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(PDF) Kant, Spinoza, and the Regulative Role of the Theological Idea In the Critique of Judgment | Cody Staton - Academia.edu
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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":8672011,"created_at":"2014-10-07T02:16:33.485-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-13T23:11:20.792-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Spinoza ' s views on theology and teleology are infamous in their ability to draw commentators throughout the ages into acrimonious exchanges. The late 18th century German Aufklärung was perhaps one of the more volatile environments to debate these issues relating to Spinoza. Nestled between these two concepts is Spinoza ' s account of intuition. He claimed that intuitive knowledgewhich represents the capacity to immediately grasp the essences of things -is not only possible for human cognition, but that it also renders a truer understanding of God, and hence, we see that nature that has no final purposes. When Kant broached the issue of Spinozism in his Critique of Judgment (1790), he claimed that the problem of theology and teleology posed by Spinoza could be overcome. In this paper I argue that Kant ' s confrontation with Spinoza frames the context of his presentation of intuitive understanding in the third Critique. The differences between Kant ' s conception of the intuitive understanding and Spinoza ' s idea of an intuitive intellect concern two key elements: (1) For Kant, the intuitive understanding is impossible for human beings and (2) according to Kant, we can attribute this intuitive knowledge to God only for regulative purposes. For Kant, reason thinks the idea of an understanding unlike our own -one that intuits -in order to have a basis for conceiving of teleological purposes in nature. The only way we can make sense of the contingency we find in nature, in which the purposes of objects of nature underwrite the cause of things, is to think of an understanding that would intuit nature in an actual way. I claim that Kant ' s confrontation with Spinoza sheds light on the Critique of Judgment as a whole.","publication_date":"2013,,","publication_name":"Interpretationes. Le Spinozisme: réceptions et critiques","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"38844880"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Kant, Spinoza, and the Regulative Role of the Theological Idea In the Critique of Judgment","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [866725]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":38844880,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Kant, Spinoza, and the Regulative Role of the Theological Idea In the Critique of Judgment”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/38844880/mini_magick20190223-16283-8br176.png?1550988302" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Kant, Spinoza, and the Regulative Role of the Theological Idea In the Critique of Judgment</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="866725" href="https://kennesaw.academia.edu/CodyStaton"><img alt="Profile image of Cody Staton" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/866725/314384/4956437/s65_cody.staton.jpg" />Cody Staton</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2013, Interpretationes. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/72294428/The_Divine_Immanence_Kant_s_Religious_Rationalism_and_Spinoza">The Divine Immanence, Kant’s Religious Rationalism, and Spinoza</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2208362" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/AnnaTomaszewska">Anna Tomaszewska</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">One of the most puzzling claims Kant makes about other philosophers is a claim about Spinoza, which says that his metaphysics “leads directly to enthusiasm [Schwarmerei],” associated in Kant’s times with religious fanaticism . 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Most importantly, as I try to show reading some of his later writings—in particular those fragments collected in the Opus postumum where Kant frequently turns to the metaphor of “seeing things in God ”—he can be attributed, in a certain sense, an account of divine immanence , accompanying what Ian Hunter has called “radical religious rationalism ,” a tendency to rationalize religious f...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Divine Immanence, Kant’s Religious Rationalism, and Spinoza","attachmentId":81278818,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72294428/The_Divine_Immanence_Kant_s_Religious_Rationalism_and_Spinoza","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72294428/The_Divine_Immanence_Kant_s_Religious_Rationalism_and_Spinoza"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="37782154" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37782154/Kant_on_the_Peculiarity_of_the_Human_Understanding_and_the_Antinomy_of_the_Teleological_Power_of_Judgment">Kant on the Peculiarity of the Human Understanding and the Antinomy of the Teleological Power of Judgment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2690942" href="https://telaviv.academia.edu/IdanShimony">Idan Shimony</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Natur und Freiheit: Akten des XII. