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first subways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_subways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IRT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IRT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 IRT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IRT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BRT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BRT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 BRT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BRT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Contracts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_IRT_contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_IRT_contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Original IRT contracts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_IRT_contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Electrification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triborough_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triborough_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Triborough plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triborough_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_Contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_Contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Dual Contracts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_Contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Independent System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Expansion plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Unification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Unification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Division_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Division differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-unification_expansion_and_reorganization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-unification_expansion_and_reorganization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Post-unification expansion and reorganization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-unification_expansion_and_reorganization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Decline </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Decline subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_1950s_and_early_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1950s_and_early_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Late 1950s and early 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1950s_and_early_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_for_Action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_for_Action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Program for Action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_for_Action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deferred_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deferred_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Deferred maintenance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deferred_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graffiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graffiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Graffiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graffiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ridership_and_service_cuts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ridership_and_service_cuts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Ridership and service cuts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ridership_and_service_cuts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_the_Program_for_Action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_the_Program_for_Action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Effects of the Program for Action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_the_Program_for_Action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debris_falling_from_and_on_the_tracks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debris_falling_from_and_on_the_tracks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 Debris falling from and on the tracks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debris_falling_from_and_on_the_tracks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fare_evasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fare_evasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.7 Fare evasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fare_evasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rehabilitation_and_rising_trend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehabilitation_and_rising_trend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Rehabilitation and rising trend </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rehabilitation_and_rising_trend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projects_during_this_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projects_during_this_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Projects during this time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projects_during_this_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revitalization_and_recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revitalization_and_recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Revitalization and recent history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revitalization_and_recent_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revitalization and recent history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revitalization_and_recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_11,_2001" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_11,_2001"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 September 11, 2001 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_11,_2001-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Later 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ridership_increases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ridership_increases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Ridership increases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ridership_increases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Expansions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget_cuts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget_cuts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Budget cuts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget_cuts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s_and_2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s_and_2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 2010s and 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s_and_2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Sandy_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Sandy_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Hurricane Sandy damage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Sandy_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansions_open" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansions_open"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Expansions open </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansions_open-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_state_of_emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_state_of_emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 2017 state of emergency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_state_of_emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning_of_new_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning_of_new_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Planning of new lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning_of_new_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic_and_crime_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic_and_crime_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 COVID-19 pandemic and crime concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic_and_crime_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_upgrades_and_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_upgrades_and_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.6 Further upgrades and improvements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_upgrades_and_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents_and_accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents_and_accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Incidents and accidents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Incidents_and_accidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Incidents and accidents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Incidents_and_accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Train_accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train_accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Train accidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train_accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other disasters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <button 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> into articles titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway_(1904%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the New York City Subway (1904–1940) (page does not exist)">History of the New York City Subway (1904–1940)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway_(1940%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the New York City Subway (1940–present) (page does not exist)">History of the New York City Subway (1940–present)</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incidents_and_accidents_on_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incidents and accidents on the New York City Subway (page does not exist)">Incidents and accidents on the New York City Subway</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway#Article_split" title="Talk:History of the New York City Subway">discuss</a>) (March 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_Subway_R1_100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/NYC_Subway_R1_100.jpg/300px-NYC_Subway_R1_100.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/NYC_Subway_R1_100.jpg/450px-NYC_Subway_R1_100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/NYC_Subway_R1_100.jpg/600px-NYC_Subway_R1_100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>New York City Subway <a href="/wiki/R1_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R1 (New York City Subway car)">R1</a> car at the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Street_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)">23rd Street</a> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_York_City_Subway" title="Category:New York City Subway">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/MTA_New_York_City_Subway_logo.svg/210px-MTA_New_York_City_Subway_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/MTA_New_York_City_Subway_logo.svg/315px-MTA_New_York_City_Subway_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/MTA_New_York_City_Subway_logo.svg/420px-MTA_New_York_City_Subway_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">Overview</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_stations" title="New York City Subway stations">Stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_rolling_stock" title="New York City Subway rolling stock">Rolling stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Subway expansion">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_nomenclature" title="New York City Subway nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_services" title="List of New York City Subway services">Services</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link 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clear: both; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background-color:#ccf; background-color:#ccf; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px; font-size:110%; text-align:center;">Annual passenger ridership </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:95%; text-align:center"> <th style="border-bottom:1px solid black">Year</th> <th style="border-bottom:1px solid black">Passengers</th> <th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1901</td> <td>253,000,000</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1905</td> <td>448,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+77.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1910</td> <td>725,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+61.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1915</td> <td>830,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+14.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1920</td> <td>1,332,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+60.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1925</td> <td>1,681,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+26.2% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1930</td> <td>2,049,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+21.9% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1935</td> <td>1,817,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">−11.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1940</td> <td>1,857,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+2.2% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1945</td> <td>1,941,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+4.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1946</td> <td>2,067,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+6.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1950</td> <td>1,681,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">−13.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1955</td> <td>1,378,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">−18.0% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1960</td> <td>1,345,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">−2.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1965</td> <td>1,363,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+1.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1970</td> <td>1,258,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">−7.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1975</td> <td>1,054,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">−16.2% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1980</td> <td>1,009,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">−4.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1982</td> <td>989,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">−2.0% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1985</td> <td>1,010,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+2.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1990</td> <td>1,028,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+1.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1995</td> <td>1,093,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+6.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2000</td> <td>1,400,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+28.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2005</td> <td>1,450,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+3.6% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2010</td> <td>1,605,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+10.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2011</td> <td>1,640,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+2.2% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2012</td> <td>1,654,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+0.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2013</td> <td>1,708,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+3.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2014</td> <td>1,751,287,621</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+2.6% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2015</td> <td>1,762,565,419</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+0.6% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2016</td> <td>1,756,814,800</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">-0.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2017</td> <td>1,727,366,607</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">-1.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2018</td> <td>1,680,060,402</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">-2.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2019</td> <td>1,697,787,002</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+1.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2020</td> <td>639,541,029</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">-62.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2021</td> <td>759,976,721</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+18.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2022</td> <td>1,013,425,465</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+33.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2023</td> <td>1,151,998,158</td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:15px">+13.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid black; font-size:85%; text-align:center"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ridership2015-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-annual-ridership-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ridership1982-8">[8]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system that serves four of the five <a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">boroughs</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>. Its operator is the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority" title="New York City Transit Authority">New York City Transit Authority</a> (NYCTA), which is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a> (MTA) of New York. In 2016, an average of 5.66 million passengers used the system daily, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_rapid_transit_systems_by_ridership" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership">busiest rapid transit system in the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metro_systems_by_annual_passenger_rides" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro systems by annual passenger rides">seventh busiest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ridership2012-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The first underground line opened on October 27, 1904,<a href="#cite_note-HISTORY.com_1904-11">[11]</a> almost 35 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Ninth_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Ninth Avenue Line">IRT Ninth Avenue Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mid-Continent_Railway_Museum_2006-12">[12]</a> By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company" title="Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company">Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company</a> (BRT, later <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation" title="Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation">Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation</a>, BMT) and the <a href="/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company" title="Interborough Rapid Transit Company">Interborough Rapid Transit Company</a> (IRT). After 1913, all lines built for the IRT and most lines for the BRT were built by the city and leased to the companies. The first line of the city-owned and operated <a href="/wiki/Independent_Subway_System" title="Independent Subway System">Independent Subway System</a> (IND) opened in 1932, intended to compete with the private systems and replace some of the elevated railways. It was required to be run "at cost", necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The city took over running the previously privately operated systems in 1940, with the BMT on June 1 and the IRT on June 12. Some elevated lines closed immediately while others closed soon after. Integration was slow, but <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_inter-division_connections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of New York City Subway inter-division connections">several connections</a> were built between the IND and BMT, which now operate as one division called the <a href="/wiki/B_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="B Division (New York City Subway)">B Division</a>. Since IRT infrastructure is <a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">too small</a> for B Division cars, it remains as the <a href="/wiki/A_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="A Division (New York City Subway)">A Division</a>. The NYCTA, a public authority presided over by New York City, was created in 1953 to take over subway, bus, and streetcar operations from the city.<a href="#cite_note-nyct_facts-14">[14]</a> In 1968 the state-level MTA took control of the NYCTA, and in 1970 the city entered the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_fiscal_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City fiscal crisis">New York City fiscal crisis</a>. It closed many elevated subway lines that became too expensive to maintain. Graffiti, crime, and decrepitude became common. To stay solvent, the New York City Subway had to make many service cutbacks and defer necessary maintenance projects. In the 1980s an $18 billion financing program for the rehabilitation of the subway began. The <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> resulted in <a href="/wiki/Closings_and_cancellations_following_the_September_11_attacks#NYC_Subway" title="Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks">service disruptions</a>, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line">IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line</a>, which ran directly underneath the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>. Sections were crushed, requiring suspension of service on that line south of Chambers Street. By March 2002, seven of the closed stations had been rebuilt and reopened, and all but one on September 15, 2002, with full service along the line.<a href="#cite_note-tunnelvision-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-brianabbott.net-16">[16]</a> Since the 2000s, expansions include the <a href="/wiki/7_Subway_Extension" title="7 Subway Extension">7 Subway Extension</a> that opened in September 2015,<a href="#cite_note-7subext_opening_1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-7subext_opening_2-18">[18]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue Subway</a>, the first phase of which opened on January 1, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> However, at the same time, under-investment in the subway system led to a transit crisis that peaked in 2017. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precursors">Precursors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Precursors">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam_railways">Steam railways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Steam railways">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvey_Cable_Car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Harvey_Cable_Car.jpg/300px-Harvey_Cable_Car.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Harvey_Cable_Car.jpg/450px-Harvey_Cable_Car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Harvey_Cable_Car.jpg/600px-Harvey_Cable_Car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Charles Harvey demonstrating his elevated railroad design on <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Street (Manhattan)">Greenwich Street</a> in 1867</figcaption></figure> Even though there was an earlier, underground railroad called the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Avenue Tunnel">Atlantic Avenue Tunnel</a> since 1844, it had no underground subway stops.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Construction of this tunnel, which was built mainly to create a <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (railroad)">right of way</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_and_Jamaica_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad">Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Branch" title="Atlantic Branch">Atlantic Branch</a>), began in May 1844, and the tunnel was open by December 1844. This led to <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry,_Brooklyn" title="South Ferry, Brooklyn">South Ferry</a> at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_(New_York_City)" title="Atlantic Avenue (New York City)">Atlantic Avenue</a>, where passengers could catch ferries to Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> This extension, running under <a href="/wiki/Cobble_Hill,_Brooklyn" title="Cobble Hill, Brooklyn">Cobble Hill</a>, was closed by 1861. The tunnel was reopened for tourism in 1982,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and closed again in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The beginnings of the actual Subway came from various excursion railroads to <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elevated_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevated railroad">elevated railroads</a> in Manhattan and Brooklyn. At that time, <a href="/wiki/New_York_County" class="mw-redirect" title="New York County">New York County</a> (Manhattan Island and part of the Bronx), Kings County (including the cities of Brooklyn and <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a>), and Queens County were separate municipal entities. Competing steam-powered elevated railroads were built over major avenues. The first elevated line was constructed from 1867 to 1870 by Charles Harvey and his <a href="/wiki/West_Side_and_Yonkers_Patent_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway">West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway</a> company along Greenwich Street and Ninth Avenue (although <a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">cable cars</a> were the initial mode of transportation on that railway). More lines were built on <a href="/wiki/IRT_Second_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Second Avenue Line">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRT_Third_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Third Avenue Line">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/IRT_Sixth_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Sixth Avenue Line">Sixth</a> Avenues. None of these structures remain today, but these lines later shared trackage with subway trains as part of the IRT system.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In Kings County, elevated railroads were built by several companies over <a href="/wiki/BMT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Lexington Avenue Line">Lexington</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMT_Myrtle_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Myrtle Avenue Line">Myrtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMT_Third_Avenue_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Third Avenue Line">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMT_Fifth_Avenue_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Fifth Avenue Line">Fifth</a> Avenues, <a href="/wiki/BMT_Fulton_Street_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Fulton Street Line">Fulton Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMT_Broadway_(Brooklyn)_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Broadway (Brooklyn) Line">Broadway</a>. These also later shared trackage with subway trains operated by the BRT and BMT. Most of these structures have been dismantled, but some have been rebuilt and upgraded. These lines were linked to Manhattan by various ferries and later the tracks along the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> (which originally had their own line and were later integrated into the BRT/BMT). Also in Kings County, six <a href="/wiki/Steam_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam railroad">steam excursion railroads</a> were built to various beaches in the southern part of the county; all but one (the Manhattan Beach Line) eventually fell under BMT control.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beach_Pneumatic_Transit">Beach Pneumatic Transit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beach Pneumatic Transit">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_Pneumatic_Transit_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit_01.jpg/220px-Beach_Pneumatic_Transit_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit_01.jpg/330px-Beach_Pneumatic_Transit_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit_01.jpg/440px-Beach_Pneumatic_Transit_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Beach Pneumatic Transit</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit" title="Beach Pneumatic Transit">Beach Pneumatic Transit</a> was the first attempt to build an underground <a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">public transit</a> system in New York City. In 1869, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ely_Beach" title="Alfred Ely Beach">Alfred Ely Beach</a> and his Beach Pneumatic Transit Company of New York began constructing a pneumatic subway line beneath <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>. Funneled through a company he set up, Beach put up $350,000 of his own money to bankroll the project.<a href="#cite_note-mit-30">[30]</a> Built in only 58 days,<a href="#cite_note-nycsub-31">[31]</a> its single tunnel, 312 feet (95 m) long, 8 feet (2.4 m) in diameter, was completed in 1870 and ran under Broadway from Warren Street to Murray Street.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> It remained little more than a curiosity, running only a single car on its one-block-long track to a dead-end at its terminus. Passengers would simply ride out and back, to see what the proposed subway might be like. During its first two weeks of operation, the Beach Pneumatic Transit sold over 11,000 rides, with 400,000 rides provided during its first year of operation.<a href="#cite_note-damnint-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Although the public showed initial approval, Beach was delayed in getting permission to expand it. By the time he finally gained permission in 1873, public and financial support had waned, and the subway was closed down.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The final blow to the project was a <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">stock market crash in 1873</a> which caused investors to withdraw support.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> After the project was shut down, the tunnel entrance was sealed, and the station, built in part of the basement of the <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Peet_Building" title="Rogers Peet Building">Rogers Peet Building</a>, was reclaimed for other uses. The entire building was lost to fire in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 1912, workers excavating for the present-day <a href="/wiki/BMT_Broadway_Line" title="BMT Broadway Line">BMT Broadway Line</a> dug into the old Beach tunnel; today, no part of this line remains as the tunnel was completely within the limits of the present day <a href="/wiki/City_Hall_(BMT_Broadway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall (BMT Broadway Line)">City Hall Station</a> under Broadway.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings_and_rapid_expansion">Beginnings and rapid expansion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginnings and rapid expansion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_subways">The first subways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The first subways">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IRT">IRT</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IRT">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interborough_Rattled_Transit_Restored.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Interborough_Rattled_Transit_Restored.png/220px-Interborough_Rattled_Transit_Restored.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Interborough_Rattled_Transit_Restored.png/330px-Interborough_Rattled_Transit_Restored.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Interborough_Rattled_Transit_Restored.png/440px-Interborough_Rattled_Transit_Restored.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption>Political cartoon critical of IRT service in 1905. The IRT is labeled as the "Interborough Rattled Transit".</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_the_IRT_subway" title="Early history of the IRT subway">Early history of the IRT subway</a></div> In 1898, New York, Kings and Richmond Counties, and parts of Queens and Westchester Counties and their constituent cities, towns, villages, and hamlets, were consolidated into the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York" title="City of Greater New York">City of Greater New York</a>. During this era the expanded City of New York resolved that it wanted the core of future rapid transit to be underground subways but realized that no private company was willing to put up the enormous capital required to build beneath the streets.<a href="#cite_note-Hood,_Clifton_2004-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Planning for the system began with the Rapid Transit Act, authorized by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a> on May 22, 1894, which created the Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners. The act provided that the commission would lay out routes with the consent of property owners and local authorities, either build the system or sell a franchise for its construction, and lease the operation to a private firm. A line through <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lafayette Street (Manhattan)">Lafayette Street</a> (then Elm Street)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a> was considered, but at first a more costly route under lower Broadway was adopted. A legal battle with property owners along the route led to the courts denying permission to build through Broadway in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-Fifty_Years-42">[42]</a> The Elm Street route was chosen later that year, cutting west to Broadway via <a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="42nd Street (Manhattan)">42nd Street</a>. This new plan, formally adopted on January 14, 1897, consisted of a line from <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall, Manhattan">City Hall</a> north to <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge,_Bronx" title="Kingsbridge, Bronx">Kingsbridge</a> and a branch under <a href="/wiki/Lenox_Avenue" title="Lenox Avenue">Lenox Avenue</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Park" title="Bronx Park">Bronx Park</a>, to have four tracks from City Hall to the junction at 103rd Street. The "awkward alignment...along Forty-Second Street", as the commission put it, was necessitated by objections to using Broadway south of <a href="/wiki/34th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="34th Street (Manhattan)">34th Street</a>. Legal challenges were resolved in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-Fifty_Years-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_City_Subway_construction_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/New_York_City_Subway_construction_1901.jpg/220px-New_York_City_Subway_construction_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/New_York_City_Subway_construction_1901.jpg/330px-New_York_City_Subway_construction_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/New_York_City_Subway_construction_1901.jpg/440px-New_York_City_Subway_construction_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Subway construction in the Bowery, 1901</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tubes_for_subway_line_under_Harlem_River,_being_sunk_LCCN2014694961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tubes_for_subway_line_under_Harlem_River%2C_being_sunk_LCCN2014694961.jpg/220px-Tubes_for_subway_line_under_Harlem_River%2C_being_sunk_LCCN2014694961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tubes_for_subway_line_under_Harlem_River%2C_being_sunk_LCCN2014694961.jpg/330px-Tubes_for_subway_line_under_Harlem_River%2C_being_sunk_LCCN2014694961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tubes_for_subway_line_under_Harlem_River%2C_being_sunk_LCCN2014694961.jpg/440px-Tubes_for_subway_line_under_Harlem_River%2C_being_sunk_LCCN2014694961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5735" data-file-height="4228" /></a><figcaption>Tubes for subway line under <a href="/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River">Harlem River</a>, being sunk, 1904</figcaption></figure> The city decided to issue rapid transit <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> outside of its regular bonded <a href="/wiki/Debt_limit" title="Debt limit">debt limit</a> and build the subways itself; it contracted with the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (which by that time ran the elevated lines in Manhattan) to equip and operate the subways, sharing the profits with the city and guaranteeing a fixed five-cent fare.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org_dualsystem-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BRT">BRT</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: BRT">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_operations_of_the_BRT_and_BMT" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid transit operations of the BRT and BMT">Rapid transit operations of the BRT and BMT</a></div> Starting in 1899, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; 1896–1923) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT; 1923–1940) operated rapid transit lines in New York City — at first only elevated railways and later also subways. The BRT was incorporated on January 18, 1896.