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var a = axel * 10000000000000; document.write('<iframe src="https://2542116.fls.doubleclick.net/activityi;src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=ord=' + a + '?" width="1" height="1" frameborder="0" style="display:none"></iframe>'); //]]> </script> <noscript> <img alt='' height='1' src='https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=1?' width='1'/> </noscript>  <div class='header-outer'> <div class='header-inner'> <div class='section' id='header'><div class='widget Header' data-version='1' id='Header1'> <div class='header-left'> <div class='header-title'> <a class='google-logo' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/'> <img height='50' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/branding/googlelogo/2x/googlelogo_color_150x54dp.png'/> </a> <a href='/.'> <h2> Testing Blog </h2> </a> </div> <div class='header-desc'> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div>  <div class='cols-wrapper loading'> <div class='col-main-wrapper'> <div class='col-main'> <div class='section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='post' data-id='3797894023961037485' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/12/testing-on-toilet-only-verify-state.html' itemprop='url' title='Testing on the Toilet: Only Verify State-Changing Method Calls'> Testing on the Toilet: Only Verify State-Changing Method Calls </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Monday, December 11, 2017 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> This article was adapted from a <a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Google Testing on the Toilet</a> (TotT) episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A0USfjPsmS4fSpgCfunBab8azRIPDTIKi-wRZD1K58k/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow">printer-friendly version</a> of this TotT episode and post it in your office. By Dillon Bly and Andrew Trenk Which lines can be safely removed from this test? <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">@Test public void addPermissionToDatabase() { new UserAuthorizer(mockUserService, mockPermissionDb).grantPermission(USER, READ_ACCESS); </pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> </pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> // The test will fail if any of these methods is not called. verify(mockUserService).isUserActive(USER); verify(mockPermissionDb).getPermissions(USER); verify(mockPermissionDb).isValidPermission(READ_ACCESS); verify(mockPermissionDb).addPermission(USER, READ_ACCESS); }</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> The answer is that the calls to verify the non-state-changing methods can be removed. Method calls on another object fall into one of two categories: <ul> <li>State-changing: methods that have side effects and change the world outside the code under test, e.g., sendEmail(), saveRecord(), logAccess().</li> <li>Non-state-changing: methods that return information about the world outside the code under test and don't modify anything, e.g., getUser(), findResults(), readFile().</li> </ul> <div> You should usually avoid verifying that non-state-changing methods are called:</div> <div> <ul> <li>It is often redundant: a method call that doesn't change the state of the world is meaningless on its own. The code under test will use the return value of the method call to do other work that you can assert.</li> <li>It makes tests brittle: tests need to be updated whenever method calls change. For example, if a test is expecting mockUserService.isUserActive(USER) to be called, it would fail if the code under test is modified to call user.isActive() instead.</li> <li>It makes tests less readable: the additional assertions in the test make it more difficult to determine which method calls actually affect the state of the world.</li> <li>It gives a false sense of security: just because the code under test called a method does not mean the code under test did the right thing with the method’s return value.</li> </ul> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> Instead of verifying that they are called, use non-state-changing methods to simulate different conditions in tests, e.g., when(mockUserService.isUserActive(USER)).thenReturn(false)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Then write assertions for the return value of the code under test, or verify state-changing method calls.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Verifying non-state-changing method calls may be useful if there is no other output you can assert. For example, if your code should be caching an RPC result, you can verify that the method that makes the RPC is called only once.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> With the unnecessary verifications removed, the test looks like this:</div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #fff2cc; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #fff2cc; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">@Test public void addPermissionToDatabase() { new UserAuthorizer(mockUserService, mockPermissionDb).grantPermission(USER, READ_ACCESS); </pre> <pre style="background-color: #fff2cc; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> </pre> <pre style="background-color: #fff2cc; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> // Verify only the state-changing method. verify(mockPermissionDb).addPermission(USER, READ_ACCESS); } </pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> That’s much simpler! But remember that instead of using a mock to verify that a method was called, it would be even better to use a real or <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/06/testing-on-toilet-fake-your-way-to.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">fake object</a> to actually execute the method and check that it works properly. For example, the above test could use a fake database to check that the permission exists in the database rather than just verifying that addPermission() was called. You can learn more about this topic in the book <a class="m_5763211666182523148m_-1367602418583969106cremed m_5763211666182523148cremed" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://www.growing-object-oriented-software.com/&source=gmail&ust=1513118358215000&usg=AFQjCNGL6EuV0T86ZLsLyUi4VcPIa8fIVQ" href="http://www.growing-object-oriented-software.com/" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: normal;" target="_blank">Growing Object-Oriented Software, Guided by Tests</a>. Note that the book uses the terms “command” and “query” instead of “state-changing” and “non-state-changing”.</div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> This article was adapted from a <a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Google Testing on the Toilet</a> (TotT) episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A0USfjPsmS4fSpgCfunBab8azRIPDTIKi-wRZD1K58k/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow">printer-friendly version</a> of this TotT episode and post it in your office. By Dillon Bly and Andrew Trenk Which lines can be safely removed from this test? <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">@Test public void addPermissionToDatabase() { new UserAuthorizer(mockUserService, mockPermissionDb).grantPermission(USER, READ_ACCESS); </pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> </pre> <pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> // The test will fail if any of these methods is not called. verify(mockUserService).isUserActive(USER); verify(mockPermissionDb).getPermissions(USER); verify(mockPermissionDb).isValidPermission(READ_ACCESS); verify(mockPermissionDb).addPermission(USER, READ_ACCESS); }</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> The answer is that the calls to verify the non-state-changing methods can be removed. Method calls on another object fall into one of two categories: <ul> <li>State-changing: methods that have side effects and change the world outside the code under test, e.g., sendEmail(), saveRecord(), logAccess().</li> <li>Non-state-changing: methods that return information about the world outside the code under test and don't modify anything, e.g., getUser(), findResults(), readFile().</li> </ul> <div> You should usually avoid verifying that non-state-changing methods are called:</div> <div> <ul> <li>It is often redundant: a method call that doesn't change the state of the world is meaningless on its own. The code under test will use the return value of the method call to do other work that you can assert.</li> <li>It makes tests brittle: tests need to be updated whenever method calls change. For example, if a test is expecting mockUserService.isUserActive(USER) to be called, it would fail if the code under test is modified to call user.isActive() instead.</li> <li>It makes tests less readable: the additional assertions in the test make it more difficult to determine which method calls actually affect the state of the world.</li> <li>It gives a false sense of security: just because the code under test called a method does not mean the code under test did the right thing with the method’s return value.</li> </ul> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> Instead of verifying that they are called, use non-state-changing methods to simulate different conditions in tests, e.g., when(mockUserService.isUserActive(USER)).thenReturn(false)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Then write assertions for the return value of the code under test, or verify state-changing method calls.