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Idan Shimony (2018). "Kant on the Peculiarity of the Human Understanding and the Antinomy of the Teleological Power of Judgment." In Violetta L. Waibel, Margit Ruffing, David Wagner (Eds.), Natur und Freiheit: Akten des XII. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 1677–1684. Kant argues in the Critique of the Teleological Power of Judgment that the first stage in resolving the problem of teleology is conceiving it correctly. He explains that the conflict between mechanism and teleology, properly conceived, is an antinomy of the power of judgment in its reflective use regarding regulative maxims, and not an antinomy of the power of judgment in its determining use regarding constitutive principles. The matter in hand does not concern objective propositions regarding the possibility of objects or actual features of certain objects, namely, organisms. It is rather a methodological issue as to the appropriate way to explain the generation, development, and function of organisms. Taken in this manner as subjective maxims guiding the explanation and inquiry of organisms, the principles of mechanism and teleology need not necessarily be seen as contradictorily opposed but instead can be combined in the study of organisms. This, however, is not enough to complete the analysis of the antinomy of the teleological power of judgment. In order to show that there is an antinomy in this case, Kant has to establish that both seemingly conflicting maxims are necessary and natural to the human mind. He does it by grounding them in the ‘special character’ or peculiarity (Eigentümlichkeit) of the human understanding. However, it is not entirely clear just what exactly this peculiarity of the human understanding is. Paul Guyer argues that Kant suggests two different accounts of the peculiarity of the human intellect. According to one account, this peculiarity consists in the fact that our understanding forms general concepts and according to another, in its propensity to proceed from the parts to the whole. I will argue in this paper that Kant puts forward a single account, in which the combination of these two features demonstrate the peculiarity of the human understanding manifested in the encounter with organisms. This account explains the necessity of the regulative maxims of mechanism and teleology, and thus completes Kant’s analysis of the antinomy of the teleological power of judgment.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kant on the Peculiarity of the Human Understanding and the Antinomy of the Teleological Power of Judgment","attachmentId":61124301,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37782154/Kant_on_the_Peculiarity_of_the_Human_Understanding_and_the_Antinomy_of_the_Teleological_Power_of_Judgment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37782154/Kant_on_the_Peculiarity_of_the_Human_Understanding_and_the_Antinomy_of_the_Teleological_Power_of_Judgment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="106430704" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106430704/Reflective_Teleological_Judgment_as_Indeterministic_Subsumption_Kant_and_Modern_Hermeneutics">Reflective-Teleological Judgment as Indeterministic Subsumption: Kant and Modern Hermeneutics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1147463" href="https://murdoch.academia.edu/HorstRuthrof">Horst Ruthrof</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper argues that modern hermeneutics has failed to recognize Kant's reflective-teleological reasoning as a highly advanced form of interpretation as presented in Part II of the Critique of Judgment. If we liberate the principles of reflective-teleological judgment from his examples of biological nature, the paper claims, we arrive at nothing less than Kant's general proto-hermeneutics. Such a distillation of hermeneutic principles is then justified on three grounds, that (1) Kant views nature broadly as the "sum of phenomena"; (2) his arguments about the purposiveness of nature are derived by analogy from cognitive judgments about art; and (3) in Kant, human culture is an advanced appearance of nature. A summary statement of Kant's proto-hermeneutics is followed by a sketch of significant moments throughout the history of modern hermeneutics, from Ast, Schleiermacher and Dilthey to Heidegger and Gadamer, and from Habermas and Ricoeur to Caputo and Vattimo, when many Kantian hermeneutic themes are broached without acknowledgment of their sources in the Critiques. Crucially, what modern hermeneutics fails to see is that Kant's reflective-teleological judgment amounts to an advanced procedure of indeterministic, hermeneutic subsumption beyond induction.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reflective-Teleological Judgment as Indeterministic Subsumption: Kant and Modern Hermeneutics","attachmentId":105630899,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106430704/Reflective_Teleological_Judgment_as_Indeterministic_Subsumption_Kant_and_Modern_Hermeneutics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106430704/Reflective_Teleological_Judgment_as_Indeterministic_Subsumption_Kant_and_Modern_Hermeneutics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="10765809" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10765809/Kants_View_of_the_World_As_set_out_in_the_Critiques_of_Pure_Reason_Practical_Reason_and_Judgment">Kant's View of the World As set out in the Critiques of Pure Reason, Practical Reason, and Judgment.