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> It took over the bankrupt <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Traction_Company" title="Long Island Traction Company">Long Island Traction Company</a> in early February,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> acquiring the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights_Railroad" title="Brooklyn Heights Railroad">Brooklyn Heights Railroad</a> and the lessee of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_City_Rail_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn City Rail Road">Brooklyn City Rail Road</a>. It then acquired the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Queens_County_and_Suburban_Railroad" title="Brooklyn, Queens County and Suburban Railroad">Brooklyn, Queens County and Suburban Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The BRT took over the property of a number of surface railroads, the earliest of which, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Bath_and_Coney_Island_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Railroad">Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Railroad</a> or <a href="/wiki/BMT_West_End_Line" title="BMT West End Line">West End Line</a>, opened for passenger service on October 9, 1863, between Fifth Avenue at 36th Street at the border of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brooklyn">Brooklyn City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bath_Beach,_Brooklyn" title="Bath Beach, Brooklyn">Bath Beach</a> in the Town of <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravesend, New York">Gravesend, New York</a>. A short piece of surface route of this railroad, the <a href="/wiki/BMT_West_End_Line" title="BMT West End Line">BMT West End Line</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/D_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="D (New York City Subway service)">D</a> train) on the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Coney Island Complex">Coney Island Complex</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Creek" title="Coney Island Creek">Coney Island Creek</a>, is the oldest existing piece of rapid transit right-of-way in New York City and in the U.S., having opened on June 8, 1864.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On January 30, 1899, the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad was incorporated; it acquired the property of the bankrupt <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Elevated_Railroad" title="Brooklyn Elevated Railroad">Brooklyn Elevated Railroad</a> on February 17. The BRT gained control a month later, on March 25,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and leased the elevated company to the Brooklyn Heights Railroad, which was until then solely a <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">street railway</a> company. The other elevated company in Brooklyn, the <a href="/wiki/Kings_County_Elevated_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings County Elevated Railroad">Kings County Elevated Railway</a>, was sold under foreclosure to the BRT on July 6, 1899.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Initially the surface and elevated railroad lines ran on steam power, but between 1893 and 1900 the lines were converted to run on electricity. An exception was the service on the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>. Trains were operated by <a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">cables</a> from 1883 to 1896, when they were converted to electric power.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1897_Poor%27s_Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1897_Poor%27s_Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company.jpg/220px-1897_Poor%27s_Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1897_Poor%27s_Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company.jpg/330px-1897_Poor%27s_Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1897_Poor%27s_Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company.jpg/440px-1897_Poor%27s_Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4126" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption>Routes in 1897</figcaption></figure> By 1900, The BRT had acquired virtually all of the rapid transit and streetcar operations in its target area. Only the <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_and_Brooklyn_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Coney Island and Brooklyn Railroad">Coney Island and Brooklyn Railroad</a> and the short <a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_Brunt_Street_and_Erie_Basin_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Brunt Street and Erie Basin Railroad (page does not exist)">Van Brunt Street and Erie Basin Railroad</a> remained independent; the former was acquired in 1913 or 1914.<a href="#cite_note-Moodys-51">[51]</a> The incorporated lines were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Beach_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Beach Railway">Sea Beach Railway</a>, acquired in November 1897<a href="#cite_note-Sea-52">[52]</a> and leased to the BHRR</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_View_Railroad_(Brooklyn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sea View Railroad (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Sea View Railroad</a> (Coney Island Elevated), acquired in November 1897<a href="#cite_note-Sea-52">[52]</a> and leased to the BHRR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Electric_Railroad" title="Nassau Electric Railroad">Nassau Electric Railroad</a> (lessee of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_Railroad" title="Atlantic Avenue Railroad">Atlantic Avenue Railroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Bath_and_West_End_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, Bath and West End Railroad">Brooklyn, Bath and West End Railroad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coney_Island_and_Gravesend_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coney Island and Gravesend Railway (page does not exist)">Coney Island and Gravesend Railway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Brooklyn_Railway" title="South Brooklyn Railway">South Brooklyn Railway</a>), acquired in November 1898<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and leased to the BHRR in April 1899<a href="#cite_note-enjoins-54">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Elevated_Railroad" title="Brooklyn Elevated Railroad">Brooklyn Elevated Railroad</a>, acquired in March 1899<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and leased to the BHRR in April 1899<a href="#cite_note-enjoins-54">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_and_Brighton_Beach_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad">Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad</a> (Brighton Beach Line), acquired in March 1899<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_County_Elevated_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings County Elevated Railroad">Kings County Elevated Railroad</a> (Fulton Street Line), acquired in November 1899<a href="#cite_note-Moodys-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and merged into the Brooklyn Union Elevated on May 24, 1900<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_and_Coney_Island_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad">Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad</a> (Culver Line), leased to the BHRR on June 18, 1899<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li></ul> The BRT became bankrupt by 1918. The New York Consolidated Railroad and New York Municipal Railway were merged in June 1923, the same month that the BRT was reorganized as the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, to form the New York Rapid Transit Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contracts">Contracts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contracts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_IRT_contracts">Original IRT contracts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Original IRT contracts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1906_IRT_map_south.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1906_IRT_map_south.png/170px-1906_IRT_map_south.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1906_IRT_map_south.png/255px-1906_IRT_map_south.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1906_IRT_map_south.png/340px-1906_IRT_map_south.png 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>1906 IRT map</figcaption></figure> A contract, later known as Contract 1, was executed on February 21, 1900, between the commission and the Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by <a href="/wiki/John_B._McDonald" title="John B. McDonald">John B. McDonald</a> and funded by <a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">August Belmont</a>, for the construction of the subway and a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. The project was divided into fifteen sections on which subcontractors submitted construction bids.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEW_YORK%27S_LATEST_MIRACLE,_THE_SUBWAY,_WAS_COMPLETED_TODAY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NEW_YORK%27S_LATEST_MIRACLE%2C_THE_SUBWAY%2C_WAS_COMPLETED_TODAY.jpg/170px-NEW_YORK%27S_LATEST_MIRACLE%2C_THE_SUBWAY%2C_WAS_COMPLETED_TODAY.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NEW_YORK%27S_LATEST_MIRACLE%2C_THE_SUBWAY%2C_WAS_COMPLETED_TODAY.jpg/255px-NEW_YORK%27S_LATEST_MIRACLE%2C_THE_SUBWAY%2C_WAS_COMPLETED_TODAY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NEW_YORK%27S_LATEST_MIRACLE%2C_THE_SUBWAY%2C_WAS_COMPLETED_TODAY.jpg/340px-NEW_YORK%27S_LATEST_MIRACLE%2C_THE_SUBWAY%2C_WAS_COMPLETED_TODAY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="3287" /></a><figcaption>August 1904 announcement that construction on the subway was complete</figcaption></figure> Ground was broken in a ceremony at City Hall on March 24, celebrated at the time as "Tunnel Day".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A plan for an extension from City Hall to the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Terminal" title="Atlantic Terminal">Flatbush Avenue</a> terminal station (now known as Atlantic Terminal) in Brooklyn was adopted on January 24, 1901, and Contract 2, giving a lease of 35 years, was executed between the commission and the Rapid Transit Construction Company on September 11, with construction beginning at <a href="/wiki/State_Street_(Manhattan)" title="State Street (Manhattan)">State Street</a> in Manhattan on November 8, 1902. Belmont incorporated the IRT in April 1902 as the operating company for both contracts; the IRT leased the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Railway_Company" title="Manhattan Railway Company">Manhattan Railway Company</a>, operator of the four elevated railway lines in Manhattan and the Bronx, on April 1, 1903. Operation of the subway began on October 27, 1904, with the opening of all stations from <a href="/wiki/City_Hall_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">City Hall</a> to <a href="/wiki/145th_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="145th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">145th Street</a> on the West Side Branch.<a href="#cite_note-HISTORY.com_1904-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Service was extended to <a href="/wiki/157th_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="157th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">157th Street</a> on November 12, 1904. The West Side Branch was extended northward to a temporary terminus of <a href="/wiki/221st_Street_(IRT_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="221st Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)">221st Street</a> and Broadway on March 12, 1906.<a href="#cite_note-225th2-64">[64]</a> This extension was served by shuttle trains operating between 157th Street and 221st Street.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The original system as included in Contract 1 was completed on January 14, 1907, when trains started running across the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Ship_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlem Ship Canal">Harlem Ship Canal</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Bridge_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)">Broadway Bridge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill%E2%80%93225th_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marble Hill–225th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">225th Street</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225th2-64">[64]</a> meaning that 221st Street could be closed. Once the line was extended to <a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill%E2%80%93225th_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marble Hill–225th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">225th Street</a>, the structure of the 221st Street was dismantled and was moved to 230th Street for a new temporary terminus. Service was extended to the temporary terminus at 230th Street on January 27, 1907. An extension of Contract 1 north to <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park_%E2%80%93_242nd_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Cortlandt Park – 242nd Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">242nd Street</a> at <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt Park</a> was approved in 1906<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and opened on August 1, 1908.<a href="#cite_note-242nd-67">[67]</a> The original plan had been to turn east on 230th Street to just west of Bailey Avenue, at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">New York Central Railroad</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kings_Bridge_(NYC_station)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kings Bridge (NYC station) (page does not exist)">Kings Bridge</a> station.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> When the line was extended to 242nd Street, the temporary platforms at 230th Street were dismantled, and were rumored to be brought to 242 Street to serve as the station's side platforms. There were two stations on the line that opened later; <a href="/wiki/191st_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="191st Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">191st Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/207th_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="207th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">207th Street</a>. 191st Street was not open until January 14, 1911, because the elevators and other work had not yet been completed. 207th Street was completed in 1906, but since it was located in a sparsely occupied area, the station was opened in 1907. The initial segment of the IRT White Plains Road Line opened on November 26, 1904, between East 180th Street and Jackson Avenue. Initially, trains on the line were served by elevated trains from the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Second_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Second Avenue Line">IRT Second Avenue Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Third_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Third Avenue Line">IRT Third Avenue Line</a>, with a connection running from the Third Avenue local tracks at Third Avenue and 149th Street to Westchester Avenue and Eagle Avenue. Once the connection to the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Lenox_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Lenox Avenue Line">IRT Lenox Avenue Line</a> opened on July 10, 1905, trains from the newly opened IRT subway ran via the line.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Elevated service via this connection was resumed on October 1, 1907, when Second Avenue locals were extended to Freeman Street during rush hours.<a href="#cite_note-TracksofNewYork-70">[70]</a> The line was then extended to Fulton Street on January 16, 1905,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> to Wall Street on June 12, 1905,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and to Bowling Green and South Ferry on July 10, 1905.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In order to complete Contract 2, the subway had to be extended under the East River to reach Brooklyn. The tunnel was named the Joralemon Street Tunnel, which was the first underwater subway tunnel connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, and it opened on January 9, 1908, extending the subway from Bowling Green to Borough Hall.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On May 1, 1908, the construction of Contract 2 was completed when the line was extended from <a href="/wiki/Borough_Hall_(IRT_Eastern_Parkway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough Hall (IRT Eastern Parkway Line)">Borough Hall</a> to <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_(IRT_Eastern_Parkway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Avenue (IRT Eastern Parkway Line)">Atlantic Avenue</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue_(LIRR_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush Avenue (LIRR station)">Flatbush Avenue LIRR station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> When the IRT extension to Brooklyn opened, riders on the BRT's elevated and trolley lines over the Brooklyn Bridge began using the new subway.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrification">Electrification</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electrification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Street_railway_journal_(1904)_(14761767435).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Street_railway_journal_%281904%29_%2814761767435%29.jpg/220px-The_Street_railway_journal_%281904%29_%2814761767435%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Street_railway_journal_%281904%29_%2814761767435%29.jpg/330px-The_Street_railway_journal_%281904%29_%2814761767435%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Street_railway_journal_%281904%29_%2814761767435%29.jpg/440px-The_Street_railway_journal_%281904%29_%2814761767435%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4192" data-file-height="2865" /></a><figcaption>The IRT main powerhouse in 1904</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">Railway electrification system</a></div> The subway system began during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">war of the currents</a> when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> and his opponent, <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a>, struggled over acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> as the standard way to deliver electricity. Alternating current became the standard for non-railroad purposes, but New York City Subway adopted direct current as more suitable for urban railroad purposes.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>: 21  The companies built their own <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a> to generate their DC. To this day, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority" title="New York City Transit Authority">New York City Transit Authority</a> converts alternating current to 600 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a> DC <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a> to power the trains, as do most transit railways around the world. (The <a href="/wiki/A_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="A Division (New York City Subway)">A Division</a> uses 625 V DC third rail.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Triborough_plan">Triborough plan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Triborough plan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYCS_Maps_IRT_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NYCS_Maps_IRT_1904.jpg/300px-NYCS_Maps_IRT_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NYCS_Maps_IRT_1904.jpg/450px-NYCS_Maps_IRT_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NYCS_Maps_IRT_1904.jpg/600px-NYCS_Maps_IRT_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption>A 1918 IRT map, after Contracts 1 and 2 were signed</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1924BMTMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1924BMTMap.jpg/300px-1924BMTMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1924BMTMap.jpg/450px-1924BMTMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/1924BMTMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>A 1924 BMT map</figcaption></figure> After the statutory debt ceiling for the now-united city of New York had been raised, there were more plans for subway construction until 1908. The Triborough plan comprised three new lines: <ul><li>An IRT line from <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry%E2%80%93Whitehall_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ferry–Whitehall Street (New York City Subway)">South Ferry–Whitehall Street</a> in Manhattan, with the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Lexington Avenue Line">IRT Lexington Avenue Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park_(IRT_Pelham_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham Bay Park (IRT Pelham Line)">Pelham Bay Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(IRT_Jerome_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlawn (IRT Jerome Avenue Line)">Woodlawn</a> in the Bronx</li> <li>The BRT <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Street_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau Street Loop">Nassau Street Loop</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Nassau_Street_Line" title="BMT Nassau Street Line">BMT Nassau Street Line</a>. The BRT's track went over the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge" title="Manhattan Bridge">Manhattan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge" title="Williamsburg Bridge">Williamsburg Bridges</a>; the Nassau Street Line was to connect to the Brooklyn Bridge, but never did. The connections to the other two bridges were built, but with the 1967 opening of the <a href="/wiki/Chrystie_Street_Connection" title="Chrystie Street Connection">Chrystie Street Connection</a>, the Manhattan Bridge connection was eliminated.</li> <li>A BRT subway under <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Avenue_(Brooklyn)" title="Fourth Avenue (Brooklyn)">Fourth Avenue</a> in Brooklyn, leading to <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ridge%E2%80%9395th_Street_(BMT_Fourth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Ridge–95th Street (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)">Bay Ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island%E2%80%93Stillwell_Avenue_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue (New York City Subway)">Coney Island</a>. This corresponded to today's <a href="/wiki/BMT_Fourth_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Fourth Avenue Line">Fourth Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMT_Sea_Beach_Line" title="BMT Sea Beach Line">Sea Beach</a> lines.</li></ul> The BRT lines were built to wider profiles because the BRT did not want to use IRT trackage, which was narrower by comparison and carried far fewer passengers per hour. The design was inspired by the cars built for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(MBTA)#Rolling_stock" title="Red Line (MBTA)">Cambridge subway (MBTA Red Line)</a> which were designed after studies were conducted on the design and operation of a subway car that could carry the most passengers the most efficiently. The <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a>, however, had to be the same <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">track gauge</a> so the trains could interoperate under the <a href="/wiki/Dual_Contracts" title="Dual Contracts">Dual Contracts</a>. The Fourth Avenue and Sea Beach lines were opened on June 19, 1915, after years of delays for building of these lines and the Nassau Street Line. The first BRT section, however, had opened on September 16, 1908, from <a href="/wiki/Essex_Street_(BMT_Nassau_Street_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex Street (BMT Nassau Street Line)">Essex Street</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge" title="Williamsburg Bridge">Williamsburg Bridge</a>, but using narrow-width cars.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Until the completion of the Fourth Avenue Line, there was a tram across the Manhattan Bridge which did not connect to any tracks in the New York City Subway. The track was called "<a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge_Three_Cent_Line" title="Manhattan Bridge Three Cent Line">Manhattan Bridge Three Cent Line</a>" because the fare was three cents. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_and_North_River_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn and North River Railroad">Brooklyn and North River Railroad</a>, the two streetcar companies began operations on those tracks. When trackage was connected to the bridge in 1915, the trolleys were moved to the upper level roadways until 1929, when service was discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dual_Contracts">Dual Contracts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dual Contracts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dual_Contracts" title="Dual Contracts">Dual Contracts</a></div> The BRT, which just barely entered Manhattan via the Brooklyn Bridge, wanted the opportunity to compete with the IRT, and the IRT wanted to extend its Brooklyn line to compete with the BRT. This led to the city's agreement to contract for future subways with both the BRT and IRT. The expansion of rapid transit was greatly facilitated by the signing of the Dual Contracts on March 19, 1913. Contract 3 was signed between the IRT and the city; the contract between the BRT and the city was Contract 4. The majority of the present-day subway system was either built or improved under these contracts.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org_dualsystem-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BMT_Astoria_Line" title="BMT Astoria Line">Astoria Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line" title="IRT Flushing Line">Flushing Line</a> were built at this time and were for some time operated by both companies. Under the terms of Contracts 3 and 4, the city would build new subway and elevated lines, rehabilitate and expand certain existing elevated lines, and lease them to the private companies for operation. The cost would be borne more-or-less equally by the city and the companies. The city's contribution was in cash raised by bond offerings, while the companies' contributions were variously by supplying cash, facilities, and equipment to run the lines.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org_dualsystem-43">[43]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queensboro_Plaza.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Queensboro_Plaza.png/250px-Queensboro_Plaza.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Queensboro_Plaza.png/375px-Queensboro_Plaza.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Queensboro_Plaza.png/500px-Queensboro_Plaza.png 2x" data-file-width="1761" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>The track layout of <a href="/wiki/Queensboro_Plaza_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensboro Plaza (New York City Subway)">Queensboro Plaza</a> was complex because the Contracts necessitated two different types of <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a> and two different <a href="/wiki/Fare_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Fare control">fare control</a> areas.</figcaption></figure> As part of the contracts, the two companies were to share lines in Queens: a short line to <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Queens" title="Astoria, Queens">Astoria</a> called the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Astoria_Line" title="BMT Astoria Line">Astoria Line</a>; and a longer line reaching initially to <a href="/wiki/Corona,_Queens" title="Corona, Queens">Corona</a>, and eventually to <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Queens" title="Flushing, Queens">Flushing</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line" title="IRT Flushing Line">Corona Line</a>. The lines operated jointly and began from <a href="/wiki/Queensboro_Plaza_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensboro Plaza (New York City Subway)">Queensboro Plaza</a>. The IRT accessed the station both from the 1907 <a href="/wiki/Steinway_Tunnel" title="Steinway Tunnel">Steinway Tunnel</a> and an extension of the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Second_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Second Avenue Line">Second Avenue Elevated</a> from Manhattan over the <a href="/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge" title="Queensboro Bridge">Queensboro Bridge</a>. The BRT fed the Queens lines from a new tunnel from the <a href="/wiki/60th_Street_Tunnel" title="60th Street Tunnel">60th Street Tunnel</a> to Manhattan. Technically the line was under IRT ownership, but the BRT/BMT was granted <a href="/wiki/Trackage_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Trackage rights">trackage rights</a> in perpetuity, essentially making it theirs also.<a href="#cite_note-diehl-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-derrick-82">[82]</a> Both lines were built to IRT specifications. This meant that IRT passengers had a one-seat ride to Manhattan destinations, whereas BRT passengers had to make a change at Queensborough Plaza. This came to be important when service was extended for the <a href="/wiki/1939_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1939 World's Fair">1939 World's Fair</a>, as the IRT was able to offer direct express trains from Manhattan, and the BRT was not. This practice lasted well into the municipal ownership of the lines and was not ended until 1949.<a href="#cite_note-diehl-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-derrick-82">[82]</a> Several provisions were imposed on the companies: the fare was limited to five cents, and this led to financial troubles for the two companies after post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> inflation; the city had the right to "recapture" any of the lines it built and run them as its own; and the city was to share in the profits. This eventually led to their downfall and consolidation into city ownership in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-diehl-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-derrick-82">[82]</a> As part of the Dual Contracts, the operations of the original IRT system changed drastically. Instead of having trains go via Broadway, turn onto 42nd Street, and finally turn onto Park Avenue, there were two trunk lines connected by the <a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_Shuttle" title="42nd Street Shuttle">42nd Street Shuttle</a>. The system was changed from a "Z" system to an "H" system. The first trunk line, the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Lexington Avenue Line">Lexington Avenue Line</a> assumed the portion of the original IRT system south of Grand Central. The line was extended northward with a new station at Grand Central and turned onto Lexington Avenue, where the line remained as four tracks. The line had connections to the new IRT Pelham Line and IRT Jerome Avenue Line in the Bronx, in addition to a new connection to the IRT White Plains Road Line.<a href="#cite_note-:0-83">[83]</a> The second trunk, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line assumed the portion of the original IRT system north of Times Square, and it extended southward with a new station at Times Square, running down Seventh Avenue, Varick Street and West Broadway. It was predicted that the subway extension would lead to the growth of the Lower West Side, and to neighborhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan" title="Chelsea, Manhattan">Chelsea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>. South of Chambers Street, two branches were constructed. The first branch ran to the Battery via Greenwich Street, while the second branch turned eastward under Park Place and Beeckman Street and down William Street, running under the East River through a tunnel before running under Clark Street and Fulton Street until it reached a junction at Borough Hall with the existing Contract 2 IRT Brooklyn Line.<a href="#cite_note-:0-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Interborough_Subway_Service_Between_Brooklyn_and_Manhattan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/New_Interborough_Subway_Service_Between_Brooklyn_and_Manhattan.jpg/220px-New_Interborough_Subway_Service_Between_Brooklyn_and_Manhattan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/New_Interborough_Subway_Service_Between_Brooklyn_and_Manhattan.jpg/330px-New_Interborough_Subway_Service_Between_Brooklyn_and_Manhattan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/New_Interborough_Subway_Service_Between_Brooklyn_and_Manhattan.jpg/440px-New_Interborough_Subway_Service_Between_Brooklyn_and_Manhattan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A poster informing the public about the new Interborough Subway Service between Brooklyn and Manhattan, via the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line">Clark Street Tunnel</a>, 1919</figcaption></figure> On June 3, 1917, the first portion of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line south of <a href="/wiki/Times_Square%E2%80%9342nd_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Square–42nd Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">Times Square–42nd Street</a>, a shuttle to <a href="/wiki/34th_Street%E2%80%93Penn_Station_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" title="34th Street–Penn Station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">34th Street–Penn Station</a>, opened; a separate shuttle service, running between 42nd and 34th Streets, was created.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> This short extension was opened even though the rest of the route was not yet completed in order to handle the mass of traffic to and from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">Pennsylvania Station</a>. Only the northern part of the station was opened at this time, and piles of plaster, rails, and debris could be seen on the rest of the platforms.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> This shuttle was extended south to <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry_loops_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ferry loops (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">South Ferry</a>, with a shorter shuttle on the Brooklyn branch between <a href="/wiki/Chambers_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">Chambers Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">Wall Street</a>, on July 1, 1918.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The new portion of the Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central to 125th Street opened on July 17, 1918.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Until the evening of August 1, 1918, it ran as a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_shuttles" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Subway shuttles">shuttle</a> on the local tracks only, terminating at 42nd Street and at 167th Street on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Jerome_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Jerome Avenue Line">IRT Jerome Avenue Line</a> (where the connection from the elevated <a href="/wiki/IRT_Ninth_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Ninth Avenue Line">IRT Ninth Avenue Line</a> merged). The new "H" system was implemented on August 1, 1918, joining the two halves of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, and the two halves of the Lexington Avenue Line.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> An immediate result of the switch was the need to transfer using the 42nd Street Shuttle. The completion of the "H" system doubled the capacity of the IRT system.<a href="#cite_note-:0-83">[83]</a> The local tracks ran to South Ferry, while the express tracks used the Brooklyn Branch to Wall Street, extended into Brooklyn to Atlantic Avenue via the <a href="/wiki/Clark_Street_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Street Tunnel">Clark Street Tunnel</a> on April 15, 1919.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The Dual Contracts resulted in the expansion of New York City; people moved to the newly built homes along the newly built subway lines. These homes were affordable, about the same cost as the houses in Brooklyn and Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-derrick-82">[82]</a>: 7  The population in Manhattan below 59th Street decreased between the years of 1910 and 1920.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> People were allowed to move to better parts at the same cost and could have a better and more comfortable life in the suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-derrick-82">[82]</a>: 7  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_System">Independent System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Independent System">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independent_Subway_System" title="Independent Subway System">Independent Subway System</a></div> Mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Hylan" title="John Francis Hylan">John F. Hylan</a> was a strong advocate of public operation of the subway. He was fired from the BRT after working as a <a href="/wiki/Motorman_(locomotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorman (locomotive)">motorman</a> for some time, and he wanted to avoid having to spend more money to recapture the IRT and BRT, so he tried to push the two operators out of business. To that end, Hylan had denied allocating money for the BRT by refusing to build new lines, refusing to raise fares (thereby putting the BRT in more debt), denied building permits so that some major building work lasted longer than planned, and even refused to build a new subway yard for the BRT. The <a href="/wiki/Malbone_Street_Wreck" class="mw-redirect" title="Malbone Street Wreck">Malbone Street Wreck</a> in 1918 contributed to the losses incurred by the two companies, which led to the bankruptcy of the BRT in 1918. The BRT, however, was reorganized into the BMT. The IRT was almost bankrupt, but managed to complete the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line" title="IRT Flushing Line">line to Flushing</a> by 1928. Subsequently, Hylan drew up plans for a third subway network that would be city-built and -operated, in contrast to the existing subway lines, which were privately operated.