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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical analysis</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_%E2%80%8C%E0%A5%90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Om_%E2%80%8C%E0%A5%90.jpg/300px-Om_%E2%80%8C%E0%A5%90.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Om_%E2%80%8C%E0%A5%90.jpg/450px-Om_%E2%80%8C%E0%A5%90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Om_%E2%80%8C%E0%A5%90.jpg/600px-Om_%E2%80%8C%E0%A5%90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> ‌ॐ symbol and <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandalas</a> are sometimes used to adorn bodies and yoga studios, possibly a form of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baitmangalkar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baitmangalkar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> is by origin an ancient spiritual practice from India. In the form of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a>, using postures (<a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a>) derived from medieval <a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Haṭha yoga">Haṭha yoga</a>, it has become a widespread fitness practice across the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western world</a>. Yoga as exercise, along with the use that some make of symbols such as <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> ‌ॐ, has been described as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a>. </p><p>Scholars, noting that yoga has continually developed in form and changed its contexts and goals since it originated, both in India and in the western world, and that practitioners in India have adopted western yoga practices, have debated whether the charge can be substantiated. Scholars and authors from India have suggested that the desired result is not that white people should stop practicing yoga, but that they should learn something of its history and seek to practice it responsibly in a genuine and healing cultural exchange. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise#History" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise § History</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> is an ancient spiritual practice from India, <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">whose goal</a> was to unite the human spirit with the divine.<sup id="cite_ref-Monier-Williams_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The branch of yoga that makes use of <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">physical postures</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Haṭha yoga">Haṭha yoga</a>, developed from the 11th century onwards. It seeks to use physical techniques to preserve and channel a vital force or energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had goals including the attainment of magical powers, immortality, and spiritual liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a> makes use of physical postures as Haṭha yoga did, but its goals are good health, reduced stress, and physical flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> is defined as the "inappropriate or unacknowledged" adoption of elements of a culture by people from a different culture.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept is open to debate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WaPo1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appropriating_yoga">Appropriating yoga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appropriating yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">Yoga in advertising</a></div> <p>The scholar of religion Andrea Jain writes in her book <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i> that "advocates of the Hindu origins position"<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assert that practitioners of postural yoga have not observed what they consider to be the Hindu roots of yoga, and therefore "denounce what they consider yoga marketers' illegitimate cooptation and commodification of yoga."<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She states that such claims "cannot stand serious historical scrutiny",<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quoting the Indologist <a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">David Gordon White</a>'s comment that "Every group in every age has created its own version and vision of yoga."<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White states that this has been possible because the concept of yoga is extremely malleable.<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jain writes that Hindu objectors have two primary concerns. Firstly, they feel that "popularized systems of postural yoga are corruptions of what they consider authentic yoga."<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, they feel that "<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> does not get due credit"<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when yoga is appropriated in this way. Jain states that modern yoga had two major narratives. <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> promoted what he called raja yoga, a spiritual movement, and he criticised "body-centered yoga practices".<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, other leaders (such as <a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Yogendra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Kuvalayananda</a>) looked to Hinduism in a different way, so that postural yoga was "reconstructed and medicalized"<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to turn its practices into "modern fitness techniques deemed original to Hinduism".<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jain states that some objectors claim that yoga is Hinduism's intellectual property, so that commercial yoga is effectively theft. She writes that the Hindu origins position, however, "ignore[s] the dynamic history of yoga",<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that protest "emerges from a distorted view of history that serves a fierce will to power".<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British yoga teacher Nadia Gilani, author of the 2022 book <i>The Yoga Manifesto</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writes that modern yoga as exercise has lost its way. She proposes a programme "on how we can work together to restore yoga and preserve its roots in ways to benefit everyone."<sup id="cite_ref-Gilani_2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilani_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reports that yoga teachers in India feel that western yoga has appropriated their culture, quoting Vikram Jeet Singh of Goa as saying that "his own culture [had been] wiped out and suppressed by colonisation."<sup id="cite_ref-Khomami_2022_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khomami_2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoga teachers of South Asian heritage like Nikita Desai have stated that yoga has been "colonised"<sup id="cite_ref-Khomami_2022_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khomami_2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by wealthy white society, putting it out of reach of many people.<sup id="cite_ref-Khomami_2022_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khomami_2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same article, however, quotes Gilani as saying that "I don’t think claiming yoga back as an Indian practice for only Indians is the way",<sup id="cite_ref-Khomami_2022_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khomami_2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the situation is not in her view a matter of the west having "colonised" yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-Khomami_2022_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khomami_2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilani comments that while she is a "<a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">person of colour</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Khomami_2022_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khomami_2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was born and teaches yoga in the west, and that her yoga practice must fit her modern life.