2;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-pinterest{background-color:#bd081c;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-pocket{background-color:#ef4056;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-reddit{background-color:#ff4500;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-skype{background-color:#0078ca;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-telegram{background-color:#229ed9;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-threads{background-color:#000;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-tumblr{background-color:#011935;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-viber{background-color:#665ca7;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-whatsapp{background-color:#25d366;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing:not(.is-style-logos-only) .outermost-social-sharing-link-x{background-color:#000;color:#fff}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link{background:none}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link a{padding:0}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link svg{height:1.25em;width:1.25em}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link{color:#444}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-bluesky{color:#1083fe}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-facebook{color:#1877f2}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-flipboard{color:#e12828}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-line{color:#06c755}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-linkedin{color:#0a66c2}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-pinterest{color:#bd081c}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-pocket{color:#ef4056}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-reddit{color:#ff4500}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-skype{color:#0078ca}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-telegram{color:#229ed9}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-threads{color:#000}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-tumblr{color:#011935}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-twitter{color:#1da1f2}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-viber{color:#665ca7}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-whatsapp{color:#25d366}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-logos-only .outermost-social-sharing-link-x{color:#000}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-pill-shape .outermost-social-sharing-link{width:auto}.wp-block-outermost-social-sharing.is-style-pill-shape .outermost-social-sharing-link a{padding-left:.6666666667em;padding-right:.6666666667em}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container .wp-block-outermost-social-sharing li{width:auto} </style> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: 'Albert Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya: Alegreya, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--arvo: Arvo, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda: 'Bodoni Moda', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque: 'Bricolage Grotesque', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cabin: Cabin, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--chivo: Chivo, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner: Commissioner, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant: Cormorant, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime: 'Courier Prime', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro: 'Crimson Pro', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono: 'DM Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display: 'DM Serif Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--domine: Domine, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond: 'EB Garamond', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue: Epilogue, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang: Fahkwang, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--figtree: Figtree, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one: 'Fjalla One', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces: Fraunces, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito: Gabarito, system-ui;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova: 'Ibarra Real Nova', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif: 'Instrument Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: Inter, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans: 'Josefin Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--jost: Jost, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--literata: Literata, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--lora: Lora, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather: Merriweather, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat: Montserrat, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader: Newsreader, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono: 'Noto Sans Mono', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--nunito: Nunito, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--overpass: Overpass, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif: 'PT Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--petrona: Petrona, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla: Piazzolla, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display: 'Playfair Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--poppins: Poppins, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--raleway: Raleway, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto: Roboto, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab: 'Roboto Slab', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rubik: Rubik, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rufina: Rufina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sora: Sora, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4: 'Source Serif 4', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--syne: Syne, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--texturina: Texturina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist: Urbanist, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-alegreya-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya) !important;}.has-arvo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--arvo) !important;}.has-bodoni-moda-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda) !important;}.has-bricolage-grotesque-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque) !important;}.has-cabin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cabin) !important;}.has-chivo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--chivo) !important;}.has-commissioner-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner) !important;}.has-cormorant-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant) !important;}.has-courier-prime-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime) !important;}.has-crimson-pro-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro) !important;}.has-dm-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono) !important;}.has-dm-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans) !important;}.has-dm-serif-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display) !important;}.has-domine-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--domine) !important;}.has-eb-garamond-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond) !important;}.has-epilogue-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue) !important