<a href="#cite_note-diehl-81">[81]</a> On the other hand, New York City had grown to over five and a half million inhabitants and urgently needed new subway lines. The dual system could not keep pace with this ever-increasing ridership. So, a compromise solution was finally found that would allow Hylan's plans as well as the interests of private operators to be considered. However, the city's and Hylan's long-term goal was the unification and consolidation of the existing subway, with the city operating a unified subway system. The city, bolstered by political claims that the private companies were reaping profits at taxpayer expense, determined that it would build, equip and operate a new system itself, with private investment and without sharing the profits with private entities. This led to the building of the Independent City-Owned Subway (ICOS), sometimes called the Independent Subway System (ISS), the Independent City-Owned Rapid Transit Railroad, or simply The Eighth Avenue Subway after the location of its <a href="/wiki/IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line" title="IND Eighth Avenue Line">premier Manhattan mainline</a>. After the city acquired the BMT and IRT in 1940, the Independent lines were dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Subway_System" title="Independent Subway System">IND</a> to follow the three-letter <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialisms</a> of the other systems.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org-91">[91]</a> The original IND system, consisting of the Eighth Avenue mainline and the <a href="/wiki/IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line" title="IND Sixth Avenue Line">Sixth Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/IND_Concourse_Line" title="IND Concourse Line">Concourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/IND_Culver_Line" title="IND Culver Line">Culver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line" title="IND Queens Boulevard Line">Queens Boulevard</a> branch lines, was entirely underground in the four boroughs that it served, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Ninth_Streets_(IND_Culver_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith–Ninth Streets (IND Culver Line)">Smith–Ninth Streets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Avenue_(IND_Culver_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Avenue (IND Culver Line)">Fourth Avenue</a> stations on the <a href="/wiki/Culver_Viaduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Culver Viaduct">Culver Viaduct</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Gowanus_Canal" title="Gowanus Canal">Gowanus Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gowanus,_Brooklyn" title="Gowanus, Brooklyn">Gowanus, Brooklyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lines">Lines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lines">edit</a>]</div> As the first line neared completion, New York City offered it for private operation as a formality, knowing that no operator would meet its terms. Thus the city declared that it would operate it itself, formalizing a foregone conclusion. The first line opened without a formal ceremony. The trains began operating their regular schedules ahead of time, and all stations of the <a href="/wiki/IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line" title="IND Eighth Avenue Line">Eighth Avenue Line</a>, from <a href="/wiki/207th_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="207th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">207th Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inwood,_Manhattan" title="Inwood, Manhattan">Inwood</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Terminal_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson Terminal (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">Hudson Terminal</a> (now World Trade Center), opened simultaneously at one minute after midnight on September 10, 1932.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> On January 1, 1936, a second trunk line—the <a href="/wiki/IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line" title="IND Sixth Avenue Line">Sixth Avenue Line</a>—opened from <a href="/wiki/West_Fourth_Street_%E2%80%93_Washington_Square_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Fourth Street – Washington Square (IND Sixth Avenue Line)">West Fourth Street</a> (where it splits from the Eighth Avenue Line) to <a href="/wiki/East_Broadway_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Broadway (IND Sixth Avenue Line)">East Broadway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-laguardia_opens_link-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The new subway line's construction required the suspension of streetcars on the avenue. The city, wanting to save money by not having to underpin the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Sixth_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Sixth Avenue Line">IRT Sixth Avenue Line</a> before the elevated line was closed, bought the line for $12.5 million and terminated operations on December 5, 1938.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> To help compensate for the loss in service, service on the Ninth Avenue Elevated was increased.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The first section of the Queens Boulevard Line, west from <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Avenue/74th_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street (New York City Subway)">Roosevelt Avenue</a> to <a href="/wiki/50th_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="50th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">50th Street</a>, opened on August 19, 1933.<a href="#cite_note-:32-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/E_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="E (New York City Subway service)">E</a> trains ran local to <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">Hudson Terminal</a> (today's World Trade Center) in Manhattan, while the <a href="/wiki/GG_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="GG (New York City Subway service)">GG</a> (predecessor to current G service) ran as a shuttle service between Queens Plaza and <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Avenue_(IND_Crosstown_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau Avenue (IND Crosstown Line)">Nassau Avenue</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IND_Crosstown_Line" title="IND Crosstown Line">IND Crosstown Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:032-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raskin-RoutesNotTaken-2013-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-INDServicesChart-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-INDQBLCrstwnOpen-1933-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-LIDaily-QBL-CrosstownOpen-Aug1933-103">[103]</a> An extension east to Union Turnpike opened on December 31, 1936.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-WheelsDroveNY-2012-105">[105]</a>: 416–417 <a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-RoosevelttoUTpkeOpen-1036-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-98">[98]</a> The line was extended to Hillside Avenue and 178th Street, with a terminal station at 169th Street on April 24, 1937.<a href="#cite_note-:032-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-WheelsDroveNY-2012-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTImes-QBL169Ext-1937-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTImes-169Test-1937-108">[108]</a> That day, express service began on the Queens Boulevard Line during rush hours, with E trains running express west of 71st–Continental Avenues, and GG trains taking over the local during rush hours.<a href="#cite_note-INDServicesChart-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sparberg2014-109">[109]</a> The initial headway for express service was between three and five minutes.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/23rd_Street%E2%80%93Ely_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Street–Ely Avenue">23rd Street–Ely Avenue</a> station opened as an <a href="/wiki/In-fill_station" class="mw-redirect" title="In-fill station">in-fill station</a> on August 28, 1939.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-23ElyOpen1-1939-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-23ElyOpen2-1939-112">[112]</a> Upon its extension into Jamaica, the line drew Manhattan-bound passengers away from the nearby <a href="/wiki/BMT_Jamaica_Line" title="BMT Jamaica Line">BMT Jamaica Line</a> subway and the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> On July 1, 1937, a third trunk line, the <a href="/wiki/IND_Crosstown_Line" title="IND Crosstown Line">Crosstown Line</a>, opened from <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Avenue_(IND_Crosstown_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau Avenue (IND Crosstown Line)">Nassau Avenue</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bergen_Street_(IND_Culver_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen Street (IND Culver Line)">Bergen Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org-91">[91]</a> Two years later, on December 15, 1940, local service was begun along the entire IND Sixth Avenue line, including its core part through Midtown Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org-91">[91]</a> Meanwhile, on the East Side, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Second_Avenue_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Second Avenue Subway">need for the Second Avenue Subway</a> had been evident since 1919, when the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Service_Commission" title="New York Public Service Commission">New York Public Service Commission</a> launched a study at the behest of engineer Daniel L. Turner to determine what improvements were needed in the city's public transport system. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> resulted in soaring costs, and the expansion became unmanageable, so it was not built along with the other three IND trunk lines. Construction on the first phase of the IND was already behind schedule, and the city and state were no longer able to provide funding. A scaled-down proposal including a turnoff at 34th Street and a connection crosstown was postponed in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org-91">[91]</a> Further revision of the plan and more studies followed. By 1939, construction had been postponed indefinitely, and Second Avenue was relegated to "proposed" status. The 1939 plan for subway expansion took the line not only into the Bronx (by now as a single line to <a href="/wiki/Throggs_Neck" title="Throggs Neck">Throggs Neck</a>) but also south into Brooklyn, connecting to the stub of the <a href="/wiki/IND_Fulton_Street_Line" title="IND Fulton Street Line">IND Fulton Street Line</a> at <a href="/wiki/Court_Street_(IND_Fulton_Street_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court Street (IND Fulton Street Line)">Court Street</a>. Construction of the line resumed in 1972 but was ended during the 1975 fiscal crisis, and work was again restarted in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_plans">Expansion plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Expansion plans">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:404px;max-width:404px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:1929_IND_Second_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1929_IND_Second_System.jpg/184px-1929_IND_Second_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1929_IND_Second_System.jpg/276px-1929_IND_Second_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1929_IND_Second_System.jpg/368px-1929_IND_Second_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="2637" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1929 <a href="/wiki/IND_Second_System" class="mw-redirect" title="IND Second System">expansion plans</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:1939_IND_Second_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/1939_IND_Second_System.jpg/212px-1939_IND_Second_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/1939_IND_Second_System.jpg/318px-1939_IND_Second_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/1939_IND_Second_System.jpg/424px-1939_IND_Second_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2162" data-file-height="3055" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1939 expansion plans</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_New_York_City_Subway_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed New York City Subway expansion">Proposed New York City Subway expansion</a></div> Since the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_the_IRT_subway" title="Early history of the IRT subway">opening</a> of the original New York City Subway line in 1904, various official and planning agencies have proposed numerous extensions to the subway system. One of the better known proposals was the "Second System," which was part of a plan by the Independent Subway to construct new subway lines in addition and take over existing subway lines and railroad right-of-ways. Though most of the routes proposed over the decades have never seen construction, discussion remains strong to develop some of these lines, to alleviate existing subway capacity constraints and overcrowding, the most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue Subway</a>. Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> On August 28, 1922, Mayor John Francis Hylan announced that his new system would comprise 100 miles (160 km) of currently operating routes and another 100 miles of new routes, to be completed by December 31, 1925, and in competition with the IRT and BMT.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 1926, a loop subway service was planned to be built to <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_to_nj-118">[118]</a> The most grandiose plan, conceived in 1929, was to be part of the city-operated IND. By 1939, with unification planned, all three systems were included. As this grandiose expansion was not built, the subway system is only 70% of what it was planned to be. Magnificently engineered, almost entirely underground, with 670 feet (200 m) platforms and <a href="/wiki/Flying_junction" title="Flying junction">flying junctions</a> throughout, the IND system tripled the city's rapid transit debt, contributing to the demise of <a href="/wiki/Proposed_New_York_City_Subway_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed New York City Subway expansion">plans for an ambitious expansion</a> proposed before the first line of the first system was even opened. After the IND Sixth Avenue Line was completed, only 28 new stations were built. Five stations were on the abandoned <a href="/wiki/New_York,_Westchester_and_Boston_Railway" title="New York, Westchester and Boston Railway">NYW&B</a>-operated <a href="/wiki/IRT_Dyre_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Dyre Avenue Line">IRT Dyre Avenue Line</a>, fourteen stations were on the abandoned LIRR <a href="/wiki/Rockaway_Beach_Branch" title="Rockaway Beach Branch">Rockaway Beach Branch</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/IND_Rockaway_Line" title="IND Rockaway Line">IND Rockaway Line</a>), six were on the <a href="/wiki/Archer_Avenue_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Archer Avenue Lines">Archer Avenue Lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/63rd_Street_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="63rd Street Lines">63rd Street Lines</a> (built as part of a 1968 plan), two stations (<a href="/wiki/57th_Street_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="57th Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)">57th Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Street_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)">Grand Street</a>) were part of the <a href="/wiki/Chrystie_Street_Connection" title="Chrystie Street Connection">Chrystie Street Connection</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Harlem%E2%80%93148th_Street_(IRT_Lenox_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlem–148th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)">Harlem–148th Street</a> terminal. Four <a href="/wiki/MTA_Capital_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="MTA Capital Construction">MTA Capital Construction</a>-funded stations (the <a href="/wiki/34th_Street_(IRT_Flushing_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="34th Street (IRT Flushing Line)">34th Street</a> station on the <a href="/wiki/7_Subway_Extension" title="7 Subway Extension">7 Subway Extension</a> and the three stations on the <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue Subway</a>) have been constructed with up to 14 more planned. The city's subway construction costs are the highest in the world, which has slowed the pace of expansion.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unification">Unification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Avenue_El_-_demolition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Second_Avenue_El_-_demolition.jpg/220px-Second_Avenue_El_-_demolition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Second_Avenue_El_-_demolition.jpg/330px-Second_Avenue_El_-_demolition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Second_Avenue_El_-_demolition.jpg/440px-Second_Avenue_El_-_demolition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="4275" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/IRT_Second_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Second Avenue Line">IRT Second Avenue Line</a>, being demolished shortly after unification, 1942</figcaption></figure> In June 1940, the IND's operator, the New York City Board of Transportation, took over the transportation assets of the IRT and BMT.<a href="#cite_note-nyct_facts-14">[14]</a> In June 1953, the New York City Transit Authority, a state agency incorporated for the benefit of the city, now known to the public as MTA New York City Transit, succeeded the BoT.<a href="#cite_note-nyct_facts-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-120">[120]</a> A combination of factors had this takeover coincide with the end of the major rapid transit building eras in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The city immediately began to eliminate what it considered redundancy in the system, closing several elevated lines including the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Ninth_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Ninth Avenue Line">IRT Ninth Avenue Line</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and most of the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Second_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Second Avenue Line">IRT Second Avenue Line</a> in Manhattan,<a href="#cite_note-second_avenue_line-123">[123]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Fifth_Avenue_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Fifth Avenue Line">BMT Fifth</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMT_Third_Avenue_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Third Avenue Line">Third Avenue Lines</a> and most of the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Fulton_Street_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Fulton Street Line">BMT Fulton Street Line</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> in Brooklyn. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_differences">Division differences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Division differences">edit</a>]</div> Despite the unification, a distinction between the three systems survives in the service labels: IRT lines (now referred to as <a href="/wiki/A_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="A Division (New York City Subway)">A Division</a>) have numbers and BMT/IND (now collectively <a href="/wiki/B_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="B Division (New York City Subway)">B Division</a>) lines use letters.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> There is also a physical and less widely noticed difference, as A Division cars are narrower than those of B Division by 18 inches (46 cm)<a href="#cite_note-banksofthesusquehanna-128">[128]</a> and shorter by 9 feet (2.7 m) to 24 feet (7.3 m).<a href="#cite_note-banksofthesusquehanna-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Because the A Division lines are of lower capacity for a given capital investment, all new extensions and lines built between World War II and 2007<a href="#cite_note-construction27-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-tienyi1-132">[132]</a> have been for the B Division. A Division cars can travel on B Division lines when necessary but are not used for passenger service on those lines because of the dangerously wide gap between the car and the station platform. This stems from the IRT and BRT's long-standing disagreement where the BRT intentionally built cars that were too wide for the IRT.<a href="#cite_note-diehl-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_Subway_Car_1950s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NYC_Subway_Car_1950s.png/220px-NYC_Subway_Car_1950s.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NYC_Subway_Car_1950s.png/330px-NYC_Subway_Car_1950s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NYC_Subway_Car_1950s.png/440px-NYC_Subway_Car_1950s.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>The interior of an IRT Third Avenue Line car before the line's demolition in the 1950s.</figcaption></figure> The original IRT subway lines (those built before the Dual Contracts) were built to modified elevated line dimensions. Whereas the IRT lines were originally equipped with cars that were 47 feet (14 m) long, the cars designed for the IRT subway measure 51.3 feet (15.6 m) long. Both sets of lines did not permit cars wider than 9 feet (2.7 m). The clearances and curves on these lines are too narrow and too sharp for any IND or BMT equipment. The later extensions of the IRT, constituting the bulk of the IRT system, were built to wider dimensions, and so are of a profile that could support the use of IND/BMT sized equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Direct_to_Flushing-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org_dualsystem-43">[43]</a> B Division equipment could operate on much of A Division if station platforms were trimmed and trackside equipment moved, thus letting A Division service carry more passengers. However, there is virtually no chance of this happening because the older, narrower portions of A Division are centrally situated, such that it would be impossible to put together coherent through services. The most that can be reasonably hoped for is that some branch lines of Division A might be resized and attached to B Division lines. This was done with the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Astoria_Line" title="BMT Astoria Line">BMT Astoria Line</a> in Queens<a href="#cite_note-Direct_to_Flushing-133">[133]</a> which had formerly been dual-operated with normal IRT trains and special narrow BMT shuttles.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org_dualsystem-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-unification_expansion_and_reorganization">Post-unification expansion and reorganization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Post-unification expansion and reorganization">edit</a>]</div> New York hoped that the profits from the remaining formerly privately operated routes would support the expensive and deficit-ridden IND lines and simultaneously be able to repay the systems' debts, without having to increase the original fare of five cents. But during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which gave a reprieve to the closure of most rail transit in the U.S., some closures continued, including the remainder of the IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan (1942)<a href="#cite_note-second_avenue_line-123">[123]</a> and the surviving BMT elevated services over the Brooklyn Bridge (1944).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The Second World War also caused renewed inflation, which finally caused a fare increase to ten cents in 1947 and six years later to 15 cents.<a href="#cite_note-diehl-81">[81]</a> Ridership skyrocketed during the late 1940s, and on December 23, 1946, the system-wide record of 8,872,249 fares was set.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>: 73  Because the consolidation dragged in the first years after unification, some improvements in operational processes were rather slow, and soon the question of organization was raised. The outsourcing of subway operations to the <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</a> was favored at one point. On June 15, 1953, the NYCTA was founded with the aim of ensuring a cost-covering and efficient operation in the subways.<a href="#cite_note-diehl-81">[81]</a> There was a need to overhaul rolling stock and infrastructure of the once-private routes, especially for the IRT, where nearly all of the infrastructure was aged. The oldest cars came there from the time the subway opened in 1904, and the oldest subway cars of BMT in 1953 dated from the system's first years, in 1913. Therefore, a total of 2,860 cars for the A Division were delivered between 1948 and 1965, which constituted the replacement of almost the entire prewar IRT fleet. On the B Division, 2,760 cars were ordered. Platforms were doubled in length systemwide. At some stations, <a href="/wiki/Gap_filler" class="mw-redirect" title="Gap filler">gap fillers</a> were installed because the station extensions were curved. Also in this period, the BMT replaced their signals. The <a href="/wiki/R36_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R36 (New York City Subway car)">Main Line R36</a> cars were the first equipment to be equipped with two-way radio as delivered standard equipment in 1965, with the first use of radio in the subway system on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Lexington Avenue Line">IRT Lexington Avenue Line</a> in May 1965. The first successful air conditioned train (<a href="/wiki/R38_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R38 (New York City Subway car)">R38</a>) was placed into service in July 1967.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In 1946, Mayor <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Dwyer" title="William O'Dwyer">William O'Dwyer</a> initiated a program to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car trains. The first contract, which was completed in August 1946, extended the platforms at 125th Street, 207th Street, 215th Street, 225th Street, 231st Street and 238th Street on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line">IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line</a> for $423,000. Additional platform extensions were completed on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line in October 1946. On this date the platform extensions at 103rd Street, 110th Street, 116th Street, 137th Street, 145th Street, 157th Street, 168th Street, 181st Street, 191st Street and Dyckman Street were completed. This project cost $3.891 million. The platform extensions at the Hoyt Street station on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Eastern_Parkway_Line" title="IRT Eastern Parkway Line">IRT Eastern Parkway Line</a> opened in November 1946, being completed for $733,200. Stations along the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Lexington Avenue Line">IRT Lexington Avenue Line</a> were next to receive the improvements.<a href="#cite_note-Crowell-137">[137]</a> In January 1947, the 23rd Street, 28th Street and 33rd Street platform extensions were completed, costing $4.003 million. Work was subsequently completed at the Bleecker Street and Spring Street stations for $1.97 million. The $1.992 million contract to lengthen the platforms at the Canal Street and Worth Street stations to the south was completed in April 1947. In September 1947, a contract extending the platforms for stations in the Bronx was completed. The first stage of the plan was completed in June 1949, lengthening the platforms at Prospect Avenue, Jackson Avenue, Intervale Avenue, Simpson Street, Freeman Avenue, 174th Street and 177th Street on the IRT White Plains Road Line for $315,000. In September 1949, the Chairman of the Board of Transportation, William Reid, announced that the program to lengthen 32 IRT stations had been completed for $13.327 million. Reid also announced that the Board had created a five-year plan to lengthen all remaining BMT and IRT stations to accommodate ten-car trains.<a href="#cite_note-Crowell-137">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nostalgia_Train_(8892011318).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nostalgia_Train_%288892011318%29.jpg/220px-Nostalgia_Train_%288892011318%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nostalgia_Train_%288892011318%29.jpg/330px-Nostalgia_Train_%288892011318%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nostalgia_Train_%288892011318%29.jpg/440px-Nostalgia_Train_%288892011318%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2353" data-file-height="1778" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="A (New York City Subway service)">A</a> train on the <a href="/wiki/IND_Rockaway_Line" title="IND Rockaway Line">IND Rockaway Line</a>, opened in 1956 as one of two major expansions of the system in the mid-20th century</figcaption></figure> Only two new lines were opened in this era,<a href="#cite_note-:2-120">[120]</a> the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Dyre_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Dyre Avenue Line">IRT Dyre Avenue Line</a> in 1941<a href="#cite_note-:8-138">[138]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IND_Rockaway_Line" title="IND Rockaway Line">IND Rockaway Line</a> in 1956,<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-INDRkwyOpen-19562-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rockawave-INDRkwyOpen-June281956-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> with an extension of the latter to <a href="/wiki/Far_Rockaway%E2%80%93Mott_Avenue_(IND_Rockaway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue (IND Rockaway Line)">Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue</a> in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-NYTImes-FarRkwyIND-Open-1958-143">[143]</a> Both of these lines were rehabilitations of existing railroad rights-of-way rather than new construction. The former line was the City portion of the <a href="/wiki/New_York,_Westchester_and_Boston_Railway" title="New York, Westchester and Boston Railway">New York, Westchester and Boston Railway</a>, an electrified commuter line closed in 1937,<a href="#cite_note-:8-138">[138]</a> and the latter a line obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-144">[144]</a> While the latter is a long and substantial line, it consists mostly of a long right-of-way crossing <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Bay" title="Jamaica Bay">Jamaica Bay</a> with a single station on <a href="/wiki/Broad_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad Channel">Broad Channel</a> island and two branches on a peninsula that is only several city blocks wide.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> For a time, the IND Rockaway Line was considered its own subway division.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org-91">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/169th_Street_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="169th Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)">169th Street</a> station on the IND Queens Boulevard Line provided an unsatisfactory terminal setup for a four track line, and this required the turning of F trains at Parsons Boulevard, and no storage facilities were provided at the station. Therefore, the line was going to be extended to 184th Place with a station at <a href="/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93179th_Street_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica–179th Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)">179th Street</a> with two island platforms, sufficient entrances and exits, and storage for four 10-car trains. The facilities would allow for the operation of express and local service to the station.<a href="#cite_note-:06-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-BOT-1949-147">[147]</a> Construction on the extension started in 1946 with planned completion in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-BOT-1949-147">[147]</a> The extension was completed later than expected and opened on December 11, 1950.<a href="#cite_note-NYTImes-179open-1950-148">[148]</a> This extension was delayed due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Both E and F trains were extended to the new station.<a href="#cite_note-NYTImes-179open-1950-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTImes-179StRoute-1946-149">[149]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Decline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Down_Culver_Ramp_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Down_Culver_Ramp_jeh.JPG/220px-Down_Culver_Ramp_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Down_Culver_Ramp_jeh.JPG/330px-Down_Culver_Ramp_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Down_Culver_Ramp_jeh.JPG/440px-Down_Culver_Ramp_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Culver_Ramp" class="mw-redirect" title="Culver Ramp">Culver Ramp</a> was completed in 1954</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culver_stub_Cortelyou_Rd_2008_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Culver_stub_Cortelyou_Rd_2008_jeh.jpg/220px-Culver_stub_Cortelyou_Rd_2008_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Culver_stub_Cortelyou_Rd_2008_jeh.jpg/330px-Culver_stub_Cortelyou_Rd_2008_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Culver_stub_Cortelyou_Rd_2008_jeh.jpg/440px-Culver_stub_Cortelyou_Rd_2008_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>Soon after the Culver Ramp was completed, parts of the ex-<a href="/wiki/BMT_Culver_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Culver Line">BMT Culver Line</a> were demolished. This is a stub to the former line</figcaption></figure> The originally planned IND system was built to the completion of its original plans after World War II ended, but the system then entered an era of <a href="/wiki/Deferred_maintenance" title="Deferred maintenance">deferred maintenance</a> in which infrastructure was allowed to deteriorate. In 1951 a half-billion dollar bond issue was passed to build the <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue Subway</a>, but money from this issue was used for other priorities and the building of short connector lines, namely a ramp extending the <a href="/wiki/IND_Culver_Line" title="IND Culver Line">IND Culver Line</a> over the ex-BMT Culver Line at Ditmas and McDonald Avenues in Brooklyn (1954), allowing IND subway service to operate to <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> for the first time,<a href="#cite_note-:2-120">[120]</a> the <a href="/wiki/60th_Street_Tunnel_Connection" title="60th Street Tunnel Connection">60th Street Tunnel Connection</a> (1955), linking the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Broadway_Line" title="BMT Broadway Line">BMT Broadway Line</a> to the <a href="/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line" title="IND Queens Boulevard Line">IND Queens Boulevard Line</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-120">[120]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chrystie_Street_Connection" title="Chrystie Street Connection">Chrystie Street Connection</a> (1967), linking the BMT line via the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge" title="Manhattan Bridge">Manhattan Bridge</a> to the <a href="/wiki/IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line" title="IND Sixth Avenue Line">IND Sixth Avenue Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> By January 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge_and_Tunnel_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority">Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority</a> could theoretically raise $1.25 billion effective immediately (equivalent to $14,217,000,000 in 2023). In his 1974 book <a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert A. Caro</a> estimated that this amount of money could modernize both the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> for $700 million and the <a href="/wiki/PATH_(rail_system)" title="PATH (rail system)">Hudson & Manhattan Railroad</a> for $500 million, with money left over to build the <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue Subway</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Proposed_expansion_of_the_New_York_City_Subway#1954" title="Proposed expansion of the New York City Subway">proposed extensions</a> of subway lines in Queens and Brooklyn.<a href="#cite_note-Caro1974-151">[151]</a>: 928–929  However, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a>, the city's chief urban planner at the time, did not allow funding for most mass transit expansions in the New York City area,<a href="#cite_note-Caro1974-151">[151]</a>: 930–933  instead building highways and parkways without any provisions for mass transit lines in the future.