<sup id="cite_ref-Khomami_2022_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khomami_2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Age_Shrine_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_167848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/New_Age_Shrine_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_167848.jpg/220px-New_Age_Shrine_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_167848.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/New_Age_Shrine_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_167848.jpg/330px-New_Age_Shrine_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_167848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/New_Age_Shrine_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_167848.jpg/440px-New_Age_Shrine_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_167848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Yoga practitioners in the west may make use of religious or ritual objects from different cultures in their practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Brathen_2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brathen_2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The yoga teacher and studio owner Arundhati Baitmangalkar, writing in <i>Yoga International</i>, describes some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">yoga marketing</a> as cultural appropriation.<sup id="cite_ref-Baitmangalkar_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baitmangalkar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She identifies yoga studios, yoga teachers and yoga-related businesses as among those misusing yoga, stating that sacred symbols like idols of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> need to be treated with reverence, just as the <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> ‌ॐ symbol, <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">yoga sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandalas</a> are not "décor"<sup id="cite_ref-Baitmangalkar_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baitmangalkar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that they should not be added casually to beautify a yoga space.<sup id="cite_ref-Baitmangalkar_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baitmangalkar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swedish yoga teacher <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brathen" title="Rachel Brathen">Rachel Brathen</a>, author of the bestselling<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2015 book <i>Yoga Girl</i>, responding to comments on her website, notes that whereas the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> banned yoga in India, it is now ubiquitous in the western world, and asks whether it is cultural appropriation to practice and to teach yoga "as a white or non-<a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Brathen_2022_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brathen_2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brathen answers that she does not know whether she should stop using <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shang_(bell)" title="Shang (bell)">Tibetan bells</a>, or having a Buddha statue on her altar, and so on. She notes that her website does not have an "About yoga..." page on the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise#History" title="Yoga as exercise">origins of modern yoga</a>, but agrees that it would be a worthy addition.<sup id="cite_ref-Brathen_2022_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brathen_2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She states that when she was young she wore a <a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">bindi</a> on her forehead, stopping when someone objected. She comments that she has an Om symbol tattooed on her foot, and would have undone it were that possible, not least because the foot is considered an impure part of the body by Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-Brathen_2022_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brathen_2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoga_Cultural_Appropriation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Yoga_Cultural_Appropriation.svg/440px-Yoga_Cultural_Appropriation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Yoga_Cultural_Appropriation.svg/660px-Yoga_Cultural_Appropriation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Yoga_Cultural_Appropriation.svg/880px-Yoga_Cultural_Appropriation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of Neil Dalal's analysis of the question of whether modern yoga represents a cultural appropriation. Dalal writes that the view that there is an ancient, pure, and authentic yoga that can be corrupted is opposed by the scholarly view that yoga has changed continually over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalal_2022_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The scholar of religion Neil Dalal writes that a mainstream view of cultural appropriation assumes that <a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">modern yoga</a> has its roots in South Asia, and that there exists some ancient, pure, and authentic South Asian yoga which is at risk of being corrupted in the modern world.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalal_2022_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">spiritual but not religious</a> view, held by some practitioners of modern yoga, is that it embodies a pure and universal spirituality, which cannot be corrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalal_2022_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalal states that both views consider yoga to have a "timeless ahistorical essence".<sup id="cite_ref-Dalal_2022_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoga scholarship, investigating the history of yoga, holds instead that yoga does not have an essence as it changed continually over the centuries, and that talk of purity or authenticity does not make sense; indeed, talk of cultural appropriation may not make sense in the case of yoga either.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalal_2022_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Antony_2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antony_2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, <a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">yoga in India</a> has declined in its traditional form, and has taken on aspects of its modern western form, complicating the discussion and implying that many people in India have accepted a more western view of yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson-Ochoa_2019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-Ochoa_2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoga_Show_-_Kolkata_2012-01-21_8550_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Yoga_Show_-_Kolkata_2012-01-21_8550_%28cropped%29.JPG/290px-Yoga_Show_-_Kolkata_2012-01-21_8550_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Yoga_Show_-_Kolkata_2012-01-21_8550_%28cropped%29.JPG/435px-Yoga_Show_-_Kolkata_2012-01-21_8550_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Yoga_Show_-_Kolkata_2012-01-21_8550_%28cropped%29.JPG/580px-Yoga_Show_-_Kolkata_2012-01-21_8550_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">Yoga in India</a> has adopted elements of modern yoga from the western world, implying a cultural exchange rather than a one-way appropriation.