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Verifying non-state-changing method calls may be useful if there is no other output you can assert. For example, if your code should be caching an RPC result, you can verify that the method that makes the RPC is called only once.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> With the unnecessary verifications removed, the test looks like this:</div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #fff2cc; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #fff2cc; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">@Test public void addPermissionToDatabase() { new UserAuthorizer(mockUserService, mockPermissionDb).grantPermission(USER, READ_ACCESS); </pre> <pre style="background-color: #fff2cc; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> </pre> <pre style="background-color: #fff2cc; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> // Verify only the state-changing method. verify(mockPermissionDb).addPermission(USER, READ_ACCESS); } </pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> That’s much simpler! But remember that instead of using a mock to verify that a method was called, it would be even better to use a real or <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/06/testing-on-toilet-fake-your-way-to.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">fake object</a> to actually execute the method and check that it works properly. For example, the above test could use a fake database to check that the permission exists in the database rather than just verifying that addPermission() was called. You can learn more about this topic in the book <a class="m_5763211666182523148m_-1367602418583969106cremed m_5763211666182523148cremed" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://www.growing-object-oriented-software.com/&source=gmail&ust=1513118358215000&usg=AFQjCNGL6EuV0T86ZLsLyUi4VcPIa8fIVQ" href="http://www.growing-object-oriented-software.com/" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: normal;" target="_blank">Growing Object-Oriented Software, Guided by Tests</a>. Note that the book uses the terms “command” and “query” instead of “state-changing” and “non-state-changing”.</div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Testing on the Toilet: Only Verify State-Changing Method Calls&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/12/testing-on-toilet-only-verify-state.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/12/testing-on-toilet-only-verify-state.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>3 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/12/testing-on-toilet-only-verify-state.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Andrew%20Trenk' rel='tag'> Andrew Trenk </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Dillon%20Bly' rel='tag'> Dillon Bly </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='5254716936760689715' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/11/obsessed-with-primitives.html' itemprop='url' title='Code Health: Obsessed With Primitives?'> Code Health: Obsessed With Primitives? </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Monday, November 13, 2017 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <div 1.38="" dirline-height:="" ltr="" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UKXAXxBtMhjw2HcUdubwC8wwo6bl3gYUYmpy_9DXU1c/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. </div> By Marc Eaddy Programming languages provide basic types, such as integers, strings, and maps, which are useful in many contexts. For example, a string can be used to hold everything from a person's name to a web page URL. However, code that relies too heavily on basic types instead of custom abstractions can be hard to understand and maintain. Primitive obsession is the overuse of basic ("primitive") types to represent higher-level concepts. For example, this code uses basic types to represent shapes: <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">vector<pair<int, int>> polygon = ... pair<pair<int, int>, pair<int, int>> bounding_box = GetBoundingBox(polygon); int area = (bounding_box.second.first - bounding_box.first.first) * (bounding_box.second.second - bounding_box.first.second);</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <code>pair</code> is not the right level of abstraction because its generically-named <code>first</code> and <code>second</code> fields are used to represent X and Y in one case and lower-left (er, upper-left?) and upper-right (er, lower-right?) in the other. Worse, basic types don't encapsulate domain-specific code such as computing the bounding box and area. Replacing basic types with higher-level abstractions results in clearer and better encapsulated code: <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Polygon polygon = ... int area = polygon.GetBoundingBox().GetArea();</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> Here are some other examples of primitive obsession:</div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <ul> <li>Related maps, lists, vectors, etc. that can be easily combined into a single collection by consolidating the values into a custom higher-level abstraction. <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">map<UserId, string> id_to_name; map<UserId, int> id_to_age;</pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">map<UserId, Person> id_to_person;</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 5pt;"> A vector or map with magic indices/keys, e.g. string values at indices/keys 0, 1, and 2 hold name, address, and phone #, respectively. Instead, consolidate these values into a higher-level abstraction.</div> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="font-size: 13pt;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">person_data[kName] = "Foo";</pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">person.SetName("Foo");</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li>A string that holds complex or structured text (e.g. a date). Instead, use a higher-level abstraction (e.g. <code>Date</code>) that provides self-documenting accessors (e.g. <code>GetMonth</code> ) and guarantees correctness. <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">string date = "01-02-03";</pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">Date date(Month::Feb, Day(1), Year(2003));</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li>An integer or floating point number that stores a time value, e.g. seconds. Instead, use a structured timestamp or duration type. <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">int timeout_secs = 5;</pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">Duration timeout = Seconds(5);</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> </ul> </div> It's possible for any type—from a lowly int to a sophisticated red-black tree—to be too primitive for the job. If you see code that uses a lot of basic types that would be clearer or better encapsulated by using a higher-level abstraction, refactor it or politely remind the author to keep it classy! <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> <div 1.38="" dirline-height:="" ltr="" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UKXAXxBtMhjw2HcUdubwC8wwo6bl3gYUYmpy_9DXU1c/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. </div> By Marc Eaddy Programming languages provide basic types, such as integers, strings, and maps, which are useful in many contexts. For example, a string can be used to hold everything from a person's name to a web page URL. However, code that relies too heavily on basic types instead of custom abstractions can be hard to understand and maintain. Primitive obsession is the overuse of basic ("primitive") types to represent higher-level concepts. For example, this code uses basic types to represent shapes: <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">vector<pair<int, int>> polygon = ... pair<pair<int, int>, pair<int, int>> bounding_box = GetBoundingBox(polygon); int area = (bounding_box.second.first - bounding_box.first.first) * (bounding_box.second.second - bounding_box.first.second);</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <code>pair</code> is not the right level of abstraction because its generically-named <code>first</code> and <code>second</code> fields are used to represent X and Y in one case and lower-left (er, upper-left?) and upper-right (er, lower-right?) in the other. Worse, basic types don't encapsulate domain-specific code such as computing the bounding box and area. Replacing basic types with higher-level abstractions results in clearer and better encapsulated code: <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Polygon polygon = ... int area = polygon.GetBoundingBox().GetArea();</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> Here are some other examples of primitive obsession:</div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <ul> <li>Related maps, lists, vectors, etc. that can be easily combined into a single collection by consolidating the values into a custom higher-level abstraction. <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">map<UserId, string> id_to_name; map<UserId, int> id_to_age;</pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">map<UserId, Person> id_to_person;</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 5pt;"> A vector or map with magic indices/keys, e.g. string values at indices/keys 0, 1, and 2 hold name, address, and phone #, respectively. Instead, consolidate these values into a higher-level abstraction.