<a href="#cite_note-Caro1974-151">[151]</a>: 939–958  Caro noted that the lack of attention to mass transit expansions and routine maintenance contributed to the decline of the subway: "When Robert Moses came to power in New York in 1934, the city's mass transportation system was probably the best in the world. When he left power in 1968 it was quite possibly the worst."<a href="#cite_note-Caro1974-151">[151]</a>: 933  Soon after, the city entered a fiscal crisis. Closures of elevated lines continued. These closures included the entire <a href="/wiki/IRT_Third_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Third Avenue Line">IRT Third Avenue Line</a> in Manhattan (1955) and the Bronx (1973), as well as the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Lexington Avenue Line">BMT Lexington Avenue Line</a> (1950), much of the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Fulton_Street_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Fulton Street Line">BMT Fulton Street Line</a> (1956), the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">downtown Brooklyn</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Myrtle_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Myrtle Avenue Line">BMT Myrtle Avenue Line</a> (1969), and the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Culver_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Culver Shuttle">BMT Culver Shuttle</a> (1975), all in Brooklyn, and the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Jamaica_Line" title="BMT Jamaica Line">BMT Jamaica Line</a> in Queens starting in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1970s-152">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BMT_Archer_Avenue_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Archer Avenue Line">BMT Archer Avenue Line</a> was supposed to replace the BMT Jamaica Line's eastern end, but it was never completed to its full extent, and opened in 1988 as a stub-end line, terminating at Jamaica Center.<a href="#cite_note-:2-120">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BROOKLYN%27S_BUSHWICK_AVENUE_SEEN_FROM_AN_ELEVATED_TRAIN_PLATFORM_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._THE_INNER_CITY_TODAY_IS_AN_ABSOLUTE..._-_NARA_-_555925.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/BROOKLYN%27S_BUSHWICK_AVENUE_SEEN_FROM_AN_ELEVATED_TRAIN_PLATFORM_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._THE_INNER_CITY_TODAY_IS_AN_ABSOLUTE..._-_NARA_-_555925.tif/lossy-page1-170px-BROOKLYN%27S_BUSHWICK_AVENUE_SEEN_FROM_AN_ELEVATED_TRAIN_PLATFORM_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._THE_INNER_CITY_TODAY_IS_AN_ABSOLUTE..._-_NARA_-_555925.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/BROOKLYN%27S_BUSHWICK_AVENUE_SEEN_FROM_AN_ELEVATED_TRAIN_PLATFORM_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._THE_INNER_CITY_TODAY_IS_AN_ABSOLUTE..._-_NARA_-_555925.tif/lossy-page1-255px-BROOKLYN%27S_BUSHWICK_AVENUE_SEEN_FROM_AN_ELEVATED_TRAIN_PLATFORM_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._THE_INNER_CITY_TODAY_IS_AN_ABSOLUTE..._-_NARA_-_555925.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/BROOKLYN%27S_BUSHWICK_AVENUE_SEEN_FROM_AN_ELEVATED_TRAIN_PLATFORM_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._THE_INNER_CITY_TODAY_IS_AN_ABSOLUTE..._-_NARA_-_555925.tif/lossy-page1-340px-BROOKLYN%27S_BUSHWICK_AVENUE_SEEN_FROM_AN_ELEVATED_TRAIN_PLATFORM_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._THE_INNER_CITY_TODAY_IS_AN_ABSOLUTE..._-_NARA_-_555925.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Much of the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Myrtle_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Myrtle Avenue Line">BMT Myrtle Avenue Line</a> in Brooklyn was demolished. Pictured is the remaining portion in 1974</figcaption></figure> Construction and maintenance of existing lines was deferred, and graffiti and crime were very common. Trains frequently broke down, were poorly maintained, and were often late, while ridership declined by the millions each year. As in all of the city, crime was rampant in the subway in the 1970s. Thefts, robberies, shootings and killings became more frequent. The rolling stock was very often painted with graffiti or vandalized both inside and outside. As the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a> was completely overwhelmed, the public reacted with unease, and the subway was deliberately avoided. Around 1980, the reliability of the vehicles was a tenth of their reliability in the 1960s, and 40 percent of the network required speed restrictions. Because there had been no further studies of the subway since 1975, one third of the fleet was out of use during rush hours due to serious technical defects. In addition, signs were fitted incorrectly, and spare parts were missing or were bought in too large quantities, could not be found, or could not be installed due to lack of repairmen.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1970s-152">[152]</a> The New York City Subway tried to keep its budget balanced between spending and revenue, so deferred maintenance became more common, which drew a slow but steady decline of the system and rolling stock. Furthermore, the workers were consolidated into the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Transport Workers Union of America">Transport Workers Union</a> in 1968. A pension was set up, and workers were allowed to retire after 20 years of service without any transitional period. About a third of the most highly experienced staff immediately retired, resulting in a large shortage of skilled workers.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1970s-152">[152]</a> Rehabilitation started in the 1980s as part of a $18 billion financing program. Between 1985 and 1991 over 3,000 subway cars were overhauled and fitted with <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> to increase comfort, reliability and durability while deferring car purchases. The TA only replaced the oldest cars in each division, so it bought only 1,350 new vehicles. Increased patrols and fences around the train yards offered better protection against graffiti and vandalism.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> At the same time, the TA began an extensive renovation of the routes. Within ten years the tracks were thereby renewed almost systemwide. The Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge, which had strong corrosion damage, were refurbished over the years.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> The renovation of the stations was initially limited to security measures, fresh paint, new lighting and signs, but the TA also tried to improve the service that had been neglected. This ranged from new uniforms and training for the staff to correct destination signs on the rolling stock. Some <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_services" title="List of New York City Subway services">subway services</a> were also adapted to the changing needs of customers.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> Another stated goal was to reduce crime or at least an improvement in the subjective sense of security. At night, the railway police and members of the citizens' initiative <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Angels" title="Guardian Angels">Guardian Angels</a>, formed in 1979, patrolled in the subway trains.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> In the 1990s, the crime in the city and its subway declined significantly. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1950s_and_early_1960s">Late 1950s and early 1960s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Late 1950s and early 1960s">edit</a>]</div> In 1956, the NYCTA chairman, Charles Patterson, proposed removing the seats from the trains on the <a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_Shuttle" title="42nd Street Shuttle">42nd Street Shuttle</a> to increase the passenger load.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> On May 1, 1957, a standard maximum interval of 20 minutes between trains was put into place during late nights, with the exception of the Rockaway lines where it was 24 minutes. Some lines had service run as infrequently as 30 minutes. Also on this date, BMT express service was extended to 57th Street from 42nd Street. Earlier in 1957, local service on the BMT Jamaica Line was extended to Crescent Street from Eastern Parkway, and rush hour service was increased to run every 5 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Under a $100 million rebuilding program, increased and lengthened service was implemented during peak hours on the 1 train. Switching at a junction north of 96th Street, delayed service as trains from the Lenox Avenue Line which ran local switched from the express to the local, while trains from the Broadway Branch that ran express switched from the local to the express. This bottleneck was removed on February 6, 1959. All Broadway trains were locals, and all Lenox Avenue trains were expresses, eliminating the need to switch tracks. All 3 trains began to run express south of 96th Street on that date running to Brooklyn. 1 trains began to run between 242nd Street and South Ferry all times. Trains began to be branded as Hi-Speed Locals, being as fast as the old express service was with 8-car trains consisting of new <a href="/wiki/R21_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R21 (New York City Subway car)">R21s</a> and <a href="/wiki/R22_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R22 (New York City Subway car)">R22s</a> on the line.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> On November 15, 1962, the express platforms at <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue/59th_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Avenue/59th Street (New York City Subway)">Lexington Avenue–59th Street</a> opened to reduce transfer congestion at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central%E2%80%9342nd_Street_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Central–42nd Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">Grand Central–42nd Street</a>, and to allow transfers between the express trains and BMT trains to <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>. Even before the express platforms were added, this station was the busiest on the line.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Construction on the express station had begun on August 10, 1959.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_for_Action">Program for Action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Program for Action">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAS64thStreet201201.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SAS64thStreet201201.jpg/220px-SAS64thStreet201201.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SAS64thStreet201201.jpg/330px-SAS64thStreet201201.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SAS64thStreet201201.jpg/440px-SAS64thStreet201201.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue Subway</a> tunnel</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Program_for_Action" title="Program for Action">Program for Action</a></div> In the mid-1960s, <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>600,000,000 was made available to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> for a large subway expansion proposed by then-Mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a>. About $1.23 billion was spent to create three <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a> and a half-dozen holes as part of construction on the <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/63rd_Street_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="63rd Street Lines">63rd Street Lines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1970s-152">[152]</a> Construction for the lines stopped in 1975 because the city almost went bankrupt, yet none of the lines were done when federal payments were suspended in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The two-phase <a href="/wiki/Program_for_Action" title="Program for Action">Program for Action</a> was funded as follows:<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <ul><li>Phase I was to cost $1.6 billion and be completed over the span of a decade.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a></li> <li>Phase II came after Phase I and cost $1.3 billion. Phase II was composed of mostly extensions of existing lines and Phase I-built lines.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a></li></ul> The Program for Action also called for supplanting elevated structures with new subways. The eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Jamaica_Line" title="BMT Jamaica Line">BMT Jamaica Line</a> was to be replaced with the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Archer_Avenue_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Archer Avenue Line">BMT Archer Avenue Line</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Third_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Third Avenue Line">IRT Third Avenue Line</a> was to be demolished to make way for a subway route parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North</a> tracks at Park Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deferred_maintenance">Deferred maintenance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Deferred maintenance">edit</a>]</div> Because the early subway systems competed with each other, they tended to cover the same areas of the city, leading to much overlapping service. The amount of service has actually decreased since the 1940s as many elevated railways were torn down, and finding funding for underground replacements has proven difficult. The subway's decline began in the 1960s and continued through the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graffiti">Graffiti</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Graffiti">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_New_York_City" title="Graffiti in New York City">Graffiti in New York City</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HAMBURGER_STAND_OFFERS_CUSTOMERS_A_QUICK_BITE_WHILE_WAITING_FOR_THEIR_SUBWAY_TRAIN_ON_THE_42ND_STREET_STATION..._-_NARA_-_556816.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HAMBURGER_STAND_OFFERS_CUSTOMERS_A_QUICK_BITE_WHILE_WAITING_FOR_THEIR_SUBWAY_TRAIN_ON_THE_42ND_STREET_STATION..._-_NARA_-_556816.jpg/220px-HAMBURGER_STAND_OFFERS_CUSTOMERS_A_QUICK_BITE_WHILE_WAITING_FOR_THEIR_SUBWAY_TRAIN_ON_THE_42ND_STREET_STATION..._-_NARA_-_556816.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HAMBURGER_STAND_OFFERS_CUSTOMERS_A_QUICK_BITE_WHILE_WAITING_FOR_THEIR_SUBWAY_TRAIN_ON_THE_42ND_STREET_STATION..._-_NARA_-_556816.jpg/330px-HAMBURGER_STAND_OFFERS_CUSTOMERS_A_QUICK_BITE_WHILE_WAITING_FOR_THEIR_SUBWAY_TRAIN_ON_THE_42ND_STREET_STATION..._-_NARA_-_556816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HAMBURGER_STAND_OFFERS_CUSTOMERS_A_QUICK_BITE_WHILE_WAITING_FOR_THEIR_SUBWAY_TRAIN_ON_THE_42ND_STREET_STATION..._-_NARA_-_556816.jpg/440px-HAMBURGER_STAND_OFFERS_CUSTOMERS_A_QUICK_BITE_WHILE_WAITING_FOR_THEIR_SUBWAY_TRAIN_ON_THE_42ND_STREET_STATION..._-_NARA_-_556816.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Fast food stands operated in stations until the 1980s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYCS_R22_exterior_tagged.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/NYCS_R22_exterior_tagged.jpg/220px-NYCS_R22_exterior_tagged.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/NYCS_R22_exterior_tagged.jpg/330px-NYCS_R22_exterior_tagged.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/NYCS_R22_exterior_tagged.jpg/440px-NYCS_R22_exterior_tagged.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>A typical graffiti-tagged car in 1979</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GRAFFITI_ON_A_SUBWAY_CAR_ON_THE_LEXINGTON_AVENUE_LINE_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._IN_1973_TRANSIT_AUTHORITY_POLICE_ARRESTED..._-_NARA_-_556811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/GRAFFITI_ON_A_SUBWAY_CAR_ON_THE_LEXINGTON_AVENUE_LINE_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._IN_1973_TRANSIT_AUTHORITY_POLICE_ARRESTED..._-_NARA_-_556811.jpg/220px-GRAFFITI_ON_A_SUBWAY_CAR_ON_THE_LEXINGTON_AVENUE_LINE_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._IN_1973_TRANSIT_AUTHORITY_POLICE_ARRESTED..._-_NARA_-_556811.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/GRAFFITI_ON_A_SUBWAY_CAR_ON_THE_LEXINGTON_AVENUE_LINE_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._IN_1973_TRANSIT_AUTHORITY_POLICE_ARRESTED..._-_NARA_-_556811.jpg/330px-GRAFFITI_ON_A_SUBWAY_CAR_ON_THE_LEXINGTON_AVENUE_LINE_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._IN_1973_TRANSIT_AUTHORITY_POLICE_ARRESTED..._-_NARA_-_556811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/GRAFFITI_ON_A_SUBWAY_CAR_ON_THE_LEXINGTON_AVENUE_LINE_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._IN_1973_TRANSIT_AUTHORITY_POLICE_ARRESTED..._-_NARA_-_556811.jpg/440px-GRAFFITI_ON_A_SUBWAY_CAR_ON_THE_LEXINGTON_AVENUE_LINE_IN_NEW_YORK_CITY._IN_1973_TRANSIT_AUTHORITY_POLICE_ARRESTED..._-_NARA_-_556811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>A graffitied car on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Lexington Avenue Line">IRT Lexington Avenue Line</a> (1973)</figcaption></figure> In 1973, the city's graffiti epidemic surged so that nearly every subway car was tagged with graffiti.<a href="#cite_note-Graz-161">[161]</a> It was worsened by the budgetary restraints on New York City, which limited its ability to remove graffiti and perform transit maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-grafh1-162">[162]</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> declared the first war on graffiti in 1972, but it would be a while before the city was able and willing to dedicate enough resources to that problem to start impacting the growing subculture.<a href="#cite_note-grafh1-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYMagGraf-163">[163]</a> The MTA tried rubbing the graffiti off with an acid solution, but maintaining the cars to keep them relatively graffiti-free was costing them around $1.3 million annually. In the winter of 1973, the car-washing program was stopped. Attempts to wash cars with an acid solution in September 1974 were detrimental to the fleets' upkeep.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> As graffiti became associated with crime, many demanded that the government take a more serious stance toward it, particularly after the popularization of the <a href="/wiki/Fixing_Broken_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixing Broken Windows">Fixing Broken Windows</a> philosophy in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-NYMagGraf-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-kgl-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> By the 1980s, increased police surveillance and implementation of increased security measures (razor wire, guard dogs) combined with continuous efforts to clean it up led to the weakening of the New York's graffiti subculture.<a href="#cite_note-Graz-161">[161]</a> An extensive car-washing program in the late 1980s ensured the elimination of graffiti throughout the system's rolling stock. In 1984 the NYCTA began a five-year program to eradicate graffiti. The years between 1985 and 1989 became known as the "die hard" era.<a href="#cite_note-grafh1-162">[162]</a> A last shot for the graffiti artists of this time was in the form of subway cars destined for the <a href="/wiki/Scrap_yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrap yard">scrap yard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grafh1-162">[162]</a> With the increased security, the previous elaborate "burners" on the outside of cars were now marred with simplistic marker tags which often soaked through the paint.<a href="#cite_note-:2-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-grafh1-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYMagGraf-163">[163]</a> By mid-1986 the NYCTA were winning their "war on graffiti". On May 10, 1989, the rolling stock was made 100% graffiti-free,<a href="#cite_note-nyt19890510-166">[166]</a> with the washing of the last train in the subway system that still had graffiti.<a href="#cite_note-:1-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-grafh2-168">[168]</a> As the population of artists lowered so did the violence associated with graffiti crews and "bombing".<a href="#cite_note-grafh1-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ridership_and_service_cuts">Ridership and service cuts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ridership and service cuts">edit</a>]</div> Ridership in 1975 had decreased to a point last seen in 1918, with ridership decreasing by 25 million or more per year. The MTA reduced the length of trains during off-peak periods, and canceled work on several projects being built as part of the Program for Action, including the <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue Subway</a> and an <a href="/wiki/East_Side_Access" title="East Side Access">LIRR line</a> through the <a href="/wiki/63rd_Street_Tunnel" title="63rd Street Tunnel">63rd Street Tunnel</a> to a Metropolitan Transportation Center in <a href="/wiki/East_Midtown,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="East Midtown, Manhattan">East Midtown, Manhattan</a>. Ridership kept dropping rapidly, having decreased by 25 million passengers between June 30, 1976, and June 30, 1977; in the previous eight years, 327 million passengers had stopped using the subway.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> The proportion of the fleet that was in service during the morning peak period was reduced, and train headways were increased: on four local services, trains were reduced from once every four minutes to once every five minutes.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-169">[169]</a> On May 27, 1975, the NYCTA announced that in September of that year 94 daily IRT trips would be discontinued, accounting for 4 percent of then-existing service on the IRT. The trips were to be discontinued to cut operating deficits. Express service on the 7 train was to be discontinued between the hours of 9:30 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. and was to be replaced by more frequent local service.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> During the same month, the NYCTA was considering making the A train a local at all times except rush hours, when it would remain an express.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> On December 17, 1975, the MTA announced that a 4.4 percent cutback of rush hour train service would take place on January 18, 1976. The cutbacks, the third of the year, trimmed 279 train runs from the previous 6,900. Service was most drastically reduced on the Lexington Avenue Line, with seven fewer southbound express trains during the morning rush hours. The cuts were the first of a three-phase program that was put in effect between January and July 1976. The cuts permitted a savings of $12.6 million a year for the NYCTA, which had an increasing deficit. Other subway services were changed or discontinued as part of the plan. On January 19, F trains were planned to stop running express in Brooklyn, and the GG was to be cut back to <a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Ninth_Streets_(IND_Culver_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith–Ninth Streets (IND Culver Line)">Smith–Ninth Streets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trim_1975-172">[172]</a> In April 1975 it was planned that all rush hour 1 trains would begin running to <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park%E2%80%93242nd_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">242nd Street</a>; these runs had previously terminated at <a href="/wiki/137th_Street%E2%80%93City_College_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="137th Street–City College (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">137th Street</a>. During midday hours, trains on the 1 were to be shortened to five cars. In July, it was planned that the EE would be discontinued; N trains were to have been extended to Continental Avenue via the Queens Boulevard Line to replace it. Manhattan-bound N trains were to continue running express, while in the opposite direction they would run local. N trains would alternate between terminating at Whitehall Street or Coney Island during rush hours. CC trains, in July, were planned to be extended from Hudson Terminal to Rockaway Park replacing the E, which was to have been cut back to Hudson Terminal. The K was planned to be discontinued in July.<a href="#cite_note-Trim_1975-172">[172]</a> The changes that were supposed to take place in July instead took effect on August 30 with 215 more runs eliminated that date. In 1967 there were 8,200 daily trips, and on August 30, 1976, there were 6,337 daily trips.<a href="#cite_note-:3-169">[169]</a> On December 14, 1976, the NYCTA proposed another package of service cuts. The cuts, planned to take effect in January 1977, would have eliminated service on the Bowling Green–South Ferry Shuttle, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and AA service, which would be replaced by the A during late nights. GG service would be truncated to Queens Plaza during late evenings and late nights. B and N service would have been cut back to shuttles, running between 36th Street and Coney Island on their respective lines. It was also proposed that during off-peak hours 10-car trains would be cut to eight, six or four car trains.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In 1986, the NYCTA launched a study to determine whether to close 79 stations on 11 routes, spread across all four of the boroughs that the subway system served, due to low ridership and high repair costs.<a href="#cite_note-Brooke_1986_p781-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-n139526241-175">[175]</a> Numerous figures, including New York City Council member <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greitzer" title="Carol Greitzer">Carol Greitzer</a>, criticized the plans.<a href="#cite_note-n139526241-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finder_1986_j495-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N_approaching_6_Av_in_BR_trench_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/N_approaching_6_Av_in_BR_trench_jeh.JPG/220px-N_approaching_6_Av_in_BR_trench_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/N_approaching_6_Av_in_BR_trench_jeh.JPG/330px-N_approaching_6_Av_in_BR_trench_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/N_approaching_6_Av_in_BR_trench_jeh.JPG/440px-N_approaching_6_Av_in_BR_trench_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/BMT_Sea_Beach_Line" title="BMT Sea Beach Line">BMT Sea Beach Line</a>. Note the single express track; the other express track was removed in the 1980s due to deferred maintenance</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:63rd_Dr%E2%80%93Rego_Park_IND_td_(2019-03-17)_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/63rd_Dr%E2%80%93Rego_Park_IND_td_%282019-03-17%29_16.jpg/220px-63rd_Dr%E2%80%93Rego_Park_IND_td_%282019-03-17%29_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/63rd_Dr%E2%80%93Rego_Park_IND_td_%282019-03-17%29_16.jpg/330px-63rd_Dr%E2%80%93Rego_Park_IND_td_%282019-03-17%29_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/63rd_Dr%E2%80%93Rego_Park_IND_td_%282019-03-17%29_16.jpg/440px-63rd_Dr%E2%80%93Rego_Park_IND_td_%282019-03-17%29_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/R46_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R46 (New York City Subway car)">R46s</a>, the newest cars in the system in 1976, broke down the most due to their cracked trucks</figcaption></figure> The subway had been gradually neglected since the 1940s, and its situation had been exacerbated by the low fare. On May 20, 1970, two people died at the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Avenue/74th_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street (New York City Subway)">Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue</a> station in the worst subway collision since the <a href="/wiki/1928_Times_Square_derailment" title="1928 Times Square derailment">1928 Times Square derailment</a>. Following the 1970 accident, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York Magazine</a> highlighted the subway system's condition in a lengthy <a href="/wiki/Expose_(journalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expose (journalism)">expose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nym_19700623-177">[177]</a> Even though each of the approximately 7,200 subway cars were checked once every six weeks or 7,500 miles (12,100 km) of service, four or five dead motors were allowable in a peak-hour 10-car train, according to some transit workers' accounts. About 85.8% of trains were on schedule in 1970, with 1,142 equipment-related delays in April 1970.<a href="#cite_note-nym_19700623-177">[177]</a> However, issues such as broken lights, fans, and signs; defective doors, wheels, and brakes; and subway cars that often became uncoupled or "pulled apart", were still prevalent. One out of three IRT stations did not have running water in case of emergency. In addition, the system's staff were leaving in massive numbers, with 5,655 workers having retired or quit from early 1969 to mid-1970.<a href="#cite_note-nym_19700623-177">[177]</a> The system also had many slow-speed areas because of obstacles that could cause derailments, and every subway car had graffiti; fleet availability during rush hours declined from 5,557 in 1976 to 5,025 in 1977, and to 4,900 in May 1978. Mean Distance Between Failures (MDBF) rates were at all time lows, as the MDBF rate system-wide was 6,000 miles by 1980. In 1979, 200 retired <a href="/wiki/R16_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R16 (New York City Subway car)">R16</a> cars were reactivated because the newest rolling stock in the system, the <a href="/wiki/R46_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R46 (New York City Subway car)">R46</a>, had cracked trucks, and were only allowed to operate during rush hours while they were sent for rehabilitation.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> At the height of the transit crisis in 1983, on-time performance dropped below 50%.<a href="#cite_note-CapitalProgram-178">[178]</a> Hundreds of trains never made it to their destination and in 1981, 325 train runs were abandoned on a typical day.<a href="#cite_note-CapitalProgram-178">[178]</a> Additionally, cars caught fire 2,500 times every year.<a href="#cite_note-CapitalProgram-178">[178]</a> In December 1978 a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a> article highlighted the worst parts of the subway. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central%E2%80%9342nd_Street_station" title="Grand Central–42nd Street station">Grand Central–42nd Street station</a> was the worst underground station and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Village%E2%80%93Metropolitan_Avenue_station" title="Middle Village–Metropolitan Avenue station">Middle Village–Metropolitan Avenue station</a> was the worst elevated station. The subway cars in the worst condition were the <a href="/wiki/R10_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R10 (New York City Subway car)">R10s</a>. The subway line with the worst signals was the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line">IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line</a>, so the signals were upgraded in the 1980s. The <a href="/wiki/BMT_Sea_Beach_Line" title="BMT Sea Beach Line">BMT Sea Beach Line</a> had the worst track; its infrastructure had not been upgraded since its opening in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1970s-152">[152]</a> Despite $800 million being allocated by the state in 1978, the TA had spent less than half of the $600 million allocated in 1967. The agency made some infrastructure improvements, though because they were not cosmetic improvements, the public still assumed that the subway had high crime, even during periods of decreased crime.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> Due to deferred maintenance, the condition of the subway system reached dangerous conditions in the early 1980s, and the TA considered abandoning the Archer Avenue and 63rd Street projects. Structural defects were found in elevated structures systemwide and on the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge" title="Manhattan Bridge">Manhattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge" title="Williamsburg Bridge">Williamsburg Bridges</a>, causing frequent closures or delays on many subway lines during the 1980s. Reroutes from both bridges were necessitated; while the Manhattan Bridge, between 1986 and 2004, had two of its four tracks closed at a time for construction, the Williamsburg Bridge needed a shutdown from April to June 1988 for emergency structural repairs to be made.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> Federal funding for the repair of the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Jamaica_Line" title="BMT Jamaica Line">BMT Jamaica Line</a> was deferred throughout the 1980s due to the extremely bad state of the Williamsburg Bridge. Pigeon droppings corroded the bridge's steel, there were over 200 broken suspender cables, and concrete in the bridge began to come off and leave large holes.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> Due to low ridership and the increasing shabbiness of the subway, parts or most of several lines—the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Canarsie_Line" title="BMT Canarsie Line">BMT Canarsie Line</a>; the <a href="/wiki/IND_Crosstown_Line" title="IND Crosstown Line">IND Crosstown Line</a>; the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Jerome_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Jerome Avenue Line">IRT Jerome Avenue Line</a> or <a href="/wiki/IND_Concourse_Line" title="IND Concourse Line">IND Concourse Line</a> north of <a href="/wiki/161st_Street%E2%80%93Yankee_Stadium_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="161st Street–Yankee Stadium (New York City Subway)">161st Street–Yankee Stadium</a>; and the BMT Jamaica Line east of either <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Junction_(BMT_Jamaica_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway Junction (BMT Jamaica Line)">Broadway Junction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(BMT_Jamaica_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypress Hills (BMT Jamaica Line)">Cypress Hills</a>—were proposed for closure and abandonment in 1981. Other lines proposed for closure included the remaining part of the <a href="/wiki/IND_Culver_Line" title="IND Culver Line">IND Culver Line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BMT_West_End_Line" title="BMT West End Line">BMT West End Line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Dyre_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Dyre Avenue Line">IRT Dyre Avenue Line</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/IND_Rockaway_Line" title="IND Rockaway Line">IND Rockaway Line</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line" title="IRT White Plains Road Line">IRT White Plains Road Line</a>, and the remaining part of the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Myrtle_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Myrtle Avenue Line">BMT Myrtle Avenue Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The BMT Jamaica Line was demolished, mainly as part of the Program for Action, but also due to low ridership.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> Officials also proposed shutting the subway at night between midnight and 6 a.m. in order to reduce crime.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Off-peak train trips, as well as trips on the branches outside the city's core, were reduced sharply.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Operations in 1981 had deteriorated so that:<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <ul><li>One day in January saw <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄3 of the fleet out of service, and the first two weeks had 500 canceled trips per day</li> <li>A 10-minute trip in 1910 took 40 minutes in 1981.</li> <li>The previous year, there had been 30 derailments.</li> <li>The A Division's fleet of 2,637 cars had never been renovated, and MDBF rates were a quarter of that in 1970.</li> <li>The newest fleet, the <a href="/wiki/R44_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R44 (New York City Subway car)">R44s</a> and <a href="/wiki/R46_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R46 (New York City Subway car)">R46s</a>, made up <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4 of the B Division's fleet of 4,178 cars, and constantly broke down.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a></li> <li>Furthermore, a sample of 50 cars in 1980 showed that half had serious maintenance problems, such as a flammable undercoat of metal film, flattened wheels, burned out lights, and defective/missing emergency switches.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li></ul> In 1986, the MTA and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">Regional Plan Association</a> again considered closing 26 miles (42 km) of above-ground lines to follow population shifts. They included the Jerome Avenue, Dyre Avenue, Franklin Avenue, Crosstown, and Rockaway lines, as well as parts of the Myrtle and Jamaica lines. The south end of the Culver Line and the north ends of the IRT <a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line">Broadway–Seventh Avenue</a> and White Plains Road Lines were also proposed for closure, as was all of the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Sea_Beach_Line" title="BMT Sea Beach Line">BMT Sea Beach Line</a>. However, unlike the 1981 proposal, this plan called for a net expansion of the subway system, as 37 miles (60 km) of new underground and surface lines would also be built.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-n139526241-175">[175]</a> Numerous figures, including New York City Council member <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greitzer" title="Carol Greitzer">Carol Greitzer</a>, criticized the 1986 plans.