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson-Ochoa_2019_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-Ochoa_2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The scholar of <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a>, Shameem Black, writes that while the goal of decolonising yoga may be justified, yoga also offers scope for invigorating decolonisation projects in India. The <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise#Early_influences" title="Yoga as exercise">colonial history of yoga</a>, she writes, shows that it was "both shaped by imperial norms and capable of generating anti-colonial critical force."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first-generation Indian American yoga researcher and teacher, Rina Deshpande, writes in <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i> that people from India can feel excluded if Indian words and symbols are forbidden in an attempt to make yoga classes more inclusive. Deshpande notes that it is ironic that yoga is now "often marketed by affluent Westerners to affluent Westerners—and Indians, ironically, are marginally represented, if at all."<sup id="cite_ref-Deshpande_2019_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deshpande_2019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scholar of <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial studies">postcolonial studies</a> Rumya S. Putcha states that the term "cultural appropriation" in itself "is a way of diluting the fact that we're talking about <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Deshpande_2019_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deshpande_2019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her view, the effect is conveniently to divert attention to how one can "show cultural appreciation appropriately", when the real issue is "the role of power and the legacies of imperialism."<sup id="cite_ref-Deshpande_2019_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deshpande_2019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Desired_result">Desired result</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Desired result"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namaste_in_bed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Namaste_in_bed.jpg/170px-Namaste_in_bed.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Namaste_in_bed.jpg/255px-Namaste_in_bed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Namaste_in_bed.jpg/340px-Namaste_in_bed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Neha Tandon writes that nobody "buys a '<a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a> in bed' shirt with ill intentions", though in her view that does not make it unproblematic.<sup id="cite_ref-Tandon_2022_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandon_2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The scholar of religious studies <a href="/wiki/Shreena_Niketa_Gandhi" title="Shreena Niketa Gandhi">Shreena Gandhi</a> and the antiracist campaigner Lillie Wolff write that the desired result is not that white people should stop doing yoga, but for them to see how the history of yoga in the west is linked to oppression and colonialism, and that a freely-shared practice of devotion is being advertised and sold for profit.<sup id="cite_ref-Deshpande_2019_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deshpande_2019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_Wolff_2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_Wolff_2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi and Wolff comment that one reason for yoga's popularity was that "it reinforced European and Euro-American ideas of India. Early Indian yoga missionaries played on the orientalist construction of the 'west' as progressive and superior and the 'east' as spiritual but inferior. Yoga became — and remains — a practice which allows western practitioners to experience the idea of another culture while focusing on the self."<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_Wolff_2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_Wolff_2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They acknowledge the "far too few practitioners" who take the trouble to study the history and philosophy of yoga, and invite everyone to join in an "authentic, respectful, and accountable cultural exchange", where "the practices [can] have a profound healing effect on the practitioner."<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_Wolff_2017_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_Wolff_2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indian-born journalist Neha Tandon, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_(magazine)" title="Women's Health (magazine)">Women's Health</a></i>, recalls that after many years of learning yoga in South Asia and with her family, she visited a "fancy studio" and was shocked when the <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> "<a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a>" was chanted over the pop song "<a href="/wiki/God_Is_a_Woman" title="God Is a Woman">God Is a Woman</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Tandon_2022_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandon_2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She comments that nobody "buys a '<a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a> in bed' shirt with ill intentions", but that alienating South Asian people remains problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-Tandon_2022_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandon_2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tandon suggests that practitioners might visit a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> or read some of the classic texts on yoga to become "more socially conscious" in their practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Tandon_2022_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandon_2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Baitmangalkar-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baitmangalkar_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baitmangalkar_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baitmangalkar_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baitmangalkar_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaitmangalkar" class="citation web cs1">Baitmangalkar, Arundhati. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yogainternational.com/article/view/how-we-can-work-together-to-avoid-cultural-appropriation-in-yoga">"How We Can Work Together to Avoid Cultural Appropriation in Yoga"</a>. Yoga International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+We+Can+Work+Together+to+Avoid+Cultural+Appropriation+in+Yoga&rft.pub=Yoga+International&rft.aulast=Baitmangalkar&rft.aufirst=Arundhati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyogainternational.com%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fhow-we-can-work-together-to-avoid-cultural-appropriation-in-yoga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+and+cultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monier-Williams-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams1899" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams, Monier</a> (1899). "Yoga". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0800/mw__0889.html"><i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i></a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 856.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yoga&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=856&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fsripedia%2Febooks%2Fmw%2F0800%2Fmw__0889.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+and+cultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallinson_2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1317005">"Yoga: Haṭha Yoga"</a>. In Basu, Helene; <a href="/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" title="Knut A. Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Knut A.</a>; Malinar, Angelika; <a href="/wiki/Vasudha_Narayanan" title="Vasudha Narayanan">Narayanan, Vasudha</a> (eds.). <i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 770–781. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2212-5019_BEH_COM_000354">10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_000354</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17641-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17641-6"><bdi>978-90-04-17641-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yoga%3A+Ha%E1%B9%ADha+Yoga&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=770-781&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2212-5019_BEH_COM_000354&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17641-6&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1317005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+and+cultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jain_2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Jain">Jain, Andrea</a> (July 2016). "Modern Yoga". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-163"><i>The Early History of Modern Yoga</i></a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.163">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934037-8"><bdi>978-0-19-934037-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+Yoga&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Modern+Yoga&rft.pub=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedias&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.163&rft.isbn=978-0-19-934037-8&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+and+cultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2005" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Sarah (2005). <a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga:_balancing_acts_across_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Positioning Yoga: balancing acts across cultures"><i>Positioning Yoga: balancing acts across cultures</i></a>. Berg. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-739-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-739-2"><bdi>978-1-85973-739-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/290552174">290552174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Positioning+Yoga%3A+balancing+acts+across+cultures&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F290552174&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-739-2&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+and+cultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523103611/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cultural_appropriation">"cultural appropriation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/cultural_appropriation">the original</a> on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cultural+appropriation&rft.pub=Lexico%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fcultural_appropriation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+and+cultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2018" class="citation news cs1">Frum, David (8 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/05/cultural-appropriation/559802/">"Every Culture Appropriates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Every+Culture+Appropriates&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2018%2F05%2Fcultural-appropriation%2F559802%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+and+cultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2015" class="citation news cs1">Young, Cathy (21 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/21/to-the-new-culture-cops-everything-is-appropriation/">"To the new culture cops, everything is appropriation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=To+the+new+culture+cops%2C+everything+is+appropriation&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2015%2F08%2F21%2Fto-the-new-culture-cops-everything-is-appropriation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+and+cultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jain_2015-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2015_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2015" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Andrea (2015). <a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga"><i>Selling Yoga: from Counterculture to Pop Culture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 131, 142–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3"><bdi>978-0-19-939024-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878953765">878953765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Yoga%3A+from+Counterculture+to+Pop+Culture&rft.pages=131%2C+142-157&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878953765&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939024-3&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+and+cultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilani2022" class="citation book cs1">Gilani, Nadia (2022). <i>Yoga Manifesto: how yoga helped me and why it needs to save itself</i>. Bluebird. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5290-6510-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5290-6510-7"><bdi>978-1-5290-6510-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1284981202">1284981202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Manifesto%3A+how+yoga+helped+me+and+why+it+needs+to+save+itself&rft.pub=Bluebird&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1284981202&rft.isbn=978-1-5290-6510-7&rft.aulast=Gilani&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+and+cultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilani_2022-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilani_2022_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilani2022" class="citation web cs1">Gilani, Nadia (30 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panmacmillan.com/blogs/lifestyle-wellbeing/why-yoga-isnt-a-workout-the-problems-with-yoga-in-the-west">"Yoga isn't a workout, it's an instigator of social change . . . and here's why it's lost its way in the West"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pan_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Macmillan">Pan Macmillan</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Praxis+Center%3A+Arcus+Center+for+Social+Justice+Leadership%2C+Kalamazoo+College&rft.atitle=Yoga+and+the+Roots+of+Cultural+Appropriation&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Shreena&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Lillie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kzoo.edu%2Fpraxis%2Fyoga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+and+cultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Meditation seats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_pose" title="Tree pose">Tree pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Warrior</a></li> <li>Accompaniments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">Teacher training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Wheel_of_Yoga" title="British Wheel of Yoga">British Wheel of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_Yoga" title="European Union of Yoga">European Union of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Van_Lysebeth" title="André Van Lysebeth">André Van Lysebeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Accessible_yoga" title="Accessible yoga">Accessible yoga</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Trauma-sensitive_yoga" title="Trauma-sensitive yoga">Trauma-sensitive yoga</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Restorative_Yoga" title="Restorative Yoga">Restorative Yoga</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra">Yoga nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_yoga" title="Competitive yoga">Competitive yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_brick" title="Yoga