</div> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="font-size: 13pt;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">person_data[kName] = "Foo";</pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">person.SetName("Foo");</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li>A string that holds complex or structured text (e.g. a date). Instead, use a higher-level abstraction (e.g. <code>Date</code>) that provides self-documenting accessors (e.g. <code>GetMonth</code> ) and guarantees correctness. <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">string date = "01-02-03";</pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">Date date(Month::Feb, Day(1), Year(2003));</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li>An integer or floating point number that stores a time value, e.g. seconds. Instead, use a structured timestamp or duration type. <table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">int timeout_secs = 5;</pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0;">Duration timeout = Seconds(5);</pre> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> </ul> </div> It's possible for any type—from a lowly int to a sophisticated red-black tree—to be too primitive for the job. If you see code that uses a lot of basic types that would be clearer or better encapsulated by using a higher-level abstraction, refactor it or politely remind the author to keep it classy! <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Code Health: Obsessed With Primitives?&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/11/obsessed-with-primitives.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/11/obsessed-with-primitives.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>3 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/11/obsessed-with-primitives.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Code%20Health' rel='tag'> Code Health </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Marc%20Eaddy' rel='tag'> Marc Eaddy </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='4297826725077210649' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/10/code-health-identifiernamingpostforworl.html' itemprop='url' title='Code Health: IdentifierNamingPostForWorldWideWebBlog'> Code Health: IdentifierNamingPostForWorldWideWebBlog </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Monday, October 23, 2017 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pwxIjkmwwGjpCF9CjeWxMoNtqAs0aXLkwfen5MTTPAs/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> By Chris Lewis and Bob Nystrom</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> It's easy to get carried away creating long identifiers. Longer names often make things more readable. But names that are too long can decrease readability. There are many examples of variable names longer than 60 characters on GitHub and elsewhere. In 58 characters, we managed this haiku for you to consider:</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Name variables</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Using these simple guidelines</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Beautiful source code</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Names should be two things: clear (know what it refers to) and precise (know what it does not refer to). Here are some guidelines to help:</div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> • Omit words that are obvious given a variable's type declaration.</div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #cfe2f3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">// Bad, the type tells us what these variables are: String nameString; List<datetime> holidayDateList; // Better: String name; List<datetime> holidays; </pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> • Omit irrelevant details.</div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #cfe2f3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">// Overly specific names are hard to read: Monster finalBattleMostDangerousBossMonster; Payments nonTypicalMonthlyPayments; // Better, if there's no other monsters or payments that need disambiguation: Monster boss; Payments payments; </pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> • Omit words that are clear from the surrounding context.</div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #cfe2f3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">// Bad, repeating the context: class AnnualHolidaySale {int annualSaleRebate; boolean promoteHolidaySale() {...}} // Better: class AnnualHolidaySale {int rebate; boolean promote() {...}} </pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> • Omit words that could apply to any identifier. You know the usual suspects: data, state, amount, number, value, manager, engine, object, entity, instance, helper, util, broker, metadata, process, handle, context. Cut them out. There are some exceptions to these rules; use your judgment. Names that are too long are still better than names that are too short. However, following these guidelines, your code will remain unambiguous and be much easier to read. Readers, including "future you,” will appreciate how clear your code is! <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pwxIjkmwwGjpCF9CjeWxMoNtqAs0aXLkwfen5MTTPAs/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> By Chris Lewis and Bob Nystrom</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> It's easy to get carried away creating long identifiers. Longer names often make things more readable. But names that are too long can decrease readability. There are many examples of variable names longer than 60 characters on GitHub and elsewhere. In 58 characters, we managed this haiku for you to consider:</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Name variables</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Using these simple guidelines</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Beautiful source code</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Names should be two things: clear (know what it refers to) and precise (know what it does not refer to). Here are some guidelines to help:</div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> • Omit words that are obvious given a variable's type declaration.</div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #cfe2f3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">// Bad, the type tells us what these variables are: String nameString; List<datetime> holidayDateList; // Better: String name; List<datetime> holidays; </pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> • Omit irrelevant details.</div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #cfe2f3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">// Overly specific names are hard to read: Monster finalBattleMostDangerousBossMonster; Payments nonTypicalMonthlyPayments; // Better, if there's no other monsters or payments that need disambiguation: Monster boss; Payments payments; </pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> • Omit words that are clear from the surrounding context.</div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #cfe2f3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">// Bad, repeating the context: class AnnualHolidaySale {int annualSaleRebate; boolean promoteHolidaySale() {...}} // Better: class AnnualHolidaySale {int rebate; boolean promote() {...}} </pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> • Omit words that could apply to any identifier. You know the usual suspects: data, state, amount, number, value, manager, engine, object, entity, instance, helper, util, broker, metadata, process, handle, context. Cut them out. There are some exceptions to these rules; use your judgment. Names that are too long are still better than names that are too short. However, following these guidelines, your code will remain unambiguous and be much easier to read. Readers, including "future you,” will appreciate how clear your code is! <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Code Health: IdentifierNamingPostForWorldWideWebBlog&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/10/code-health-identifiernamingpostforworl.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/10/code-health-identifiernamingpostforworl.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>6 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/10/code-health-identifiernamingpostforworl.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Bob%20Nystrom' rel='tag'> Bob Nystrom </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Chris%20Lewis' rel='tag'> Chris Lewis </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Code%20Health' rel='tag'> Code Health </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='8046216467923860328' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/09/code-health-providing-context-with.html' itemprop='url' title='Code Health: Providing Context with Commit Messages and Bug Reports'> Code Health: Providing Context with Commit Messages and Bug Reports </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Monday, September 11, 2017 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Ub4xrBA6cyJjJ2bgFL7_VynlvJf423p7UBKIWBRMsnU/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Chris Lewis You are caught in a trap. Mechanisms whirl around you, but they make no sense. You desperately search the room and find the builder's original plans! The description of the work order that implemented the trap reads, "Miscellaneous fixes." Oh dear. Reading other engineers' code can sometimes feel like an archaeology expedition, full of weird and wonderful statements that are hard to decipher. Code is always written with a purpose, but sometimes that purpose is not clear in the code itself. You can address this knowledge gap by documenting the context that explains why a change was needed. Code comments provide context, but comments alone sometimes can’t provide enough. There are two key ways to indicate context: Commit Messages <ul> <li>A commit message is one of the easiest, most discoverable means of providing context. When you encounter lines of code that may be unclear, checking the commit message which introduced the code is a great way to gain more insight into what the code is meant to do.