;}.has-fahkwang-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang) !important;}.has-figtree-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--figtree) !important;}.has-fira-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans) !important;}.has-fjalla-one-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one) !important;}.has-fraunces-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces) !important;}.has-gabarito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans) !important;}.has-ibarra-real-nova-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova) !important;}.has-instrument-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-josefin-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans) !important;}.has-jost-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--jost) !important;}.has-libre-baskerville-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-literata-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--literata) !important;}.has-lora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--lora) !important;}.has-merriweather-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather) !important;}.has-montserrat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat) !important;}.has-newsreader-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader) !important;}.has-noto-sans-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono) !important;}.has-nunito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--nunito) !important;}.has-open-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans) !important;}.has-overpass-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--overpass) !important;}.has-pt-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif) !important;}.has-petrona-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--petrona) !important;}.has-piazzolla-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla) !important;}.has-playfair-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display) !important;}.has-plus-jakarta-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans) !important;}.has-poppins-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--poppins) !important;}.has-raleway-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--raleway) !important;}.has-roboto-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto) !important;}.has-roboto-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab) !important;}.has-rubik-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rubik) !important;}.has-rufina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rufina) !important;}.has-sora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sora) !important;}.has-source-sans-3-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3) !important;}.has-source-serif-4-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;}.has-syne-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--syne) !important;}.has-texturina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--texturina) !important;}.has-urbanist-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='murray-title-font-css' href='//fonts-api.wp.com/css?family=Oswald%3A100%2C300%2C400%2C700&ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='murray-body-font-css' href='//fonts-api.wp.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro%3A100%2C300%2C400%2C700&ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css'> :root { --font-headings: unset; --font-base: unset; --font-headings-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; --font-base-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://phenomenex.blog/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?m=1686289764'></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var JETPACK_MU_WPCOM_SETTINGS = {"assetsUrl":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/wpcomsh\/vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-mu-wpcom\/src\/build\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/plugins/wp-hide-post/public/js/wp-hide-post-public.js?m=1506964897'></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/dist/js/analytics-talk-content-tracking.js?ver=1.20.2" id="gtm4wp-scroll-tracking-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/themes/murray/js/custom.js?ver=6.7.1" id="murray-custom-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="murray-custom-js-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ jQuery(document).ready(function() { if (jQuery(window).width() > 768) jQuery('#site-navigation').scrollToFixed(); }); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/plugins/all-in-one-schemaorg-rich-snippets/js/jquery.rating.min.js?m=1732038762'></script>    <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GT-MK5QZRD" id="google_gtagjs-js" async></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="google_gtagjs-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["phenomenex.blog"]}); gtag("js", new Date()); gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true); gtag("config", "GT-MK5QZRD"); gtag("config", "AW-980727910"); /* ]]> */ </script>  <script type="text/javascript" id="cta-load-variation-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var cta_variation = {"cta_id":null,"admin_url":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","home_url":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog","split_testing":"1","sticky_cta":"1","page_tracking":"off"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="inbound-analytics-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var inbound_settings = {"post_id":"7554","post_type":"post","variation_id":"0","ip_address":"34.123.152.118","wp_lead_data":{"lead_id":null,"lead_email":null,"lead_uid":null,"lead_nonce":null},"admin_url":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","track_time":"2024\/11\/27 7:21:31","page_tracking":"off","search_tracking":"off","comment_tracking":"off","custom_mapping":[],"is_admin":"","ajax_nonce":"f0db608ecd"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://phenomenex.blog/_static/??wp-content/plugins/cta/assets/js/cta-variation.js,wp-content/plugins/cta/shared/assets/js/frontend/analytics/inboundAnalytics.min.js?m=1550037146'></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/7554" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://phenomenex.blog/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/p63Q0d-1XQ' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fphenomenex.blog%2F2017%2F09%2F22%2Fcyanide-science%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fphenomenex.blog%2F2017%2F09%2F22%2Fcyanide-science%2F&format=xml" /> <script type="text/javascript">var ajaxurl = "https://phenomenex.blog/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php";</script><meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.140.0" /> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-19868279-4', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script>   <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/2017\/09\/22\/cyanide-science\/"},"url":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/2017\/09\/22\/cyanide-science\/","headline":"The Science of Cyanide","datePublished":"2017-09-22T17:06:40-07:00","dateModified":"2017-09-22T17:06:41-07:00","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/#organization","name":"Science Unfiltered","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/cropped-phenomenex-logo-3.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/phenomenex.