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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ongoing debate on whether nuclear power is renewable</div> <p>Whether <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> should be considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> is an ongoing subject of debate. <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statutory</a> definitions of renewable energy usually exclude many present nuclear energy technologies, with the notable exception of the state of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Utah_House_Bill_430,_Session_198_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utah_House_Bill_430,_Session_198-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dictionary-sourced definitions of renewable <a href="/wiki/Energy_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy technologies">energy technologies</a> often omit or explicitly exclude mention of nuclear energy sources, with an exception made for the natural nuclear <a href="/wiki/Decay_heat" title="Decay heat">decay heat</a> generated <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">within the Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-renewalt_basics_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renewalt_basics-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common fuel used in conventional <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power station">nuclear fission power stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> is "non-renewable" according to the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>, the organization however is silent on the recycled <a href="/wiki/MOX_fuel" title="MOX fuel">MOX fuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-renewalt_basics_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renewalt_basics-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a> does not mention nuclear power in its "energy basics" definition.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtland Commission</a> (WCED) classified fission reactors that produce more <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a> than they consume (<a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">breeder reactors</a>, and if developed, <a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">fusion power</a>) among conventional <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy sources">renewable energy sources</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brundtland_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brundtland-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monitoring and storage of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> waste products is also required upon the use of other renewable energy sources, such as geothermal energy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_of_renewable_energy">Definitions of renewable energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions of renewable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena, which with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a>, ultimately derive their energy from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Star_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Star lifecycle">natural fusion reactor</a>) or from <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a>, which is heat derived in greatest part from that which is generated in the earth from the <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic heat">decay of radioactive isotopes</a>. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_4c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_4c.svg/220px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_4c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_4c.svg/330px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_4c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_4c.svg/440px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_4c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Renewable energy alternatives graphic</figcaption></figure> <p>In ISO 13602-1:2002, a renewable resource is defined as "a natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of the natural resource to the output of that resource from nature to the <a href="/wiki/Novel_ecosystem" title="Novel ecosystem">technosphere</a> is equal to or greater than one". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventional_fission,_breeder_reactors_as_renewable"><span id="Conventional_fission.2C_breeder_reactors_as_renewable"></span>Conventional fission, breeder reactors as renewable</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conventional fission, breeder reactors as renewable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a> reactors are a natural energy phenomenon, having naturally formed on earth in times past, for example a <a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">natural nuclear fission reactor</a> which ran for thousands of years in present-day Oklo <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> was discovered in the 1970s. It ran for a few hundred thousand years, averaging 100 <a href="/wiki/Watt#Kilowatt" title="Watt">kW</a> of thermal power during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier-Lafaye1996_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier-Lafaye1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conventional, human manufactured, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> power stations largely use uranium, a common <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>, and in rocks all over the world,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as its primary source of fuel. Uranium-235 "burnt" in conventional reactors, without <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">fuel recycling</a>, is a non-renewable resource, and if used at present rates would <a href="/wiki/Uranium_market" title="Uranium market">eventually be exhausted</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg/220px-BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg/330px-BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg/440px-BN-600_nuclear_reactor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>A cutaway model of the 2nd most powerful presently operating fast <a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">breeder reactor</a> in the world. The (<a href="/wiki/BN-600" class="mw-redirect" title="BN-600">BN-600</a>), at 600 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">nameplate capacity</a> is equivalent in power output to a natural gas <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_gas_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle gas turbine">CCGT</a>. It dispatches 560 MW to the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Middle Urals</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Power grid">power grid</a>. Construction of a second breeder reactor, the <a href="/wiki/BN-800_reactor" title="BN-800 reactor">BN-800 reactor</a> was completed in 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>This is also somewhat similar to the situation with a commonly classified renewable source, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a>, a form of energy derived from the natural <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear decay">nuclear decay</a> of the large, but nonetheless finite supply of uranium, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">potassium-40</a> present within the Earth's crust, and due to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear decay">nuclear decay</a> process, this renewable energy source will also eventually run out of fuel. As too will the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, and be <a