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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reasons for adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_vs._the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_vs._the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe vs. the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_vs._the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In anarchism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Constitutional structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Constitutional_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Constitutional structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Division_of_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Division of powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicameralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicameralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bicameralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicameralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intergovernmental_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intergovernmental_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Intergovernmental relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intergovernmental_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Constitutional change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_technical_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_technical_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Other technical terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_technical_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_relation_to_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_relation_to_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In relation to conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_relation_to_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Federalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralismus" title="Föderalismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Föderalismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A)" title="فدرالية (توجه سياسي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فدرالية (توجه سياسي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%95%DC%AA%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܦܕܪܠܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܕܪܠܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismu" title="Federalismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Federalismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizm" title="Federalizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Federalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فدرالیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فدرالیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="যুক্তরাষ্ট্রবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুক্তরাষ্ট্রবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федерализм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Федерализм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федэралізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Федэралізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="संघवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संघवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Федерализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Федерализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3" title="Federació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Federació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederalismo" title="Pederalismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pederalismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismus" title="Federalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Federalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffederaliaeth" title="Ffederaliaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffederaliaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8deralisme" title="Føderalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Føderalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralismus" title="Föderalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Föderalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralism" title="Föderalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Föderalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaciismo" title="Federaciismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Federaciismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فدرالیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فدرالیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ralisme" title="Fédéralisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fédéralisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Federalisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisim" title="Federalisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Federalisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="연방주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연방주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ֆեդերալիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆեդերալիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="संघवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संघवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizam" title="Federalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Federalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Federalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פדרליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פדרליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფედერალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფედერალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федерализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Федерализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feder%C4%81lisms" title="Federālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Federālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismus" title="Federalismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Federalismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Federalisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Federalism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सङ्घीयता – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सङ्घीयता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisma" title="Federalisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Federalisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അധികാരവിഭജനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അധികാരവിഭജനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფედერალიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფედერალიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فدرالیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فدرالیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahaman_persekutuan" title="Fahaman persekutuan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fahaman persekutuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဖက်ဒရယ်ပြည်ထောင်စုစနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖက်ဒရယ်ပြည်ထောင်စုစနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Federalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सङ्घीयता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सङ्घीयता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="連邦主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連邦主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8deralisme" title="Føderalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Føderalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8deralisme" title="Føderalisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Føderalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Federalisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaalizimii" title="Federaalizimii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Federaalizimii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸੰਘਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਘਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဖဲတ်ဒရယ်စနိစ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဖဲတ်ဒရယ်စနိစ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فدراليزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فدراليزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizm" title="Federalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Federalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Federalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalissem" title="Federalissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Federalissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федерализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федерализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Federalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizmus" title="Federalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Federalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaaliisim" title="Federaaliisim – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Federaaliisim" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فیدراڵیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیدراڵیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Федерализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Федерализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismi" title="Federalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Federalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Federalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederalismo" title="Pederalismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pederalismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="ระบอบสหพันธรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบอบสหพันธรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miiriwatwu%C9%94t" title="Miiriwatwuɔt – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Miiriwatwuɔt" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizm" title="Federalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Federalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федералізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федералізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="وفاقیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وفاقیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federa%C5%82ismo" title="Federałismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Federałismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_l%C3%BD_ph%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Định lý phân quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Định lý phân quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="联邦主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Federalism" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="聯邦主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聯邦主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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searchaux" style="display:none">Political concept</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the form of government. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Federalism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Federalism (disambiguation)">Federalism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/330px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/495px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/660px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00e000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal states</a>: regional separation of powers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000b0; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary states</a>: regional integration of powers</div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political 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style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism" title="Category:Libertarianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">De Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman (Milton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">Friedman (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Van_Dun" title="Frank Van Dun">Van Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lottieri" title="Carlo Lottieri">Lottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_possibilism" title="Libertarian possibilism">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/16px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/24px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Federalism</b> is a mode of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> that combines a general level of government (a <b>central</b> or <b>federal</b> government) with a <b>regional</b> level of sub-unit governments (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_(sub-national)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (sub-national)">states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">cantons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial">territories</a>, etc.), while dividing the powers of governing between the two levels of governments. Two illustrative examples of federated countries—one of the world's oldest federations, and one recently organized—are <a href="/wiki/Australia#Government_and_politics" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, (Micronesia). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Althusius" title="Johannes Althusius">Johannes Althusius</a> (1563-1638), is considered the father of modern federalism, along with <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>. In 1603, Althusius first described the bases of this <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> in his <i>Politica Methodice Digesta, Atque Exemplis Sacris et Profanis Illustrata</i>. By 1748, in his treatise <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i>, Montesquieu (1689-1755) observed various examples of federalist governments: in corporate societies, in the <i>polis</i> bringing villages together, and in cities themselves forming <a href="/wiki/Confederations" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederations">confederations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a> Federalism was first adopted by a union of the states of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth198118_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth198118-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of the mid-14th century. </p><p>Federalism differs from <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederalism</a>, where the <i>central government is created subordinate</i> to the regional states—and is notable for its <i>regional-separation</i> of governing powers, (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> as the general level of government of the original <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>; and, later in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>). And federalism also differs from the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, where the <i>regional level is subordinate</i> to the central/federal government, even after a devolution of powers—and is notable for <i>regional-integration of governing powers</i>, (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheare194631–22_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheare194631–22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Federalism is at the midpoint of variations on the pathway (or spectrum) of <i>regional-integration or regional-separation</i>. It is bordered on the increasing-separation side by confederalism, and on the increasing-integration side by devolution within a unitary state; (see "pathway" graphic).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some characterize the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> as a pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting—with the concept termed a "federal union of states", as situated on the <i>pathway</i> (sprectrum) of <i>regional-integration or regional-separation</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of federalism today, i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> of a central/federal government with regional sub-unit governments, include: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.svg/480px-The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.svg/720px-The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.svg/960px-The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>The pathway of regional integration or regional separation</figcaption></figure> <p>The terms "federalism" and "confederalism" share a root in the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Foedus" class="mw-redirect" title="Foedus">foedus</a></i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a>, pact or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/covenant" class="extiw" title="wikt:covenant">covenant</a>". Until the late eighteenth century their two early meanings were essentially the same: a simple league among <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">sovereign states</a>, based on a treaty; (thus, initially the two were synonyms). It was in this sense that <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> referred to the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">US Constitution</a> as "neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both"—i.e., constituting neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two forms—according to Madison; <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No.39" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist No.39">"The Federalist No. 39"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notably, in the course of the nineteenth century in the United States, the meaning of federalism shifted, now referring uniquely to the novel compound-political form established at the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Convention">Philadelphia Constitution Convention</a>—while the meaning of confederalism remained as a league of states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2012544_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2012544-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a narrow sense, federalism refers to the mode in which the <a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">body politic</a> of a state is organized internally—and this is the meaning most often used in modern times. Political scientists, however, use the term federalism in a much broader sense, referring instead to a "multi-layer or pluralistic concept of social and political life."