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/cyanide-post.png?fit=810%2C450&ssl=1","width":810,"height":450},"articleSection":"Featured","keywords":"adenosine triphosphate, cyanide, poison, spy","description":"Ever find yourself watching a WWII spy movie, and an enemy spy is captured? Those scenes usually play out the same, with the good guys yelling questions at the enemy with hopes for answers, only for the bad guy to flash one last mischievous smile, crunch down on a","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Science Unfiltered","url":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/author\/phenomenex\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/859052c5ad8ec9239d6338c10603a5c4?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"audio":[null,null]}</script> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>   <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer type="text/javascript"> var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"post","pagePostType2":"single-post","pageCategory":["featured","science-news","pharma-biopharma-industry-articles"],"pageAttributes":["adenosine-triphosphate","cyanide","poison","spy"],"pagePostAuthor":"Science Unfiltered","browserName":"Chrome","browserVersion":"41.0.2272.81","browserEngineName":"Blink","browserEngineVersion":"","osName":"Linux","osVersion":"","deviceType":"desktop","deviceManufacturer":"","deviceModel":""}; dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content ); </script> <script data-cfasync="false"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-M85ZQR9'); </script> <style id='custom-css-mods'>.title-font, h1, h2, .section-title { font-family: Oswald; }body { font-family: Source Sans Pro; }#masthead h2.site-description { color: #FFF; }</style> <style type="text/css"> .recentcomments a { display: inline !important; padding: 0 !important; margin: 0 !important; } table.recentcommentsavatartop img.avatar, table.recentcommentsavatarend img.avatar { border: 0px; margin: 0; } table.recentcommentsavatartop a, table.recentcommentsavatarend a { border: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; } td.recentcommentsavatarend, td.recentcommentsavatartop { padding: 0px 0px 1px 0px; margin: 0px; } td.recentcommentstextend { border: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 2px 10px; } .rtl td.recentcommentstextend { padding: 0px 10px 2px 0px; } td.recentcommentstexttop { border: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; } .rtl td.recentcommentstexttop { padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; } </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0018/4268.js" async="async" ></script><link rel="amphtml" href="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/amp/"><link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/P-icon.png?fit=32%2C32&ssl=1" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/P-icon.png?fit=173%2C172&ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/P-icon.png?fit=173%2C172&ssl=1" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/P-icon.png?fit=173%2C172&ssl=1" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css" href="https://phenomenex.blog/?custom-css=5e98b1014b" /> <script type='text/javascript'> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-19868279-4']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' === document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script>  </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-7554 single-format-standard wp-custom-logo"> <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div id="jumbosearch"> <span class="fa fa-remove closeicon"></span> <div class="form"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://phenomenex.blog/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> </div> <div id="social-icons-fixed" title="Follow us on Social Media"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Phenomenex"> <img src="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/themes/murray/assets/images/soshion/facebook.png"> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Phenomenex"> <img src="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/themes/murray/assets/images/soshion/twitter.png"> </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/phenomenex/"> <img src="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/themes/murray/assets/images/soshion/instagram.png"> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/phenomenex"> <img src="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/themes/murray/assets/images/soshion/youtube.png"> </a> </div> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div class="container"> <div class="site-branding"> <div id="site-logo"> <a href="https://phenomenex.blog/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="935" height="230" src="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-Phenomenex_white.png?fit=935%2C230&ssl=1" class="custom-logo" alt="Phenomenex" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-Phenomenex_white.png?w=935&ssl=1 935w, https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-Phenomenex_white.png?resize=300%2C74&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-Phenomenex_white.png?resize=768%2C189&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 935px) 100vw, 935px" data-attachment-id="14966" data-permalink="https://phenomenex.blog/cropped-phenomenex_white-png/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-Phenomenex_white.png?fit=935%2C230&ssl=1" data-orig-size="935,230" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="cropped-Phenomenex_white.png" data-image-description="<p>https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-Phenomenex_white.png</p> " data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-Phenomenex_white.png?fit=300%2C74&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-Phenomenex_white.png?fit=935%2C230&ssl=1" /></a> </div> <div id="text-title-desc"> <h1 class="site-title title-font"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/" rel="home">SCIENCE UNFILTERED</a></h1> <h2 class="site-description"></h2> </div> </div> <div class="searchform"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://phenomenex.blog/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search..." value="" name="s" title="Search for:" /> </label> </form> </div> </div> </header> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation single" role="navigation"> <div class="nav-container container"> <div class="menu-middle-menu-container"><ul id="menu-middle-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-13631" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-has-children