href="/wiki/Star_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Star lifecycle">exhausted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nuclear fission involving <a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">breeder reactors</a>, a reactor which <i>breeds</i> more <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> fuel than they consume and thereby has a <a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">breeding ratio</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile fuel</a> higher than 1 thus has a stronger case for being considered a renewable resource than conventional <a href="/wiki/Fission_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission reactor">fission reactors</a>. Breeder reactors would constantly replenish the available supply of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a> by converting <a href="/wiki/Fertile_material" title="Fertile material">fertile materials</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, into fissile <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uranium-233" title="Uranium-233">uranium-233</a>, respectively. Fertile materials are also nonrenewable, but their supply on Earth is extremely large, with a supply timeline greater than <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a>. In a closed <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">nuclear fuel cycle</a> utilizing breeder reactors, nuclear fuel could therefore be considered renewable. </p><p>In 1983, physicist <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cohen_(physicist)" title="Bernard Cohen (physicist)">Bernard Cohen</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">fast breeder reactors</a>, fueled exclusively by natural uranium <a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_uranium_from_seawater" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraction of uranium from seawater">extracted from seawater</a>, could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen83_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen83-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was based on calculations involving the geological cycles of erosion, subduction, and uplift, leading to humans consuming half of the total uranium in the Earth's crust at an annual usage rate of 6500 tonne/yr, which was enough to produce approximately 10 times the world's 1983 <a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption#World_electricity_consumption_.282012.29" title="Electric energy consumption">electricity consumption</a>, and would reduce the concentration of uranium in the seas by 25%, resulting in an increase in the price of uranium of less than 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen83_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen83-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stanford-cohen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-cohen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranium_enrichment_proportions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Uranium_enrichment_proportions.svg/200px-Uranium_enrichment_proportions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="587" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Uranium_enrichment_proportions.svg/300px-Uranium_enrichment_proportions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Uranium_enrichment_proportions.svg/400px-Uranium_enrichment_proportions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Proportions of the isotopes, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">U-238</a> (blue) and <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">U-235</a> (red) found in <a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">natural uranium</a>, versus grades that are <a href="/wiki/Enriched_Uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Enriched Uranium">enriched</a>. <a href="/wiki/Light_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light water reactor">light water reactors</a> and the natural uranium capable <a href="/wiki/CANDU" class="mw-redirect" title="CANDU">CANDU</a> reactors, are primarily powered only by the U-235 component, failing to extract much energy from U-238. While by contrast uranium breeder reactors mostly use U-238/the primary constituent of natural uranium as their fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Advancements at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>, as published in a 2012 issue of the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>, towards the extraction of uranium from seawater have focused on increasing the <a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">biodegradability</a> of the materials used reducing the projected cost of the metal if it was extracted from the sea on an industrial scale. The researchers' improvements include using electrospun <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> shell <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a> mats that are more effective at absorbing uranium when compared to the prior record setting Japanese method of using plastic <a href="/wiki/Amidoxime" class="mw-redirect" title="Amidoxime">amidoxime</a> nets.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013 only a few kilograms (picture available) of uranium have been extracted from the ocean in <a href="/wiki/Pilot_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot program">pilot programs</a> and it is also believed that the uranium extracted on an industrial scale from the seawater would constantly be replenished from uranium <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)" title="Leaching (metallurgy)">leached</a> from the ocean floor, maintaining the seawater concentration at a stable level.<sup id="cite_ref-gepr.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gepr.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, with the advances made in the efficiency of seawater uranium extraction, a paper in the journal of <i>Marine Science & Engineering</i> suggests that with, light water reactors as its target, the process would be <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economically competitive if implemented on a large scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 the global effort in the field of research was the subject of a special issue in the journal of <i>Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/World_Commission_on_Environment_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="World Commission on Environment and Development">World Commission on Environment and Development</a> (WCED), an organization independent from, but created by, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, published <a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future</a>, in which a particular subset of presently operating nuclear fission technologies, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> were both classified as renewable. That is, fission reactors that produce more <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> fuel than they consume - <a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">breeder reactors</a>, and when it is developed, <a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">fusion power</a>, are both classified within the same category as conventional renewable energy sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">falling water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brundtland_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brundtland-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presently, as of 2022, only 2 <a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">breeder reactors</a> are producing industrial quantities of electricity, the <a href="/wiki/BN-600" class="mw-redirect" title="BN-600">BN-600</a> and <a href="/wiki/BN-800" class="mw-redirect" title="BN-800">BN-800</a>. The