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17570986" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MikeSutton">Mike Sutton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kant's View of the World \r\nAs set out in the Critiques of Pure Reason, Practical Reason, and Judgment.","attachmentId":36624993,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10765809/Kants_View_of_the_World_As_set_out_in_the_Critiques_of_Pure_Reason_Practical_Reason_and_Judgment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10765809/Kants_View_of_the_World_As_set_out_in_the_Critiques_of_Pure_Reason_Practical_Reason_and_Judgment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="8180389" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8180389/Kants_Critique_of_Judgement">Kant's Critique of Judgement</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14711095" href="https://independent.academia.edu/zainabnaqvi">zainab naqvi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper aims to analyze the each and every point of Kant concepts i-e:sublime,beauty,Modality,4moments etc.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kant's Critique of Judgement","attachmentId":34614152,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8180389/Kants_Critique_of_Judgement","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8180389/Kants_Critique_of_Judgement"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="38975810" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38975810/Spinoza_and_the_Power_of_Reason">Spinoza and the Power of Reason</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31846856" href="https://otago.academia.edu/MichaelLeBuffe">Michael LeBuffe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Cambridge Critical Guide to Spinoza's Ethics, Yitzhak Melamed, ed. Cambridge, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spinoza and the Power of Reason","attachmentId":59080907,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38975810/Spinoza_and_the_Power_of_Reason","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38975810/Spinoza_and_the_Power_of_Reason"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="58144037" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58144037/Subsuming_determining_under_reflecting_Kant_s_power_of_judgment_reconsidered">Subsuming ‘determining’ under ‘reflecting’: Kant’s power of judgment, reconsidered</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3260161" href="https://okanagan.academia.edu/NicholasDunn">Nicholas Dunn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Kant’s distinction between the determining and reflecting power of judgment in the third Critique is not well understood in the literature. A mainstream view unifies these by making determination the telos of all acts of judgment (Longuenesse 1998). On this view, all reflection is primarily in the business of producing empirical concepts for cognition, and thus has what I call a determinative ideal. I argue that this view fails to take seriously the independence and autonomy of the ‘power of judgment’ [Urteilskraft] as a higher cognitive faculty in its own right with its own a priori principle. Instead of seeing merely reflecting judgments as failed or incomplete acts of judgment, I argue that these are in fact paradigmatic of the activity of the power of judgment. More precisely, the reflecting power of judgment just is the power of judgment. Accordingly, reflecting judgment takes precedence over determining judgment; while the former operates according to a law that it gives itself, the latter requires another higher cognitive faculty to provide its principle. On my view, reflecting judgment should be understood as the capacity for purposive subsumption—most clearly seen in the activity of mere reflection.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Subsuming ‘determining’ under ‘reflecting’: Kant’s power of judgment, reconsidered","attachmentId":72696581,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58144037/Subsuming_determining_under_reflecting_Kant_s_power_of_judgment_reconsidered","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58144037/Subsuming_determining_under_reflecting_Kant_s_power_of_judgment_reconsidered"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":38844880,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":38844880,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_38844880" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="27263726" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27263726/Judging_for_Reasons_on_Kant_and_the_modalities_of_judgment">Judging for Reasons: on Kant and the modalities of judgment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="721212" href="https://kingscollegelondon.academia.edu/JessicaLeech">Jessica Leech</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="79358794" href="https://independentscholar.academia.edu/CharlesMSaunders">Charles M Saunders</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PulayanaPress, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Letters to No One in Particular- A Discussion and Illustration of Spinoza's 'Fragment' or \"On the Improvement of the Understanding\" [Pamphlet One]","attachmentId":56155252,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36250660/Letters_to_No_One_in_Particular_A_Discussion_and_Illustration_of_Spinozas_Fragment_or_On_the_Improvement_of_the_Understanding_Pamphlet_One_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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