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var a = axel * 10000000000000; document.write('<iframe src="https://2542116.fls.doubleclick.net/activityi;src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=ord=' + a + '?" width="1" height="1" frameborder="0" style="display:none"></iframe>'); //]]> </script> <noscript> <img alt='' height='1' src='https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=1?' width='1'/> </noscript>  <div class='header-outer'> <div class='header-inner'> <div class='section' id='header'><div class='widget Header' data-version='1' id='Header1'> <div class='header-left'> <div class='header-title'> <a class='google-logo' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/'> <img height='50' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/branding/googlelogo/2x/googlelogo_color_150x54dp.png'/> </a> <a href='/.'> <h2> Testing Blog </h2> </a> </div> <div class='header-desc'> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div>  <div class='cols-wrapper loading'> <div class='col-main-wrapper'> <div class='col-main'> <div class='section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='post' data-id='7404242993300318308' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/09/write-change-resilient-code-with-domain.html' itemprop='url' title='Write Change-Resilient Code With Domain Objects'> Write Change-Resilient Code With Domain Objects </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Wednesday, September 04, 2024 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <style> @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .body { overflow-x: auto; } .post-content table, .post-content td { width: auto !important; white-space: nowrap; } } </style> <div class="body"> <span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JjZQl70z2vd8hgBy2nVp7am6cxdzLAh-ar-S_XRvF3s/edit" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.<div> </div><div>By Amy Fu</div><div> </div><div><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Although a product's requirements can change<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">often, its fundamental ideas usually change slowly. This leads to an interesting insight: <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">if we write code that matches the fundamental ideas of the product, it will be more likely to survive future product changes<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Domain objects <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">are building blocks<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (such as classes and interfaces) <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">in our code that match the fundamental ideas of the product<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. Instead of writing code to match the desired <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">behavior<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> for the product's requirements ("configure text to be white"), we match the underlying <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">idea<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> ("text color settings").<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">For example, imagine you’re part of the gPizza team, which sells tasty, fresh pizzas to feed hungry Googlers. Due to popular demand, your team has decided to add a delivery service.<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Without domain objects, the quickest path to pizza delivery is to simply create a <span style="color: black; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">deliverPizza<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> method:<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 17px; margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="733"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fff2cc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">public class DeliveryService {<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  public void deliverPizza(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">List<Pizza> pizzas<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) { ... }<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">}</td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Although this works well at first, what happens if gPizza expands its offerings to other foods?<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">You could add a new method:<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 17px; margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="733"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fff2cc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  public void deliverWithDrinks(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">List<Pizza> pizzas<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">List<Drink> drinks<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) { ... }</td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">But <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">as your list of requirements<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">grows<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(snacks, sweets, etc.)<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, you’ll be stuck adding more and more methods. <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">How can you change your initial implementation to avoid this continued maintenance burden?<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">You could <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">add a domain object that models the product's ideas, instead of its requirements<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">:<ul style="font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">A <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">use case is a specific behavior that helps the product satisfy its business requirements. (In this case, <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">"Deliver pizzas so we make more money".)</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">A domain object represents a common idea that is shared by several similar use cases.</li></ul><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">To<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">identify the appropriate domain object, ask yourself<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">:<ol style="font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">What <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">related use cases does the product support, and what do we plan to support in future?</li></ol><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A: gPizza wants to deliver pizzas now, and eventually other products such as drinks and snacks.<ol start="2" style="font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">What <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">common idea do these use cases share?</li></ol><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A: gPizza wants to send the customer the food they ordered.<ol start="3" style="font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">What is a <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">domain object we can use to represent this common idea?</li></ol><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A: The domain object is a food order. We can encapsulate the use cases in a <span style="color: black; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">FoodOrder<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> class.<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Domain objects can be a useful generalization - but avoid choosing objects that are <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">too<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> generic, since there is a tradeoff between improved maintainability and more complex, ambiguous code. Generally, aim to <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">support only planned use cases - not all possible use cases<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_aren%27t_gonna_need_it">YAGNI</a> principles).<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 17px; margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="370"></col><col width="370"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 21pt;"><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve; white-space: nowrap;">// GOOD: It's clear what we're delivering.