menu-item-13631"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/">Industries</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-14089" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-14089"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/tag/pharmaceutical/">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14090" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-14090"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/tag/biopharmaceuticals/">Biopharma</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13619" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13619"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/forensics-toxicology-industry-articles/">Clinical/Forensics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13621" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-13621"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/environmental-industry-articles/">Environmental</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13624" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13624"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/pfas/">PFAS</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13622" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13622"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/food-beverage-industry-articles/">Food</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13620" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13620"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/cannabis-industry-articles/">Cannabis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-3148" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3148"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/liquid-chromatography-lc/">LC</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3149" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3149"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/gas-chromatography-gc/">GC</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3150" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3150"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/sample-preparation/">Sample Prep</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6795" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-6795"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/science-news/">Fun Science</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6827" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6827"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/technical-tips/">Technical Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14044" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-has-children menu-item-14044"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/">Global</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13627" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13627"><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/spanish-translated-articles/">Español</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-14112" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14112"><a href="https://www.phenomenex.com/new-products">Shop Our Products</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </nav>  <div class="mega-container"> <div id="content" class="site-content container"> <div id="primary-mono" class="content-area col-md-8"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-7554" class="post-7554 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured category-science-news category-pharma-biopharma-industry-articles tag-adenosine-triphosphate tag-cyanide tag-poison tag-spy"> <div id="featured-image"> <img width="810" height="450" src="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?fit=810%2C450&ssl=1" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="cyanide" decoding="async" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?w=810&ssl=1 810w, https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?resize=300%2C167&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?resize=768%2C427&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px" data-attachment-id="7559" data-permalink="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/cyanide-post/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?fit=810%2C450&ssl=1" data-orig-size="810,450" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="cyanide post" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?fit=300%2C167&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?fit=810%2C450&ssl=1" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title title-font">The Science of Cyanide</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2017-09-22T17:06:40-07:00">September 22, 2017</time><time class="updated" datetime="2017-09-22T17:06:41-07:00">September 22, 2017</time></a></span><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://phenomenex.blog/author/phenomenex/">Science Unfiltered</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="dkpdf-button-container" style=" text-align:right "> <a class="dkpdf-button" href="/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/?pdf=7554" target="_blank"><span class="dkpdf-button-icon"><i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i></span> Download PDF</a> </div> <h2>Ever find yourself watching a WWII spy movie, and an enemy spy is captured?</h2> <p>Those scenes usually play out the same, with the good guys yelling questions at the enemy with hopes for answers, only for the bad guy to flash one last mischievous smile, crunch down on a capsule hidden in their mouth, and die a few seconds later.</p> <p>Have you ever wondered, “what is in that pill and why does it work so fast?”</p> <p>Those little lethal pills are filled with a chemical called cyanide.</p> <p>The term “cyanide” refers to any chemical containing a carbon-nitrogen (CN) bond. What is interesting is that many substances contain cyanide, but not all of them are deadly. Sodium cyanide<a href="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/cyanide3/" rel="attachment wp-att-7557"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="7557" data-permalink="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/cyanide3/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide3.png?fit=264%2C599&ssl=1" data-orig-size="264,599" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="cyanide3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide3.png?fit=132%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide3.png?fit=264%2C599&ssl=1" class="alignright wp-image-7557 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide3.png?resize=132%2C300&ssl=1" alt="cyanide" width="132" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide3.png?resize=132%2C300&ssl=1 132w, https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide3.png?w=264&ssl=1 264w" sizes="(max-width: 132px) 100vw, 132px" /></a> (NaCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and cyanogen chloride (CNCI) are lethal, but thousands of compounds called nitriles contain the cyanide group, but aren’t as toxic. Nitriles aren’t as dangerous, and can actually be found in some pharmaceuticals, because they don’t release the CN ion.</p> <p><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>But How Does Cyanide Work?</strong></span></p> <p>The cyanide ion, CN, binds to the iron atom in cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria of the cells and acts as an irreversible enzyme inhibitor. This prevents cytochrome C oxidase from doing what it needs to do, which is to send electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain of aerobic cellular respiration.</p> <p>Mitochondria are then unable to produce the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP), without oxygen. This results in tissues that require this form of energy, like heart muscle cells and nerve cells, quickly expand all their energy and being to die. When these die…the victim dies.</p> <p>In more layman’s terms, cyanide works by interfering with the subtle chemical mechanism in our cells. It essentially prevents cells from using oxygen to make energy molecules. Our cells need energy, and that energy comes from sugars in our food. This process is call respiration, which is the chemical reaction of our cells using oxygen molecules from the air we breathe to free up energy from sugar.</p> <p>So, when cyanide molecules are introduced in the system, it throws off the cell’s mechanism of respiration. The cyanide molecules look like oxygen to the parts of the cell responsible for respiration (the mitochondria), confusing our cells into latching onto the poison in hopes of energy.