</li> <li>Write the first line of the commit message so it stands alone, as tools like GitHub will display this line in commit listing pages. Stand-alone first lines allow you to skim through code history much faster, quickly building up your understanding of how a source file evolved over time. Example:   <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #cfe2f3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Add Frobber to the list of available widgets. This allows consumers to easily discover the new Frobber widget and add it to their application.</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </li> </ul> <div> Bug Reports</div> <div> <ul> <li>You can use a bug report to track the entire story of a bug/feature/refactoring, adding context such as the original problem description, the design discussions between the team, and the commits that are used to solve the problem. This lets you easily see all related commits in one place, and allows others to easily keep track of the status of a particular problem.</li> <li>Most commits should reference a bug report. Standalone commits (e.g. one-time cleanups or other small unplanned changes) don't need their own bug report, though, since they often contain all their context within the description and the source changes.</li> </ul> <div> Informative commit messages and bug reports go hand-in-hand, providing context from different perspectives. Keep in mind that such context can be useful even to yourself, providing an easy reminder about the work you did last week, last quarter, or even last year. Future you will thank past you!</div> </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Ub4xrBA6cyJjJ2bgFL7_VynlvJf423p7UBKIWBRMsnU/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Chris Lewis You are caught in a trap. Mechanisms whirl around you, but they make no sense. You desperately search the room and find the builder's original plans! The description of the work order that implemented the trap reads, "Miscellaneous fixes." Oh dear. Reading other engineers' code can sometimes feel like an archaeology expedition, full of weird and wonderful statements that are hard to decipher. Code is always written with a purpose, but sometimes that purpose is not clear in the code itself. You can address this knowledge gap by documenting the context that explains why a change was needed. Code comments provide context, but comments alone sometimes can’t provide enough. There are two key ways to indicate context: Commit Messages <ul> <li>A commit message is one of the easiest, most discoverable means of providing context. When you encounter lines of code that may be unclear, checking the commit message which introduced the code is a great way to gain more insight into what the code is meant to do.</li> <li>Write the first line of the commit message so it stands alone, as tools like GitHub will display this line in commit listing pages. Stand-alone first lines allow you to skim through code history much faster, quickly building up your understanding of how a source file evolved over time. Example:   <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #cfe2f3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Add Frobber to the list of available widgets. This allows consumers to easily discover the new Frobber widget and add it to their application.</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </li> </ul> <div> Bug Reports</div> <div> <ul> <li>You can use a bug report to track the entire story of a bug/feature/refactoring, adding context such as the original problem description, the design discussions between the team, and the commits that are used to solve the problem. This lets you easily see all related commits in one place, and allows others to easily keep track of the status of a particular problem.</li> <li>Most commits should reference a bug report. Standalone commits (e.g. one-time cleanups or other small unplanned changes) don't need their own bug report, though, since they often contain all their context within the description and the source changes.</li> </ul> <div> Informative commit messages and bug reports go hand-in-hand, providing context from different perspectives. Keep in mind that such context can be useful even to yourself, providing an easy reminder about the work you did last week, last quarter, or even last year. Future you will thank past you!</div> </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Code Health: Providing Context with Commit Messages and Bug Reports&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/09/code-health-providing-context-with.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/09/code-health-providing-context-with.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>3 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/09/code-health-providing-context-with.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Chris%20Lewis' rel='tag'> Chris Lewis </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Code%20Health' rel='tag'> Code Health </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='1547713588878071210' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/08/code-health-eliminate-yagni-smells.html' itemprop='url' title='Code Health: Eliminate YAGNI Smells'> Code Health: Eliminate YAGNI Smells </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Monday, August 14, 2017 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZDlgl15g5PHBZssnW_EHktx1gvfud0inVwQ4fmXQrL8/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Marc Eaddy The majority of software development costs are due to maintenance. One way to reduce maintenance costs is to implement something only when you actually need it, a.k.a. the “You Aren't Gonna Need It” (YAGNI) design principle. How do you spot unnecessary code? Follow your nose! A code smell is a code pattern that usually indicates a design flaw. For example, creating a base class or interface with only one subclass may indicate a speculation that more subclasses will be needed in the future. Instead, practice incremental development and design: don't add the second subclass until it is actually needed. The following C++ code has many YAGNI smells: <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #cfe2f3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">class Mammal { ... virtual Status Sleep(bool hibernate) = 0; }; class Human : public Mammal { ... virtual Status Sleep(bool hibernate) { age += hibernate ? kSevenMonths : kSevenHours; return OK; } };</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> Maintainers are burdened with understanding, documenting, and testing both classes when only one is really needed. Code must handle the case when hibernate is true, even though all callers pass false, as well as the case when Sleep returns an error, even though that never happens. This results in unnecessary code that never executes. Eliminating those smells simplifies the code: <div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">class Human { ... void Sleep() { age += kSevenHours; } };</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <div> Here are some other YAGNI smells:</div> <div> <ul> <li>Code that has never been executed other than by tests (a.k.a. code that is dead on arrival)</li> <li>Classes designed to be subclassed (have virtual methods and/or protected members) that are not actually subclassed</li> <li>Public or protected methods or fields that could be private</li> <li>Parameters, variables, or flags that always have the same value</li> </ul> <div> Thankfully, YAGNI smells, and code smells in general, are often easy to spot by looking for simple patterns and are easy to eliminate using simple refactorings.</div> </div> <div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> Are you thinking of adding code that won't be used today? Trust me, you aren't gonna need it!</div> <div> </div> </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZDlgl15g5PHBZssnW_EHktx1gvfud0inVwQ4fmXQrL8/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Marc Eaddy The majority of software development costs are due to maintenance. One way to reduce maintenance costs is to implement something only when you actually need it, a.k.a. the “You Aren't Gonna Need It” (YAGNI) design principle. How do you spot unnecessary code? Follow your nose! A code smell is a code pattern that usually indicates a design flaw. For example, creating a base class or interface with only one subclass may indicate a speculation that more subclasses will be needed in the future. Instead, practice incremental development and design: don't add the second subclass until it is actually needed. The following C++ code has many YAGNI smells: <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #cfe2f3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">class Mammal { ... virtual Status Sleep(bool hibernate) = 0; }; class Human : public Mammal { ... virtual Status Sleep(bool hibernate) { age += hibernate ? kSevenMonths : kSevenHours; return OK; } };</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> Maintainers are burdened with understanding, documenting, and testing both classes when only one is really needed. Code must handle the case when hibernate is true, even though all callers pass false, as well as the case when Sleep returns an error, even though that never happens. This results in unnecessary code that never executes. Eliminating those smells simplifies the code: <div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">class Human { ... void Sleep() { age += kSevenHours; } };</pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <div> Here are some other YAGNI smells:</div> <div> <ul> <li>Code that has never been executed other than by tests (a.k.a. code that is dead on arrival)</li> <li>Classes designed to be subclassed (have virtual methods and/or protected members) that are not actually subclassed</li> <li>Public or protected methods or fields that could be private</li> <li>Parameters, variables, or flags that always have the same value</li> </ul> <div> Thankfully, YAGNI smells, and code smells in general, are often easy to spot by looking for simple patterns and are easy to eliminate using simple refactorings.