<a href="#cite_note-n139526241-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finder_1986_j495-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crime">Crime</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_City" title="Crime in New York City">Crime in New York City</a></div> In the 1960s, mayor <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Robert Wagner</a> ordered an increase in the Transit Police force from 1,219 to 3,100 officers. During the hours at which crimes most frequently occurred (between 8:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m.), the officers went on patrol in all stations and trains. In response, crime rates decreased, as extensively reported by the press.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Due to another crime increase in the subway, the rear cars of subway consists were shut at night beginning in July 1974.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> However, during the subway's main era of decline following the city's 1976 fiscal crisis, there were daily reports of crime. Two hundred were arrested for possible subway crimes in the first two weeks of December 1977 under an operation dubbed "Subway Sweep".<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1970s-152">[152]</a> Violence on the subway increased drastically in the last week of 1978, and six murders occurred in the first two months of 1979, compared to nine during the entire previous year. The <a href="/wiki/IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Lexington Avenue Line">IRT Lexington Avenue Line</a> was known to frequent muggers, so in February 1979, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Sliwa" title="Curtis Sliwa">Curtis Sliwa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Angels" title="Guardian Angels">Guardian Angels</a> group began patrolling the <a href="/wiki/4_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="4 (New York City Subway service)">4</a> train during the night. By February 1980, there were 220 Guardian Angels across the system.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> To attract passengers, in September 1978 the TA introduced the "<a href="/wiki/JFK_Express" title="JFK Express">Train to the Plane</a>", a premium-fare service that provided limited stops along Sixth Avenue in Manhattan from <a href="/wiki/57th_Street_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="57th Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)">57th Street</a> to <a href="/wiki/Howard_Beach%E2%80%93JFK_Airport_(IND_Rockaway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Beach–JFK Airport (IND Rockaway Line)">Howard Beach</a>, where passengers could transfer to a shuttle bus to JFK Airport. The service was staffed by a <a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">transit police</a> officer, and the additional fare was paid on board. This was discontinued in 1990 due to low ridership and the high cost of its operation.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-JFKExp-2009-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYERA-IND6Av-Dec2008-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The increase of crime in the subway led to the firing of Transit Police Chief <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Garelik" title="Sanford Garelik">Sanford Garelik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1970s-152">[152]</a> There were about 250 felonies (equivalent to 13,000 per year) occurring in the system every week by September 1979; some police officers had to stop patrolling <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> crimes and look only for violent crimes. Among other problems included: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">MTA police radios and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a> radios transmitted at different frequencies, so they could not coordinate with each other. Subway patrols were also adherent to tight schedules, and felons quickly knew when and where police would make patrols. Public morale of the MTA police was low at the time. so that by October 1979, additional decoy and undercover units were deployed in the subway.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1970s-152">[152]</a></blockquote> While daily felonies were nearly halved between 1979 and 1980, decreasing from 261 to 154, overall crime increased by 70% in the same period.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19800927-192">[192]</a> A series of window-smashing incidents on subway cars started in 1980 on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Pelham_Line" title="IRT Pelham Line">IRT Pelham Line</a> and spread throughout the rest of the system, causing delays when damaged trains needed to be taken out of service.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Over a thousand pieces of damaged windows were replaced between January 27 and February 2, 1985.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Other actions included increasing the 60-cent fare to 65 cents to pay the salaries of additional transit police;<a href="#cite_note-nyt19800927-192">[192]</a> putting a subway-crimes court in the Times Square station; and stationing a police officer in each car during night hours.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ravitch" title="Richard Ravitch">Richard Ravitch</a>, chairman of the MTA, said that even he was scared of going on the subway.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Despite the MTA discussing methods to increase ridership, the 1982 figures fell to levels last seen in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Within less than ten years, the MTA had lost around 300 million passengers, mainly because of fears of crime. In July 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Crime_Commission_of_New_York_City" title="Citizens Crime Commission of New York City">Citizens Crime Commission of New York City</a> published a study showing this trend, fearing the frequent robberies and generally bad circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Fixing_Broken_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixing Broken Windows">Fixing Broken Windows</a> policy, which proposed to stop large-profile crimes by prosecuting quality of life crimes, was implemented.<a href="#cite_note-kgl-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Along this line of thinking, the MTA began a five-year program to eradicate graffiti from subway trains in 1984, and hired one of the original theorists of Broken Windows policing, <a href="/wiki/George_L._Kelling" title="George L. Kelling">George L. Kelling</a>, as a consultant for the program in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In the early afternoon of December 22, 1984, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Goetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Goetz">Bernhard Goetz</a> shot four young <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> men from <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a> on a New York City Subway train. The incident got nationwide media coverage. That day, the men—Barry Allen, Troy Canty, Darrell Cabey (all 19), and James Ramseur (18)—boarded a downtown <a href="/wiki/2_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="2 (New York City Subway service)">2</a> train (<a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Seventh_Avenue_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line">Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line express</a>) carrying screwdrivers, apparently on a mission to steal money from <a href="/wiki/Video_arcade" class="mw-redirect" title="Video arcade">video arcade</a> machines in Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_1985-01-10-203">[203]</a> When the train arrived at the <a href="/wiki/14th_Street_(IRT_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)">14th Street</a> station in Manhattan, 15 to 20 other passengers remained with them in <a href="/wiki/R22_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R22 (New York City Subway car)">R22 subway car 7657</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-carinterior-205">[205]</a> the seventh car of the ten-car train.<a href="#cite_note-Lesly-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-207">[207]</a> At the 14th Street station, Goetz entered the car through the rearmost door, crossed the aisle, and took a seat on the long bench across from the door. After Canty asked Goetz how he was, Goetz replied affirmatively, at which point the four boys supposedly moved over to the left of Goetz, blocking Goetz off from the other passengers in the car. They then asked Goetz for money. He fired five shots, seriously wounding all four men. Nine days later he surrendered to police and was eventually charged with <a href="/wiki/Attempted_murder" title="Attempted murder">attempted murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">assault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endangerment" title="Endangerment">reckless endangerment</a>, and several firearms offenses. A jury found him not guilty of all charges except for one count of carrying an unlicensed firearm, for which he served eight months of a one-year sentence.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The incident sparked a nationwide debate on <a href="/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_States" title="Race and crime in the United States">race and crime</a> in major cities, the legal limits of <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a>, and the extent to which the citizenry could rely on the police to secure their safety.<a href="#cite_note-Brooks-209">[209]</a> Although Goetz, dubbed the "Subway Vigilante" by New York City's press, came to symbolize New Yorkers' frustrations with the high crime rates of the 1980s, he was both praised and vilified in the media and public opinion. The incident has also been cited as a contributing factor to the groundswell movement against urban crime and disorder.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> In 1989, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority asked the transit police (then located within the NYCTA) to focus on minor offenses such as fare evasion. In the early nineties, the NYCTA adopted similar policing methods for <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">Penn Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a>. In 1993, crime rates in the subway dropped, part of a larger decrease across the city.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> On April 2, 1995, the New York City Police Department and the Transit Police Department merged.<a href="#cite_note-:2-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_the_Program_for_Action">Effects of the Program for Action</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Effects of the Program for Action">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_avenue_el_at_169th_street_bronx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Third_avenue_el_at_169th_street_bronx.jpg/220px-Third_avenue_el_at_169th_street_bronx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Third_avenue_el_at_169th_street_bronx.jpg/330px-Third_avenue_el_at_169th_street_bronx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Third_avenue_el_at_169th_street_bronx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>The IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx was a casualty of the Program for Action</figcaption></figure> Ironically, the Program for Action forced the closure of a large number of subway lines. The Bronx remnant of the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Third_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Third Avenue Line">IRT Third Avenue Line</a> closed in 1973, to be provisionally replaced by a new subway under the <a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a> tracks on Park Avenue, one block to the west. The single-tracked <a href="/wiki/Culver_Shuttle" title="Culver Shuttle">Culver Shuttle</a> between <a href="/wiki/Ditmas_Avenue_(IND_Culver_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ditmas Avenue (IND Culver Line)">Ditmas Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Avenue_(BMT_West_End_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Avenue (BMT West End Line)">Ninth Avenue</a>, once a three-tracked line, closed on May 11, 1975.<a href="#cite_note-NYERA-Culver2-May2010-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> On August 27, 1976, the <a href="/wiki/GG_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="GG (New York City Subway service)">GG</a> service was truncated from <a href="/wiki/Church_Avenue_(IND_Culver_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Avenue (IND Culver Line)">Church Avenue</a> to <a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Ninth_Streets_(IND_Culver_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith–Ninth Streets (IND Culver Line)">Smith–Ninth Streets</a>, while service was discontinued on the <a href="/wiki/K_(Broadway_Brooklyn_Local)" class="mw-redirect" title="K (Broadway Brooklyn Local)">K</a> and <a href="/wiki/EE_(1967-1976_New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="EE (1967-1976 New York City Subway service)">EE</a> routes. On December 15, 1976, GG service at the other terminal was shortened to <a href="/wiki/Queens_Plaza_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens Plaza (IND Queens Boulevard Line)">Queens Plaza</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BMT_Jamaica_Line" title="BMT Jamaica Line">BMT Jamaica Line</a> was truncated from <a href="/wiki/168th_Street_(BMT_Jamaica_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="168th Street (BMT Jamaica Line)">168th Street</a> to <a href="/wiki/121st_Street_(BMT_Jamaica_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="121st Street (BMT Jamaica Line)">121st Street</a> between September 11, 1977, and the early 1980s, replaced by the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Archer_Avenue_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Archer Avenue Line">BMT Archer Avenue Line</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debris_falling_from_and_on_the_tracks">Debris falling from and on the tracks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Debris falling from and on the tracks">edit</a>]</div> Existing elevated structures posed a large danger; the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a> published a story that featured debris that had fallen from the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Astoria_Line" title="BMT Astoria Line">BMT Astoria Line</a>. Debris from the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Pelham_Line" title="IRT Pelham Line">IRT Pelham Line</a> nearly killed a passerby, and debris from the <a href="/wiki/BMT_West_End_Line" title="BMT West End Line">BMT West End Line</a> led to a lawsuit against the MTA. Concrete falling on the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Line" title="BMT Brighton Line">BMT Brighton Line</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Beverley_Road_station" title="Beverley Road station">Beverley Road station</a> caused a months-long service disruption between November 1976 and February 1977.<a href="#cite_note-nyc_subway_in_the_1980s-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fare_evasion">Fare evasion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fare evasion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_transit_fares#Fare_evasion" title="New York City transit fares">New York City transit fares § Fare evasion</a></div> Fare evasion seemed a small problem compared to the graffiti and crime; however, fare evasion was causing the NYCTA to lose revenue.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> NYCTA's strategy for restoring riders' confidence took a two-pronged approach. In 1981, MTA's first capital program started system's physical restoration to a State-of-Good-Repair. Improving TA's image in riders' minds is as important as overcoming deferred maintenance. Prompt removal of graffiti <a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> and prevention of blatant fare evasion would become central pillars of the strategy to assure customers that the subway is "fast, clean, and safe":<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Similarly, fare evasion was taken seriously. The NYCTA began formally measuring evasion in November 1988. When TA's Fare Abuse Task Force (FATF) was convened in January 1989, evasion was 3.9%. After a 15-cent fare increase to $1.15 in August 1990, a record 231,937 people per day, or 6.9%, didn't pay. The pandemonium continued through 1991.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> To combat the mounting problem, FATF designated 305 "target stations" with most evaders for intensive enforcement and monitoring. Teams of uniformed and undercover police officers randomly conducted "mini-sweeps", swarming and arresting groups of evaders.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Special "mobile booking centers" in converted city buses allowed fast-track offender processing.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Fare abuse agents covered turnstiles in shifts and issued citations. Plainclothes surveyors collected data for five hours per week at target locations, predominantly during morning peak hours. In 1992, evasion began to show a steady and remarkable decline, dropping to about 2.7% in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The dramatic decrease in evasion during this period coincided with a reinvigorated Transit Police, a 25% expansion of City police, and a general drop in crime in U.S. cities. In the city, crime rate decline begun in 1991 under Mayor <a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">David Dinkins</a> and continued through next two decades under Mayors <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Giuliani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>. Some observers credited the "broken windows" approach of law enforcement <a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> where minor crimes like evasion are routinely prosecuted, and statistical crimefighting tools, whereas others have indicated different reasons for crime reduction.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Regardless of causality, evasion checks resulted in many arrests for outstanding warrants or weapons charges, likely contributing somewhat to public safety improvements. Arrests weren't the only way to combat evasions, and by the early 1990s NYCTA was examining methods to improve fare control passenger throughputs, reduce fare collection costs, and maintain control over evasions and general grime. The AFC system was being designed, and evasion-preventing capability was a key consideration. TA's queuing studies concluded that purchasing tokens from clerks was not efficient. Preventing '<a href="/wiki/Slug_(coin)" title="Slug (coin)">slug</a>' use required sophisticated measures like tokens with metal alloy centers and electronic <a href="/wiki/Token_coin" title="Token coin">token</a> verification devices. To provide better access control, the NYCTA experimented with floor-to-ceiling gates and "high wheel" turnstiles. Prototypes installed at <a href="/wiki/110th_Street_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="110th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">110th Street/Lexington Avenue station</a> during a "target hardening" trial reduced evasions compared to nearby "control" stations.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> However, controls consisting entirely of "high-wheels" created draconian, prison-like environments, with detrimental effects on station aesthetics. Compromises with more secure low-turnstile designs were difficult, as AFC did not prevent fare evasion.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Production <a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated fare collection system">Automated Fare Collection (AFC)</a> implementation began in 1994. New turnstiles, including unstaffed high wheels, and floor-to-ceiling service gates, featured lessons learned from trials. As AFC equipment was rolled out, evasion plummeted. Fare abuse agents, together with independent monitoring, were eliminated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rehabilitation_and_rising_trend">Rehabilitation and rising trend</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Rehabilitation and rising trend">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYCS_BMT_FranklinAve_BotanicGarden_70s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/NYCS_BMT_FranklinAve_BotanicGarden_70s.jpg/220px-NYCS_BMT_FranklinAve_BotanicGarden_70s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/NYCS_BMT_FranklinAve_BotanicGarden_70s.jpg/330px-NYCS_BMT_FranklinAve_BotanicGarden_70s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/NYCS_BMT_FranklinAve_BotanicGarden_70s.jpg/440px-NYCS_BMT_FranklinAve_BotanicGarden_70s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/BMT_Franklin_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Franklin Avenue Line">BMT Franklin Avenue Line</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Botanic_Garden_(BMT_Franklin_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanic Garden (BMT Franklin Avenue Line)">Botanic Garden</a>) in the 1970s was in a state of rapid degradation</figcaption></figure> Ridership increased 4% between 1978 and 1979, mainly because of the improving economy.<a href="#cite_note-bulletin-228">[228]</a> Numerous improvements were touted in a 1979 <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)">Daily News</a> report, including air conditioning and <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a>. As part of the Urban Mass Transit Act, $1.7 billion would be provided by <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">the state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bulletin-228">[228]</a> Aesthetics chairperson Phyllis Cerf Wagner announced a program called "Operation Facelift", which entailed aesthetic improvements such as repainting and relighting the platforms, quicker replacement processes for windows and doors, and expanding the number of seats on platforms.<a href="#cite_note-bulletin-228">[228]</a> During the mid-1980s, reconstruction began. Stations were refurbished and rolling stock was repaired and replaced. "Neighborhood maps" for wayfinding were added in subway stations starting in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Maintenance of the subway began to improve: while 21 trains derailed while in passenger service during 1983, there were 15 such incidents in 1984 and three in 1985. "Red tag" areas, where trains reduced speed to 10 mph due to dangerous maintenance conditions, were almost entirely eliminated by 1986.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> The 325 R62 cars had a MDBF rate of 50,000 miles, more than five times higher than the other fleet, with the newly overhauled World's Fair R36 equipment on the Flushing Line averaging over 30,000 miles in 1986–87.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> The MDBF of many rolling stock increased from 6,000 miles in 1980 to 10,000 miles in September 1986, and hundreds cars were overhauled or cleaned of graffiti. <a href="/wiki/Speedometer" title="Speedometer">Speedometers</a> were also installed on existing and new rolling stock.<a href="#cite_note-bulletin-228">[228]</a> On January 1, 1982, the MTA implemented the first of its five-year Capital Improvement programs to repair the existing system.<a href="#cite_note-:2-120">[120]</a> Scheduled Maintenance Services were formed to proactively replace components, and the MTA conducted general overhauls of the <a href="/wiki/R26_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R26 (New York City Subway car)">R26</a> through <a href="/wiki/R46_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R46 (New York City Subway car)">R46</a> fleets. Older equipment (any car classes with contract numbers below <a href="/wiki/R32_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R32 (New York City Subway car)">R32s</a> on the B Division and R26s on the A Division) were retrofitted with air conditioning. The red tag areas were incrementally repaired and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Welded_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Welded rail">welded rail</a>. At the end of the century, the MDBF rates for the entire system were at record highs and steadily increasing. The <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_Shuttle" title="Franklin Avenue Shuttle">Franklin Avenue Shuttle</a>, however, was worse in 1989 than it was in 1980, and necessitated a complete renovation by 1998, because the MTA planned to abandon the line by the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-bulletin-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projects_during_this_time">Projects during this time</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Projects during this time">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_Av_-_Barclays_Ctr_-_Stair_to_BMT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Atlantic_Av_-_Barclays_Ctr_-_Stair_to_BMT.JPG/220px-Atlantic_Av_-_Barclays_Ctr_-_Stair_to_BMT.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Atlantic_Av_-_Barclays_Ctr_-_Stair_to_BMT.JPG/330px-Atlantic_Av_-_Barclays_Ctr_-_Stair_to_BMT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Atlantic_Av_-_Barclays_Ctr_-_Stair_to_BMT.JPG/440px-Atlantic_Av_-_Barclays_Ctr_-_Stair_to_BMT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_%E2%80%93_Barclays_Center_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center (New York City Subway)">Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center</a> transfer</figcaption></figure> Starting in the early 1970s, there were plans for improving the subway system. In 1976, the MTA proposed abandoning the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_Shuttle" title="Franklin Avenue Shuttle">Franklin Avenue Shuttle</a> to save money, but dropped the plan due to community pushback.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org-91">[91]</a> The possibility of the discontinuation was revisited again in 1998, but again, fierce community opposition to it forced the MTA to rehabilitate the line.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Linden_Shops" class="mw-redirect" title="Linden Shops">Linden Shops</a> opened in Brooklyn, enabling the MTA to build track panels indoors throughout the year, among other objects.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org-91">[91]</a> On January 16, 1978, the MTA opened three transfer stations:<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org-91">[91]</a> <ul><li>Between the <a href="/wiki/14th_Street_(IRT_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)">14th Street</a> station on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line">IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line</a> and the previously-connected stations on the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Canarsie_Line" title="BMT Canarsie Line">BMT Canarsie Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line" title="IND Sixth Avenue Line">IND Sixth Avenue Line</a></li> <li>Between the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Lexington Avenue Line">IRT Lexington Avenue Line</a> at Canal Street and the local platforms of the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Broadway_Line" title="BMT Broadway Line">BMT Broadway Line</a></li> <li>Between the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Line" title="BMT Brighton Line">BMT Brighton Line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Fourth_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Fourth Avenue Line">BMT Fourth Avenue Line</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Eastern_Parkway_Line" title="IRT Eastern Parkway Line">IRT Eastern Parkway Line</a> at <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue%E2%80%93Barclays_Center_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center (New York City Subway)">Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center</a></li></ul> In April 1981, the following projects were considered by the MTA:<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <ul><li>Switching the northern ends of the <a href="/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="N (New York City Subway service)">N</a> and <a href="/wiki/RR_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="RR (New York City Subway service)">RR</a> trains</li> <li>Adding a <a href="/wiki/T_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="T (New York City Subway service)">T</a> service via the <a href="/wiki/BMT_West_End_Line" title="BMT West End Line">BMT West End Line</a>, running between the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Manhattan" title="Financial District, Manhattan">Financial District</a> and Bay Parkway</li> <li>Extending <a href="/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)">B</a> trains to <a href="/wiki/168th_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="168th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">168th Street</a> and eliminating <a href="/wiki/AA_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="AA (New York City Subway service)">AA</a> service</li> <li>Adding a K service via the <a href="/wiki/Chrystie_Street_Connection" title="Chrystie Street Connection">Chrystie Street Connection</a> from <a href="/wiki/Canarsie_%E2%80%93_Rockaway_Parkway_(BMT_Canarsie_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canarsie – Rockaway Parkway (BMT Canarsie Line)">Canarsie</a> to <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">midtown Manhattan</a></li> <li>Adding a non-stop express from <a href="/wiki/59th_Street_%E2%80%93_Columbus_Circle_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="59th Street – Columbus Circle (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">59th Street</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">World Trade Center</a>, which was ultimately untenable because of capacity constraints</li></ul> In 1981, the MTA began installing <a href="/wiki/Welded_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Welded rail">welded rails</a> on a few underground portions of the system.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway.org-91">[91]</a> In June 1983, the following projects were considered by the MTA:<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <ul><li>The JFK Express would be extended to <a href="/wiki/Rockaway_Park%E2%80%93Beach_116th_Street_(IND_Rockaway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street (IND Rockaway Line)">Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street</a>, and the $5 fare and the special guard would be eliminated, making it like any other subway line. Trains would be 8 cars long instead of 4 cars long, and the headway between trains would be 18 minutes, instead of 20 minutes.</li> <li>During rush hours, the <a href="/wiki/C_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="C (New York City Subway service)">CC</a> would terminate at Euclid Avenue, instead of serving the Rockaways.</li> <li>B train service would run all day from Coney Island to 168th Street, instead of terminating at 57th Street during non-peak hours.</li> <li>AA service, which operated during non-rush hours, would be eliminated.</li> <li>A new shuttle service, named H, would run between 57th Street and World Trade Center.</li></ul> On March 25, 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">Regional Plan Association</a> (RPA) proposed several changes.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1986-236">[236]</a> A major part of the plan was eliminating parts of the system and expanding the system to reflect population shifts. The plan called for eliminating 26 miles of elevated lines and building 17 miles of new subway lines, and 20 miles of new surface lines. The RPA also suggested buying new subway cars; implementing <a href="/wiki/One_Person_Train_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="One Person Train Operation">One Person Train Operation</a> outside of rush hours; giving reduced fares to city residents using the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a> to travel to <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>; adding premium-fee express services; closing 10% of stations; and doubling off-peak services.<a href="#cite_note-:4-237">[237]</a> The RPA also suggested:<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1986-236">[236]</a> <ul><li>Extending the <a href="/wiki/IND_63rd_Street_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="IND 63rd Street Line">IND 63rd Street Line</a> to southeast Queens</li> <li>Building the Second Avenue Subway</li> <li>Restoring the <a href="/wiki/Rockaway_Beach_Branch" title="Rockaway Beach Branch">Rockaway Beach Branch</a></li> <li>Building a subway line under Jewel Avenue in Queens, to branch off the <a href="/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line" title="IND Queens Boulevard Line">IND Queens Boulevard Line</a></li> <li>Building a tunnel under the Hudson River to extend the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line" title="IRT Flushing Line">IRT Flushing Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li>Complete the LIRR tunnel to Midtown</li> <li>Provide the <a href="/wiki/East_Side_Access" title="East Side Access">East Side Access</a> to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a> via the lower level of the 63rd Street Line at a cost of $1.4 billion (to be completed in the early 2020s)</li> <li>Purchase 500 new subway cars at a cost of $500 million.</li></ul> In April 1986, the New York City Transit Authority began to study the possibility of eliminating sections of 11 subway lines because of low ridership. The segments are primarily located in low-income neighborhoods of the Bronx, Brooklyn and Queens, with a total of 79 stations, and 45 miles of track, for a total of 6.5 percent of the system. The lines were first identified in the first part of a three-year project, the Strategic Plan Initiative, which started in April 1985, by the MTA to evaluate the region's bus, subway, and commuter rail systems. The eleven segments all had low ridership, needed expensive rebuilding, and duplicated service on parallel lines. The lines being studied included the following lines:<a href="#cite_note-:4-237">[237]</a> <ul><li>The IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line from 215th Street to 242nd Street, which was duplicated by buses.</li> <li>The IRT White Plains Road Line from East 180th Street to 241st Street, which was duplicated by buses.</li> <li>The entire IRT Dyre Avenue Line, which was duplicated by buses.</li> <li>The IRT Jerome Avenue Line from 167th Street to Woodlawn, which was paralleled by the <a href="/wiki/IND_Concourse_Line" title="IND Concourse Line">IND Concourse Line</a>.</li> <li>The entire IND Rockaway Line south of Howard Beach, due to low ridership.</li> <li>The IND Culver Line south of Avenue U, due to low ridership and duplication by buses.</li> <li>The entire IND Crosstown Line, due to low ridership and duplication by buses.</li> <li>The BMT Jamaica Line between Crescent Street and 121st Street, due to low ridership and duplication by buses.</li> <li>The entire BMT Myrtle Avenue Line, which was duplicated by buses.</li> <li>The entire BMT Sea Beach Line, which ran close to the <a href="/wiki/BMT_West_End_Line" title="BMT West End Line">BMT West End Line</a>.</li> <li>The entire BMT Franklin Avenue Line, due to major deterioration.