retired French <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nix" title="Phénix">Phénix</a> reactor also demonstrated a greater than one <a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">breeding ratio</a> and operated for ~30 years, producing power when <i>Our Common Future</i> was published in 1987. </p><p>To fulfill the conditions required for a nuclear renewable energy concept, one has to explore a combination of processes going from the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle to the fuel production and the energy conversion using specific fluid fuels and reactors, as reported by Degueldre et al. (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Extraction of uranium</a> from a diluted fluid ore such as seawater has been studied in various countries worldwide. This extraction should be carried out parsimoniously, as suggested by Degueldre (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extraction rate of kilotons of U per year over centuries would not modify significantly the equilibrium concentration of uranium in the oceans (3.3 ppb). This equilibrium results from the input of 10 kilotons of U per year by river waters and its scavenging on the sea floor from the 1.37 exatons of water in the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a renewable uranium extraction, the use of a specific biomass material is suggested to adsorb uranium and subsequently other transition metals. The uranium loading on the biomass would be around 100 mg per kg. After contact time, the loaded material would be dried and burned (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> neutral) with heat conversion into electricity.e.g.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uranium ‘burning’ in a molten salt fast reactor helps to optimize the energy conversion by burning all actinide isotopes with an excellent yield for producing a maximum amount of thermal energy from fission and converting it into electricity. This optimisation can be reached by reducing the moderation and the fission product concentration in the liquid fuel/coolant. These effects can be achieved by using a maximum amount of actinides and a minimum amount of alkaline/earth alkaline elements yielding a harder neutron spectrum. Under these optimal conditions the consumption of natural uranium would be 7 tons per year and per gigawatt (GW) of produced electricity.e.g.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coupling of uranium extraction from the sea and its optimal utilisation in a molten salt fast reactor should allow nuclear energy to gain the label renewable. In addition, the amount of seawater used by a nuclear power plant to cool the last coolant fluid and the turbine would be ~2.1 giga tons per year for a fast molten salt reactor, corresponding to 7 tons of natural uranium extractable per year. This practice justifies the label renewable.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (May 2021)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fusion_fuel_supply">Fusion fuel supply</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fusion fuel supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If it is developed, <a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">fusion power</a> would provide <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">more energy for a given weight of fuel</a> than any fuel-consuming energy source currently in use.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fuel itself (primarily <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>) exists abundantly in the Earth's ocean: about 1 in 6500 hydrogen (H) atoms in seawater (H<sub>2</sub>O) is deuterium in the form of (<a href="/wiki/Heavy_water#Semiheavy_water" title="Heavy water">semi-heavy water</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this may seem a low proportion (about 0.015%), because nuclear fusion reactions are so much more energetic than chemical combustion and seawater is easier to access and more plentiful than fossil fuels, fusion could potentially supply the world's energy needs for millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Fusion_power#Deuterium.2C_tritium" title="Fusion power">deuterium + lithium</a> fusion fuel cycle, 60 million years is the estimated supply lifespan of this <a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">fusion power</a>, if it is possible to extract all the <a href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">lithium from seawater</a>, assuming current (2004) <a href="/wiki/World_energy_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy consumption">world energy consumption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ongena_3–14_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ongena_3–14-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the second easiest fusion power fuel cycle, the <a href="/wiki/Fusion_power#Deuterium.2C_deuterium" title="Fusion power">deuterium + deuterium burn</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Deuterium, deuterium) has been deleted. (2024-07-25)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>, assuming all of the <a href="/wiki/Girdler_sulfide_process" title="Girdler sulfide process">deuterium in seawater was extracted</a> and used, there is an estimated 150 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">billion</a> years of fuel, with this again, assuming current (2004) world energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Ongena_3–14_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ongena_3–14-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation_in_the_United_States">Legislation in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legislation in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If nuclear power were classified as renewable energy (or as <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">low-carbon energy</a>), additional government support would be available in more jurisdictions, and utilities could include nuclear power in their effort to comply with <a href="/wiki/Renewable_portfolio_standard" title="Renewable portfolio standard">Renewable portfolio standard</a> (RES).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2009, the State of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> passed the "Renewable Energy Development Act" which in part defined nuclear power as a form of renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Utah_House_Bill_430,_Session_198_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utah_House_Bill_430,_Session_198-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North Carolina the Senate Bill 678 was passed for fusion energy to be added as a renewable source for clean energy.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_greenhouse_gas_emissions_of_energy_sources" title="Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources">Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource#Nuclear_fuels" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable resource#Nuclear fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-nuclear_movement" title="Pro-nuclear movement">Pro-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy" title="100% renewable energy">100% renewable energy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ncleg.gov&rft.atitle=Senate+Bill+678+%2F+SL+2023-138+%282023-2024+Session%29+-+North+Carolina+General+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncleg.gov%2FBillLookup%2F2023%2FS678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+power+proposed+as+renewable+energy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/21px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/42px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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