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">public void deliver(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">FoodOrder order<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) {}</td><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve; white-space: nowrap;">// BAD: Don't support furniture delivery.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">public void deliver(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">DeliveryList items<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) {}</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>Learn more about domain objects and the more advanced topic of domain-driven design in the book <a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/domain-driven-design-tackling/0321125215/">Domain-Driven Design</a> by Eric Evans. </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> <style> @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .body { overflow-x: auto; } .post-content table, .post-content td { width: auto !important; white-space: nowrap; } } </style> <div class="body"> <span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JjZQl70z2vd8hgBy2nVp7am6cxdzLAh-ar-S_XRvF3s/edit" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.<div> </div><div>By Amy Fu</div><div> </div><div><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Although a product's requirements can change<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">often, its fundamental ideas usually change slowly. This leads to an interesting insight: <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">if we write code that matches the fundamental ideas of the product, it will be more likely to survive future product changes<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Domain objects <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">are building blocks<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (such as classes and interfaces) <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">in our code that match the fundamental ideas of the product<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. Instead of writing code to match the desired <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">behavior<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> for the product's requirements ("configure text to be white"), we match the underlying <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">idea<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> ("text color settings").<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">For example, imagine you’re part of the gPizza team, which sells tasty, fresh pizzas to feed hungry Googlers. Due to popular demand, your team has decided to add a delivery service.<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Without domain objects, the quickest path to pizza delivery is to simply create a <span style="color: black; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">deliverPizza<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> method:<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 17px; margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="733"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fff2cc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">public class DeliveryService {<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  public void deliverPizza(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">List<Pizza> pizzas<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) { ... }<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">}</td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Although this works well at first, what happens if gPizza expands its offerings to other foods?<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">You could add a new method:<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 17px; margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="733"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #fff2cc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  public void deliverWithDrinks(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">List<Pizza> pizzas<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">List<Drink> drinks<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) { ... }</td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">But <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">as your list of requirements<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">grows<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(snacks, sweets, etc.)<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, you’ll be stuck adding more and more methods. <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">How can you change your initial implementation to avoid this continued maintenance burden?<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">You could <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">add a domain object that models the product's ideas, instead of its requirements<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">:<ul style="font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">A <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">use case is a specific behavior that helps the product satisfy its business requirements. (In this case, <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">"Deliver pizzas so we make more money".)</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">A domain object represents a common idea that is shared by several similar use cases.</li></ul><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">To<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">identify the appropriate domain object, ask yourself<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">:<ol style="font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">What <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">related use cases does the product support, and what do we plan to support in future?</li></ol><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A: gPizza wants to deliver pizzas now, and eventually other products such as drinks and snacks.<ol start="2" style="font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">What <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">common idea do these use cases share?</li></ol><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A: gPizza wants to send the customer the food they ordered.<ol start="3" style="font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">What is a <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">domain object we can use to represent this common idea?</li></ol><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A: The domain object is a food order. We can encapsulate the use cases in a <span style="color: black; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">FoodOrder<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> class.<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Domain objects can be a useful generalization - but avoid choosing objects that are <span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">too<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> generic, since there is a tradeoff between improved maintainability and more complex, ambiguous code. Generally, aim to <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">support only planned use cases - not all possible use cases<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_aren%27t_gonna_need_it">YAGNI</a> principles).<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 17px; margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="370"></col><col width="370"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 21pt;"><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve; white-space: nowrap;">// GOOD: It's clear what we're delivering.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">public void deliver(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">FoodOrder order<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) {}</td><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve; white-space: nowrap;">// BAD: Don't support furniture delivery.