</div> </div> <div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> Are you thinking of adding code that won't be used today? Trust me, you aren't gonna need it!</div> <div> </div> </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Code Health: Eliminate YAGNI Smells&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/08/code-health-eliminate-yagni-smells.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/08/code-health-eliminate-yagni-smells.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>1 comment</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/08/code-health-eliminate-yagni-smells.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Code%20Health' rel='tag'> Code Health </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Marc%20Eaddy' rel='tag'> Marc Eaddy </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='5029073665609132906' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/07/code-health-to-comment-or-not-to-comment.html' itemprop='url' title='Code Health: To Comment or Not to Comment?'> Code Health: To Comment or Not to Comment? </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Monday, July 17, 2017 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZgxLPQfKAfdwU-07sYplTWWnlzk6MaAxPMB1HpuOYdM/edit?usp=sharing" style="text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Dori Reuveni and Kevin Bourrillion While reading code, often there is nothing more helpful than a well-placed comment. However, comments are not always good. Sometimes the need for a comment can be a sign that the code should be refactored. Use a comment when it is infeasible to make your code self-explanatory. If you think you need a comment to explain what a piece of code does, first try one of the following: <ul style="padding-right:0;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 36pt;"> </div> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Introduce an explaining variable.<table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Subtract discount from price. finalPrice = (numItems * itemPrice) - min(5, numItems) * itemPrice * 0.1;</pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">price = numItems * itemPrice; discount = min(5, numItems) * itemPrice * 0.1; finalPrice = price - discount;</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Extract a method. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Filter offensive words. for (String word : words) { ... }</pre></td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">filterOffensiveWords(words);</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Use a more descriptive identifier name. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">int width = ...; // Width in pixels. </pre></td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">int widthInPixels = ...;</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Add a check in case your code has assumptions. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Safe since height is always > 0. return width / height;</pre></td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">checkArgument(height > 0); return width / height; </pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> </ul> There are cases where a comment can be helpful: <div> <ul style="padding-right: 0;"> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Reveal your intent: explain why the code does something (as opposed to what it does). <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 100%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Compute once because it’s expensive.</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Protect a well-meaning future editor from mistakenly “fixing” your code. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 100%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Create a new Foo instance because Foo is not thread-safe.</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Clarification: a question that came up during code review or that readers of the code might have. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 100%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Note that order matters because...</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Explain your rationale for what looks like a bad software engineering practice. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 100%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // The cast is safe because...</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> </ul> On the other hand, avoid comments that just repeat what the code does. These are just noise: <div style="overflow-x: auto;"><table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Get all users. userService.getAllUsers();</pre></td> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Check if the name is empty. if (name.isEmpty()) { ... }</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div> </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZgxLPQfKAfdwU-07sYplTWWnlzk6MaAxPMB1HpuOYdM/edit?usp=sharing" style="text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Dori Reuveni and Kevin Bourrillion While reading code, often there is nothing more helpful than a well-placed comment. However, comments are not always good. Sometimes the need for a comment can be a sign that the code should be refactored. Use a comment when it is infeasible to make your code self-explanatory. If you think you need a comment to explain what a piece of code does, first try one of the following: <ul style="padding-right:0;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 36pt;"> </div> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Introduce an explaining variable.<table class="my-bordered-table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Subtract discount from price. finalPrice = (numItems * itemPrice) - min(5, numItems) * itemPrice * 0.1;</pre> </td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">price = numItems * itemPrice; discount = min(5, numItems) * itemPrice * 0.1; finalPrice = price - discount;</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Extract a method. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Filter offensive words. for (String word : words) { ... }</pre></td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">filterOffensiveWords(words);</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Use a more descriptive identifier name. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">int width = ...; // Width in pixels. </pre></td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">int widthInPixels = ...;</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Add a check in case your code has assumptions. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Safe since height is always > 0. return width / height;</pre></td> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">checkArgument(height > 0); return width / height; </pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> </ul> There are cases where a comment can be helpful: <div> <ul style="padding-right: 0;"> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Reveal your intent: explain why the code does something (as opposed to what it does). <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 100%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Compute once because it’s expensive.</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Protect a well-meaning future editor from mistakenly “fixing” your code. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 100%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Create a new Foo instance because Foo is not thread-safe.</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Clarification: a question that came up during code review or that readers of the code might have. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 100%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Note that order matters because...</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> <li style="overflow-x: auto;">Explain your rationale for what looks like a bad software engineering practice. <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #d9ead3; vertical-align: top; width: 100%;"><pre style="background-color: #d9ead3; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // The cast is safe because...</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </li> </ul> On the other hand, avoid comments that just repeat what the code does. These are just noise: <div style="overflow-x: auto;"><table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Get all users. userService.getAllUsers();</pre></td> <td style="background-color: #f4cccc; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;"><pre style="background-color: #f4cccc; border: 0px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0;">// Check if the name is empty. if (name.isEmpty()) { ... }</pre></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div> </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Code Health: To Comment or Not to Comment?