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bleecker_Street_-_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Lafayette_Street_transfer_2012-09-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bleecker_Street_-_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Lafayette_Street_transfer_2012-09-25.jpg/220px-Bleecker_Street_-_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Lafayette_Street_transfer_2012-09-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bleecker_Street_-_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Lafayette_Street_transfer_2012-09-25.jpg/330px-Bleecker_Street_-_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Lafayette_Street_transfer_2012-09-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bleecker_Street_-_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Lafayette_Street_transfer_2012-09-25.jpg/440px-Bleecker_Street_-_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Lafayette_Street_transfer_2012-09-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Broadway_%E2%80%93_Lafayette_Street_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway – Lafayette Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)">Broadway – Lafayette Street</a> station to the northbound IRT Lexington Avenue Line at <a href="/wiki/Bleecker_Street_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleecker Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">Bleecker Street</a></figcaption></figure> By August 1989, the MTA was considering these projects:<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <ul><li>Connecting the <a href="/wiki/IND_63rd_Street_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="IND 63rd Street Line">IND 63rd Street Line</a> to the <a href="/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line" title="IND Queens Boulevard Line">IND Queens Boulevard Line</a></li> <li>Adding signals to the Queens Boulevard Line's express tracks so that trains could operate in both directions, and adding 250 subway cars</li> <li>Completing the <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue Subway</a></li> <li>A 1.25 miles (2.01 km) connection from <a href="/wiki/Parkside_Avenue_(BMT_Brighton_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkside Avenue (BMT Brighton Line)">Parkside Avenue</a> on the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Line" title="BMT Brighton Line">BMT Brighton Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(IND_Culver_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Avenue (IND Culver Line)">Seventh Avenue</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IND_Culver_Line" title="IND Culver Line">IND Culver Line</a>, due to the Manhattan Bridge subway closures</li> <li>700 subway cars for the IRT</li> <li>Three storage yards, two in Brooklyn and one in Queens</li> <li>Expanding the terminal tracks at <a href="/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue%E2%80%93Brooklyn_College_station" title="Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College station">Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College station</a></li> <li>Building a 10-car platform for <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry_station_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ferry station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">South Ferry station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)</a></li> <li>Building transfer stations: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Broadway_%E2%80%93_Lafayette_Street_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway – Lafayette Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)">Broadway – Lafayette Street</a> station to the northbound <a href="/wiki/IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Lexington Avenue Line">IRT Lexington Avenue Line</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bleecker_Street_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleecker Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">Bleecker Street</a> (done in September 2012)</li> <li>A connection between the <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry_loops_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ferry loops (New York City Subway)">South Ferry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowling Green (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">Bowling Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Street_%E2%80%93_South_Ferry_(BMT_Broadway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehall Street – South Ferry (BMT Broadway Line)">Whitehall Street</a> stations (done between South Ferry and Whitehall Street in March 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanic_Garden_(BMT_Franklin_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanic Garden (BMT Franklin Avenue Line)">Botanic Garden</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_Shuttle" title="Franklin Avenue Shuttle">Franklin Avenue Shuttle</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_(IRT_Eastern_Parkway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Avenue (IRT Eastern Parkway Line)">Franklin Avenue</a> station on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Eastern_Parkway_Line" title="IRT Eastern Parkway Line">IRT Eastern Parkway Line</a> (done in 1999)</li> <li>Closing the <a href="/wiki/Hewes_Street_(BMT_Jamaica_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewes Street (BMT Jamaica Line)">Hewes Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorimer_Street_(BMT_Jamaica_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorimer Street (BMT Jamaica Line)">Lorimer Street</a> stations on the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Jamaica_Line" title="BMT Jamaica Line">BMT Jamaica Line</a>, and building a new intermediate station that connected with <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(IND_Crosstown_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway (IND Crosstown Line)">Broadway</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IND_Crosstown_Line" title="IND Crosstown Line">IND Crosstown Line</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21st-Queensbridge_Subway_Station_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/21st-Queensbridge_Subway_Station_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-21st-Queensbridge_Subway_Station_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/21st-Queensbridge_Subway_Station_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-21st-Queensbridge_Subway_Station_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/21st-Queensbridge_Subway_Station_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-21st-Queensbridge_Subway_Station_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/21st_Street_%E2%80%93_Queensbridge_(IND_63rd_Street_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Street – Queensbridge (IND 63rd Street Line)">21st Street – Queensbridge</a>, opened in October 1989</figcaption></figure> In December 1988, three transfers were opened between existing stations, and three brand-new stations were opened. The transfer points were:<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue_/_53rd_Street_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Avenue / 53rd Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)">Lexington Avenue / 53rd Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/51st_Street_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="51st Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">51st Street</a> stations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_City_%E2%80%93_Court_Square_(IND_Crosstown_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Island City – Court Square (IND Crosstown Line)">Long Island City – Court Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/23rd_Street_%E2%80%93_Ely_Avenue_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Street – Ely Avenue (IND Queens Boulevard Line)">23rd Street – Ely Avenue</a> stations (now known as Court Square and Court Square – 23rd Street, respectively)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_%E2%80%93_Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd Street – Port Authority Bus Terminal (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">42nd Street – Port Authority Bus Terminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Times_Square_%E2%80%93_42nd_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Square – 42nd Street (New York City Subway)">Times Square – 42nd Street</a> stations</li></ul> The new stations were <a href="/wiki/Sutphin_Boulevard_%E2%80%93_Archer_Avenue_%E2%80%93_JFK_Airport_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutphin Boulevard – Archer Avenue – JFK Airport (New York City Subway)">Sutphin Boulevard – Archer Avenue – JFK Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Center_%E2%80%93_Parsons/Archer_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica Center – Parsons/Archer (New York City Subway)">Jamaica Center – Parsons/Archer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_%E2%80%93_Van_Wyck_(IND_Archer_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica – Van Wyck (IND Archer Avenue Line)">Jamaica – Van Wyck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-120">[120]</a> Other service changes were implemented that day. Skip-stop service on the <a href="/wiki/J/Z_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="J/Z (New York City Subway service)">J/Z</a> trains was also started on December 11, 1988. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/IND_Fulton_Street_Line" title="IND Fulton Street Line">IND Fulton Street Line</a> express service was extended from weekdays only to all times except late nights. Discontinuous services on the <a href="/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/D_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="D (New York City Subway service)">D</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="Q (New York City Subway service)">Q</a> trains over the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge" title="Manhattan Bridge">Manhattan Bridge</a> were replaced by continuous services. New subway cars were also purchased: the <a href="/wiki/R62_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R62 (New York City Subway car)">R62</a> and <a href="/wiki/R62A_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R62A (New York City Subway car)">R62A</a> fleets for the A Division and the <a href="/wiki/R68_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R68 (New York City Subway car)">R68</a> and <a href="/wiki/R68A_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R68A (New York City Subway car)">R68A</a> fleets for the B Division. The R62 in particular was the first New York City Subway car class built by a foreign manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> These were all delivered between 1983 and 1989. The <a href="/wiki/R10_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R10 (New York City Subway car)">R10</a>, <a href="/wiki/R14_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R14 (New York City Subway car)">R14</a>, <a href="/wiki/R16_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R16 (New York City Subway car)">R16</a>, <a href="/wiki/R17_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R17 (New York City Subway car)">R17</a>, <a href="/wiki/R21_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R21 (New York City Subway car)">R21</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R22_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R22 (New York City Subway car)">R22</a> car classes all were retired with the deliveries of the R62/As and R68/As. On May 10, 1989, the last train with <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> was taken out of service;<a href="#cite_note-nyt19890510-166">[166]</a> the subway has been mostly graffiti-free since this point.<a href="#cite_note-:1-167">[167]</a> On October 29, 1989, the <a href="/wiki/IND_63rd_Street_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="IND 63rd Street Line">IND 63rd Street Line</a> was opened. It was nicknamed the "tunnel to nowhere" due to its stub end at <a href="/wiki/21st_Street%E2%80%93Queensbridge_(IND_63rd_Street_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Street–Queensbridge (IND 63rd Street Line)">21st Street–Queensbridge</a>, and also due to the fact that the three-station extension lay dormant for over a decade after completion.<a href="#cite_note-:2-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The 3.2 mile line included three new stations and cost a total of $868 million. The line was viewed as an enormous waste of money.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revitalization_and_recent_history">Revitalization and recent history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Revitalization and recent history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> Subway ridership increased through the 1990s. Throughout <a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">David Dinkins</a>'s mayoralty from 1989 to 1993, the city went from being in debt to having a $200 million surplus, which was achieved by raising taxes. However, Dinkins's tax plans were unpopular, and he lost the <a href="/wiki/1993_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1993 New York City mayoral election">1993 election</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WheelsDroveNY-2012-105">[105]</a>: 360  Giuliani wanted to demonstrate that he could successfully run New York City without raising taxes, so he eliminated $400 million from the MTA's capital budget in 1994. He did not suggest any transit improvements, however.<a href="#cite_note-:5-243">[243]</a> State lawmakers also reduced MTA funding in the 1990s, which remained mostly unchanged through the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-:5-243">[243]</a> In 1998, a large portion of the New York City Subway system was nominated for addition to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. The nomination encompassed 48 stations, 11 electrical substations, six signal towers, four station <a href="/wiki/Head_house" title="Head house">head houses</a>, three buildings in storage yards, and one tunnel. The MTA supported the listing, which would increase the agency's chances of receiving more federal funding.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_11,_2001">September 11, 2001</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: September 11, 2001">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYCTA-Miller,G_CD1-043.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NYCTA-Miller%2CG_CD1-043.jpg/220px-NYCTA-Miller%2CG_CD1-043.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NYCTA-Miller%2CG_CD1-043.jpg/330px-NYCTA-Miller%2CG_CD1-043.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NYCTA-Miller%2CG_CD1-043.jpg/440px-NYCTA-Miller%2CG_CD1-043.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cortlandt_Street_(IRT_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortlandt Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)">Cortlandt Street</a> station was heavily damaged in the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and needed to be demolished.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Closings_and_cancellations_following_the_September_11_attacks#New_York_City_Subway" title="Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks">Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks § New York City Subway</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> resulted in service disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan. Tracks and stations under the World Trade Center were shut down within minutes of the first plane crash. All remaining <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> service was suspended from 10:20am to 12:48pm.<a href="#cite_note-USDOT-245">[245]</a> Immediately after the attacks and more so after the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">collapses of the Twin Towers</a>, many trains running in Lower Manhattan lost power and had to be evacuated through the tunnels. Some trains had power, but the signals did not, requiring special operating procedures to ensure safety. The <a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line">IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line</a>, which ran below the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> between <a href="/wiki/Chambers_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">Chambers Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rector_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rector Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">Rector Street</a> was the most destroyed. Sections of the tunnel as well as <a href="/wiki/Cortlandt_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortlandt Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">Cortlandt Street</a> were badly damaged and had to be rebuilt. Service was immediately suspended south of Chambers Street and then cut back to <a href="/wiki/14th_Street/Sixth_Avenue_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Street/Sixth Avenue (New York City Subway)">14th Street</a>. There was also subsequent flooding on the line south of <a href="/wiki/34th_Street%E2%80%93Penn_Station_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" title="34th Street–Penn Station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">34th Street–Penn Station</a>. After the flood was cleaned up, express service was able to resume on September 17 with <a href="/wiki/1_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="1 (New York City Subway service)">1</a> trains running between <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park%E2%80%93242nd_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street</a> and 14th Street, making local stops north of and express stops south of <a href="/wiki/96th_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="96th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">96th Street</a>, while <a href="/wiki/2_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="2 (New York City Subway service)">2</a> and <a href="/wiki/3_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="3 (New York City Subway service)">3</a> trains made all stops in Manhattan (but bypassed all stations between <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street_(IRT_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)">Canal Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Street_(IRT_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulton Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)">Fulton Street</a> until October 1). 1/9 skip-stop service was suspended. After a few switching delays at 96th Street, service was changed on September 19. The <a href="/wiki/1_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="1 (New York City Subway service)">1</a> train resumed local service in Manhattan, but was extended to <a href="/wiki/New_Lots_Avenue_(IRT_New_Lots_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Lots Avenue (IRT New Lots Line)">New Lots Avenue</a> in Brooklyn (switching onto the express tracks at Chambers Street) to replace the 3, which now terminated at 14th Street as an express. The <a href="/wiki/2_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="2 (New York City Subway service)">2</a> train continued to make local stops in Manhattan and service between Chambers Street and <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry%E2%80%93Whitehall_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ferry–Whitehall Street (New York City Subway)">South Ferry</a> as well as skip-stop service remained suspended. Normal service on all four trains was restored September 15, 2002.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-tunnelvision-15">[15]</a> The Cortlandt Street station needed extensive reconstruction, and after a total rebuild costing $158 million, it reopened on September 8, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Service on the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Broadway_Line" title="BMT Broadway Line">BMT Broadway Line</a> was also disrupted because the tracks from the <a href="/wiki/Montague_Street_Tunnel" title="Montague Street Tunnel">Montague Street Tunnel</a> run adjacent to the World Trade Center and there were concerns that train movements could cause unsafe settling of the debris pile. <a href="/wiki/Cortlandt_Street_(BMT_Broadway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortlandt Street (BMT Broadway Line)">Cortlandt Street</a> station, which sits under <a href="/wiki/Church_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street (Manhattan)">Church Street</a>, sustained significant damage in the collapse of the towers. It was closed until September 15, 2002, for removal of debris, structural repairs, and restoration of the track beds, which had suffered flood damage in the aftermath of the collapse. Starting September 17, 2001, the <a href="/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="N (New York City Subway service)">N</a> and <a href="/wiki/R_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="R (New York City Subway service)">R</a> service was suspended and respectively replaced by the <a href="/wiki/M_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="M (New York City Subway service)">M</a> (which was extended to <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island%E2%80%93Stillwell_Avenue_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue (New York City Subway)">Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue</a> via the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Montague_Street_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Montague Street Tunnel">BMT Montague Street Tunnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMT_Fourth_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Fourth Avenue Line">BMT Fourth Avenue Line</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BMT_Sea_Beach_Line" title="BMT Sea Beach Line">BMT Sea Beach Line</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/J_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="J (New York City Subway service)">J</a> (also extended via Fourth Avenue to <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ridge%E2%80%9395th_Street_(BMT_Fourth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Ridge–95th Street (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)">Bay Ridge–95th Street</a>). In Queens, the <a href="/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="Q (New York City Subway service)">Q</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/R_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="R (New York City Subway service)">R</a> while the <a href="/wiki/W_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="W (New York City Subway service)">W</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="N (New York City Subway service)">N</a>. All service on the BMT Broadway Line ran local north of <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street_(BMT_Broadway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Street (BMT Broadway Line)">Canal Street</a> except for the Q, which ran normally from <a href="/wiki/57th_Street_%E2%80%93_Seventh_Avenue_(BMT_Broadway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="57th Street – Seventh Avenue (BMT Broadway Line)">57th Street</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach_(BMT_Brighton_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Beach (BMT Brighton Line)">Brighton Beach</a> via Broadway and Brighton Express. J/Z skip-stop service was suspended at this time. Normal service on all seven trains resumed on October 28. The only subway line running between Midtown and Lower Manhattan was the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Lexington Avenue Line">IRT Lexington Avenue Line</a>, which was overcrowded before the attacks and at crush density until the BMT Broadway Line reopened. <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">Wall Street</a> was closed until September 21. The <a href="/wiki/IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line" title="IND Eighth Avenue Line">IND Eighth Avenue Line</a>, which has a stub terminal serving the <a href="/wiki/E_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="E (New York City Subway service)">E</a> train under <a href="/wiki/Five_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Five World Trade Center">Five World Trade Center</a> was not damaged, but covered in soot. E trains were extended to <a href="/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(IND_Fulton_Street_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid Avenue (IND Fulton Street Line)">Euclid Avenue</a>, Brooklyn, replacing the then suspended <a href="/wiki/C_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="C (New York City Subway service)">C</a> train (the <a href="/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="A (New York City Subway service)">A</a> and <a href="/wiki/D_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="D (New York City Subway service)">D</a> trains replaced it as the local north of <a href="/wiki/59th_Street%E2%80%93Columbus_Circle_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="59th Street–Columbus Circle (New York City Subway)">59th Street–Columbus Circle</a> on nights and weekends, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)">B</a> train, which ran normally from <a href="/wiki/145th_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="145th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">145th Street</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Park_Boulevard_(IND_Concourse_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford Park Boulevard (IND Concourse Line)">Bedford Park Boulevard</a> to <a href="/wiki/34th_Street%E2%80%93Herald_Square_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="34th Street–Herald Square (New York City Subway)">34th Street–Herald Square</a> via Central Park West Local, also replaced C trains on weekdays). Service was cut back to <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">Canal Street</a> when C service resumed on September 21, but <a href="/wiki/Chambers_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">Chambers Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadway%E2%80%93Nassau_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway–Nassau Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">Broadway–Nassau Street</a> remained closed until October 1. <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">World Trade Center</a> remained closed until January 2002.<a href="#cite_note-tunnelvision-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-brianabbott.net-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_2000s">Later 2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Later 2000s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:168_Street_wall_vc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/168_Street_wall_vc.jpg/220px-168_Street_wall_vc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/168_Street_wall_vc.jpg/330px-168_Street_wall_vc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/168_Street_wall_vc.jpg/440px-168_Street_wall_vc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3090" /></a><figcaption>With many parts of the system approaching or exceeding 100 years of age, general deterioration can be seen in many subway stations.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ridership_increases">Ridership increases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ridership increases">edit</a>]</div> Generally, ridership kept rising as the subway system improved in its maintenance, cleanliness, frequency, and on-time ratio; ridership started to increase as graffiti and crime rates dropped heavily after 1989. From 1995 to 2005, ridership on city buses and subways grew by 36%, compared with a population gain in the city of 7%.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> With dramatic <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_2000s_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of 2000s energy crisis">increases in fuel prices</a> in 2008, as well as increased <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_York_City" title="Tourism in New York City">tourism</a> and residential growth, ridership on buses and subways grew 3.1% up to about 2.37 billion trips a year compared to 2007. This is the highest ridership since 1965.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> By 2013, ridership had reached 1.7 billion riders per year (despite closures related to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a>), a level not seen since 1949.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> In April 2013, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York magazine</a> reported that the system was more crowded than it had been in the previous 66 years.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> The subway reached a daily ridership of 6 million for 29 days in 2014, and was expected to record a similar ridership level for 55 days in 2015; by comparison, in 2013, daily ridership never reached 6 million.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansions">Expansions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Expansions">edit</a>]</div> Several expansions started construction or were opened during the mayoralty of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> from 2001 to 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:5-243">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/IND_63rd_Street_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="IND 63rd Street Line">IND 63rd Street Line</a>'s connection to the <a href="/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line" title="IND Queens Boulevard Line">IND Queens Boulevard Line</a> was first, opened on December 16, 2001. To serve the new connection, the <a href="/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="F (New York City Subway service)">F</a> train was rerouted via the 63rd Street Line, and to replace the F along 53rd Street, a new <a href="/wiki/V_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="V (New York City Subway service)">V</a> train was created–running between <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills%E2%80%9371st_Avenue_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Hills–71st Avenue (IND Queens Boulevard Line)">Forest Hills–71st Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Avenue (IND Sixth Avenue Line)">Second Avenue</a> via the Queens Boulevard and Sixth Avenue local tracks. The <a href="/wiki/G_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="G (New York City Subway service)">G</a>, to allow for room to operate the V, was cut back to Court Square. Two out-of-system transfers were put into place; the first was to allow F passengers to continue to have a free transfer to the Lexington Avenue Line, which was lost when the line was rerouted–the transfer connects the <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue/59th_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Avenue/59th Street (New York City Subway)">Lexington Avenue/59th Street</a> station and the <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue%E2%80%9363rd_Street_(63rd_Street_Lines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Avenue–63rd Street (63rd Street Lines)">Lexington Avenue–63rd Street</a> stations. The second one connected the Court Square station with the <a href="/wiki/45th_Road%E2%80%93Court_House_Square_(IRT_Flushing_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="45th Road–Court House Square (IRT Flushing Line)">45th Road–Court House Square</a> station.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In 2003, money was allocated for the construction of a new station at <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry%E2%80%93Whitehall_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ferry–Whitehall Street (New York City Subway)">South Ferry</a>, and in 2005, construction commenced on the new station.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Initially, the station's construction had been opposed because of the high cost and low perceived time savings.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> The South Ferry loop station only accommodates the first five cars of a train, so that the rear five cars of a 10-car 1 train cannot load or unload.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-SFerry-ExitStrategy-20083-259">[259]</a> Because of the curve at the station <a href="/wiki/Gap_filler" class="mw-redirect" title="Gap filler">gap fillers</a> are required, and as a result the new station was built as a two-track, full (10-car)-length <a href="/wiki/Island_platform" title="Island platform">island platform</a> on a less severe curve, permitting the operation of a typical <a href="/wiki/Terminal_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal station">terminal station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-SFerry-ExitStrategy-20083-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-SIAdvance-Dec2008-260">[260]</a> The MTA claimed that the new station saved four to six minutes of a passenger's trip time and increased the peak capacity of the 1 service to 24 trains per hour, as opposed to 16 to 17 trains per hour with the loop station.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-SFerry-ExitStrategy-20083-259">[259]</a> In the late 1990s and early 2000s, talk began to circulate about taking up the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue Subway</a>. Most New Yorkers regarded these plans with cynicism, since citizens were promised the line since well before the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Third_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Third Avenue Line">Third Avenue elevated</a> was torn down in 1955. Funds have been set aside and environmental impact reports have been completed. A <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnelling</a> contract was awarded to the consortium of Schiavone/Shea/<a href="/wiki/Skanska" title="Skanska">Skanska</a> (S3) by the MTA on March 20, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-www.mta.info-261">[261]</a> This followed preliminary engineering and a final tunnel design completed by a <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> between <a href="/wiki/AECOM" title="AECOM">AECOM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arup_Group_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Arup Group Limited">Arup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> A ceremonial groundbreaking for the subway was held on April 12, 2007, and contractor work to prepare the project's initial construction site at 96th Street and Second Avenue began on April 23, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-www.mta.info-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7Line_5069_(5836665342).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/7Line_5069_%285836665342%29.jpg/220px-7Line_5069_%285836665342%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/7Line_5069_%285836665342%29.jpg/330px-7Line_5069_%285836665342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/7Line_5069_%285836665342%29.jpg/440px-7Line_5069_%285836665342%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/7_Subway_Extension" title="7 Subway Extension">7 Subway Extension</a> construction in June 2011</figcaption></figure> In October 2007, the <a href="/wiki/7_Subway_Extension" title="7 Subway Extension">7 Subway Extension</a> construction contract was awarded, extending the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line" title="IRT Flushing Line">IRT Flushing Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/34th_Street_(IRT_Flushing_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="34th Street (IRT Flushing Line)">34th Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-131">[131]</a> Groundbreaking began in June 2008 and the tunnels were completed by 2010. The project, which was the first one funded by the city in over 60 years,<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> was intended to aid redevelopment of <a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen,_Manhattan" title="Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan">Hell's Kitchen</a> around the <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Yard" title="West Side Yard">West Side Yard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Budget_cuts">Budget cuts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Budget cuts">edit</a>]</div> The MTA faced a budget deficit of US$1.2 billion in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> This resulted in fare increases (three times from 2008 to 2010)<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> and service reductions (including the elimination of two part-time subway services, the <a href="/wiki/V_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="V (New York City Subway service)">V</a> and <a href="/wiki/W_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="W (New York City Subway service)">W</a>). Several other routes were modified as a result of the deficit. The <a href="/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="N (New York City Subway service)">N</a> was made a full-time local in Manhattan (in contrast to being a weekend local/weekday express before 2010), while the <a href="/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="Q (New York City Subway service)">Q</a> was extended nine stations north to <a href="/wiki/Astoria%E2%80%93Ditmars_Boulevard_(BMT_Astoria_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard (BMT Astoria Line)">Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard</a> on weekdays, both to cover the discontinued W. The <a href="/wiki/M_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="M (New York City Subway service)">M</a> was combined with the <a href="/wiki/V_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="V (New York City Subway service)">V</a>, routing it over the <a href="/wiki/Chrystie_Street_Connection" title="Chrystie Street Connection">Chrystie Street Connection</a>, <a href="/wiki/IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line" title="IND Sixth Avenue Line">IND Sixth Avenue Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line" title="IND Queens Boulevard Line">IND Queens Boulevard Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills%E2%80%9371st_Avenue_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Hills–71st Avenue (IND Queens Boulevard Line)">Forest Hills–71st Avenue</a> on weekdays instead of via the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Fourth_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Fourth Avenue Line">BMT Fourth Avenue Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMT_West_End_Line" title="BMT West End Line">BMT West End Line</a> to Bay Parkway. The <a href="/wiki/G_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="G (New York City Subway service)">G</a> was truncated to <a href="/wiki/Court_Square_(IND_Crosstown_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court Square (IND Crosstown Line)">Court Square</a> full-time. Construction headways on eleven routes were lengthened, and off-peak service on seven routes were lengthened.<a href="#cite_note-MTA_2010-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s_and_2020s">2010s and 2020s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 2010s and 2020s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hurricane_Sandy_damage">Hurricane Sandy damage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Hurricane Sandy damage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_ferry_station_loop_platform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/South_ferry_station_loop_platform.jpg/220px-South_ferry_station_loop_platform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/South_ferry_station_loop_platform.jpg/330px-South_ferry_station_loop_platform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/South_ferry_station_loop_platform.jpg/440px-South_ferry_station_loop_platform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>The old <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry_loops_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ferry loops (New York City Subway)">South Ferry loop station</a> closed between March 16, 2009, and April 4, 2013. It closed permanently in June 2017.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11._Train_Car_Positioned_Onto_Trucks_(8162996135).