</p> <p><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>Why is Cyanide Poisoning So Terrible?</strong></span></p> <p>If poisoned with this deadly chemical, the individual’s diaphragm will begin to slow down in contractions, leaving the victim gasping for air. Skeletal muscles in the face, arms, and body will also begin to seize up, making the person convolute and contract. Finally, the heart will beat less and less until it stops completely, resulting in cardiac arrest.</p> <p>One reason cyanide gains such a bad repour is that the victim is entirely conscious for the whole ordeal. They can feel every muscle in their body start to tense, and all they can do is wait for the few minutes to be over. Eventually the victim will pass out and when their brain shuts down from lack of oxygen, it is all finally over.</p> <p>The process can be quick; however, it depends on the amount of poison administered. If given a lethal amount, it can last from 2-5 minutes.</p> <p>Cyanide is able to kill so fast because the molecules are exceptionally small and can dispense throughout the entire body very quickly, affecting all major organs and tissues in a short amount of time.</p> <p>It may not be an honorable way to go, but the effectiveness and the relatively quick process (depending on the amount of cyanide administered), made an effective way to prevent captured spies giving up secrets to the enemy.</p> <p><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/spy/" rel="attachment wp-att-7558"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="7558" data-permalink="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/spy/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/spy.jpg?fit=720%2C720&ssl=1" data-orig-size="720,720" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="spy" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/spy.jpg?fit=300%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/spy.jpg?fit=720%2C720&ssl=1" class="aligncenter wp-image-7558 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/spy.jpg?resize=300%2C300&ssl=1" alt="cyanide" width="300" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/spy.jpg?resize=300%2C300&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/spy.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/spy.jpg?w=720&ssl=1 720w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></p> <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share with friends and coworkers:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-7554" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-7554" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-7554" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-jetpack-whatsapp"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-jetpack-whatsapp sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/?share=jetpack-whatsapp" target="_blank" title="Click to share on WhatsApp" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon no-text" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20The%20Science%20of%20Cyanide&body=https%3A%2F%2Fphenomenex.blog%2F2017%2F09%2F22%2Fcyanide-science%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="169093a4b9" data-email-share-track-url="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/?share=email"><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-89572901-7554-674738fb2f7b4' data-src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/?ver=14.1-a.7#blog_id=89572901&post_id=7554&origin=phenomenex.blog&obj_id=89572901-7554-674738fb2f7b4&n=1' data-name='like-post-frame-89572901-7554-674738fb2f7b4' data-title='Like or Reblog'><h3 class="sd-title">Like this:</h3><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class="loading">Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div><div id="snippet-box" class="snippet-type-10" style="background:#F5F5F5; color:#333333; border:1px solid #ACACAC;"><div class="snippet-title" style="background:#E4E4E4; color:#333333; border-bottom:1px solid #ACACAC;">Summary</div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"><div class="snippet-image" itemprop="image" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><img data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://i0.wp.com/phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png?w=180&ssl=1" alt="The Science of Cyanide"/><meta itemprop="url" content="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/cyanide-post.png"></div><div class="aio-info"><div class="snippet-label-img">Article Name</div><div class="snippet-data-img"><span itemprop="headline">The Science of Cyanide</span></div><div class="snippet-clear"></div><div class="snippet-label-img">Description</div><div class="snippet-data-img"><span itemprop="description">Cyanide poisoning has been used in movies and real life, mostly associated with espionage. But have you ever stopped to wonder what causes it to be lethal? </span></div><div class="snippet-clear"></div><meta itemscope itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemType="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemid="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/"/><meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2017-09-22T17:06:40-07:00"/><meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2017-09-22T17:06:41-07:00"/></div> </div></div><div class="snippet-clear"></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/science-news/" rel="category tag">Fun Science</a>, <a href="https://phenomenex.blog/category/pharma-biopharma-industry-articles/" rel="category tag">Pharma / Biopharma</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://phenomenex.blog/tag/adenosine-triphosphate/" rel="tag">adenosine triphosphate</a>, <a href="https://phenomenex.blog/tag/cyanide/" rel="tag">cyanide</a>, <a href="https://phenomenex.blog/tag/poison/" rel="tag">poison</a>, <a href="https://phenomenex.blog/tag/spy/" rel="tag">spy</a></span> </footer> </article> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply<small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3> <form id="commentform" class="comment-form"> <iframe title="Comment Form" src="https://jetpack.wordpress.com/jetpack-comment/?blogid=89572901&postid=7554&comment_registration=0&require_name_email=1&stc_enabled=1&stb_enabled=1&show_avatars=1&avatar_default=identicon&greeting=Leave+a+Reply&jetpack_comments_nonce=fb2db15b32&greeting_reply=Leave+a+Reply+to+%25s&color_scheme=light&lang=en_US&jetpack_version=14.1-a.7&iframe_unique_id=1&show_cookie_consent=0&has_cookie_consent=0&is_current_user_subscribed=0&token_key=%3Bnormal%3B&sig=d5b4e3e48f484588b2eb7a6304828f2e899bbbbd#parent=https%3A%2F%2Fphenomenex.blog%2F2017%2F09%2F22%2Fcyanide-science%2F" name="jetpack_remote_comment" style="width:100%; height: 430px; border:0;" class="jetpack_remote_comment" id="jetpack_remote_comment" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-top-navigation allow-scripts allow-forms allow-popups" > </iframe>  <script> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { var commentForms = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment'); for (var i = 0; i < commentForms.length; i++) { commentForms[i].allowTransparency = false; commentForms[i].scrolling = 'no'; } }); </script>  </form> </div> <input type="hidden" name="comment_parent" id="comment_parent" value="" /> <p class="akismet_comment_form_privacy_notice">This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. <a href="https://akismet.com/privacy/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Learn how your comment data is processed</a>.