&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/07/code-health-to-comment-or-not-to-comment.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/07/code-health-to-comment-or-not-to-comment.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>10 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/07/code-health-to-comment-or-not-to-comment.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Code%20Health' rel='tag'> Code Health </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Dori%20Reuveni' rel='tag'> Dori Reuveni </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Kevin%20Bourrillion' rel='tag'> Kevin Bourrillion </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='3343661551924942594' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/07/evolution-of-gtac-and-engineering.html' itemprop='url' title='Evolution of GTAC and Engineering Productivity'> Evolution of GTAC and Engineering Productivity </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Wednesday, July 12, 2017 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When Google first hosted GTAC in 2006, we didn’t know what to expect. We kicked off this conference with the intention to share our innovation in test automation, learn from others in the industry and connect with academia. Over the last decade we’ve had great participation and had the privilege to host GTAC in North America, Europe and Asia -- largely thanks to the many of you who spoke, participated and connected!</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the recent months, we’ve been taking a hard look at the discipline of <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/03/from-qa-to-engineering-productivity.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Engineering Productivity</a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as a logical next step in the evolution of test automation. In that same vein, we’re going to rethink what an Engineering Productivity focused conference should look like today.  As we pivot, we will be extending these changes to GTAC and because we expect changes in theme, content and format, we are canceling the upcoming event scheduled in London this November. We’ll be bringing the event back in 2018 with a fresh outlook and strategy. </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">While we know this may be disappointing for many of the folks who were looking forward to GTAC, we’re excited to come back with a new format which will serve this conference well in today’s environment.</div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When Google first hosted GTAC in 2006, we didn’t know what to expect. We kicked off this conference with the intention to share our innovation in test automation, learn from others in the industry and connect with academia. Over the last decade we’ve had great participation and had the privilege to host GTAC in North America, Europe and Asia -- largely thanks to the many of you who spoke, participated and connected!</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the recent months, we’ve been taking a hard look at the discipline of <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/03/from-qa-to-engineering-productivity.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Engineering Productivity</a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as a logical next step in the evolution of test automation. In that same vein, we’re going to rethink what an Engineering Productivity focused conference should look like today.  As we pivot, we will be extending these changes to GTAC and because we expect changes in theme, content and format, we are canceling the upcoming event scheduled in London this November. We’ll be bringing the event back in 2018 with a fresh outlook and strategy. </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">While we know this may be disappointing for many of the folks who were looking forward to GTAC, we’re excited to come back with a new format which will serve this conference well in today’s environment.</div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Evolution of GTAC and Engineering Productivity&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/07/evolution-of-gtac-and-engineering.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/07/evolution-of-gtac-and-engineering.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>34 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/07/evolution-of-gtac-and-engineering.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/GTAC' rel='tag'> GTAC </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='841381449055719530' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/06/code-health-too-many-comments-on-your.html' itemprop='url' title='Code Health: Too Many Comments on Your Code Reviews?'> Code Health: Too Many Comments on Your Code Reviews? </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Monday, June 19, 2017 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DnJl_Xt5xddfOU5JESq4Q5PvKKDMoDBxmrQFjColVpk/edit?usp=sharing" style="text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Tom O'Neill <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Code reviews can slow down an individual code change, but they’re also an opportunity to improve your code and learn from another intelligent, experienced engineer. How can you get the most out of them?</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aim to get most of your changes approved in the first round of review, with only minor comments. If your code reviews frequently require multiple rounds of comments, these tips can save you time.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Spend your reviewers’ time wisely—it’s a limited resource.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If they’re catching issues that you could easily have caught yourself, you’re lowering the overall productivity of your team.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Before you send out the code review:</div> <ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Re-evaluate your code: Don’t just send the review out as soon as the tests pass. Step back and try to rethink the whole thing—can the design be cleaned up? Especially if it’s late in the day, see if a better approach occurs to you the next morning. Although this step might slow down an individual code change, it will result long-term in greater average throughput.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Consider an informal design discussion: If there’s something you’re not sure about, pair program, talk face-to-face, or send an early diff and ask for a “pre-review” of the overall design.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Self-review the change: Try to look at the code as critically as possible from the standpoint of someone who doesn’t know anything about it. Your code review tool can give you a radically different view of your code than the IDE. This can easily save you a round trip.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Make the diff easy to understand: Multiple changes at once make the code harder to review. When you self-review, look for simple changes that reduce the size of the diff. For example, save significant refactoring or formatting changes for another code review.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Don’t hide important info in the submit message: Put it in the code as well. Someone reading the code later is unlikely to look at the submit message.</div> </li> </ul> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When you’re addressing code review comments:</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </div> <ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Re-evaluate your code after addressing non-trivial comments: Take a step back and really look at the code with fresh eyes. Once you’ve made one set of changes, you can often find additional improvements that are enabled or suggested by those changes. Just as with any refactoring, it may take several steps to reach the best design.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Understand why the reviewer made each comment: If you don’t understand the reasoning behind a comment, don’t just make the change—seek out the reviewer and learn something new.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Answer the reviewer’s questions in the code: Don’t just reply—make the code easier to understand (e.g., improve a variable name, change a boolean to an enum) or add a comment. Someone else is going to have the same question later on.</div> </li> </ul> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DnJl_Xt5xddfOU5JESq4Q5PvKKDMoDBxmrQFjColVpk/edit?usp=sharing" style="text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Tom O'Neill <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Code reviews can slow down an individual code change, but they’re also an opportunity to improve your code and learn from another intelligent, experienced engineer. How can you get the most out of them?</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aim to get most of your changes approved in the first round of review, with only minor comments. If your code reviews frequently require multiple rounds of comments, these tips can save you time.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Spend your reviewers’ time wisely—it’s a limited resource.