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/11._Train_Car_Positioned_Onto_Trucks_%288162996135%29.jpg/220px-11._Train_Car_Positioned_Onto_Trucks_%288162996135%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/11._Train_Car_Positioned_Onto_Trucks_%288162996135%29.jpg/330px-11._Train_Car_Positioned_Onto_Trucks_%288162996135%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/11._Train_Car_Positioned_Onto_Trucks_%288162996135%29.jpg/440px-11._Train_Car_Positioned_Onto_Trucks_%288162996135%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Hurricane Sandy caused serious damage to the <a href="/wiki/IND_Rockaway_Line" title="IND Rockaway Line">IND Rockaway Line</a> and isolated one part of the line from the rest of the system, requiring the NYCTA to truck in 20 subway cars to the line to provide some interim service in the Rockaways. This shows one of the cars being loaded onto a flatbed to be carried to the Rockaways.</figcaption></figure> On October 28, 2012, a full closure of the subway was ordered the day before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a>. All services on the subway, the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro-North" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro-North">Metro-North</a> were gradually shut down that evening.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> The storm <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Sandy_in_New_York" title="Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York">caused serious damage</a> to the system, especially the <a href="/wiki/IND_Rockaway_Line" title="IND Rockaway Line">IND Rockaway Line</a>, which had many sections between <a href="/wiki/Howard_Beach%E2%80%93JFK_Airport_(IND_Rockaway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Beach–JFK Airport (IND Rockaway Line)">Howard Beach–JFK Airport</a> and Hammels Wye on the <a href="/wiki/Rockaway,_Queens" title="Rockaway, Queens">Rockaway Peninsula</a> heavily damaged, leaving it essentially isolated from the rest of the system. This required the NYCTA to truck in 20 <a href="/wiki/R32_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R32 (New York City Subway car)">R32</a> subway cars to the line to provide some interim service, which was temporarily designated the <a href="/wiki/H_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="H (New York City Subway service)">H</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The H ran between Beach 90th Street and Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue, where passengers could transfer to a free shuttle bus.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> The line reopened on May 30, 2013, with a new retaining wall along the line to prevent against future storm surges.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Several of the system's tunnels under the East River were flooded by the storm surge.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry_(IRT_Broadway_%E2%80%93_Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ferry (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)">South Ferry</a> station suffered serious water damage, and on April 4, 2013, the older <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry_loops" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ferry loops">loop-configured station</a> reopened to provide temporary service.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> The first tunnel to be repaired, the <a href="/wiki/Greenpoint_Tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenpoint Tube">Greenpoint Tube</a> under <a href="/wiki/Newtown_Creek" title="Newtown Creek">Newtown Creek</a>, was fixed during a series of weekend closures in 2013 and a full closure during summer 2014.<a href="#cite_note-mta.info-280">[280]</a> The second tunnel, the <a href="/wiki/Montague_Street_Tunnel" title="Montague Street Tunnel">Montague Street Tunnel</a>, was closed completely from August 2013<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> to September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> Hurricane Sandy also damaged the Clark Street Tubes, necessitating a full closure on weekends between June 2017 and June 2018, thus affecting <a href="/wiki/2_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="2 (New York City Subway service)">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="3 (New York City Subway service)">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/4_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="4 (New York City Subway service)">4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/5_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="5 (New York City Subway service)">5</a> service.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The new South Ferry station reopened on June 27, 2017, in time to accommodate the Clark Street closures.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> A week after South Ferry reopened, the MTA closed the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Myrtle_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Myrtle Avenue Line">BMT Myrtle Avenue Line</a> for ten months to rebuild two of the line's viaducts, the 310-foot-long (94 m) approaches to the line's junction with the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Jamaica_Line" title="BMT Jamaica Line">BMT Jamaica Line</a> and Fresh Pond Bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Montauk_Branch" title="Montauk Branch">Montauk Branch</a> in Queens. This was in preparation for a reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Canarsie_Line" title="BMT Canarsie Line">BMT Canarsie Line</a> tunnels under the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyrtleAvenueReconstruction-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> The MTA also planned to <a href="/wiki/14th_Street_Tunnel_shutdown" title="14th Street Tunnel shutdown">completely close the BMT Canarsie Line</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Avenue_(BMT_Canarsie_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford Avenue (BMT Canarsie Line)">Bedford Avenue</a> for 18 months between early 2019 and mid-2020.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> In April 2017, the shutdown was shortened to 15 months.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> The closure was changed to a night and weekend shutdown in January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> Other rehabilitation projects included: <ul><li>Covering over 3,200 openings at ground level. As of March 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 19 contracts in progress and 11 contracts pending.<a href="#cite_note-MTA-CPOC-Mar2019-300">[300]</a> In addition, a preventive measure, 68 subway entrances in Lower Manhattan are also receiving fabric plugs that are intended to keep flood water out.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a>: 44  In 2017, 3,000-pound (1,400 kg) waterproof doors and curtains were installed in 24 Lower Manhattan locations at a cost of $30,000 each.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a></li> <li>Adding flood mitigation measures, like barriers, to the <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Coney Island Yard">Coney Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/207th_Street_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="207th Street Yard">207th Street</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lenox_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenox Yard">Lenox</a> subway yards<a href="#cite_note-MTA-CPOC-Mar2019-300">[300]</a>: 44 </li> <li>Adding flood mitigation measures to the IND Rockaway Line<a href="#cite_note-MTA-CPOC-Mar2019-300">[300]</a>: 44 </li> <li>Rebuilding other tubes. As of March 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Steinway_Tunnel" title="Steinway Tunnel">Steinway</a>, 53rd Street, Cranberry, and Joralemon tunnels had been repaired, in addition to the Crosstown, Montague Street, and Clark Street tunnels. The Rutgers Street Tunnel was pending repairs.<a href="#cite_note-MTA-CPOC-Mar2019-300">[300]</a>: 44 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansions_open">Expansions open</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Expansions open">edit</a>]</div> Originally budgeted at $400 million, the new South Ferry station opened in 2009 at a total of $530 million, with most of the money being a grant from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a> earmarked for World Trade Center reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-SFerry-ExitStrategy-20083-259">[259]</a> In January 2009, the opening was delayed because the tracks were too far from the edge of the platform. Other delays were attributed to leaks in the station.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> The problem was corrected and the station opened on March 16, 2009. With the opening of the new station, a transfer was available to the Whitehall Street station with a new connecting passageway.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:86th_Street_Station_Second_Avenue_SAS_3975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/86th_Street_Station_Second_Avenue_SAS_3975.jpg/220px-86th_Street_Station_Second_Avenue_SAS_3975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/86th_Street_Station_Second_Avenue_SAS_3975.jpg/330px-86th_Street_Station_Second_Avenue_SAS_3975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/86th_Street_Station_Second_Avenue_SAS_3975.jpg/440px-86th_Street_Station_Second_Avenue_SAS_3975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Second_Avenue_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening of the Second Avenue Subway">opening of the Second Avenue Subway</a> at <a href="/wiki/86th_Street_(Second_Avenue_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="86th Street (Second Avenue Subway)">86th Street</a></figcaption></figure> The 7 Subway Extension originally was expected to open in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-dnainfo_2013-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-nydailynews_2013-307">[307]</a> but did not open until September 13, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20150913-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj20150913-309">[309]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, the delay in the extension's opening was due to the installation of custom-made <a href="/wiki/Incline_elevator" class="mw-redirect" title="Incline elevator">incline elevators</a> that kept malfunctioning.<a href="#cite_note-rising_nytimes-310">[310]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Center" title="Fulton Center">Fulton Center</a> building opened to the public on November 10, 2014, completing a decade-long refurbishment of the <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulton Street (New York City Subway)">Fulton Street</a> station in lower Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> It was controversially funded as part of the post-9/11 rebuilding project.<a href="#cite_note-:5-243">[243]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Second_Avenue_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening of the Second Avenue Subway">opening of the Second Avenue Subway</a>, W service, which had not run since 2010, was restored on November 7, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> On January 1, 2017, the Second Avenue Subway was opened. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017_state_of_emergency">2017 state of emergency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 2017 state of emergency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2017_New_York_City_transit_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 New York City transit crisis">2017 New York City transit crisis</a></div> Underlying the fanfare of expansions, however, there was a gradual decline in maintenance of the subway, and consequently, fewer trains started arriving to their destinations on time. Maintenance spending declined before rising again from the 1990s to 2012, but on-time performance slowly eroded during that same time period. By 2017, only 65% of weekday trains reached their destinations on time, the lowest rate since the transit crisis of the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-:5-243">[243]</a> In the summer of that year, the subway system was officially put in a state of emergency after a series of derailments,<a href="#cite_note-:022-315">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1102-316">[316]</a> track fires,<a href="#cite_note-:262-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> and overcrowding incidents.<a href="#cite_note-:262-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> To solve the system's problems, the MTA officially announced the <a href="/wiki/Genius_Transit_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Genius Transit Challenge">Genius Transit Challenge</a> on June 28, 2017, where contestants could submit ideas to improve signals, communications infrastructure, or rolling stock.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> On July 25, 2017, Chairman <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lhota" title="Joe Lhota">Joe Lhota</a> announced a two-phase, $9 billion New York City Subway Action Plan to stabilize the subway system and to prevent the continuing decline of the system.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4222-323">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-:322-324">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5222-325">[325]</a> The first phase, costing $836 million, consisted of five categories of improvements; the $8 billion second phase would implement the winning proposals from the Genius Transit Challenge and fix more widespread problems.<a href="#cite_note-:4222-323">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-:322-324">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5222-325">[325]</a> Six winning submissions for the Genius Transit Challenge were announced in March 2018.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> In October 2017, city comptroller <a href="/wiki/Scott_Stringer" title="Scott Stringer">Scott Stringer</a> released an analysis of the effect of subway delays on the economy and on commuters. The study found that based on a normal wait time of 5 minutes and an average wage of $34 per hour in 2016, "worst-case" subway delays of more than 20 minutes could cost up to $389 million annually in lost productivity.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> By comparison, "mid-case" delays of between 10 and 20 minutes could cost $243.1 million per year, and "best-case" delays of between 5 and 10 minutes could cost $170.2 million per year.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> In November 2017, The New York Times published its investigation into the crisis. It found that the crisis had arisen as a result of financially unsound decisions by local and state politicians from both the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> parties. By this time, the subway's 65% average on-time performance was the lowest among all major cities' transit systems, and every non-shuttle subway route's on-time performance had declined in the previous ten years.<a href="#cite_note-:5-243">[243]</a> Several improvements were made in response to the transit crisis. In the short term, signals, trains, and tracks were improved under the "Fast Forward" program.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-GettingBetter-2018-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> Further, the MTA's 2020–2024 capital plan called for adding elevators and ramps to 66 subway stations and adding modern signaling systems to parts of six more physical lines, to be funded by <a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing_in_New_York_City" title="Congestion pricing in New York City">congestion pricing in Manhattan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guse_2019-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-332">[332]</a> Additionally, several other changes were proposed to improve service. For instance, in February 2019, several politicians wrote a letter to the MTA, asking the agency to consider splitting the <a href="/wiki/R_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="R (New York City Subway service)">R train</a> in half to increase reliability.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> In January 2020, Stringer sent a letter to NYCTA president <a href="/wiki/Andy_Byford" title="Andy Byford">Andy Byford</a> stated that the "abundance" of shuttered entry points along subway routes was contributing to severe overcrowding and longer commute times, and requested that the MTA develop and publicize plans for restoring closed entry points.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> The state of emergency ended on June 30, 2021, after previously being renewed 49 times.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planning_of_new_lines">Planning of new lines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Planning of new lines">edit</a>]</div> There are several lines under consideration. This includes a subway line under <a href="/wiki/Utica_Avenue" title="Utica Avenue">Utica Avenue</a> in Brooklyn;<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> an outer-borough circumferential line, the <a href="/wiki/Triboro_RX" class="mw-redirect" title="Triboro RX">Triboro RX</a>;<a href="#cite_note-gothamist-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> a reuse of the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Rockaway_Beach_Branch" title="Rockaway Beach Branch">Rockaway Beach Branch</a>;<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> and a line to <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> In November 2016, the MTA requested that the Second Avenue Subway's Phase 2 project be entered into the Project Development phase under the Federal Transit Administration's New Starts program.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> The FTA granted this request in late December 2016;<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> The line will eventually comprise four phases, running as far north as <a href="/wiki/125th_Street_(Second_Avenue_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="125th Street (Second Avenue Subway)">125th Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Harlem" title="East Harlem">East Harlem</a> during Phase 2, and south to <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Square_(Second_Avenue_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover Square (Second Avenue Subway)">Hanover Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> in Phases 3 and 4.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> The MTA began soliciting bids in July 2023 for the first Phase 2 construction contract.<a href="#cite_note-Simko-Bednarski_2023_b422-347">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saltonstall_2023_m514-348">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COVID-19_pandemic_and_crime_concerns">COVID-19 pandemic and crime concerns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic and crime concerns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">COVID-19 pandemic in New York City</a></div> The spread of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">COVID-19 pandemic to the New York City area</a> in March 2020 resulted in mass closures of gathering spaces.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> After the MTA recommended that only essential workers use the New York City Subway, ridership started to decrease.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> Part-time services were temporarily suspended.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> Starting on May 6, 2020, stations were closed overnight for cleaning, in what became the first planned overnight closure in the subway's history. The overnight closures were to be suspended once the pandemic was over, and bus service was added.<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> In early May 2021, Governor Cuomo announced that the overnight subway closures would end on May 17, 2021, with 24-hour service resuming on that date.<a href="#cite_note-Slattery_Sommerfeldt_Guse_2021-354">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> In February 2021, the New York City Subway removed benches from several stations in an effort to reduce the number of homeless persons sleeping on them, which during the COVID-19 pandemic was considered to be unsanitary. This move drew considerable backlash from riders who alleged that the removal of the benches amounts to disenfranchising disabled people and senior citizens, as well as being unfair to homeless populations.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> Although ridership decreased by 40 percent from 2019 to 2022, the number of crimes in the system remained roughly the same, prompting riders to express concerns over increased crime.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR.org_2022-359">[359]</a> There had been six murders in the subway in 2020; the following year, the subway recorded eight murders, the highest annual total in 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-Guse_2022-360">[360]</a> During the pandemic, the subway system experienced several high-profile incidents, including a <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michelle_Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Michelle Go">January 2022 shoving death of a passenger in Times Square</a> and an <a href="/wiki/2022_New_York_City_Subway_attack" title="2022 New York City Subway attack">April 2022 mass shooting</a> in Brooklyn.<a href="#cite_note-NPR.org_2022-359">[359]</a> As of October 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit">[update]</a>, crime in the system had increased 40 percent from the previous year; the number of crimes recorded to date was roughly the same as in 2019, when ridership was much higher.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2022-10-23-361">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-Siff_2022-362">[362]</a> In response, governor <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Kathy Hochul</a> and mayor <a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a> announced a plan to increase police presence within the subway system.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> Amid an increase in violent crimes in the subway system, Hochul deployed <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Police" title="New York State Police">New York State Police</a> forces to the subway in March 2024, as part of <a href="/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_Empire_Shield" title="Joint Task Force Empire Shield">Joint Task Force Empire Shield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Izaguirre_2024_k786-364">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Further_upgrades_and_improvements">Further upgrades and improvements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further upgrades and improvements">edit</a>]</div> Several upgrades and improvements were announced in the early 2020s. The new <a href="/wiki/OMNY" title="OMNY">OMNY</a> fare-payment system was implemented across the subway between 2019 and 2020,<a href="#cite_note-cbs20201231-365">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pozarycki_2020-366">[366]</a> The MTA announced in 2022 that it would install <a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">platform screen doors</a> at three stations,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2022-02-23-367">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brosnan_2022-368">[368]</a> and it reached a legal settlement the same year, agreeing to make 95 percent of subway and Staten Island Railway stations wheelchair-accessible by 2055.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2022-06-22-369">[369]</a> Despite decreased ridership due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the MTA had balanced its budget by 2023 while also raising fares and increasing service on several subway routes.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2023-10-06-370">[370]</a> In 2024, as part of its 2025–2029 Capital Program, the MTA announced that it would spend billions of dollars on new rolling stock, <a href="/wiki/Signaling_of_the_New_York_City_Subway" title="Signaling of the New York City Subway">upgraded signals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Accessibility_of_the_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Accessibility of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority">accessibility projects at 60 subway stations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidents_and_accidents">Incidents and accidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Incidents and accidents">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train_accidents">Train accidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Train accidents">edit</a>]</div> Many train accidents have been recorded since 1918, when a train bound for <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry_(IRT_elevated_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ferry (IRT elevated station)">South Ferry</a> smashed into two trains halted near <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Avenue_(IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson Avenue (IRT White Plains Road Line)">Jackson Avenue</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line" title="IRT White Plains Road Line">IRT White Plains Road Line</a> in the Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-jackson_avenue-373">[373]</a> Only accidents that caused injuries, deaths, or significant damage are listed. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F_Train_Derailment_(13904103279).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/F_Train_Derailment_%2813904103279%29.jpg/220px-F_Train_Derailment_%2813904103279%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/F_Train_Derailment_%2813904103279%29.jpg/330px-F_Train_Derailment_%2813904103279%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/F_Train_Derailment_%2813904103279%29.jpg/440px-F_Train_Derailment_%2813904103279%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of F train derailment in May 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MalboneStreetWreck1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/MalboneStreetWreck1.jpg/220px-MalboneStreetWreck1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/MalboneStreetWreck1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Malbone_Street_Wreck" class="mw-redirect" title="Malbone Street Wreck">Malbone Street Wreck</a> killed 97 people.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>October 3, 1918: A collision at <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Avenue_(IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson Avenue (IRT White Plains Road Line)">Jackson Avenue</a> killed two and injured 18.<a href="#cite_note-jackson_avenue-373">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>November 1, 1918: The <a href="/wiki/Malbone_Street_Wreck" class="mw-redirect" title="Malbone Street Wreck">Malbone Street Wreck</a> killed 97 and injured 200.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a></li> <li>August 6, 1927: Two bombs exploded at <a href="/wiki/28th_Street_(BMT_Broadway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Street (BMT Broadway Line)">28th Street (BMT Broadway Line)</a> and <a href="/wiki/28th_Street_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">28th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>August 24, 1928: A <a href="/wiki/Times_Square_derailment" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Square derailment">derailment in Times Square</a> on a southbound express train on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line">IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line</a> killed 16<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> and injured 100.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>August 22, 1938: A collision at the <a href="/wiki/116th_Street_station_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" title="116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)</a> killed 2 and injured 51.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a></li> <li>September 26, 1957: A motorman and three passengers were killed at an accident at <a href="/wiki/231st_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="231st Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">231st Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>November 28, 1962: A crane fell in Coney Island, killing three.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>May 4, 1965: A crane fell on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_New_Lots_Line" title="IRT New Lots Line">IRT New Lots Line</a>, killing one.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>December 29, 1969: A southbound train derailed near <a href="/wiki/East_180th_Street_(IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="East 180th Street (IRT White Plains Road Line)">East 180th Street</a> in the Bronx, injuring 48.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>February 27, 1970: A <a href="/wiki/6_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="6 (New York City Subway service)">6</a> train hit a bumper block at the <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park_(IRT_Pelham_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham Bay Park (IRT Pelham Line)">Pelham Bay Park</a> station, injuring 7.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a></li> <li>May 20, 1970: Two Brooklyn-bound <a href="/wiki/GG_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="GG (New York City Subway service)">GG</a> trains crashed west of <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Heights_%E2%80%93_Roosevelt_Avenue_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson Heights – Roosevelt Avenue (IND Queens Boulevard Line)">Roosevelt Avenue</a>, killing 2 and injuring 77.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>July 17, 1970: A Manhattan-bound E train ran into an A train at <a href="/wiki/Hoyt%E2%80%93Schermerhorn_Streets_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets (New York City Subway)">Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets</a>, injuring 37.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a></li> <li>August 1, 1970: A fire in the tunnel near <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowling Green (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">Bowling Green</a> killed one and injured 50.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>May 27, 1971: A 7 train was stuck in the <a href="/wiki/Steinway_Tunnel" title="Steinway Tunnel">Steinway Tunnel</a> and one person died of a heart attack.<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a></li> <li>July 16, 1971: A fire took place south of 14th Street on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, injuring 11.<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a></li> <li>August 28, 1973: A 7 train was hit by falling concrete in the Steinway Tunnel, killing one and injuring 18.<a href="#cite_note-nbc_20140502-382">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a></li> <li>October 4, 1973: Three passengers were injured when a Lexington Avenue Express train derailed 900 feet south of the Bergen Street station.<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a></li> <li>October 25, 1973: A fire in two train cars at <a href="/wiki/Longwood_Avenue_(IRT_Pelham_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longwood Avenue (IRT Pelham Line)">Longwood Avenue</a> led to a rear-end accident.<a href="#cite_note-nbc_20140502-382">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>December 1, 1974: Six people were injured as a Franklin Avenue Shuttle train consisting of R32s derailed at the same spot of the Malbone Street Wreck hitting the wall leaving a massive gash in the side of one of the cars.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a></li> <li>April 12, 1977: Two passengers were injured when an <a href="/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="N (New York City Subway service)">N</a> train derailed between the Manhattan Bridge and DeKalb Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a></li> <li>June 30, 1978: Three people were injured when an L train derailed, with nine of the cars leaving the track, damaging the track and platform.<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a></li> <li>December 13, 1978: A <a href="/wiki/CC_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="CC (New York City Subway service)">CC</a> train derailed south of 59th Street Columbus Circle crashing into the tunnel wall, injuring 16 of 100 passengers.<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a></li> <li>November 20, 1980: A <a href="/wiki/2_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="2 (New York City Subway service)">2</a> train derailed as it entered Chambers Street injuring 16 passengers.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a></li> <li>January 12, 1981: A <a href="/wiki/D_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="D (New York City Subway service)">D</a> train derailed on the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Line" title="BMT Brighton Line">BMT Brighton Line</a> near Kings Highway injuring 10 passengers.<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a></li> <li>July 3, 1981: A motorman was killed and 135 passengers are injured as a Manhattan bound train plowed into the rear of a second train halted for a failed signal between Sutter Avenue and Utica Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a></li> <li>April 25, 1986: An out of service <a href="/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="F (New York City Subway service)">F</a> train crashed into the bumper blocks at <a href="/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93179th_Street_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica–179th Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)">179th Street</a>, and the motorman died of a heart attack.<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbc_20140502-382">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>July 26, 1990: A B train and an M train collided on the <a href="/wiki/BMT_West_End_Line" title="BMT West End Line">BMT West End Line</a>, injuring 36 people.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>December 28, 1990: An electrical fire occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Clark_Street_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Street Tunnel">Clark Street Tunnel</a>, killing 2 and injuring 188.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a></li> <li>August 28, 1991: In a <a href="/wiki/1991_Union_Square_derailment" title="1991 Union Square derailment">derailment at Union Square</a>, five people were killed and more than 200 were injured when a southbound <a href="/wiki/4_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="4 (New York City Subway service)">4</a> train derailed due to a drunk motorman.<a href="#cite_note-nbc_20140502-382">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-397">[397]</a></li> <li>October 7, 1993: Two <a href="/wiki/L_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="L (New York City Subway service)">L</a> trains collided at the <a href="/wiki/Graham_Avenue_(BMT_Canarsie_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Avenue (BMT Canarsie Line)">Graham Avenue</a> station; 45 were injured.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-397">[397]</a></li> <li>August 15, 1994: A southbound B train derailed near Ninth Avenue in Brooklyn, injuring 11.<a href="#cite_note-nbc_20140502-382">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>December 21, 1994: A bomb made by Edward Leary detonated in a subway car, injuring him and 47 others.<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a></li> <li>February 9, 1995: An <a href="/wiki/M_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="M (New York City Subway service)">M</a> train and a <a href="/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)">B</a> train collided near the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Avenue_(BMT_West_End_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Avenue (BMT West End Line)">Ninth Avenue</a> station. Seven people on the B train were injured, and the motorman of the M train was culpable.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-397">[397]</a></li> <li>June 5, 1995: In a <a href="/wiki/1995_Williamsburg_Bridge_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Williamsburg Bridge collision">collision on the Williamsburg Bridge</a>, a Manhattan-bound <a href="/wiki/J_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="J (New York City Subway service)">J</a> train crashed into a stopped Manhattan-bound <a href="/wiki/M_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="M (New York City Subway service)">M</a> train after passing a red light at high speed, killing one and injuring 50.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-397">[397]</a></li> <li>August 23, 1995: A <a href="/wiki/6_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="6 (New York City Subway service)">6</a> train collided with another at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge%E2%80%93City_Hall/Chambers_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall/Chambers Street (New York City Subway)">Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall</a> station, injuring 87.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-397">[397]</a></li> <li>July 3, 1997: A Queens-bound <a href="/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="A (New York City Subway service)">A</a> train derailed in Harlem, near the <a href="/wiki/135th_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="135th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">135th Street</a> station, injuring 15 people.<a href="#cite_note-nbc_20140502-382">[382]</a></li> <li>July 14, 1997: The last car of a southbound <a href="/wiki/2_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="2 (New York City Subway service)">2</a> train derailed near <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_(IRT_Eastern_Parkway_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Avenue (IRT Eastern Parkway Line)">Franklin Avenue</a>, injuring four people.