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first forms of federalism took place in ancient times, in the form of alliances between city states. Some examples from the seventh to second century BC were the <a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_league" title="Amphictyonic league">Archaic League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolic League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>. An early ancestor of federalism was the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Greek_city_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city states">Greek city states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, each of which insisted on keeping its complete independence, changing conditions in the Hellenistic period drove city states to band together even at the cost of surrendering part of their sovereignty. Subsequent unions of states included the first and second <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederations</a> (1291–1798 and 1815–48); the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces of the Netherlands</a> (1579–1795); the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Bund</a> (1815–66); the first American union, known as the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Confederation of the United States of America</a> (1781–89); and the second American union, formed as the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States of America</a> (1789-present).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth198118,_25,_30,_43,_53,_60_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth198118,_25,_30,_43,_53,_60-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_theory">Political theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern federalism is a political system that (nominally) is based upon operating under <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> rules and institutions; and where governing powers are shared between a country's national and provincial/state governments. However, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Federalist" title="Federalist">federalist</a></i> comprises various political practices that differ in important details among the (so-called) federalist nations—some of which are <i>democratic in name only</i> (e.g., modern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)—leaving the terms "federalist", "federalism", "federation", etc., dependent on context. And, because the term <i>federalization</i> also proclaims distinctive political processes, its use also depends on context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroschek201623–50_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroschek201623–50-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, political theory today discusses two main types of the federalization process: </p> <ul><li>integrative,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerven200535,_392_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerven200535,_392-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>(or aggregative)</i> federalization,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroschek201627–28,_39_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroschek201627–28,_39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>which encompasses several political processes, including: 1) transforming a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> into a federation; 2) incorporating non-federated population(s) into an existing federation; or 3) integrating a non-federated population by creating a new or revised federation.</li> <li>devolutive,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerven200535,_392_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerven200535,_392-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>(or dis-aggregative)</i> federalization:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroschek201627–28,_39–41,_44_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroschek201627–28,_39–41,_44-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1) transforming a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> into a federation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_for_adoption">Reasons for adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reasons for adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ziblatt" title="Daniel Ziblatt">Daniel Ziblatt</a>, there are four competing theoretical explanations for adopting a federal system: </p> <ol><li>Ideational theories, which hold: that among subunit population(s), a greater ideological commitment to <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralist</a> ideas makes federalism more likely to be sought and adopted.</li> <li>Cultural-historical theories: that in societies with <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">culturally</a> or ethnically fragmented populations, federalized subunits are more likely to be favored and adopted.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a>" theories: that federalism emerges via a bargaining process between the center and a periphery (subunit)—where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery, but the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center, (e.g., modern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> re <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>).</li> <li>"Infrastructural power" theories: that federalism is likely to emerge for the subunit population that already has highly developed infrastructures, (e.g., they already are a constitutional, parliamentary, and administratively modernized state).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> noted that "the problem of setting up a state can be solved even by a nation of devils"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—<i>if</i> they possess a constitution that pits opposing factions against each other with a durable system of binding <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Checks_and_balances" title="Separation of powers">checks and balances</a>. Essentially, particular states may use federation as a mechanism (a safeguard) against the possibilities of rebellion or war—or the rise of repressive government via a would-be dictator or a centralized <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>. </p><p>Proponents of federal systems have historically argued that the structures of checks-and-balances and power-sharing that are inherent in a federal system reduces threats—both foreign and domestic. And federalism enables a state to be <i>both large and diverse</i>, by mitigating the risk of a central government turning tyrannical.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></div> <p>Countries around the world have implemented federal systems using variations of central and regional sovereignty for their governments. For convenience of studying these governments, they may be divided according to several catagories, such as: <i>minimalistic</i> federations, which consist of only two sub-federal units (subunits); as compared to <i>multi-regional</i> federations, consisting of three or more regional governments (subunits). Or, based on their body <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> type: emirate, provincial, state, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, democratic—or <i>democratic in-name-only</i>. And, federal systems may be differentiated between those whose <i>entire</i> territory is federated, vs. <i>only part</i> of their territory is federated. Some systems are national while others, like the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, are supra-national. </p><p>Two extremes of federalism are notable: 1) at one extreme, the strong federal state is almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved to local governments; 2) at the opposite extreme, the national government may be a federation in name-only, while actually operating as a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a>, (see "pathway" graphic re regional integration or regional separation). Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the case in <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Belgium">Belgium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. </p><p>In <a href="#Canada">Canada</a>, federalism typically implies opposition to <a href="/wiki/Sovereigntist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereigntist">sovereignty</a> movements—most commonly the question of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec separatism">Quebec separatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Federations" title="Forum of Federations">Forum of Federations</a> as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries. Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Switzerland. </p><p>The governments of <a href="#Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="#Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="#Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="#India">India</a>, and <a href="#Mexico">Mexico</a>, among others, are organized along federalist principles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe_vs._the_United_States">Europe vs. the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe vs. the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">Federal Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism in the United States</a></div> <p>In <a href="#Federalism_in_Europe">Europe</a>, "federalist" is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government, with distributed power at regional, national and supranational levels. The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a> advocates for this development within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, ultimately leading to the <a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">United States of Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are medieval and early modern examples of European states which used confederal and federal systems, contemporary <a href="/wiki/European_Federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federalism">European federalism</a> originated in post-war Europe; one of the more important initiatives was <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s speech in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="#United_States">United States</a>, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> supported a stronger central government, while "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalists</a>" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>. The U.S. Constitution was written as a replacement for the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government. </p><p>In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a> has increased, some people<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United States">judiciary</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Federalism" title="New Federalism">New Federalism</a>). </p><p>The contemporary concept of federalism came about with the creation of an entirely new system of government that provided for democratic representation at two governing levels simultaneously, which was implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">US Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheare194611_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheare194611-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States implementation of federalism, a bicameral general government, consisting of a chamber of popular representation proportional to population (<a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">the House of Representatives</a>), and a chamber of equal State-based representation consisting of two delegates per State (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">the Senate</a>), was overlaid upon the pre-existing regional governments of the thirteen independent States. With each level of government allocated a defined sphere of powers, under a written constitution and the rule of law (that is, subject to the independent third-party arbitration of a supreme court in competence disputes), the two levels were thus brought into a coordinate relationship <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for the first time. </p><p>In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wheare" title="Kenneth Wheare">Kenneth Wheare</a> observed that the two levels of government in the US were "co-equally supreme".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheare194610–15_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheare194610–15-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In this, he echoed the perspective of American founding father James Madison who saw the several States as forming "distinct and independent portions of the supremacy"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in relation to the general government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_anarchism">In anarchism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In anarchism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist_decentralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist decentralization">Libertarian socialist decentralization</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, federalism is a <a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">horizontalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralized</a> organizational doctrine which holds that society should be built from the bottom-up, from the periphery to the centre. Higher-order units are merely the <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct expression</a> of lower-order units delegating, combining and coordinating. Though there is no central government or administration, higher-order <a href="/wiki/Committees" class="mw-redirect" title="Committees">committees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Councils">councils</a>, composed of delegates from federal constituencies, may convene under a <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular, revocable mandate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Embracing the principle of <a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">free</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary</a> association as the basis of a federal society, constituent entities of an anarchist federation are ideally autonomous and self-determining, collaborating equally, freely and mutually within the federation through the values of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> federation, federalism, in anarchy, is not simply a form of <a href="/wiki/Political_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Political division">political division</a> or <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a>, but rather, federative principles apply to all aspects of society, including <a href="/wiki/Social_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Social relations">social relations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>. Consequently, anarchist federalism, promoting widespread, <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, detests the <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth inequality">centralized and unequal</a> nature of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, and the hierarchy of its <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">companies and corporations</a>: an anarchist federalist society would envisage widespread, federalized <a href="/wiki/Wealth_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth distribution">wealth distribution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comparing republican and anarchist federalism, <a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">James Guillaume</a> states that <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>'s federative <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantonal system</a>, despite its <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, differs significantly from anarchist federalism: while Swiss federalism retains a state and provides only limited regional sovereignty, anarchist federalism as envisioned by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> is stateless, providing every autonomy with absolute sovereignty and distinct individuality. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss constitution">Swiss constitution</a>, in its support of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indivisibility" class="extiw" title="wikt:indivisibility">indivisibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationhood">nationhood</a> and its view that its cantons are mere territorial divisions rather than sovereign constituencies, is incompatible with anarchist federalism and its principles of <a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">free association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarchist federalism is a rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> present in modern federations, and instead provides an alternative system of federative organization founded on stateless <a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">individuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>. For anarchists, <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> federalism is as oppressive as a <a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">centralized, unitary state</a>, for all it is perceived to accomplish is delegate and transfer the perceived oppression of a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> to <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">local levels and jurisdictions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_structure">Constitutional structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constitutional structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_of_powers">Division of powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Division of powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>.</div> <p>In a federation, the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>. Almost every country allows some degree of regional self-government, but in federations the right to self-government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched. Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit, although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence. </p><p>In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_federal_powers" title="Exclusive federal powers">exclusive federal powers</a>. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states of Germany</a> retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>'s agreement to join the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871. The constitutions of <a href="/wiki/Grundgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundgesetz">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States</a> provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states. The Constitution of some countries, like <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">India</a>, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial/state governments are retained by the federal government. Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility. Under the division of powers of the European Union in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon Treaty</a>, powers which are not either exclusively of <a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_competences" title="Template:European Union competences">Union competence</a> or shared between the Union and the Member States as <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_powers" title="Concurrent powers">concurrent powers</a> are retained by the constituent States. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_esp_Rep._Federal,_Rep._Unitaria_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG/220px-La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG/330px-La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG/440px-La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Satiric depiction of late 19th-century political tensions in Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a> exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_people#Late_Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Basque people">Basques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a>, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">the Spain of the autonomous communities</a> (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to <a href="/wiki/Fuero#Basque_and_Pyrenean_fueros" title="Fuero">specific rights they had held</a> earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federation, but a system of asymmetric devolved government within a unitary state. </p><p>It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre, as the federal government acquires additional powers, sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances. The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government's existing constitutional powers given by the courts. </p><p>Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (<i>municípios</i>) with their own legislative council (<i>câmara de vereadores</i>) and a mayor (<i>prefeito</i>), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (<i>lei orgânica</i>). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (<i>municipio libre</i>, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">constituent states</a>. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly. </p><p>Federations often employ the <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradox</a> of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">statehood</a>) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>) wrote in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._39" title="Federalist No. 39">Federalist Paper No. 39</a> that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..." This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicameralism">Bicameralism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bicameralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intrastate_federalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intrastate federalism (page does not exist)">intrastate federalism</a>', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> legislature the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> is often used to represent the component states while the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> represents the people of the nation as a whole. A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">apportionment</a>, as is the case in the <a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">senates</a> of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population. </p><p>Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">prior to 1913</a>, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat (Germany)">German Bundesrat</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intergovernmental_relations">Intergovernmental relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Intergovernmental relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government. A <a href="/wiki/First_Ministers_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ministers conference">First Ministers conference</a> of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> highest political forum in the land, although it is not mentioned in the constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_change">Constitutional change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Constitutional change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect. In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons. In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a <i>double majority</i>. </p><p>Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in Canada">monarchy</a> would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany">German Basic Law</a> provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_technical_terms">Other technical terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other technical terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a> – the relative financial positions and the financial relations between the levels of government in a federal system.</li> <li>Formal federalism (or '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_federalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional federalism (page does not exist)">constitutional federalism</a>') – the delineation of powers is specified in a written constitution, which may or may not correspond to the actual operation of the system in practice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_federalism" title="Executive federalism">Executive federalism</a> refers in the English-speaking tradition to the intergovernmental relationships between the executive branches of the levels of government in a federal system and in the continental European tradition to the way constituent units 'execute' or administer laws made centrally.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a> – the conversion from a federal governance to either a completely unitary or more unitary one, the term was borrowed from the German for conversion from <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating</a> to <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Nazi era the <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="States of the Weimar Republic">traditional German states</a> were mostly left intact in the formal sense, but their constitutional rights and sovereignty were eroded and ultimately ended and replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)#Nazi_period" title="Gau (territory)">Gau system</a>. <i>Gleichschaltung</i> also has a broader sense referring to political consolidation in general.</li> <li>defederalize – to remove from federal government, such as taking a responsibility from a national level government and giving it to states or provinces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_relation_to_conflict">In relation to conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In relation to conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been argued that federalism and other forms of territorial autonomy are a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Federalism is sometimes viewed in the context of international negotiation as "the best system for integrating diverse nations, ethnic groups, or combatant parties, all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center."<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Resende-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, those skeptical of federal prescriptions sometimes believe that increased <a href="/wiki/Regional_autonomy" title="Regional autonomy">regional autonomy</a> can lead to secession or dissolution of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Resende-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, for example, federalization proposals have failed in part because "Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out."<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Resende-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> – Political community established for common good</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a> – Political power sharing among cultural groups</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a> – Flexible government where state and national level cooperate</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_World_Federalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic World Federalists (page does not exist)">Democratic World Federalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a> – Legal and military structure in medieval Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a> – Theoretic rebirth of antique governance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal republicanism</a> – 1873–1874 republican government<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Union" title="Federal Union">Federal Union</a> – Pro-European British political group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Federations" title="Forum of Federations">Forum of Federations</a> – bilateral relations<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_cake_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer cake federalism">Layer cake federalism</a> – Political arrangement<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_federation" title="Non-governmental federation">Non-governmental federation</a> – Federations which are not states or national governments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a> – Division of civil society along religiopolitical lines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a> – Political powers reserved for U.S. states</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> – 1579 treaty unifying the northern Netherlands provinces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federalist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="World Federalist Movement">World Federalist Movement</a> – Political idea of a global federal government<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrabill2013" class="citation book cs1">Grabill, Stephen J. (2013). "Althusius in context: A biographical and historical introduction". In Althusius, Johannes (ed.). <i>On law and power</i>. Sources in early modern economics, ethics, and law. Translated by Veenstra, Jeffrey J. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Christian%27s_Library_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian's Library Press">Christian's Library Press</a>. p. xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-938948-59-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-938948-59-6"><bdi>978-1-938948-59-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Althusius+in+context%3A+A+biographical+and+historical+introduction&rft.btitle=On+law+and+power&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.series=Sources+in+early+modern+economics%2C+ethics%2C+and+law&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Christian%27s+Library+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-938948-59-6&rft.aulast=Grabill&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth198118-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth198118_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsyth1981">Forsyth 1981</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheare194631–22-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheare194631–22_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheare1946">Wheare 1946</a>, pp. 31–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">See the diagram in <a href="#Overview">§ Overview</a>, below.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1961" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Martin (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysinfederali0000geor/page/22">"<i>The Federalist</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s view of federalism"</a>. In Benson, George Charles Sumner (ed.). <i>Essays in federalism</i>. Claremont, California: <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Studies_in_Federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Studies in Federalism">Institute for Studies in Federalism</a>. pp. 21–64, at p. 22. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/615755">615755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Federalist%27s+view+of+federalism&rft.btitle=Essays+in+federalism&rft.place=Claremont%2C+California&rft.pages=21-64%2C+at+p.+22&rft.pub=Institute+for+Studies+in+Federalism&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F615755&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessaysinfederali0000geor%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowns2011" class="citation book cs1">Downs, William M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IR1GCphhU7EC&pg=PA168">"Comparative federalism, confederalism, unitary systems"</a>. In Ishiyama, John; Breuning, Marijke (eds.). <i>21st century political science: A reference handbook</i>. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. pp. 168–176, at pp. 168–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412979351.n20">10.4135/9781412979351.n20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6901-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6901-7"><bdi>978-1-4129-6901-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparative+federalism%2C+confederalism%2C+unitary+systems&rft.btitle=21st+century+political+science%3A+A+reference+handbook&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=168-176%2C+at+pp.+168-170&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412979351.n20&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6901-7&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIR1GCphhU7EC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHueglinFenna2006" class="citation book cs1">Hueglin, Thomas O.; Fenna, Alan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTDQ5A1dHXUC&pg=PA31">"Federal principles, federal organization"</a>. <i>Comparative federalism: A systematic inquiry</i> (1st ed.). Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: <a href="/wiki/Broadview_Press" title="Broadview Press">Broadview Press</a>. pp. 31–84, at p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-410-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-410-1"><bdi>978-1-55111-410-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Federal+principles%2C+federal+organization&rft.btitle=Comparative+federalism%3A+A+systematic+inquiry&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.pages=31-84%2C+at+p.+31&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-410-1&rft.aulast=Hueglin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft.au=Fenna%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkTDQ5A1dHXUC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2013" class="citation journal cs1">Law, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715021101/http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf">"How can we define federalism?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Perspectives on Federalism</i>. <b>5</b> (3). Turin, Italy: Centro Studi sul Federalismo: 88–120, at p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2036-5438">2036-5438</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Federalism&rft.atitle=How+can+we+define+federalism%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=88-120%2C+at+p.+104&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=2036-5438&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.on-federalism.eu%2Fattachments%2F169_download.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span><br /> This author identifies two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> (conceived in its core meaning of ultimate authority) resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples). This is determined by the absence or presence of a unilateral right of secession for the parts. The structures are termed, respectively, the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsherwoodPinder2018" class="citation book cs1">Usherwood, Simon McDougall; Pinder, John (2018-01-25). <i>The European Union: A very short introduction</i>. Very short introductions (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780198808855.001.0001">10.1093/actrade/9780198808855.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880885-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880885-5"><bdi>978-0-19-880885-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union%3A+A+very+short+introduction&rft.series=Very+short+introductions&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780198808855.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880885-5&rft.aulast=Usherwood&rft.aufirst=Simon+McDougall&rft.au=Pinder%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, James, Hamilton, Alexander and Jay, John (1987) <i>The Federalist Papers</i>, Penguin, Harmondsworth, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2012544-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2012544_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2012">Law 2012</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulmer2017" class="citation book cs1">Bulmer, Elliot (2017) [2015]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/federalism-primer.pdf#page=12"><i>Federalism</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer. Vol. 12 (2nd ed.). Stockholm: <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance" title="International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance">International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7671-117-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7671-117-0"><bdi>978-91-7671-117-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328062951/https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/federalism-primer.pdf#page=12">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.series=International+IDEA+Constitution-Building+Primer&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Democracy+and+Electoral+Assistance&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-91-7671-117-0&rft.aulast=Bulmer&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Ffederalism-primer.pdf%23page%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth198118,_25,_30,_43,_53,_60-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth198118,_25,_30,_43,_53,_60_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsyth1981">Forsyth 1981</a>, pp. 18, 25, 30, 43, 53, 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroschek201623–50-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroschek201623–50_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroschek2016">Broschek 2016</a>, p. 23–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerven200535,_392-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerven200535,_392_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerven200535,_392_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerven2005">Gerven 2005</a>, p. 35, 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroschek201627–28,_39-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroschek201627–28,_39_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroschek2016">Broschek 2016</a>, pp. 27–28, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroschek201627–28,_39–41,_44-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroschek201627–28,_39–41,_44_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroschek2016">Broschek 2016</a>, pp. 27–28, 39–41, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiblatt2008" class="citation book cs1">Ziblatt, Daniel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8201.html"><i>Structuring the State: The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691136493" title="Special:BookSources/9780691136493"><bdi>9780691136493</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307232537/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8201.