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">public void deliver(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">DeliveryList items<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) {}</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>Learn more about domain objects and the more advanced topic of domain-driven design in the book <a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/domain-driven-design-tackling/0321125215/">Domain-Driven Design</a> by Eric Evans. </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Write Change-Resilient Code With Domain Objects&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/09/write-change-resilient-code-with-domain.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/09/write-change-resilient-code-with-domain.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>No comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/09/write-change-resilient-code-with-domain.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Amy%20Fu' rel='tag'> Amy Fu </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Code%20Health' rel='tag'> Code Health </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='7555491885889787348' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/08/less-is-more-principles-for-simple.html' itemprop='url' title='Less Is More: Principles for Simple Comments'> Less Is More: Principles for Simple Comments </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Wednesday, August 21, 2024 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <style> @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .body { overflow-x: auto; } .post-content table, .post-content td { width: auto !important; white-space: nowrap; } } </style> <div class="body"> <div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mxkwnBoPNqhj4qW4Y23Kq-HfRl6T_wEg-eEVbG0raHk/edit" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.</div><div> </div><div>By David Bendory</div><div> </div><div><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> — Leonardo da Vinci<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">You’re staring at a wall of code resembling a Gordian knot of Klingon. What’s making it worse? A sea of code comments so long that you’d need a bathroom break just to read them all! Let’s fix that.<ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Adopt the mindset of someone unfamiliar with the project to ensure simplicity. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">One approach is to separate the process of writing your comments from reviewing them; proofreading your comments without code context in mind helps ensure they are clear and concise for future readers.</li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Use self-contained comments to clearly convey intent without relying on the surrounding code for context. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">If you need to read the code to understand the comment, you’ve got it backwards!</li></ul><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="349"></col><col width="125"></col><col width="239"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Not self-contained; requires reading the code</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Suggested alternative</td></tr><tr style="height: 15.76pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// Respond to flashing lights in // rearview mirror.</td><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// Pull over for police and/or yield to<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// emergency vehicles.</td></tr><tr style="height: 15.76pt;"><td colspan="3" style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">while flashing_lights_in_rearview_mirror() {<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  if !move_to_slower_lane() { stop_on_shoulder(); }<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">}</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Include only essential information in the comments and leverage external references to reduce cognitive load on the reader. For comments suggesting improvements, links to relevant bugs or docs keep comments concise while providing a path for follow-up. Note that linked docs may be inaccessible, so use judgment in deciding how much context to include directly in the comments.</li></ul><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="347"></col><col width="366"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 13.5pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Too much potential improvement in the comment</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Suggested alternative</td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// The local bus offers good average- // case performance. Consider using // the subway which may be faster// depending on factors like time of // day, weather, etc.</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// TODO: Consider various factors to // present the best transit option.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// See <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=bus+vs+subway" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">issuetracker.fake/bus-vs-subway</a></td></tr><tr style="height: 15.76pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">commute_by_local_bus();</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Avoid extensive implementation details in function-level comments. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">When implementations change, such details often result in outdated comments. Instead, describe the public API contract, focusing on <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">what<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> the function does.</li></ul><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="347"></col><col width="366"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Too much implementation detail</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Suggested alternative</td></tr><tr style="height: 15.76pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// For high-traffic intersections // prone to accidents, pass through // the intersection and make 3 right // turns, which is equivalent to // turning left.</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// Perform a safe left turn at a<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// high-traffic intersection.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// See discussion in<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804111208/https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a36620755/eliminate-left-turns/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">dangerous-left-turns.fake/about</a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</td></tr><tr style="height: 15.76pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">fn safe_turn_left() {<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  go_straight();<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  for i in 0..3 <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 9pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">{<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">    turn_right();<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  }<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">}</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div> </div></div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> <style> @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .body { overflow-x: auto; } .post-content table, .post-content td { width: auto !important; white-space: nowrap; } } </style> <div class="body"> <div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mxkwnBoPNqhj4qW4Y23Kq-HfRl6T_wEg-eEVbG0raHk/edit" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.</div><div> </div><div>By David Bendory</div><div> </div><div><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> — Leonardo da Vinci<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">You’re staring at a wall of code resembling a Gordian knot of Klingon. What’s making it worse? A sea of code comments so long that you’d need a bathroom break just to read them all! Let’s fix that.<ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Adopt the mindset of someone unfamiliar with the project to ensure simplicity. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">One approach is to separate the process of writing your comments from reviewing them; proofreading your comments without code context in mind helps ensure they are clear and concise for future readers.