</p> </div> </main> </div> <div id="secondary" class="widget-area col-md-4" role="complementary"> <aside id="blog_subscription-3" class="widget widget_blog_subscription jetpack_subscription_widget"><h3 class="widget-title title-font">Subscribe!</h3> <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__container"> <form action="#" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" id="subscribe-blog-blog_subscription-3" data-blog="89572901" data-post_access_level="everybody" > <div id="subscribe-text"><p>Never miss another post! Enter your email address to subscribe to Science Unfiltered and receive nerdy science notifications on our newest blogs.</p> </div> <p id="subscribe-email"> <label id="jetpack-subscribe-label" class="screen-reader-text" for="subscribe-field-blog_subscription-3"> Email Address </label> <input type="email" name="email" required="required" value="" id="subscribe-field-blog_subscription-3" placeholder="Email Address" /> </p> <p id="subscribe-submit" > <input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"/> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/"/> <input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="widget"/> <input type="hidden" name="redirect_fragment" value="subscribe-blog-blog_subscription-3"/> <input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="bc4dfe46ee" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/" /> <button type="submit" class="wp-block-button__link" name="jetpack_subscriptions_widget" > Subscribe </button> </p> </form> <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__subscount"> Join 826 other subscribers </div> </div> </aside><aside id="top-posts-3" class="widget widget_top-posts"><h3 class="widget-title title-font">Top Posts</h3><ul><li><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/2022/09/20/hplc_problemas/" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">PROBLEMAS COMUNES DEL HPLC Y CÓMO SOLUCIONARLOS</a></li><li><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/2023/06/27/catnip-chemical-compounds/" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">The Science Behind Catnip: Why Do Cats Go Crazy For It?</a></li><li><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/2022/11/21/ciencia-del-dia-de-accion-de-gracias-5-actividades-divertidas-y-faciles-para-hacer-este-dia-festivo/" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">CIENCIA DEL DÍA DE ACCIÓN DE GRACIAS: 5 ACTIVIDADES DIVERTIDAS Y FÁCILES PARA HACER ESTE DÍA FESTIVO</a></li><li><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp" aria-current="page">The Science of Cyanide</a></li><li><a href="https://phenomenex.blog/2019/06/26/column-care/" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">Column Care Guide: How to Clean an HPLC Column Using Reverse Flush</a></li></ul></aside><aside id="text-17" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><h2 style="font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/Info/Page/17pharmres?utm_campaign=2017%20pharma%20research&utm_source=blog&utm_medium=redirect&utm_term=pharma-banner&utm_content=pharma"> Get <strong>Pharmaceutical</strong> <br /> Technical Resources Here!</a></h2> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/Info/Page/17pharmres?utm_campaign=2017%20pharma%20research&utm_source=blog&utm_medium=redirect&utm_term=pharma-banner&utm_content=pharma"><img data-recalc-dims="1" style="padding-left:15px;" border="0" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.phenomenex.com/webimage/17guide-triple-playsm2.png?h=80" /></a> </div> </aside><aside id="text-12" class="widget widget_text"><h3 class="widget-title title-font">Contact the Editor</h3> <div class="textwidget"><big style="font-size:18px;"><b><a href="mailto:DigitalMarketing@Phenomenex.com">DigitalMarketing@Phenomenex.com</a></b></big> </div> </aside></div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-sidebar" class="widget-area"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-column col-md-4 col-sm-4"> <aside id="text-19" class="widget widget_text"><h3 class="widget-title title-font">Phenomenex Privacy Policy</h3> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="https://www.phenomenex.com/Home/PrivacyPolicy">www.phenomenex.com/Home/PrivacyPolicy</a></p> </div> </aside> </div> <div class="footer-column col-md-4 col-sm-4"> <aside id="widget_contact_info-11" class="widget widget_contact_info"><h3 class="widget-title title-font">Contact Info</h3><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/LocalBusiness"><div class="confit-address" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress" itemprop="address"><a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?z=16&q=411%2Bmadrid%2Bave%2Btorrance%2C%2Bca%2B90501" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">411 Madrid ave <br/>Torrance, CA 90501</a></div><div class="confit-phone"><span itemprop="telephone">310-212-0555</span></div><div class="confit-email"><a href="mailto:info@phenomenex.com">info@phenomenex.com</a></div></div></aside> </div> <div class="footer-column col-md-4 col-sm-4"> <aside id="search-9" class="widget widget_search"><h3 class="widget-title title-font">Explore Science Unfiltered</h3><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://phenomenex.blog/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form></aside> </div> </div> </div>  <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-info container"> Theme Designed by <a target="blank" href="http://inkhive.com/" rel="designer">InkHive</a>. © 2024 SCIENCE UNFILTERED. All Rights Reserved. </div> </footer> </div>  <script defer id="bilmur" data-customproperties="{"woo_active":"0"}" data-provider="wordpress.com" data-service="atomic" src="https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?m=202448"></script> <div class="jetpack-subscription-modal"> <div class="jetpack-subscription-modal__modal-content"> <div class="wp-block-group has-border-color jetpack-subscription-modal__modal-content-form" style="border-color:#dddddd;border-width:1px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding:32px"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center" style="margin-top:4px;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:26px;font-style:normal;font-weight:600">Discover more from SCIENCE UNFILTERED</h2> <p class='has-text-align-center' style='margin-top:4px;margin-bottom:0px;font-size:15px'>Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.</p> <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline is-style-compact wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions"> <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__container is-not-subscriber"> <form action="https://wordpress.com/email-subscriptions" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" data-blog="89572901" data-post_access_level="everybody" data-subscriber_email="" id="subscribe-blog-2" > <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements"> <p id="subscribe-email"> <label id="subscribe-field-2-label" for="subscribe-field-2" class="screen-reader-text" > Type your email… </label> <input required="required" type="email" name="email" style="font-size: 16px;padding: 15px 23px 15px 23px;border-radius: 50px;border-width: 1px;" placeholder="Type your email…" value="" id="subscribe-field-2" title="Please fill in this field." /> </p> <p id="subscribe-submit" > <input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"/> <input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="89572901"/> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://phenomenex.blog/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/"/> <input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="subscribe-block"/> <input