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structuring+the+State%3A+The+Formation+of+Italy+and+Germany+and+the+Puzzle+of+Federalism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780691136493&rft.aulast=Ziblatt&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F8201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiss2013" class="citation book cs1">Reiss, H.S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v7v3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79"><i>Kant: Political Writings</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107268364" title="Special:BookSources/9781107268364"><bdi>9781107268364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kant%3A+Political+Writings&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107268364&rft.aulast=Reiss&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv7v3CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeudney2007" class="citation book cs1">Deudney, Daniel H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NalIdFN65e8C"><i>Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3727-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3727-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-3727-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731153735/https://books.google.com/books?id=NalIdFN65e8C">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bounding+Power%3A+Republican+Security+Theory+from+the+Polis+to+the+Global+Village&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3727-4&rft.aulast=Deudney&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNalIdFN65e8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeudney2004" class="citation journal cs1">Deudney, Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354066104045540">"Publius Before Kant: Federal-Republican Security and Democratic Peace"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 315–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354066104045540">10.1177/1354066104045540</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-0661">1354-0661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143608840">143608840</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415013609/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354066104045540">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Publius+Before+Kant%3A+Federal-Republican+Security+and+Democratic+Peace&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-356&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143608840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-0661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354066104045540&rft.aulast=Deudney&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1354066104045540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/archives/lesson-plan/for-teachers-debating-federalism-and-separatism">"CBC on Federalism and Separatism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324040215/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/lesson-plan/for-teachers-debating-federalism-and-separatism">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBC+on+Federalism+and+Separatism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Flesson-plan%2Ffor-teachers-debating-federalism-and-separatism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPistone2016" class="citation book cs1">Pistone, Sergio (2016-06-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalists.eu/fileadmin/files_uef/Pictures/Website_Animation/About_UEF/70th_Anniversary/UEF_Booklet_70_Years_of_Campaigns_for_a_United_and_Federal_Europe.pdf"><i>70 years on campaigns for a united and federal Europe</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brussels: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928224450/http://www.federalists.eu/fileadmin/files_uef/Pictures/Website_Animation/About_UEF/70th_Anniversary/UEF_Booklet_70_Years_of_Campaigns_for_a_United_and_Federal_Europe.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=70+years+on+campaigns+for+a+united+and+federal+Europe&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Union+of+European+Federalists&rft.date=2016-06-08&rft.aulast=Pistone&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalists.eu%2Ffileadmin%2Ffiles_uef%2FPictures%2FWebsite_Animation%2FAbout_UEF%2F70th_Anniversary%2FUEF_Booklet_70_Years_of_Campaigns_for_a_United_and_Federal_Europe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422233906/http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/astonish.html">"The Churchill Society London. Churchill's Speeches"</a>. <i>www.churchill-society-london.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/astonish.html">the original</a> on 2012-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchill-society-london.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Churchill+Society+London.+Churchill%27s+Speeches.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchill-society-london.org.uk%2Fastonish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2012" class="citation journal cs1">Law, John (2012). "Sense on Federalism". <i>Political Quarterly</i>. <b>83</b> (3): 541–550, at pp. 543–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-923X.2012.02336.x">10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02336.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3179">0032-3179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sense+on+Federalism&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=541-550%2C+at+pp.+543-544&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-923X.2012.02336.x&rft.issn=0032-3179&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheare194611-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheare194611_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheare1946">Wheare 1946</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheare194610–15-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheare194610–15_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheare1946">Wheare 1946</a>, pp. 10–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, James, Hamilton, Alexander and Jay, John (1987) <i>The Federalist Papers</i>, Penguin, Harmondsworth, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Rashid2020" class="citation web cs1">al-Rashid, Daniel (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/daniel-al-rashid-what-do-anarchists-mean-by-federalism">"What do anarchists mean by 'federalism'?"</a>. <i>The Anarchist Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.atitle=What+do+anarchists+mean+by+%27federalism%27%3F&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.aulast=al-Rashid&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fdaniel-al-rashid-what-do-anarchists-mean-by-federalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinnaPrichardSwann2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kinna, Ruth; Prichard, Alex; Swann, Thomas (13 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-constitutionalism/article/occupy-and-the-constitution-of-anarchy/BBE87B0A645A385397927D0BA8C6FAC4">"Occupy and the constitution of anarchy"</a>. <i>Global Constitutionalism</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 357–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS204538171900008X">10.1017/S204538171900008X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F35870">10871/35870</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Constitutionalism&rft.atitle=Occupy+and+the+constitution+of+anarchy&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=357-390&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F35870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS204538171900008X&rft.aulast=Kinna&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Prichard%2C+Alex&rft.au=Swann%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fglobal-constitutionalism%2Farticle%2Foccupy-and-the-constitution-of-anarchy%2FBBE87B0A645A385397927D0BA8C6FAC4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2023" class="citation web cs1">Whitman, W. J. (21 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/w-j-whitman-anarcho-distributism-and-anarchist-federalism">"Anarcho-Distributism and Anarchist Federalism"</a>. <i>The Anarchist Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.atitle=Anarcho-Distributism+and+Anarchist+Federalism&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fw-j-whitman-anarcho-distributism-and-anarchist-federalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2004" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Colin (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/427/chapter-abstract/135222469">"The federalist agenda"</a>. <i>Oxford Academic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Academic&rft.atitle=The+federalist+agenda&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F427%2Fchapter-abstract%2F135222469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon1863" class="citation