</li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Use self-contained comments to clearly convey intent without relying on the surrounding code for context. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">If you need to read the code to understand the comment, you’ve got it backwards!</li></ul><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="349"></col><col width="125"></col><col width="239"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Not self-contained; requires reading the code</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Suggested alternative</td></tr><tr style="height: 15.76pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// Respond to flashing lights in // rearview mirror.</td><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// Pull over for police and/or yield to<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// emergency vehicles.</td></tr><tr style="height: 15.76pt;"><td colspan="3" style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">while flashing_lights_in_rearview_mirror() {<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  if !move_to_slower_lane() { stop_on_shoulder(); }<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">}</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Include only essential information in the comments and leverage external references to reduce cognitive load on the reader. For comments suggesting improvements, links to relevant bugs or docs keep comments concise while providing a path for follow-up. Note that linked docs may be inaccessible, so use judgment in deciding how much context to include directly in the comments.</li></ul><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="347"></col><col width="366"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 13.5pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Too much potential improvement in the comment</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Suggested alternative</td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// The local bus offers good average- // case performance. Consider using // the subway which may be faster// depending on factors like time of // day, weather, etc.</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// TODO: Consider various factors to // present the best transit option.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// See <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=bus+vs+subway" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">issuetracker.fake/bus-vs-subway</a></td></tr><tr style="height: 15.76pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">commute_by_local_bus();</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Avoid extensive implementation details in function-level comments. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">When implementations change, such details often result in outdated comments. Instead, describe the public API contract, focusing on <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">what<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> the function does.</li></ul><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="347"></col><col width="366"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Too much implementation detail</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt -4.32pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Suggested alternative</td></tr><tr style="height: 15.76pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// For high-traffic intersections // prone to accidents, pass through // the intersection and make 3 right // turns, which is equivalent to // turning left.</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// Perform a safe left turn at a<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// high-traffic intersection.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// See discussion in<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">// <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804111208/https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a36620755/eliminate-left-turns/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">dangerous-left-turns.fake/about</a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</td></tr><tr style="height: 15.76pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">fn safe_turn_left() {<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  go_straight();<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  for i in 0..3 <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 9pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">{<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">    turn_right();<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  }<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">}</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div> </div></div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Less Is More: Principles for Simple Comments&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/08/less-is-more-principles-for-simple.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/08/less-is-more-principles-for-simple.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>No comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/08/less-is-more-principles-for-simple.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Code%20Health' rel='tag'> Code Health </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/David%20Bendory' rel='tag'> David Bendory </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='7785322005143614260' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/07/in-praise-of-small-pull-requests.html' itemprop='url' title='In Praise of Small Pull Requests'> In Praise of Small Pull Requests </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Tuesday, July 16, 2024 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QIe9iOWKcToOL2Er7gH-dzacGnShEuO5CPVmiN7dQtk/edit">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.<div> <div> </div><div>By Elliotte Rusty Harold</div><div> </div><div>Note: A “pull request” refers to one self-contained change that has been submitted to version control or which is undergoing code review. At Google, this is referred to as a“CL”, which is short for “changelist”.</div><div> </div><div><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Prefer <a href="https://google.github.io/eng-practices/review/developer/small-cls.html" style="font-size: 17.3333px; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline;">small, focused pull requests</a><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"> that do exactly one thing each. Why? Several reasons:</div><div><ul style="font-size: 17.3333px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Small pull requests are easier to review. A mistake in a focused pull request is more obvious. In a 40 file pull request that does several things, would you notice that one <span style="font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">if statement had reversed the logic it should have and was using <span style="font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">true instead of <span style="font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">false? By contrast, if that <span style="font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">if block and its test were the only things that changed in a pull request, you’d be a lot more likely to catch the error.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Small pull requests can be reviewed quickly. A reviewer can often respond quickly by slipping small reviews in between other tasks. Larger pull requests are a big task by themselves, often waiting until the reviewer has a significant chunk of time.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">If something does go wrong and your continuous build breaks on a small pull request, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">the small size makes it much easier to figure out exactly where the mistake is. They are also easier to rollback if something goes wrong.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">By virtue of their size, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">small pull requests are less likely to conflict with other developers’ work. Merge conflicts are less frequent and easier to resolve.