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If they’re catching issues that you could easily have caught yourself, you’re lowering the overall productivity of your team.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Before you send out the code review:</div> <ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Re-evaluate your code: Don’t just send the review out as soon as the tests pass. Step back and try to rethink the whole thing—can the design be cleaned up? Especially if it’s late in the day, see if a better approach occurs to you the next morning. Although this step might slow down an individual code change, it will result long-term in greater average throughput.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Consider an informal design discussion: If there’s something you’re not sure about, pair program, talk face-to-face, or send an early diff and ask for a “pre-review” of the overall design.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Self-review the change: Try to look at the code as critically as possible from the standpoint of someone who doesn’t know anything about it. Your code review tool can give you a radically different view of your code than the IDE. This can easily save you a round trip.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Make the diff easy to understand: Multiple changes at once make the code harder to review. When you self-review, look for simple changes that reduce the size of the diff. For example, save significant refactoring or formatting changes for another code review.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Don’t hide important info in the submit message: Put it in the code as well. Someone reading the code later is unlikely to look at the submit message.</div> </li> </ul> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When you’re addressing code review comments:</div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </div> <ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Re-evaluate your code after addressing non-trivial comments: Take a step back and really look at the code with fresh eyes. Once you’ve made one set of changes, you can often find additional improvements that are enabled or suggested by those changes. Just as with any refactoring, it may take several steps to reach the best design.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Understand why the reviewer made each comment: If you don’t understand the reasoning behind a comment, don’t just make the change—seek out the reviewer and learn something new.</div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> Answer the reviewer’s questions in the code: Don’t just reply—make the code easier to understand (e.g., improve a variable name, change a boolean to an enum) or add a comment. Someone else is going to have the same question later on.</div> </li> </ul> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Code Health: Too Many Comments on Your Code Reviews?&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/06/code-health-too-many-comments-on-your.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/06/code-health-too-many-comments-on-your.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>15 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> 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href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/06/'> Jun </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/05/'> May </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/04/'> Apr </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/03/'> Mar </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/02/'> Feb </a> (1) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a 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class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/06/'> Jun </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/05/'> May </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/04/'> Apr </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/03/'> Mar </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/02/'> Feb </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/01/'> Jan </a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/'> 2014 </a> (24) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/12/'> Dec </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/11/'> Nov </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/10/'> Oct </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/09/'> Sep </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/08/'> Aug </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/'> Jul </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/06/'> Jun </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/05/'> May </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/04/'> Apr </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/03/'> Mar </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/02/'> Feb </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/01/'> Jan </a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/'> 2013 </a> (16) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/12/'> Dec </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/11/'> Nov </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/10/'> Oct </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/08/'> Aug </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/07/'> Jul </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/06/'> Jun </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/05/'> May </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/04/'> Apr </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/03/'> Mar </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/01/'> Jan </a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/'> 2012 </a> (11) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/12/'> Dec </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/11/'> Nov </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/10/'> Oct </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/09/'> Sep </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/08/'> Aug </a> (4) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/'> 2011 </a> (39) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/11/'> Nov </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/10/'> Oct </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/09/'> Sep </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/08/'> Aug </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/07/'> Jul </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/06/'> Jun </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/05/'> May </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/04/'> Apr </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/03/'> Mar </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/02/'> Feb </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/01/'> Jan </a> (3) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/'> 2010 </a> (37) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/12/'> Dec </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/11/'> Nov </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/10/'> Oct </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/09/'> Sep </a> (8) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/08/'> Aug </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/07/'> Jul </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/06/'> Jun </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/05/'> May </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/04/'> Apr </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/03/'> Mar </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/02/'> Feb </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/01/'> Jan </a> (1) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/'> 2009 </a> (54) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/12/'> Dec </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/11/'> Nov </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/10/'> Oct </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/09/'> Sep </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/08/'> Aug </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/07/'> Jul </a> (15) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/06/'> Jun </a> (8) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/05/'> May </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/04/'> Apr </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/02/'> Feb </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/01/'> Jan </a> (4) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/'> 2008 </a> (75) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/12/'> Dec </a> (6) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/11/'> Nov </a> (8) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/10/'> Oct </a> (9) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/09/'> Sep </a> (8) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/08/'> Aug </a> (9) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/07/'> Jul </a> (9) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/06/'> Jun </a> (6) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/05/'> May </a> (6) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/04/'> Apr </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/03/'> Mar </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/02/'> Feb </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/01/'> Jan </a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/'> 2007 </a> (41) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/10/'> Oct </a> (6) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/09/'> Sep </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/08/'> Aug </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/07/'> Jul </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/06/'> Jun </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/05/'> May </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' 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style='margin-top: -16px;' width='92'/> </a> <ul> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/'> Google </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/privacy/'> Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/terms/'> Terms </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ // Social sharing popups. var postEl = document.getElementsByClassName('social-wrapper'); var postCount = postEl.length; for(i=0; i<postCount;i++){ postEl[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ var postUrl = this.getAttribute("data-href"); window.open( postUrl,'popUpWindow','height=500,width=500,left=10,top=10,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,toolbar=yes,menubar=no,location=no,directories=no,status=yes'); });} //]]> </script> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ var BreakpointHandler = function() { this.initted = false; this.isHomePage = false; this.isMobile = false; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.finalizeSummary = function(summaryHtml, lastNode) { // Use $.trim for IE8 compatibility summaryHtml = $.trim(summaryHtml).replace(/( |\s)+$/,''); if (lastNode.nodeType == 3) { var lastChar = summaryHtml.slice(-1); if (!lastChar.match(/[.”"?]/)) { if (!lastChar.match(/[A-Za-z]/)) { summaryHtml = summaryHtml.slice(0, -1); } summaryHtml += ' ...'; } } else if (lastNode.nodeType == 1 && (lastNode.nodeName == 'I' || lastNode.nodeName == 'A')) { summaryHtml += ' ...'; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.generateSummaryFromContent = function(content, numWords) { var seenWords = 0; var summaryHtml = ''; for (var i=0; i < content.childNodes.length; i++) { var node = content.childNodes[i]; var nodeText; if (node.nodeType == 1) { if (node.hasAttribute('data-about-pullquote')) { continue; } nodeText = node.textContent; if (nodeText === undefined) { // innerText for IE8 nodeText = node.innerText; } if (node.nodeName == 'DIV' || node.nodeName == 'B') { // Don't end early if we haven't seen enough words. if (seenWords < 10) { continue; } if (i > 0) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, content.childNodes[i-1]); } break; } summaryHtml += node.outerHTML; } else if (node.nodeType == 3) { nodeText = node.nodeValue; summaryHtml += nodeText + ' '; } var words = nodeText.match(/\S+\s*/g); if (!words) { continue; } var remain = numWords - seenWords; if (words.length >= remain) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, node); break; } seenWords += words.length; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.detect = function() { var match, pl = /\+/g, search = /([^&=]+)=?([^&]*)/g, decode = function (s) { return decodeURIComponent(s.replace(pl, " ")); }, query = window.location.search.substring(1); var urlParams = {}; while (match = search.exec(query)) urlParams[decode(match[1])] = decode(match[2]); this.isListPage = $('html').hasClass('list-page'); this.isMobile = urlParams['m'] === '1'; this.isHomePage = window.location.pathname == '/'; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.initContent = function() { var self = this; $('.post').each(function(index) { var body = $(this).children('.post-body')[0]; var content = $(body).children('.post-content')[0]; $(content).addClass('post-original'); var data = $(content).children('script').html(); data = self.rewriteForSSL(data); // If exists, extract specified editor's preview. var match = data.match(/([\s\S]+?)<div data-is-preview.+?>([\s\S]+)<\/div>/m); if (match) { data = match[1]; } // Prevent big images from loading when they aren't needed. // This must be done as a pre-injection step, since image loading can't be // canceled once embedded into the DOM. if (self.isListPage && self.isMobile) { data = data.replace(/<(img|iframe) .+?>/g, ''); } // Insert template to be rendered as nodes. content.innerHTML = data; if (self.isListPage) { var summary = document.createElement('div'); $(summary).addClass('post-content'); $(summary).addClass('post-summary'); body.insertBefore(summary, content); if (match) { // Use provided summary. summary.innerHTML = match[2]; } else { // Generate a summary. // Summary generation relies on DOM, so it must occur after content is // inserted into the page. summary.innerHTML = self.generateSummaryFromContent(content, 30); } // Add read more link to summary. var titleAnchor = $(this).find('.title a')[0]; var link = titleAnchor.cloneNode(true); link.innerHTML = 'Read More'; $(link).addClass('read-more'); summary.appendChild(link); } }); // Firefox does not allow for proper styling of BR. if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Firefox') > -1) { $('.post-content br').replaceWith(''); } $('.loading').removeClass('loading'); }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.process = function() { if (!this.initted) { var makeInsecureImageRegex = function(hosts) { var whitelist = hosts.join('|').replace(/\./g,'\\.'); // Normal image tags, plus input images (yes, this is possible!) return new RegExp('(<(img|input)[^>]+?src=("|\'))http:\/\/(' + whitelist +')', 'g'); }; this.sslImageRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex(BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS); this.sslImageCurrentDomainRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex([window.location.hostname]); this.detect(); this.initContent(); this.initted = true; } }; BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS = [ "www.google.org", "www.google.com", "services.google.com", "blogger.com", "draft.blogger.com", "www.blogger.com", "photos1.blogger.com", "photos2.blogger.com", "photos3.blogger.com", "blogblog.com", "img1.blogblog.com", "img2.blogblog.com", "www.blogblog.com", "www1.blogblog.com", "www2.blogblog.com", "0.bp.blogspot.com", "1.bp.blogspot.com", "2.bp.blogspot.com", "3.bp.blogspot.com", "4.bp.blogspot.com", "lh3.googleusercontent.com", "lh4.googleusercontent.com", "lh5.googleusercontent.com", "lh6.googleusercontent.com", "themes.googleusercontent.com", ]; BreakpointHandler.prototype.rewriteForSSL = function(html) { // Handle HTTP -> HTTPS source replacement of images, movies, and other embedded content. return html.replace(this.sslImageRegex, '$1https://$4') .replace(this.sslImageCurrentDomainRegex, '$1//$4') .replace(/(<(embed|iframe)[^>]+?src=("|'))http:\/\/([^"']*?(youtube|picasaweb\.google)\.com)/g, '$1https://$4') // Slideshow SWF takes a image host, so we need to rewrite that parameter. .replace(/(<embed[^>]+?feed=http(?=[^s]))/g, '$1s'); }; $(document).ready(function() { var handler = new BreakpointHandler(); handler.process(); // Top-level navigation. $(".BlogArchive .tab").click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); $(this).parent().toggleClass('active'); $(this).siblings().slideToggle(300); }); $(".Label .tab").click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); $(this).parent().toggleClass('active'); $(this).siblings().slideToggle(300); }); // Blog archive year expansion. $('.BlogArchive .intervalToggle').click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); if ($(this).parent().hasClass('collapsed')) { $(this).parent().removeClass('collapsed'); $(this).parent().addClass('expanded'); } else { $(this).parent().removeClass('expanded'); $(this).parent().addClass('collapsed'); } }); // Reverse order of months. $('.BlogArchive .intervalToggle + div').each(function(_, items) { var year = $(this); year.children().each(function(_, month) { year.prepend(month); }); }); // Set anchors to open in new tab. $('.post-content img').parent().each(function(_, node) { if (node.nodeName == 'A') { $(this).attr('target', '_blank'); } }); // Process search requests. $('.searchBox input').on("keypress", function(ev) { if (ev.which == 13) { window.location.href = 'https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3A' + window.location.hostname + '%20' + encodeURIComponent ($(this).val()); } }); }); (function($, window) { var archiveButton = $($('#sidebar .widget.BlogArchive h2')[0]); var folderIcon = $('#sidebar .widget.BlogArchive h2::after'); var archivePanel = $('#BlogArchive1'); archiveButton.click(function(e) { if (archivePanel.hasClass('archive-open')) { // It's open, so now we close it archivePanel.removeClass('archive-open'); archivePanel.addClass('archive-closed'); archiveButton.removeClass('archive-open'); archiveButton.addClass('archive-closed'); archivePanel.css('height', '60px'); } else { // It's closed, so open it archivePanel.removeClass('archive-closed'); archivePanel.addClass('archive-open'); archiveButton.removeClass('archive-closed'); archiveButton.addClass('archive-open'); archivePanel.css('height', 'auto'); folderIcon.css('content', 'https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggkDzi8QVSua_XxLOnfxWE_8nQc1MAhRPBxJej91JW2ZBbKvb2TjaNf66ZoTqCrBivwRr-TLJYxFm2ZAiMd-zfbJ0TjblXGvUszWFbdRncNOL7jseiJCL9uQoqN8BM8FpesdSw/s1600/keyboard_arrow_up_grey600_24dp.png'); } }); })($, window); (function ($, window, devsite) { devsite.devsite = {}; devsite.expandLeftNav = devsite.expandLeftNav || {}; devsite.expandLeftNav.ANALYTICS_LABEL_ = 'Hamburger menu'; devsite.expandLeftNav.ANALYTICS_ACTION_OPEN_ = 'Open'; devsite.expandLeftNav.ANALYTICS_ACTION_CLOSE_ = 'Close'; devsite.expandLeftNav.lastState_ 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