web cs1">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/pierre-joseph-proudhon-the-principle-of-federation">"The Federative Principle"</a>. <i>The Anarchist Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.atitle=The+Federative+Principle&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fpierre-joseph-proudhon-the-principle-of-federation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoséKinna2022" class="citation journal cs1">José, Gutiérrez; Kinna, Ruth (28 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nana.12891">"Anarchism and the national question"</a>. <i>Nations and Nationalism</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 121–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnana.12891">10.1111/nana.12891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+the+national+question&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-130&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnana.12891&rft.aulast=Jos%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Guti%C3%A9rrez&rft.au=Kinna%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1111%2Fnana.12891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoonz2003" class="citation book cs1">Koonz, Claudia (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naziconscience00koon"><i>The Nazi Conscience</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01172-4"><bdi>978-0-674-01172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Conscience&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01172-4&rft.aulast=Koonz&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaziconscience00koon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLijphart1977" class="citation book cs1">Lijphart, Arend (1977). <i>Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration</i>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Plural+Societies%3A+A+Comparative+Exploration&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Lijphart&rft.aufirst=Arend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hale, Henry E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.2004.0011">"Divided We Stand: Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse"</a>. <i>World Politics</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 165–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.2004.0011">10.1353/wp.2004.0011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3338">1086-3338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155052031">155052031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Divided+We+Stand%3A+Institutional+Sources+of+Ethnofederal+State+Survival+and+Collapse&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-193&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155052031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwp.2004.0011&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Henry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%252Fwp.2004.0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrancati2009" class="citation book cs1">Brancati, Dawn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NdsVDAAAQBAJ"><i>Peace by design: Managing intrastate conflict through decentralization</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199549009.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549009.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954900-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954900-9"><bdi>978-0-19-954900-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/245559225">245559225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+by+design%3A+Managing+intrastate+conflict+through+decentralization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F245559225&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199549009.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954900-9&rft.aulast=Brancati&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNdsVDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288765127_Peace_by_Design_Managing_Intrastate_Conflict_through_Decentralization">Chapter summaries</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-Resende-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-Resende2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Meyer-Resende, Michael (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/18/why-talk-of-federalism-wont-help-peace-in-syria-assad/">"Why talk of federalism won't help peace in Syria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315000604/https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/18/why-talk-of-federalism-wont-help-peace-in-syria-assad/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Why+talk+of+federalism+won%27t+help+peace+in+Syria&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.aulast=Meyer-Resende&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2016%2F03%2F18%2Fwhy-talk-of-federalism-wont-help-peace-in-syria-assad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBednar2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bednar, Jenna (2011). "The Political Science of Federalism". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Law_and_Social_Science" title="Annual Review of Law and Social Science">Annual Review of Law and Social Science</a></i>. <b>7</b>: 269–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-lawsocsci-102510-105522">10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102510-105522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Law+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Political+Science+of+Federalism&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=269-288&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-lawsocsci-102510-105522&rft.aulast=Bednar&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroschek2016" class="citation book cs1">Broschek, Jorg (2016). "Federalism in Europe, America and Africa: A Comparative Analysis". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://broschek.ca/uploads/Federalism%20in%20Europe,%20America%20and%20Africa%20A%20Comparative%20Analysis.pdf"><i>Federalism and Decentralization: Perceptions for Political and Institutional Reforms</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. pp. 23–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020012902/https://broschek.ca/uploads/Federalism%20in%20Europe,%20America%20and%20Africa%20A%20Comparative%20Analysis.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Federalism+in+Europe%2C+America+and+Africa%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.btitle=Federalism+and+Decentralization%3A+Perceptions+for+Political+and+Institutional+Reforms&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=23-50&rft.pub=Konrad+Adenauer+Stiftung&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Broschek&rft.aufirst=Jorg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbroschek.ca%2Fuploads%2FFederalism%2520in%2520Europe%2C%2520America%2520and%2520Africa%2520A%2520Comparative%2520Analysis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth1981" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Murray (1981). <i>Unions of States: The Theory and Practice of Confederation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leicester_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Leicester University Press">Leicester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1170233780">1170233780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unions+of+States%3A+The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Confederation&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1170233780&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerven2005" class="citation book cs1">Gerven, Walter van (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ0lIXo53hMC"><i>The European Union: A Polity of States and Peoples</i></a>. Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804750646" title="Special:BookSources/9780804750646"><bdi>9780804750646</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731153755/https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ0lIXo53hMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union%3A+A+Polity+of+States+and+Peoples&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780804750646&rft.aulast=Gerven&rft.aufirst=Walter+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZ0lIXo53hMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheare1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wheare" title="Kenneth Wheare">Wheare, Kenneth</a> (1946). <i>Federal Government</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Government&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Wheare&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/federalism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/federalism">federalism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Federalism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Federalism">Federalism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>P.-J. Proudhon (1863), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/proudhon/federation/federation.html">The Principle of Federation</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template talk:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Autonomous types of first-tier <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subdivision</a> administration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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