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">If you’ve made a critical error, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">it saves a lot of work when the reviewer can point this out after you’ve only gone a little way down the wrong path. Better to find out after an hour than after several weeks.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Pull request descriptions are more accurate when pull requests are focused on one task. The revision history becomes easier to read.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Small pull requests can lead to increased code coverage because <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">it’s easier to make sure each individual pull request is completely tested.</li></ul><div><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Small pull requests are not always possible. In particular:</div><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><ul style="font-size: 17.3333px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Frequent pull requests require reviewers to respond quickly to code review requests. If it takes multiple hours to get a pull request reviewed, developers spend more time blocked. Small pull requests often work better when reviewers are co-located (ideally within Nerf gun range for gentle reminders). </li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Some features cannot safely be committed in partial states. If this is a concern, try to put the new feature behind a <a href="https://martinfowler.com/articles/feature-toggles.html" style="font-size: 13pt; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">flag</a>.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Refactorings such as changing an argument type in a public method may require modifying many dozens of files at once.</li></ul><div>Nonetheless, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">even if a pull request can’t be small, it can still be focused, e.g., fixing one bug, adding one feature or UI element, or refactoring one method.</div></div></div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> <span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QIe9iOWKcToOL2Er7gH-dzacGnShEuO5CPVmiN7dQtk/edit">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.<div> <div> </div><div>By Elliotte Rusty Harold</div><div> </div><div>Note: A “pull request” refers to one self-contained change that has been submitted to version control or which is undergoing code review. At Google, this is referred to as a“CL”, which is short for “changelist”.</div><div> </div><div><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Prefer <a href="https://google.github.io/eng-practices/review/developer/small-cls.html" style="font-size: 17.3333px; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline;">small, focused pull requests</a><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"> that do exactly one thing each. Why? Several reasons:</div><div><ul style="font-size: 17.3333px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Small pull requests are easier to review. A mistake in a focused pull request is more obvious. In a 40 file pull request that does several things, would you notice that one <span style="font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">if statement had reversed the logic it should have and was using <span style="font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">true instead of <span style="font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">false? By contrast, if that <span style="font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">if block and its test were the only things that changed in a pull request, you’d be a lot more likely to catch the error.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Small pull requests can be reviewed quickly. A reviewer can often respond quickly by slipping small reviews in between other tasks. Larger pull requests are a big task by themselves, often waiting until the reviewer has a significant chunk of time.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">If something does go wrong and your continuous build breaks on a small pull request, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">the small size makes it much easier to figure out exactly where the mistake is. They are also easier to rollback if something goes wrong.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">By virtue of their size, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">small pull requests are less likely to conflict with other developers’ work. Merge conflicts are less frequent and easier to resolve.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">If you’ve made a critical error, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">it saves a lot of work when the reviewer can point this out after you’ve only gone a little way down the wrong path. Better to find out after an hour than after several weeks.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Pull request descriptions are more accurate when pull requests are focused on one task. The revision history becomes easier to read.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Small pull requests can lead to increased code coverage because <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">it’s easier to make sure each individual pull request is completely tested.</li></ul><div><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Small pull requests are not always possible. In particular:</div><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><ul style="font-size: 17.3333px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Frequent pull requests require reviewers to respond quickly to code review requests. If it takes multiple hours to get a pull request reviewed, developers spend more time blocked. Small pull requests often work better when reviewers are co-located (ideally within Nerf gun range for gentle reminders). </li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Some features cannot safely be committed in partial states. If this is a concern, try to put the new feature behind a <a href="https://martinfowler.com/articles/feature-toggles.html" style="font-size: 13pt; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">flag</a>.</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Refactorings such as changing an argument type in a public method may require modifying many dozens of files at once.</li></ul><div>Nonetheless, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">even if a pull request can’t be small, it can still be focused, e.g., fixing one bug, adding one feature or UI element, or refactoring one method.</div></div></div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:In Praise of Small Pull Requests&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/07/in-praise-of-small-pull-requests.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/07/in-praise-of-small-pull-requests.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>No comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/07/in-praise-of-small-pull-requests.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Code%20Health' rel='tag'> Code Health </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Elliotte%20Rusty%20Harold' rel='tag'> Elliotte Rusty Harold </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='3655671773377273563' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/05/dont-dry-your-code-prematurely.html' itemprop='url' title='Don't DRY Your Code Prematurely'> Don't DRY Your Code Prematurely </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Tuesday, May 28, 2024 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <style> @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .body { overflow-x: auto; } .post-content table, .post-content td { width: auto !important; white-space: nowrap; } } </style> <div class="body"> <span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zdQswED3Ru7eTqeDZpx3SEaUmUZC1wegmL3_fHwgrQk/edit" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.<div> </div><div>By Dan Maksimovich</div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Many of us have been told the virtues of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“Don’t Repeat Yourself”</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> or DRY. Pause and consider: <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Is the duplication truly redundant or will the functionality need to evolve independently over time<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">?  <span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Applying DRY principles too rigidly leads to premature abstractions that make future changes more complex than necessary.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Consider carefully if code is truly redundant or just superficially similar.<span style="color: #990000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> While functions or classes may look the same, they may also serve different contexts and business requirements that evolve differently over time. Think about how the functions’ purpose holds with time, not just about making the code shorter. <span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">When designing abstractions, do not prematurely couple behaviors that may evolve separately in the longer term.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">When does introducing an abstraction harm our code? Let’s consider the following code: <div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="358"></col><col width="382"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 126.75pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"># Premature DRY abstraction assuming # uniform rules, limiting entity-<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"># specific changes.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">class DeadlineSetter:<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> def <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">__init__<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(self, entity_type):<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">   self.entity_type = entity_type <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> def <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(self, deadline):<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">   if deadline <= datetime.now():<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">    raise ValueError(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">      “Date must be in the future”) <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">task = DeadlineSetter(“task”)<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">task.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> datetime(2024, 3, 12))<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">payment = DeadlineSetter(“payment”)<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">payment.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> datetime(2024, 3, 18))</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"># Repetitive but allows for clear,<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"># entity-specific logic and future# changes.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">def <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_task_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(task_deadline):<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  if task_deadline <= datetime.now():<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> raise ValueError(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">     “Date must be in the future”) <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">def <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_payment_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">( payment_deadline):<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  if payment_deadline <= datetime.now():<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">    raise ValueError(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">     “Date must be in the future”) <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_task_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> datetime(2024, 3, 12))<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_payment_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> datetime(2024, 3, 18))</td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The approach on the right seems to violate the DRY principle since the <span style="font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ValueError<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> checks are <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">coincidentally<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> the same.  However, tasks and payments represent distinct concepts with potentially diverging logic. <span style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">If payment date later required a new validation, you could easily add it to the right-hand code; adding it to the left-hand code is much more invasive.<span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">When in doubt, keep behaviors separate until enough common patterns emerge over time that justify the coupling<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. On a small scale, managing duplication can be simpler than resolving a premature abstraction’s complexity. <span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In early stages of development, tolerate a little duplication and wait to abstract.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Future requirements are often unpredictable. Think about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_aren%27t_gonna_need_it" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“You Aren’t Gonna Need It”</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> or YAGNI principle. Either the duplication will prove to be a nonissue, or with time, it will clearly indicate the need for a well-considered abstraction.<div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </div></div></div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> <style> @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .body { overflow-x: auto; } .post-content table, .post-content td { width: auto !important; white-space: nowrap; } } </style> <div class="body"> <span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zdQswED3Ru7eTqeDZpx3SEaUmUZC1wegmL3_fHwgrQk/edit" style="color: #4184f3; text-decoration-line: none;">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.<div> </div><div>By Dan Maksimovich</div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Many of us have been told the virtues of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“Don’t Repeat Yourself”</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> or DRY. Pause and consider: <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Is the duplication truly redundant or will the functionality need to evolve independently over time<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">?  <span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Applying DRY principles too rigidly leads to premature abstractions that make future changes more complex than necessary.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Consider carefully if code is truly redundant or just superficially similar.<span style="color: #990000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> While functions or classes may look the same, they may also serve different contexts and business requirements that evolve differently over time. Think about how the functions’ purpose holds with time, not just about making the code shorter. <span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">When designing abstractions, do not prematurely couple behaviors that may evolve separately in the longer term.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">When does introducing an abstraction harm our code? Let’s consider the following code: <div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="358"></col><col width="382"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 126.75pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"># Premature DRY abstraction assuming # uniform rules, limiting entity-<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"># specific changes.