type="hidden" name="app_source" value="atomic-subscription-modal-lo"/> <input type="hidden" name="redirect_fragment" value="subscribe-blog-2"/> <input type="hidden" name="lang" value="en_US"/> <input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="bc4dfe46ee" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/2017/09/22/cyanide-science/" /><input type="hidden" name="post_id" value="7554"/> <button type="submit" class="wp-block-button__link" style="font-size: 16px;padding: 15px 23px 15px 23px;margin: 0; margin-left: 10px;border-radius: 50px;border-width: 1px;" name="jetpack_subscriptions_widget" > Subscribe </button> </p> </div> </form> </div> </div> <p class="has-text-align-center jetpack-subscription-modal__close" style="margin-top:20px;font-size:14px"><a href="#">Continue reading</a></p> </div></div> </div> </div> <div id="jp-carousel-loading-overlay"> <div id="jp-carousel-loading-wrapper"> <span id="jp-carousel-library-loading"> </span> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-overlay" style="display: none;"> <div class="jp-carousel-container">  <div class="jp-carousel-wrap swiper-container jp-carousel-swiper-container jp-carousel-transitions" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <div class="jp-carousel swiper-wrapper"></div> <div class="jp-swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskPrev" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="9" height="12"> <path d="M16.2072 16.59L11.6496 12L16.2072 7.41L14.8041 6L8.8335 12L14.8041 18L16.2072 16.59Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskPrev)"> <rect x="0.579102" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> <div class="jp-swiper-button-next swiper-button-next"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskNext" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="8" height="12"> <path d="M8.59814 16.59L13.1557 12L8.59814 7.41L10.0012 6L15.9718 12L10.0012 18L8.59814 16.59Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskNext)"> <rect x="0.34375" width="23.8822" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> </div>  <div class="jp-carousel-close-hint"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskClose" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="5" y="5" width="15" height="14"> <path d="M19.3166 6.41L17.9135 5L12.3509 10.59L6.78834 5L5.38525 6.41L10.9478 12L5.38525 17.59L6.78834 19L12.3509 13.41L17.9135 19L19.3166 17.59L13.754 12L19.3166 6.41Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskClose)"> <rect x="0.409668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div>  <div class="jp-carousel-info"> <div class="jp-carousel-info-footer"> <div class="jp-carousel-pagination-container"> <div class="jp-swiper-pagination swiper-pagination"></div> <div class="jp-carousel-pagination"></div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container"> <h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-caption"></h2> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-icons-container"> <a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-info" aria-label="Toggle photo metadata visibility"> <span class="jp-carousel-icon"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskInfo" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.7537 2C7.26076 2 2.80273 6.48 2.80273 12C2.80273 17.52 7.26076 22 12.7537 22C18.2466 22 22.7046 17.52 22.7046 12C22.7046 6.48 18.2466 2 12.7537 2ZM11.7586 7V9H13.7488V7H11.7586ZM11.7586 11V17H13.7488V11H11.7586ZM4.79292 12C4.79292 16.41 8.36531 20 12.7537 20C17.142 20 20.7144 16.41 20.7144 12C20.7144 7.59 17.142 4 12.7537 4C8.36531 4 4.79292 7.59 4.79292 12Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskInfo)"> <rect x="0.8125" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-comments" aria-label="Toggle photo comments visibility"> <span class="jp-carousel-icon"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskComments" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.3271 2H20.2486C21.3432 2 22.2388 2.9 22.2388 4V16C22.2388 17.1 21.3432 18 20.2486 18H6.31729L2.33691 22V4C2.33691 2.9 3.2325 2 4.3271 2ZM6.31729 16H20.2486V4H4.3271V18L6.31729 16Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskComments)"> <rect x="0.34668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> <span class="jp-carousel-has-comments-indicator" aria-label="This image has comments."></span> </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-info-extra"> <div class="jp-carousel-info-content-wrapper"> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container"> <h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-title"></h2> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-comments-wrapper"> <div id="jp-carousel-comments-loading"> <span>Loading Comments...</span> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-comments"></div> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-container"> <span id="jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner"> </span> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-post-results"></div> <form id="jp-carousel-comment-form"> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" class="screen-reader-text">Write a Comment...</label> <textarea name="comment" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-textarea" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" placeholder="Write a Comment..." ></textarea> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-submit-and-info-wrapper"> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as"> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field">Email (Required)</label> <input type="text" name="email" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field" /> </fieldset> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field">Name (Required)</label> <input type="text" name="author" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field" /> </fieldset> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field">Website</label> <input type="text" name="url" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field" /> </fieldset> </div> <input type="submit" name="submit" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-button" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-button-submit" value="Post Comment" /> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-image-meta"> <div class="jp-carousel-title-and-caption"> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-info"> <h3 class="jp-carousel-caption" itemprop="caption description"></h3> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-description"></div> </div> <ul class="jp-carousel-image-exif" style="display: none;"></ul> <a class="jp-carousel-image-download" href="#" target="_blank" style="display: none;"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="mask0" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="3" y="3" width="19" height="18"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.84615 5V19H19.7775V12H21.7677V19C21.7677 20.1 20.8721 21 19.7775 21H5.84615C4.74159 21 3.85596 20.1 3.85596 19V5C3.85596 3.9 4.74159 3 5.84615 3H12.8118V5H5.84615ZM14.802 5V3H21.7677V10H19.7775V6.41L9.99569 16.24L8.59261 14.83L18.3744 5H14.802Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#mask0)"> <rect x="0.870605" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> <span class="jp-carousel-download-text"></span> </a> <div class="jp-carousel-image-map" style="display: none;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/2017\/09\/22\/cyanide-science\/":7554}; </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-0d0e64c4ac04cbb2fa23cde57c66df52' href='https://phenomenex.blog/_static/??