brick">Yoga brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_mat" title="Yoga mat">Yoga mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Farmer" title="Angela Farmer">Angela Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugger_Mugger_Yoga_Products" title="Hugger Mugger Yoga Products">Hugger Mugger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica" title="Lululemon Athletica">Lululemon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/80px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/120px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/160px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_yoga" title="Early modern yoga">Early modern yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li>1896 <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Gymnastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic Gymnastics">Harmonial gymnastics/yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">Hot yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_yoga" title="Science of yoga">Science of yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Matthew Remski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga and cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">In advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_children" title="Yoga for children">For children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">For women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Iyengar" title="Geeta Iyengar">Geeta Iyengar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jude_Boccio" title="Frank Jude Boccio">Frank Jude Boccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lee" title="Cyndi Lee">Cyndi Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Moffitt" title="Phillip Moffitt">Phillip Moffitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Acroyoga" title="Acroyoga">Acroyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_(yoga)" title="Doga (yoga)">Doga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Paddleboard_Yoga" title="Paddleboard Yoga">Paddleboard Yoga</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Aerial_yoga" title="Aerial yoga">Aerial yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_yoga" title="Beer yoga">Beer yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">America</a> <ul><li>1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hittleman" title="Richard Hittleman">Yoga for Health</a></i></li> <li>1970 <i><a href="/wiki/Lilias,_Yoga_and_You" title="Lilias, Yoga and You">Lilias, Yoga and You</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain" title="Yoga in Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Marshall" title="Lyn Marshall">Lyn Marshall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_France" title="Yoga in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Germany" title="Yoga in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Italy" title="Yoga in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Russia" title="Yoga in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Sweden" title="Yoga in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brathen" title="Rachel Brathen">Rachel Brathen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Selvarajan_Yesudian" title="Selvarajan Yesudian">Selvarajan Yesudian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1996 <i><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a></i></li> <li>2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alter" title="Joseph Alter">Yoga in Modern India</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Modern_Yoga" title="A History of Modern Yoga">A History of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2005 <i><a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga" title="Positioning Yoga">Positioning Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subtle_Body" title="The Subtle Body">The Subtle Body</a></i></li> <li>2015 <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2016 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Path_of_Modern_Yoga" title="The Path of Modern Yoga">The Path of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2017 <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain:_Stretching_Spirituality_and_Educating_Yogis" title="Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis">Yoga in Britain</a></i></li> <li>2020 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Yoga" title="The Story of Yoga">The Story of Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_(2006_film)" title="Guru (2006 film)">Guru</a></i></li> <li>2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Up!" title="Enlighten Up!">Enlighten Up!</a></i></li> <li>2012 <i><a href="/wiki/Breath_of_the_Gods" title="Breath of the Gods">Breath of the Gods</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Gurus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1918 <a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Institute" title="The Yoga Institute">The Yoga Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Yogendra" title="Hansa Yogendra">Hansa Yogendra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Kaivalyadhama_Health_and_Yoga_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center">Kaivalyadhama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya">Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Scaravelli" title="Vanda Scaravelli">Vanda Scaravelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>c. 1948 <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_style" title="Mysore style">Mysore style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(yoga_teacher)" title="Tim Miller (yoga teacher)">Tim Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_MacGregor" title="Kino MacGregor">Kino MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schultz" title="Larry Schultz">Larry Schultz</a></li></ul></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga" title="Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga">Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satchidananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Center" title="Kripalu Center">Kripalu Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cope" title="Stephen Cope">Stephen Cope</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_the_Iyengar_Way" title="Yoga the Iyengar Way">Yoga the Iyengar Way</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a></li> <li>c. 1975 <a href="/wiki/Yin_Yoga" title="Yin Yoga">Yin Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulie_Zink" title="Paulie Zink">Paulie Zink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grilley" title="Paul Grilley">Paul Grilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Powers" title="Sarah Powers">Sarah Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Yoga" title="Forrest Yoga">Forrest Yoga</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Gannon" title="Sharon Gannon">Sharon Gannon</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Power_Yoga" title="Power Yoga">Power Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bender_Birch" title="Beryl Bender Birch">Beryl Bender Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Kest" title="Bryan Kest">Bryan Kest</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga" title="Anusara School of Hatha Yoga">Anusara Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)" title="John Friend (yogi)">John Friend</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Core_Strength_Vinyasa_Yoga" title="Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga">Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas">Asanas (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga_teachers" title="Category:Yoga teachers">Yoga teachers (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Yoginis" title="Template:Modern Yoginis">Modern Yoginis (template)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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