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La disparité des métazoaires : plans d'organisation et embranchements </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PHYLOGÉNIE ANIMALE, La conception traditionnelle de l'évolution animale" href="/encyclopedie/phylogenie-animale/2-la-conception-traditionnelle-de-l-evolution-animale/"> 2. La conception traditionnelle de l'évolution animale </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PHYLOGÉNIE ANIMALE, Le renouveau des études" href="/encyclopedie/phylogenie-animale/3-le-renouveau-des-etudes/"> 3. Le renouveau des études </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PHYLOGÉNIE ANIMALE, La monophylie des métazoaires et leur position dans l’arbre des eucaryotes" href="/encyclopedie/phylogenie-animale/4-la-monophylie-des-metazoaires-et-leur-position-dans-l-arbre-des-eucaryotes/"> 4. La monophylie des métazoaires et leur position dans l’arbre des eucaryotes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PHYLOGÉNIE ANIMALE, La base de l'arbre : un problème non résolu" href="/encyclopedie/phylogenie-animale/5-la-base-de-l-arbre-un-probleme-non-resolu/"> 5. La base de l'arbre : un problème non résolu </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item active"> <a class="d-block" title="PHYLOGÉNIE ANIMALE, La phylogénie et l'évolution des Bilateria" href="/encyclopedie/phylogenie-animale/6-la-phylogenie-et-l-evolution-des-bilateria/"> 6. La phylogénie et l'évolution des Bilateria </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PHYLOGÉNIE ANIMALE, La contribution des données paléontologiques" href="/encyclopedie/phylogenie-animale/7-la-contribution-des-donnees-paleontologiques/"> 7. La contribution des données paléontologiques </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PHYLOGÉNIE ANIMALE, La contribution de l'évo-dévo" href="/encyclopedie/phylogenie-animale/8-la-contribution-de-l-evo-devo/"> 8. La contribution de l'évo-dévo </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PHYLOGÉNIE ANIMALE, Vers un arbre entièrement résolu des métazoaires ?" href="/encyclopedie/phylogenie-animale/9-vers-un-arbre-entierement-resolu-des-metazoaires/"> 9. Vers un arbre entièrement résolu des métazoaires ? </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PHYLOGÉNIE ANIMALE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/phylogenie-animale/10-bibliographie/"> 10. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>PHYLOGÉNIE ANIMALE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC090095_6"><i class="anchor" id="yC090095_6"></i><h2>La phylogénie et l'évolution des Bilateria</h2><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC090095_6_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC090095_6_0"></i><h3>L'émergence d'une nouvelle phylogénie des Bilateria</h3><p>Les premiers arbres moléculaires générés, entre 1988 et 1997, à partir des séquences d'ARNr 18S confortaient en partie la vision traditionnelle car ils montraient un positionnement basal des plathelminthes (acœlomates) et des nématodes (pseudocœlomates) par rapport aux autres Bilateria (annélides, mollusques, arthropodes, vertébrés...). En revanche, il est apparu très tôt que, contrairement aux conceptions classiques, les annélides et les arthropodes ne sont pas étroitement apparentés, les premiers étant notamment plus proches des mollusques que les seconds. En 1995, une étude a mis en évidence l'existence d'un clade comportant, outre les mollusques et les annélides (embranchements qui ont en commun la larve trochophore), les bryozoaires, les brachiopodes et les phoronidiens (ces trois derniers phylums étant classiquement groupés dans le super-embranchement des lophophoriens). Par référence à sa composition, ce clade a été appelé Lophotrochozoa. Depuis lors, bien d'autres embranchements sont venus grossir ce groupe (par exemple, némertes, siponcles, rotifères, et même plathelminthes).</p><p>Le véritable bouleversement de la phylogénie des Bilateria date de 1997, lorsqu'un groupe de chercheurs a montré que la position basale des nématodes et des plathelminthes dans les arbres moléculaires publiés jusqu'alors n'était que la conséquence d'un artefact de reconstruction phylogénétique. Ayant séquencé l'ARNr 18S d'un plus grand nombre d'espèces de nématodes et de plathelminthes, ces auteurs furent alors en mesure de montrer que les nématodes se positionnent au voisinage des arthropodes, et les plathelminthes au sein des lophotrochozoaires.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="DE073538" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Phylogénie animale : classification des <it>Bilateria</it>" href="/media/phylogenie-animale-classification-des-bilateria-de073538/"><img id="DE073538" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/e/csm_de073538_c5f0b6dc5c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Phylogénie animale : classification des <it>Bilateria</it> - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Arbre des Bilateria, principalement issu des phylogénies moléculaires. La couleur des noms des embranchements indique le type d'organisation de ces animaux du point de vue des cavités liquidiennes: en bleu, les acœlomates; en vert, les pseudo-cœlomates; en rouge les cœlomates." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1362" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Phylogénie animale : classification des <it>Bilateria</it></p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Nématodes et arthropodes, ainsi que quelques embranchements moins populaires (par exemple, priapuliens, nématomorphes, tardigrades et onychophores), forment le clade des Ecdysozoa, ainsi nommé parce que tous ces groupes ont en commun la croissance par mue (en grec<em>, ecdysis</em>). Ainsi étaient mises en place les grandes lignes de la nouvelle phylogénie des Bilateria (fig. 4) dans laquelle ces derniers sont subdivisés en trois grands clades – lophotrochozoaires, ecdysozoaires et deutérostomiens – les deux premiers formant les protostomiens.</p><p>Cette nouvelle hypothèse phylogénétique a des conséquences considérables. La plus immédiate est la disparition des grades successifs fondés sur les cavités liquidiennes (acœlomates, pseudocœlomates et cœlomates). En effet, ces trois types d'organisation sont largement dispersés (polyphylétiques) au sein de l'arbre des Bilateria (fig. 4). L'évolution du cœlome est donc plus complexe qu'on ne l'avait envisagé classiquement. Soit le cœlome existait dès l'ancêtre commun des Bilateria et a été perdu secondairement dans plusieurs lignées (par exemple, chez les plathelminthes, les nématodes...), soit il a été acquis plusieurs fois de manière convergente (ainsi le cœlome des annélides, celui des arthropodes et celui des vertébrés pourraient ne pas être homologues). L'évolution n'est donc pas un cheminement rectiligne des formes les plus simples vers les plus complexes. Notons qu'entre les deux hypothèses envisagées ici à propos de l'évolution du cœlome, il n'est pas possible de trancher pour le moment, principalement par manque de résolution de la phylogénie au sein des lophotrochozoaires.</p><p>Une autre conséquence importante est l'éclatement des articulés (annélides, arthropodes, onychophores et tardigrades), pourtant l'un des groupes les plus anciens et les plus consensuels de la zoologie classique. De ce fait, on peut appliquer à la métamérie le même type de raisonnement que pour le cœlome. Ou bien la métamérie des annélides et celle des arthropodes ont été<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" 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