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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Female domestic slave</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funerary_relief_from_Neumagen_depicting_a_woman%27s_hair_being_dressed_by_her_slaves,_circa_220_AD,_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier,_Germany_(34626922225).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Funerary_relief_from_Neumagen_depicting_a_woman%27s_hair_being_dressed_by_her_slaves%2C_circa_220_AD%2C_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%2C_Germany_%2834626922225%29.jpg/220px-Funerary_relief_from_Neumagen_depicting_a_woman%27s_hair_being_dressed_by_her_slaves%2C_circa_220_AD%2C_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%2C_Germany_%2834626922225%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Funerary_relief_from_Neumagen_depicting_a_woman%27s_hair_being_dressed_by_her_slaves%2C_circa_220_AD%2C_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%2C_Germany_%2834626922225%29.jpg/330px-Funerary_relief_from_Neumagen_depicting_a_woman%27s_hair_being_dressed_by_her_slaves%2C_circa_220_AD%2C_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%2C_Germany_%2834626922225%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Funerary_relief_from_Neumagen_depicting_a_woman%27s_hair_being_dressed_by_her_slaves%2C_circa_220_AD%2C_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%2C_Germany_%2834626922225%29.jpg/440px-Funerary_relief_from_Neumagen_depicting_a_woman%27s_hair_being_dressed_by_her_slaves%2C_circa_220_AD%2C_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%2C_Germany_%2834626922225%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4544" data-file-height="3246" /></a><figcaption>Four <i>ancillae</i> assisting their mistress, on a funerary <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> from <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Roman Germany</a> (ca. 220 AD)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_jewellery_from_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roman_jewellery_from_Pompeii.jpg/220px-Roman_jewellery_from_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roman_jewellery_from_Pompeii.jpg/330px-Roman_jewellery_from_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roman_jewellery_from_Pompeii.jpg/440px-Roman_jewellery_from_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Moregine_bracelet" title="Moregine bracelet">armilla from Moregine</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, with inscription <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dominus ancillae suae</i></span>, "The master to his slavegirl."</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Ancillae</b></i> (plural) (singular, <i><b>ancilla</b></i>) were female house slaves in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, as well as in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Medieval Europe, slavery was gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>, but a small number of female slaves were imported as household servants for the wealthy, most commonly in Italy, Spain and France.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancillae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery in ancient Rome</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Contubernium" title="Contubernium">Contubernium</a></div> <p><i>Ancilla</i> was the common word for a female house slave in ancient Rome. The more general word for a female slave was <i>serva</i>. An <i>ancilla</i> in an upper class household might serve like a <a href="/wiki/Lady%27s_maid" title="Lady's maid">lady's maid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ancillae</i> in this setting might be specialized in attending to the upkeep, storage, and readiness of the mistress's wardrobe or <a href="/wiki/Roman_jewelry" title="Roman jewelry">jewelry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">inscription</a> records an <i>ancilla</i> named Phoebe assigned <i>ad speculum</i>, "to the mirror".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman law of slavery pertained to both male and female slaves, and was specific to <i>ancillae</i> primarily in regard to socially gendered issues arising from motherhood and marriage. Since the status of slaves was defined by the lack of <a href="/wiki/Legal_personhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personhood">legal personhood</a>, <i>ancillae</i> could not enter into <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">forms of marriage</a> recognized in <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>; however, <i>ancillae</i> like other household slaves might form a heterosexual union <i>(<a href="/wiki/Contubernium" title="Contubernium">contubernium</a>)</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that expressed an intention to marry if both partners were <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome#Manumission" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">manumitted</a> and obtained <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizen rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A master who wanted to marry an <i>ancilla</i> could free her for this purpose. A man of senatorial rank could not legally marry a freed woman but might enter into monogamous concubinage <i>(<a href="/wiki/Concubinatus" title="Concubinatus">concubinatus</a>)</i> with her.