-eJyVjcEOwjAMQ3+IEobQxgXxKWhLoymsa6IlXcXfMyQ4AzfL9rOrBpTslB00lZGzwZ1ce5xgllgSGWC/SDFKYJWVljCUHBPt0WxX/6DfQfgYvw5UjiO5gYsGFduU+eP7/40zwpAEpw0og+HC6ixbY2WqL/o6X5ru2DXt4dyenjjUZMo=' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="email-subscribers-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var es_data = {"messages":{"es_empty_email_notice":"Please enter email address","es_rate_limit_notice":"You need to wait for some time before subscribing again","es_single_optin_success_message":"Successfully Subscribed.","es_email_exists_notice":"Email Address already exists!","es_unexpected_error_notice":"Oops.. Unexpected error occurred.","es_invalid_email_notice":"Invalid email address","es_try_later_notice":"Please try after some time"},"es_ajax_url":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://phenomenex.blog/_static/??-eJydkV1OwzAQhC+Ea9oI8YQ4i3827raO1+yuCeX0OAWJSigEIVnyg78ZzYznarCE3CKIPfXz0oAvtqENxLCbsOxOcjevQRM12aYYBN+dz9tkZJfSn8hARZlyYmp1Gz5COHt6YxeRNmnfVKlsZ0WXKd1gSyQoamtuCYvYoM7K0TFE229iDfRlIhXLL8J4NjWO1omAXvmRr0Rc4WFymI00L4HRA4vNqGBr8xnDov8BmM+3Fb9KoqZ/xaimMrwizL2sqF3UtSeaXMERRP8pv7ZZ0QqFPquplLMYfzHUl0Iqoi7dFvqes/s8T0/7x2H/cLgfhsMHUrgRFA=='></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/dist/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.20.2" id="gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="subscription-modal-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var subscriptionData = {"homeUrl":"phenomenex.blog"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://phenomenex.blog/_static/??-eJx9j9tOwzAMhl+IzBpdC71APEuaeMVtToodrX17XJi4QLA7W9//+XArxuUkmATkAyMyxFar3WFhwE2wJhtOCz/dHuR4pWICpdVcs2tsrrTdFUouNK9hTbkco+qmYgn7KVL6NbaENlNimJu2E9YZpkbBg89RHet3oORxe2AuKMW6FWL2LeDPRj2wTewqFaGcjFIbjBZ3/Af977Kc54CGSdCsJOCJBSwzyteD3/igCg+Zj3d1IJrOD5ex9w4tTu75dXLOdrrkPb6dX7rzOPb9MHwClIyUEA=='></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"89572901\",\"post\":\"7554\",\"tz\":\"-8\",\"srv\":\"phenomenex.blog\",\"hp\":\"atomic\",\"ac\":\"2\",\"amp\":\"0\",\"j\":\"1:14.1-a.7\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "89572901", "7554" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-consent-api-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var consent_api = {"consent_type":"","waitfor_consent_hook":"","cookie_expiration":"30","cookie_prefix":"wp_consent"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/plugins/wp-consent-api/assets/js/wp-consent-api.min.js?ver=1.0.7" id="wp-consent-api-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-carousel-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var jetpackSwiperLibraryPath = {"url":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/jetpack\/_inc\/build\/carousel\/swiper-bundle.min.js"}; var jetpackCarouselStrings = {"widths":[370,700,1000,1200,1400,2000],"is_logged_in":"","lang":"en","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"f3fd5427bd","display_exif":"1","display_comments":"1","single_image_gallery":"1","single_image_gallery_media_file":"","background_color":"black","comment":"Comment","post_comment":"Post Comment","write_comment":"Write a Comment...","loading_comments":"Loading Comments...","image_label":"Open image in full-screen.","download_original":"View full size <span class=\"photo-size\">{0}<span class=\"photo-size-times\">\u00d7<\/span>{1}<\/span>","no_comment_text":"Please be sure to submit some text with your comment.","no_comment_email":"Please provide an email address to comment.","no_comment_author":"Please provide your name to comment.","comment_post_error":"Sorry, but there was an error posting your comment. Please try again later.","comment_approved":"Your comment was approved.","comment_unapproved":"Your comment is in moderation.","camera":"Camera","aperture":"Aperture","shutter_speed":"Shutter Speed","focal_length":"Focal Length","copyright":"Copyright","comment_registration":"0","require_name_email":"1","login_url":"https:\/\/phenomenex.blog\/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fphenomenex.blog%2F2017%2F09%2F22%2Fcyanide-science%2F","blog_id":"1","meta_data":["camera","aperture","shutter_speed","focal_length","copyright"]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://phenomenex.blog/_static/??-eJyNjMESwiAMRH9IGtSqJ8dPcRCipoSUEpj+vo61V8fj7r63czZ+lIpSIXN7kCgMWLPzEa4kHm6NOIB3ZWyKvG5mLbpE0g26mf+6YYqoMDVs+HQSGMsP30XShHXxv8Hcy4cKb+eSztvT3u7s8dDbF9jLSmQ='></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-blocks-assets-base-url-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var Jetpack_Block_Assets_Base_Url="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/blocks/"; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://phenomenex.blog/_static/??wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js,wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/blocks/subscriptions/view.js?m=1726797335'></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://phenomenex.blog/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?ver=14.1-a.7" id="sharing-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomlinkedin', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtwitter', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350' ); return false; } } ); } )(); /* ]]> */ </script> <iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20241127#ver=20241127&n=1' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe> <div id='likes-other-gravatars' class='wpl-new-layout' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div> <script type="text/javascript"> (function () { const iframe = document.getElementById( 'jetpack_remote_comment' ); const watchReply = function() { // Check addComment._Jetpack_moveForm to make sure we don't monkey-patch twice. if ( 'undefined' !== typeof addComment && ! addComment._Jetpack_moveForm ) { // Cache the Core function. addComment._Jetpack_moveForm = addComment.moveForm; const commentParent = document.getElementById( 'comment_parent' ); const cancel = document.getElementById( 'cancel-comment-reply-link' ); function tellFrameNewParent ( commentParentValue ) { const url = new URL( iframe.src ); if ( commentParentValue ) { url.searchParams.set( 'replytocom', commentParentValue ) } else { url.searchParams.delete( 'replytocom' ); } if( iframe.src !== url.href ) { iframe.src = url.href; } }; cancel.addEventListener( 'click', function () { tellFrameNewParent( false ); } ); addComment.moveForm = function ( _, parentId ) { tellFrameNewParent( parentId ); return addComment._Jetpack_moveForm.apply( null, arguments ); }; } } document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', watchReply ); // In WP 6.4+, the script is loaded asynchronously, so we need to wait for it to load before we monkey-patch the functions it introduces. document.querySelector('#comment-reply-js')?.addEventListener( 'load', watchReply ); const commentIframes = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment'); window.addEventListener('message', function(event) { if (event.origin !== 'https://jetpack.wordpress.com') { return; } if (!event?.data?.iframeUniqueId && !event?.data?.height) { return; } const eventDataUniqueId = event.data.iframeUniqueId; // Change height for the matching comment iframe for (let i = 0; i < commentIframes.length; i++) { const iframe = commentIframes[i]; const url = new URL(iframe.src); const iframeUniqueIdParam = url.searchParams.get('iframe_unique_id'); if (iframeUniqueIdParam == event.data.iframeUniqueId) { iframe.style.height = event.data.height + 'px'; return; } } }); })(); </script> </body> </html>