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">class DeadlineSetter:<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> def <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">__init__<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(self, entity_type):<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">   self.entity_type = entity_type <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> def <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(self, deadline):<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">   if deadline <= datetime.now():<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">    raise ValueError(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">      “Date must be in the future”) <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">task = DeadlineSetter(“task”)<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">task.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> datetime(2024, 3, 12))<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">payment = DeadlineSetter(“payment”)<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">payment.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> datetime(2024, 3, 18))</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"># Repetitive but allows for clear,<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"># entity-specific logic and future# changes.<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">def <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_task_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(task_deadline):<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  if task_deadline <= datetime.now():<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> raise ValueError(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">     “Date must be in the future”) <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">def <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_payment_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">( payment_deadline):<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">  if payment_deadline <= datetime.now():<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">    raise ValueError(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">     “Date must be in the future”) <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_task_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> datetime(2024, 3, 12))<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">set_payment_deadline<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> datetime(2024, 3, 18))</td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The approach on the right seems to violate the DRY principle since the <span style="font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ValueError<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> checks are <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">coincidentally<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> the same.  However, tasks and payments represent distinct concepts with potentially diverging logic. <span style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">If payment date later required a new validation, you could easily add it to the right-hand code; adding it to the left-hand code is much more invasive.<span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">When in doubt, keep behaviors separate until enough common patterns emerge over time that justify the coupling<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. On a small scale, managing duplication can be simpler than resolving a premature abstraction’s complexity. <span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In early stages of development, tolerate a little duplication and wait to abstract.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Future requirements are often unpredictable. Think about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_aren%27t_gonna_need_it" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“You Aren’t Gonna Need It”</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> or YAGNI principle. Either the duplication will prove to be a nonissue, or with time, it will clearly indicate the need for a well-considered abstraction.<div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </div></div></div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Don't DRY Your Code Prematurely&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/05/dont-dry-your-code-prematurely.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' 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href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/01/'> Jan </a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/'> 2012 </a> (11) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/12/'> Dec </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/11/'> Nov </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/10/'> Oct </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> 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class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/'> 2010 </a> (37) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/12/'> Dec </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/11/'> Nov </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/10/'> Oct </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' 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href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/02/'> Feb </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/01/'> Jan </a> (4) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/'> 2008 </a> (75) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/12/'> Dec </a> (6) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/11/'> Nov </a> (8) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> 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style='margin-top: -16px;' width='92'/> </a> <ul> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/'> Google </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/privacy/'> Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/terms/'> Terms </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ // Social sharing popups. var postEl = document.getElementsByClassName('social-wrapper'); var postCount = postEl.length; for(i=0; i<postCount;i++){ postEl[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ var postUrl = this.getAttribute("data-href"); window.open( postUrl,'popUpWindow','height=500,width=500,left=10,top=10,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,toolbar=yes,menubar=no,location=no,directories=no,status=yes'); });} //]]> </script> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ var BreakpointHandler = function() { this.initted = false; this.isHomePage = false; this.isMobile = false; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.finalizeSummary = function(summaryHtml, lastNode) { // Use $.trim for IE8 compatibility summaryHtml = $.trim(summaryHtml).replace(/( |\s)+$/,''); if (lastNode.nodeType == 3) { var lastChar = summaryHtml.slice(-1); if (!lastChar.match(/[.”"?]/)) { if (!lastChar.match(/[A-Za-z]/)) { summaryHtml = summaryHtml.slice(0, -1); } summaryHtml += ' ...'; } } else if (lastNode.nodeType == 1 && (lastNode.nodeName == 'I' || lastNode.nodeName == 'A')) { summaryHtml += ' ...'; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.generateSummaryFromContent = function(content, numWords) { var seenWords = 0; var summaryHtml = ''; for (var i=0; i < content.childNodes.length; i++) { var node = content.childNodes[i]; var nodeText; if (node.nodeType == 1) { if (node.hasAttribute('data-about-pullquote')) { continue; } nodeText = node.textContent; if (nodeText === undefined) { // innerText for IE8 nodeText = node.innerText; } if (node.nodeName == 'DIV' || node.nodeName == 'B') { // Don't end early if we haven't seen enough words. if (seenWords < 10) { continue; } if (i > 0) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, content.childNodes[i-1]); } break; } summaryHtml += node.outerHTML; } else if (node.nodeType == 3) { nodeText = node.nodeValue; summaryHtml += nodeText + ' '; } var words = nodeText.match(/\S+\s*/g); if (!words) { continue; } var remain = numWords - seenWords; if (words.length >= remain) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, node); break; } seenWords += words.length; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.detect = function() { var match, pl = /\+/g, search = /([^&=]+)=?