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, children of <i>ancillae</i> were born into slavery as <i><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome#Vernae" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">vernae</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancillae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> became Christianized, enslaving Christians was banned but still permitted for non-Christians. Similarly, it was banned to make Muslims slaves in the Muslim world, but permitted to take non-Muslims as slaves. This created a slave trade in which slaves from the Muslim world were sold to Christian Europe, and slaves from Europe were sold to the Muslim Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biggest source of <i>ancillae</i> for Italy and Spain was the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>. The merchants of this slave trade were often Venetian: the Balkan slave trade was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a>, and the Black Sea slave trade was particularly Venetian, partially Genoese. </p><p>The slaves normally converted to the Christianity or Islam of their respective masters after they had been bought, but were still kept in slavery. While it was legal for an <i>ancilla</i> to marry, she as well as her children were still slaves. Because this status caused legal confusion between the legal guardianship of a husband towards his wife and children, marrying an <i>ancilla</i> was not encouraged, which created a need for continuing slave import to uphold the recruitment of new ancillae, since there were few born into slavery. </p><p>Most medieval <i>ancillae</i> came from the Greek Orthodox Balkans, and although they were Christians, they were not recognized as such by the Catholic Church; hence taking them as slaves was considered legal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the ancillae slaves where Maddalena, mother of <a href="/wiki/Carlo_de%27_Medici" title="Carlo de' Medici">Carlo de' Medici</a> (1428–1492), who is noted to have been a Circassian slave bought in 1427 in Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The occurrence of enslaved ancillae disappeared in South Europe when the Balkan slave trade and the Black Sea slave trade to Europe stopped in the mid 15th-century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancillae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith M. Bennett & Amy M. Froide, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0ns0Y0m5c8C&dq=ancillae+slaves&pg=PA106">Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250-1800</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Richlin" title="Amy Richlin">Amy Richlin</a>, <i>Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2017), pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marice E. Rose, "The Construction of Mistress and Slave Relationships in Late Antique Art," <i>Woman's Art Journal</i> 29:2 (2008), p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Treggiari" title="Susan Treggiari">Susan Treggiari</a>, "<i>Contubernales</i> in <i>CIL</i> 6," <i>Phoenix</i> 35:1 (1981), pp. 47, 64, citing <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a></i> VI 7297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mina Petrova, "Single as a <i>Lena</i>: The Depiction of Procuresses in Augustan Literature," in <i>The Single Life in the Roman and Later Roman World</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2019), p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Evans-Grubbs, "'Marriage More Shameful Than Adultery'": Slave-Mistress Relationships, 'Mixed Marriages', and Late Roman Law," <i>Phoenix</i> 47:2 (1993), pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Rawson" title="Beryl Rawson">Beryl Rawson</a>, "Roman Concubinage and Other De Facto Marriages," <i>Transactions of the American Philological Association</i> 104 (1974), p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleugh, J. (1990). The Medici: A Tale of Fifteen Generations. Storbritannien: Dorset Press. p93</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarker2019" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Hannah (2019). <a href="/wiki/That_Most_Precious_Merchandise:_The_Mediterranean_Trade_in_Black_Sea_Slaves,_1260-1500" class="mw-redirect" title="That Most Precious Merchandise: The Mediterranean Trade in Black Sea Slaves, 1260-1500"><i>That Most Precious Merchandise</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812251548" title="Special:BookSources/9780812251548"><bdi>9780812251548</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv16t6ckk">j.ctv16t6ckk</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Most+Precious+Merchandise&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv16t6ckk%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780812251548&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncillae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>David Eltis, Keith R. Bradley, Stanley L. Engerman, Craig Perry, Paul Cartledge, David Richardson, Seymour Drescher: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DskwEAAAQBAJ&dq=bosnia+slave+trade&pg=PA118">The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420</a></i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancillae" class="extiw" title="sv:Ancillae">the corresponding article</a> in Swedish</b>.  <i><small>(December 2019)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAncillae&sl=sv&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Swedish article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. 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