([^&]*)/g, decode = function (s) { return decodeURIComponent(s.replace(pl, " ")); }, query = window.location.search.substring(1); var urlParams = {}; while (match = search.exec(query)) urlParams[decode(match[1])] = decode(match[2]); this.isListPage = $('html').hasClass('list-page'); this.isMobile = urlParams['m'] === '1'; this.isHomePage = window.location.pathname == '/'; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.initContent = function() { var self = this; $('.post').each(function(index) { var body = $(this).children('.post-body')[0]; var content = $(body).children('.post-content')[0]; $(content).addClass('post-original'); var data = $(content).children('script').html(); data = self.rewriteForSSL(data); // If exists, extract specified editor's preview. var match = data.match(/([\s\S]+?)<div data-is-preview.+?>([\s\S]+)<\/div>/m); if (match) { data = match[1]; } // Prevent big images from loading when they aren't needed. // This must be done as a pre-injection step, since image loading can't be // canceled once embedded into the DOM. if (self.isListPage && self.isMobile) { data = data.replace(/<(img|iframe) .+?>/g, ''); } // Insert template to be rendered as nodes. content.innerHTML = data; if (self.isListPage) { var summary = document.createElement('div'); $(summary).addClass('post-content'); $(summary).addClass('post-summary'); body.insertBefore(summary, content); if (match) { // Use provided summary. summary.innerHTML = match[2]; } else { // Generate a summary. // Summary generation relies on DOM, so it must occur after content is // inserted into the page. summary.innerHTML = self.generateSummaryFromContent(content, 30); } // Add read more link to summary. var titleAnchor = $(this).find('.title a')[0]; var link = titleAnchor.cloneNode(true); link.innerHTML = 'Read More'; $(link).addClass('read-more'); summary.appendChild(link); } }); // Firefox does not allow for proper styling of BR. if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Firefox') > -1) { $('.post-content br').replaceWith(''); } $('.loading').removeClass('loading'); }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.process = function() { if (!this.initted) { var makeInsecureImageRegex = function(hosts) { var whitelist = hosts.join('|').replace(/\./g,'\\.'); // Normal image tags, plus input images (yes, this is possible!) return new RegExp('(<(img|input)[^>]+?src=("|\'))http:\/\/(' + whitelist +')', 'g'); }; this.sslImageRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex(BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS); this.sslImageCurrentDomainRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex([window.location.hostname]); this.detect(); this.initContent(); this.initted = true; } }; BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS = [ "www.google.org", "www.google.com", "services.google.com", "blogger.com", "draft.blogger.com", "www.blogger.com", "photos1.blogger.com", "photos2.blogger.com", "photos3.blogger.com", "blogblog.com", "img1.blogblog.com", "img2.blogblog.com", "www.blogblog.com", "www1.blogblog.com", "www2.blogblog.com", "0.bp.blogspot.com", "1.bp.blogspot.com", "2.bp.blogspot.com", "3.bp.blogspot.com", "4.bp.blogspot.com", "lh3.googleusercontent.com", "lh4.googleusercontent.com", "lh5.googleusercontent.com", "lh6.googleusercontent.com", "themes.googleusercontent.com", ]; BreakpointHandler.prototype.rewriteForSSL = function(html) { // Handle HTTP -> HTTPS source replacement of images, movies, and other embedded content. return html.replace(this.sslImageRegex, '$1https://$4') .replace(this.sslImageCurrentDomainRegex, '$1//$4') .replace(/(<(embed|iframe)[^>]+?src=("|'))http:\/\/([^"']*?(youtube|picasaweb\.google)\.com)/g, '$1https://$4') // Slideshow SWF takes a image host, so we need to rewrite that parameter. .replace(/(<embed[^>]+?feed=http(?=[^s]))/g, '$1s'); }; $(document).ready(function() { var handler = new BreakpointHandler(); handler.process(); // Top-level navigation. $(".BlogArchive .tab").click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); $(this).parent().toggleClass('active'); $(this).siblings().slideToggle(300); }); $(".Label .tab").click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); $(this).parent().toggleClass('active'); $(this).siblings().slideToggle(300); }); // Blog archive year expansion. $('.BlogArchive .intervalToggle').click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); if ($(this).parent().hasClass('collapsed')) { $(this).parent().removeClass('collapsed'); $(this).parent().addClass('expanded'); } else { $(this).parent().removeClass('expanded'); $(this).parent().addClass('collapsed'); } }); // Reverse order of months. $('.BlogArchive .intervalToggle + div').each(function(_, items) { var year = $(this); year.children().each(function(_, month) { year.prepend(month); }); }); // Set anchors to open in new tab. $('.post-content img').parent().each(function(_, node) { if (node.nodeName == 'A') { $(this).attr('target', '_blank'); } }); // Process search requests. $('.searchBox input').on("keypress", function(ev) { if (ev.which == 13) { window.location.href = 'https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3A' + window.location.hostname + '%20' + encodeURIComponent ($(this).val()); } }); }); (function($, window) { var archiveButton = $($('#sidebar .widget.BlogArchive h2')[0]); var folderIcon = $('#sidebar .widget.BlogArchive h2::after'); var archivePanel = $('#BlogArchive1'); archiveButton.click(function(e) { if (archivePanel.hasClass('archive-open')) { // It's open, so now we close it archivePanel.removeClass('archive-open'); archivePanel.addClass('archive-closed'); archiveButton.removeClass('archive-open'); archiveButton.addClass('archive-closed'); archivePanel.css('height', '60px'); } else { // It's closed, so open it archivePanel.removeClass('archive-closed'); archivePanel.addClass('archive-open'); archiveButton.removeClass('archive-closed'); archiveButton.addClass('archive-open'); archivePanel.css('height', 'auto'); folderIcon.css('content', 'https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggkDzi8QVSua_XxLOnfxWE_8nQc1MAhRPBxJej91JW2ZBbKvb2TjaNf66ZoTqCrBivwRr-TLJYxFm2ZAiMd-zfbJ0TjblXGvUszWFbdRncNOL7jseiJCL9uQoqN8BM8FpesdSw/s1600/keyboard_arrow_up_grey600_24dp.png'); } }); })($, window); (function ($, window, devsite) { devsite.devsite = {}; devsite.expandLeftNav = devsite.expandLeftNav || {}; devsite.expandLeftNav.ANALYTICS_LABEL_ = 'Hamburger menu'; devsite.expandLeftNav.ANALYTICS_ACTION_OPEN_ = 'Open'; devsite.expandLeftNav.ANALYTICS_ACTION_CLOSE_ = 'Close'; devsite.expandLeftNav.lastState_ = 0; devsite.expandLeftNav.chekovEnabled_ = false; devsite.expandLeftNav.init = function () { devsite.expandLeftNav.chekovEnabled_ = true; var navElement; if (devsite.expandLeftNav.chekovEnabled_) { navElement = $('.devsite-nav-responsive'); } else { navElement = $('.devsite-section-nav-responsive'); } this.drawerWidth = parseInt(navElement.css('width')); navElement.css({ 'left': -(this.drawerWidth) }); var expandButton = $('.devsite-expand-section-nav'); expandButton.click(function () { devsite.expandLeftNav.handleNavigationOpened(); }); navElement.find('.devsite-nav-responsive-forward').click( devsite.expandLeftNav.openPanel); navElement.find('.devsite-nav-responsive-back').click( devsite.expandLeftNav.closePanel); if ($('.devsite-nav-responsive-tabs-panel + ' + '.devsite-nav-responsive-sidebar-panel').length) { devsite.expandLeftNav.openPanel(); } }; devsite.expandLeftNav.handleNavigationOpened = function (opt_noAnimate) { var mask; if (devsite.expandLeftNav.chekovEnabled_) { var nav = $('.devsite-nav-responsive'); if (opt_noAnimate) { nav.addClass('devsite-nav-responsive-no-animate'); mask = devsite.devsite.showSiteMask(0); } else { mask = devsite.devsite.showSiteMask(); } nav.addClass('devsite-nav-responsive-open'); } else { devsite.expandLeftNav.lastState_ = devsite.sticky.currentState; devsite.sticky.setState(devsite.sticky.state.COLLAPSED_HEADER); var headerHeight = devsite.sticky.getHeaderHeight() - devsite.sticky.desiredMargin; var drawerHeight = $(window).height() - headerHeight; mask = devsite.devsite.showArticleMask(); $('.devsite-section-nav-responsive').css({ 'height': drawerHeight, 'left': '0', 'top': headerHeight, 'visibility': 'visible' }).focus(); } $(mask).click(devsite.expandLeftNav.handleNavigationClosed); $(document).on('keydown.escape', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == $.ui.keyCode.ESCAPE) { devsite.expandLeftNav.handleNavigationClosed(); $(document).off('keydown.escape'); } }); }; devsite.expandLeftNav.getScrollTop = function () { return 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