<a href="#cite_note-nbc_20140502-382">[382]</a></li> <li>November 20, 1997: A Forest Hills-bound <a href="/wiki/R_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="R (New York City Subway service)">R</a> train rear-ended a <a href="/wiki/G_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="G (New York City Subway service)">G</a> train in a tunnel near the <a href="/wiki/Steinway_Street_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinway Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)">Steinway Street</a> station, injuring 40, none seriously.<a href="#cite_note-nycsubway_accidents-374">[374]</a></li> <li>April 12, 2000: A northbound <a href="/wiki/5_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="5 (New York City Subway service)">5</a> train derailed near <a href="/wiki/68th_Street%E2%80%93Hunter_College_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="68th Street–Hunter College (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">68th Street</a>, injuring nine people.<a href="#cite_note-nbc_20140502-382">[382]</a></li> <li>June 21, 2000: A southbound <a href="/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)">B</a> train derailed just after leaving the <a href="/wiki/DeKalb_Avenue_(BMT_Fourth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="DeKalb Avenue (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)">DeKalb Avenue</a> station in Brooklyn, injuring more than 80 people. Officials said the third car jumped off the track, pulling the second car along.<a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbc_20140502-382">[382]</a></li> <li>May 2, 2014: A Manhattan-bound <a href="/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="F (New York City Subway service)">F</a> train with 1,000 people on board derailed near <a href="/wiki/65th_Street_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)">65th Street</a>, injuring at least 19 people.<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbc_20140502-382">[382]</a></li> <li>September 10, 2015: A southbound <a href="/wiki/G_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="G (New York City Subway service)">G</a> train with approximately 80 people on board derailed near <a href="/wiki/Hoyt%E2%80%93Schermerhorn_Streets_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets (New York City Subway)">Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets</a>, injuring at least five people.<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a></li> <li>June 27, 2017: A southbound <a href="/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="A (New York City Subway service)">A</a> train derailed then caught fire near <a href="/wiki/125th_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="125th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">125th Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Santora-402">[402]</a> The derailment, caused by improperly secured replacement rails,<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a> resulted in 39 minor injuries.<a href="#cite_note-NY12017-404">[404]</a></li> <li>March 27, 2020: A northbound 2 train <a href="/wiki/2020_New_York_City_Subway_fire" title="2020 New York City Subway fire">caught fire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_North%E2%80%93110th_Street_station" title="Central Park North–110th Street station">Central Park North–110th Street station</a>, killing the motorman and injuring at least 16 other people.<a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a> Since several other fires had been observed in nearby stations, the incident was investigated as a possible arson.<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a></li> <li>September 20, 2020: A northbound <a href="/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="A (New York City Subway service)">A</a> train derailed at <a href="/wiki/14th_Street/Eighth_Avenue_station" title="14th Street/Eighth Avenue station">14th Street/Eighth Avenue station</a> when a homeless man clamped wooden planks onto the roadbed causing the train to derail. Three passengers were injured.<a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a></li> <li>January 4, 2024: <a href="/wiki/2024_New_York_City_subway_derailment" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 New York City subway derailment">Two trains collided</a> at the <a href="/wiki/96th_Street_station_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" title="96th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">96th Street station</a>. Both trains derailed on impact, and 24 people were injured.<a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a></li> <li>January 10, 2024: A northbound <a href="/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="F (New York City Subway service)">F</a> train derailed near the <a href="/wiki/West_Eighth_Street%E2%80%93New_York_Aquarium_station" title="West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium station">West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium station</a> in Coney Island. All 37 passengers were evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a></li></ul> Additionally, in an accident recorded before 1918, <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Avenue_derailment" title="Ninth Avenue derailment">a derailment happened</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Ninth_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Ninth Avenue Line">Ninth Avenue Elevated</a> in Manhattan on September 11, 1905, resulting in 13 deaths and 48 serious injuries.<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_disasters">Other disasters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Other disasters">edit</a>]</div> Other accidents in the history of the subway do not involve trains;<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a> several people have been fatally electrocuted by the subway's <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rails</a>,<a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a> and yet others have been fatally pushed onto the tracks.<a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a> Fatal pushing incidents include the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michelle_Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Michelle Go">death of Michelle Go</a> at the Times Square station.<a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a> In 1960, a person nicknamed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunday_Bomber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunday Bomber (page does not exist)">Sunday Bomber</a> set off a series of bombs in the New York City Subway during Sundays and holidays, killing one woman and injuring 51 other commuters.<a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a> The bomber also set off bombs in ferries.<a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a> On April 12, 2022, a <a href="/wiki/2022_New_York_City_Subway_attack" title="2022 New York City Subway attack">mass shooting attack</a> occurred on the <a href="/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="N (New York City Subway service)">N train</a>, injuring at least 29 people.<a href="#cite_note-Shapiro_Katersky_2022-429">[429]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of New York City transportation">History of New York City transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit" title="Beach Pneumatic Transit">Beach Pneumatic Transit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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December 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+New+York&rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Underground+Tunnel+Tours+Are+Now+Six+Feet+Under&rft.date=2010-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnewyork.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-beat%2FBrooklyn-Underground-Tunnel-Tours-Are-Now-Six-Feet-Under-112103379.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Early_Rapid_Transit_In_New_York">"Early Transit in New York"</a>. NYCSubway.org. Retrieved October 29, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Transit+in+New+York&rft.pub=NYCSubway.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycsubway.org%2Fwiki%2FEarly_Rapid_Transit_In_New_York&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Early_Rapid_Transit_in_Brooklyn,_1878-1913">"Early Transit in Brooklyn"</a>. NYCSubway.org. Retrieved October 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Transit+in+Brooklyn&rft.pub=NYCSubway.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycsubway.org%2Fwiki%2FEarly_Rapid_Transit_in_Brooklyn%2C_1878-1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mit-30"><a href="#cite_ref-mit_30-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030628205423/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/beach.html">"Inventor of the Week – Alfred Beach"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nycsub-31"><a href="#cite_ref-nycsub_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/articles/beach.html">"Beach Pneumatic Transit"</a>. nycsubway.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beach+Pneumatic+Transit&rft.pub=nycsubway.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycsubway.org%2Farticles%2Fbeach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan,_Joseph2005" class="citation web cs1">Brennan, Joseph (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006030205/http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beach/chapter25.html">"They found the tube in excellent condition"</a>. Beach Pneumatic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beach/chapter25.html">the original</a> on October 6, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beach+Pneumatic&rft.atitle=They+found+the+tube+in+excellent+condition&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Brennan%2C+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~brennan%2Fbeach%2Fchapter25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-damnint-33"><a href="#cite_ref-damnint_33-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damninteresting.com/the-remarkable-pneumatic-people-mover">"The remarkable pneumatic people mover" on Damn Interesting</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/technology/nyunderground/secret.html">"The Secret Subway"</a> (<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1996" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Douglas (November 17, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/17/nyregion/subway-planners-lofty-ambitions-are-buried-as-dead-end-curiosities.html">"Subway Planners' Lofty Ambitions Are Buried as Dead-End Curiosities"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved April 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Subway+Planners%27+Lofty+Ambitions+Are+Buried+as+Dead-End+Curiosities&rft.date=1996-11-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F11%2F17%2Fnyregion%2Fsubway-planners-lofty-ambitions-are-buried-as-dead-end-curiosities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prlog.org/10696948-beach-pneumatic-transit-the-interborough-rapid-transit-subway.html">"Beach Pneumatic Transit – The Interborough Rapid Transit subway"</a> (plrog.org) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2010" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Keith (February 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2010/02/0226new-york-pneumatic-subway/">"Feb. 26, 1870: New York City Blows Subway Opportunity"</a>. Wired.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Feb.+26%2C+1870%3A+New+York+City+Blows+Subway+Opportunity&rft.date=2010-02-26&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fthisdayintech%2F2010%2F02%2F0226new-york-pneumatic-subway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> nycsubway.org—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit">Beach Pneumatic Transit</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hood,_Clifton_2004-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Hood,_Clifton_2004_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton_Hood2004" class="citation book cs1">Clifton Hood (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YfdjUgMAscC">722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801880544" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801880544"><bdi>978-0801880544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=722+Miles%3A+The+Building+of+the+Subways+and+How+They+Transformed+New+York&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0801880544&rft.au=Clifton+Hood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YfdjUgMAscC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood1995" class="citation book cs1">Hood, Clifton (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YfdjUgMAscC&q=1892&pg=PA59">722 Miles</a>. The Johns Hopkins University Press; First Edition (September 1, 1995). p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801852442" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801852442"><bdi>978-0801852442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=722+Miles&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press%3B+First+Edition+%28September+1%2C+1995%29&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0801852442&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Clifton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YfdjUgMAscC%26q%3D1892%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forgotten-ny.com/1999/09/lower-manhattan-necrology-continued/">"Lower Manhattan Necrology (continued) – Forgotten New York"</a>. forgotten-ny.com. September 3, 1999. Retrieved October 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forgotten-ny.com&rft.atitle=Lower+Manhattan+Necrology+%28continued%29+%E2%80%93+Forgotten+New+York&rft.date=1999-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforgotten-ny.com%2F1999%2F09%2Flower-manhattan-necrology-continued%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fifty_Years-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fifty_Years_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fifty_Years_42-1">b</a> James Blaine Walker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsrapid00walkgoog">Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864–1917</a>, published 1918, pp. 139–161 </li> <li id="cite_note-nycsubway.org_dualsystem-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nycsubway.org_dualsystem_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nycsubway.org_dualsystem_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nycsubway.org_dualsystem_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nycsubway.org_dualsystem_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nycsubway.org_dualsystem_43-4">e</a> nycsubway.org — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/The_Dual_System_of_Rapid_Transit_(1912)">The Dual System of Rapid Transit (1912)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"L.I. Traction Reorganization". <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Daily Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, NY</a>. January 18, 1896. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=L.I.+Traction+Reorganization&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1896-01-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Local Stocks and Bonds". <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Daily Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, NY</a>. February 9, 1896. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=Local+Stocks+and+Bonds&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1896-02-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Rapid Transit Statement". <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Daily Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, NY</a>. August 26, 1898. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=Rapid+Transit+Statement&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1898-08-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thethirdrail.net/9909/westend1.htm">The Third Rail Online – Gunther and His Railroad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060523225752/http://thethirdrail.net/9909/westend1.htm">Archived</a> May 23, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Transit in Possession of Brooklyn Elevated". <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Daily Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, NY</a>. March 25, 1899. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=Transit+in+Possession+of+Brooklyn+Elevated&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1899-03-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"To Run Road Next Week". <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Daily Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, NY</a>. July 7, 1899. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=To+Run+Road+Next+Week&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1899-07-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Early_Rapid_Transit_in_Brooklyn,_1878-1913">"Early Rapid Transit in Brooklyn, 1878 to 1913"</a>, nycsubway.org </li> <li id="cite_note-Moodys-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moodys_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moodys_51-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmt-lines.com/moodybrt.pdf">1914 Moody's Manual: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032349/http://www.bmt-lines.com/moodybrt.pdf">Archived</a> September 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sea-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sea_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sea_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Local Stocks and Bonds". <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Daily Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, NY</a>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823222957" title="Special:BookSources/9780823222957"><bdi>9780823222957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Subways%3A+Celebrating+100+Years+of+New+York%27s+Underground+Railways&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780823222957&rft.aulast=Cudahy&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_Century_of_Subways%2FfJGUDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2007" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Tracy (March 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/civil/subway3.htm">"How Subways Work"</a>. 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Retrieved October 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MAYOR+RUNS+A+TRAIN+OVER+NEW+BRIDGE&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1908-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1908%2F09%2F17%2F105012048.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinmanDarlingtonPirmannBrennan2012" class="citation web cs1">Feinman, Mark; Darlington, Peggy; Pirmann, David; Brennan, Joseph (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/BMT_4th_Avenue_Line">"BMT 4th Avenue Line"</a>. www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nycsubway.org&rft.atitle=BMT+4th+Avenue+Line&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Feinman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Darlington%2C+Peggy&rft.au=Pirmann%2C+David&rft.au=Brennan%2C+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycsubway.org%2Fwiki%2FBMT_4th_Avenue_Line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diehl-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diehl_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diehl_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diehl_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diehl_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diehl_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diehl_81-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diehl_81-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehl,_Lorraine2004" class="citation book cs1">Diehl, Lorraine (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/subwaystrackstha0000dieh">The Tracks that Built New York City</a>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400052271" title="Special:BookSources/9781400052271"><bdi>9781400052271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tracks+that+Built+New+York+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781400052271&rft.au=Diehl%2C+Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsubwaystrackstha0000dieh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-derrick-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-derrick_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-derrick_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-derrick_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-derrick_82-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-derrick_82-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrick2001" class="citation book cs1">Derrick, Peter (2001). Tunneling to the Future: The Story of the Great Subway Expansion that Saved New York. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814719107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814719107"><bdi>978-0814719107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tunneling+to+the+Future%3A+The+Story+of+the+Great+Subway+Expansion+that+Saved+New+York&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0814719107&rft.aulast=Derrick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_83-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/03/10/118138743.pdf">"THE SEVENTH AND LEXINGTON AVENUE SUBWAYS WILL REVIVE DORMANT SECTIONS; Change in Operation That Will Transform Original Four-Tracked Subway Into Two Four-Tracked Systems and Double Present Capacity of the Interborough. Change in Operation. Will Revive Dead Sections. Assessed Valuation. Inadequate Terminal Facilities. West Side Development. Residential Possibilities. Comparative Assessed Values"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. March 10, 1918. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THE+SEVENTH+AND+LEXINGTON+AVENUE+SUBWAYS+WILL+REVIVE+DORMANT+SECTIONS%3B+Change+in+Operation+That+Will+Transform+Original+Four-Tracked+Subway+Into+Two+Four-Tracked+Systems+and+Double+Present+Capacity+of+the+Interborough.+Change+in+Operation.+Will+Revive+Dead+Sections.+Assessed+Valuation.+Inadequate+Terminal+Facilities.+West+Side+Development.+Residential+Possibilities.+Comparative+Assessed+Values.&rft.date=1918-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1918%2F03%2F10%2F118138743.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1917/06/03/archives/three-new-links-of-the-dual-subway-system-opened-including-a.html">"THREE NEW LINKS OF THE DUAL SUBWAY SYSTEM OPENED, INCLUDING A SHUTTLE SERVICE FROM TIMES SQUARE TO THIRTY-FOURTH STREET; Service on the Jerome Avenue Branch From 149th Street North to About 225th Street Began Yesterday Afternoon—The Event Celebrated by Bronx Citizens and Property Owners-- The Seventh Avenue Connection Opened This Morning"</a>. The New York Times. June 3, 1917. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THREE+NEW+LINKS+OF+THE+DUAL+SUBWAY+SYSTEM+OPENED%2C+INCLUDING+A+SHUTTLE+SERVICE+FROM+TIMES+SQUARE+TO+THIRTY-FOURTH+STREET%3B+Service+on+the+Jerome+Avenue+Branch+From+149th+Street+North+to+About+225th+Street+Began+Yesterday+Afternoon%E2%80%94The+Event+Celebrated+by+Bronx+Citizens+and+Property+Owners--+The+Seventh+Avenue+Connection+Opened+This+Morning.&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1917-06-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1917%2F06%2F03%2Farchives%2Fthree-new-links-of-the-dual-subway-system-opened-including-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/06/04/102349861.pdf">"OPEN SUBWAY SPUR TO 34TH STREET; Pennsylvania Station Now Accessible by Seventh AvenueLine from Times Square. RUN MADE IN TWO MINUTES Rush Work at Finish Leaves Pilesof Debris Still to be Cleared Up"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. June 4, 1917. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=OPEN+SUBWAY+SPUR+TO+34TH+STREET%3B+Pennsylvania+Station+Now+Accessible+by+Seventh+AvenueLine+from+Times+Square.+RUN+MADE+IN+TWO+MINUTES+Rush+Work+at+Finish+Leaves+Pilesof+Debris+Still+to+be+Cleared+Up.&rft.date=1917-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1917%2F06%2F04%2F102349861.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/07/02/106215771.pdf">"OPEN NEW SUBWAY TO REGULAR TRAFFIC; First Train on Seventh Avenue Line Carries Mayor and Other Officials. TO SERVE LOWER WEST SIDE Whitney Predicts an Awakening of the District—New Extensions of Elevated Railroad Service. Present Service Tentative. Currents of Travel to Change"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. July 2, 1918. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=OPEN+NEW+SUBWAY+TO+REGULAR+TRAFFIC%3B+First+Train+on+Seventh+Avenue+Line+Carries+Mayor+and+Other+Officials.+TO+SERVE+LOWER+WEST+SIDE+Whitney+Predicts+an+Awakening+of+the+District%E2%80%94New+Extensions+of+Elevated+Railroad+Service.+Present+Service+Tentative.+Currents+of+Travel+to+Change.&rft.date=1918-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1918%2F07%2F02%2F106215771.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/07/17/102723156.pdf">"LEXINGTON AV. LINE TO BE OPENED TODAY; Subway Service to East Side of Harlem and the Bronx Expected to Relieve Congestion. BEGINS WITH LOCAL TRAINS Running of Express Trains to Await Opening of Seventh AvenueLine of H System"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. July 17, 1918. p. 13. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=LEXINGTON+AV.+LINE+TO+BE+OPENED+TODAY%3B+Subway+Service+to+East+Side+of+Harlem+and+the+Bronx+Expected+to+Relieve+Congestion.+BEGINS+WITH+LOCAL+TRAINS+Running+of+Express+Trains+to+Await+Opening+of+Seventh+AvenueLine+of+H+System.&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1918-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1918%2F07%2F17%2F102723156.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1918/08/02/archives/open-new-subway-lines-to-traffic-called-a-triumph-great-h-system.html">"OPEN NEW SUBWAY LINES TO TRAFFIC; CALLED A TRIUMPH; Great H System Put in Operation Marks an Era in Railroad Construction.NO HITCH IN THE PLANS But Public Gropes Blindly to Find the Way in Maze of New Stations.THOUSANDS GO ASTRAYLeaders in City's Life Hail Accomplishment of Great Task at Meeting at the Astor. Thousands Go Astray. OPEN NEW SUBWAY LINES TO TRAFFIC First Train Made Slow Time. Some Confusion Expected. Stations on the New Lines"</a>. The New York Times. August 2, 1918. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=PWA+Party+Views+New+Subway+Link%3A+Queens+Section+to+Be+Opened+Tomorrow+Is+Inspected+by+Tuttle+and+Others&rft.date=1936-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1936%2F12%2F30%2F88096632.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTImes-QBL169Ext-1937-107"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTImes-QBL169Ext-1937_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/03/17/118965719.pdf">"Subway Link Opens Soon: City Line to Jamaica Will Start About April 24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. March 17, 1937. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Subway+Link+Opens+Soon%3A+City+Line+to+Jamaica+Will+Start+About+April+24&rft.date=1937-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1937%2F03%2F17%2F118965719.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTImes-169Test-1937-108"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTImes-169Test-1937_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/04/09/94351009.pdf">"Trial Run to Jamaica on Subway Tomorrow: Section From Kew Gardens to 169th Street Will Open to Public in Two Weeks"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. April 9, 1937. Retrieved June 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trial+Run+to+Jamaica+on+Subway+Tomorrow%3A+Section+From+Kew+Gardens+to+169th+Street+Will+Open+to+Public+in+Two+Weeks&rft.date=1937-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1937%2F04%2F09%2F94351009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparberg2014-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Sparberg2014_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparberg2014" class="citation book cs1">Sparberg, Andrew J. (October 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oktGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA</a>. 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Retrieved August 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TRANSIT+LINK+OPEN+TODAY%3B+8th+Ave.+Line+Extended+to+Jamaica%E2%80%94Celebration+Arranged&rft.date=1937-04-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1937%2F04%2F24%2Farchives%2Ftransit-link-open-today-8th-ave-line-extended-to-jamaicacelebration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-23ElyOpen1-1939-111"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-23ElyOpen1-1939_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/08/05/94706861.pdf">"Subway Station Opens Aug. 28"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. August 5, 1939. Retrieved October 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Subway+Station+Opens+Aug.+28&rft.date=1939-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1939%2F08%2F05%2F94706861.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-23ElyOpen2-1939-112"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-23ElyOpen2-1939_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/08/26/93950787.pdf">"ELY SUBWAY STOP TO OPEN; Queens Station on City-Owned Line Begins Service Tomorrow"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. August 26, 1939. Retrieved October 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ELY+SUBWAY+STOP+TO+OPEN%3B+Queens+Station+on+City-Owned+Line+Begins+Service+Tomorrow&rft.date=1939-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1939%2F08%2F26%2F93950787.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/52693752/?terms=">"New Lines Shift City Travel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Daily Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a>. July 8, 1937. Retrieved July 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=New+Lines+Shift+City+Travel&rft.date=1937-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F52693752%2F%3Fterms%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nycsubway.org/wiki/A_New_Subway_Line_for_New_York_City,_The_Triborough_System:_Its_History_(1910)">"A New Subway Line for New York City, The Triborough System: Its History (1910)"</a>. nycsubway.org. Retrieved March 25, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Subway+Line+for+New+York+City%2C+The+Triborough+System%3A+Its+History+%281910%29&rft.pub=nycsubway.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnycsubway.org%2Fwiki%2FA_New_Subway_Line_for_New_York_City%2C_The_Triborough_System%3A_Its_History_%281910%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/The_Dual_System_of_Rapid_Transit_(1912)">"The Dual System of Rapid Transit (1912)"</a>. nycsubway.org. Retrieved March 25, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dual+System+of+Rapid+Transit+%281912%29&rft.pub=nycsubway.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycsubway.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Dual_System_of_Rapid_Transit_%281912%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1923/08/04/archives/two-subway-routes-adopted-by-city-estimate-board-accepts-wash.html">"Two Subway Routes Adopted by City"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. August 4, 1923. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Two+Subway+Routes+Adopted+by+City&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1923-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1923%2F08%2F04%2Farchives%2Ftwo-subway-routes-adopted-by-city-estimate-board-accepts-wash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1924/03/12/archives/plans-now-ready-to-start-subways-commission-notifies-city-it-can.html">"Plans Now Ready to Start Subways"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Pocket. Retrieved May 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pocket&rft.atitle=Why+New+York+City+Stopped+Building+Subways+%E2%80%93+CityLab&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgetpocket.com%2Fexplore%2Fitem%2Fwhy-new-york-city-stopped-building-subways&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818132042/http://www.mta.info/news/2011/10/26/remembering-9th-avenue-el">"Remembering the 9th Avenue El"</a>. MTA.info. October 26, 2011. 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Retrieved September 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subway+Map&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Transportation+Authority&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.mta.info%2Fmap%2F5256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:06-146"><a href="#cite_ref-:06_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Report including analysis of operations of the New York City transit system for five years, ended June 30, 1945. 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Retrieved December 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bomb+in+IND+Car+Kills+Woman+and+Hurts+18+at+125th+St.+Stop&rft.date=1960-11-07&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1960%2F11%2F07%2Farchives%2Fbomb-in-ind-car-kills-woman-and-hurts-18-at-125th-st-stop-blast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHailey1960" class="citation news cs1">Hailey, Foster (October 13, 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F1FFF3D5B1A738DDDAA0994D8415B808AF1D3">"Bomb Injures 33 at Times Sq. Shuttle"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved December 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bomb+Injures+33+at+Times+Sq.+Shuttle&rft.date=1960-10-13&rft.aulast=Hailey&rft.aufirst=Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFA0F1FFF3D5B1A738DDDAA0994D8415B808AF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6q4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA4">"'Sunday Bomber' Hunted by 600 New York Cops"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a>. Johnson Publishing Company. November 24, 1960. Retrieved October 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=%27Sunday+Bomber%27+Hunted+by+600+New+York+Cops&rft.date=1960-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6q4DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/24/archives/third-sunday-bomb-rips-staten-island-ferry-deck-3d-sunday-bomb-rips.html">"Third Sunday Bomb Rips Staten Island Ferry Deck"</a>. The New York Times. October 24, 1960. Retrieved December 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Third+Sunday+Bomb+Rips+Staten+Island+Ferry+Deck&rft.date=1960-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1960%2F10%2F24%2Farchives%2Fthird-sunday-bomb-rips-staten-island-ferry-deck-3d-sunday-bomb-rips.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapiro_Katersky_2022-429"><a href="#cite_ref-Shapiro_Katersky_2022_429-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroKatersky2022" class="citation news cs1">Shapiro, Emily; Katersky, Aaron (April 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/multiple-shot-separate-incidents-involving-york-city-subway/story?id=84030707">"NYC subway shootings updates: Multiple shot, suspect at large"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412140757/https://abcnews.go.com/US/multiple-shot-separate-incidents-involving-york-city-subway/story?id=84030707">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=NYC+subway+shootings+updates%3A+Multiple+shot%2C+suspect+at+large&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Katersky%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fmultiple-shot-separate-incidents-involving-york-city-subway%2Fstory%3Fid%3D84030707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_J._Cudahy1995" class="citation book cs1">Brian J. Cudahy (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undersidewalksof00cuda">Under the Sidewalks of New York: The Story of the Greatest Subway System in the World</a>. Fordham Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1618-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1618-5"><bdi>978-0-8232-1618-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sidewalks+of+New+York%3A+The+Story+of+the+Greatest+Subway+System+in+the+World&rft.pub=Fordham+Univ+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-1618-5&rft.au=Brian+J.+Cudahy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fundersidewalksof00cuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunniff1904" class="citation journal cs1">Cunniff, M. G. (September 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AYbNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5346">"The New York Subway"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a>. VIII: 5347–5364. Retrieved July 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Subway&rft.volume=VIII&rft.pages=5347-5364&rft.date=1904-09&rft.aulast=Cunniff&rft.aufirst=M.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAYbNAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA5346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"> Includes numerous construction photos.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamde_Hart1993" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Joseph; de Hart, Leonard (1993) [1976, 1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4KAQAAMAAJ">A History of the New York City Subway System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+New+York+City+Subway+System&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=de+Hart%2C+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFg4KAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrick2002" class="citation book cs1">Derrick, Peter (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D4cUCgAAQBAJ">Tunneling to the Future: The Story of the Great Subway Expansion That Saved New York</a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1954-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1954-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-1954-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tunneling+to+the+Future%3A+The+Story+of+the+Great+Subway+Expansion+That+Saved+New+York&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2002-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1954-1&rft.aulast=Derrick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD4cUCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood2004" class="citation book cs1">Hood, Clifton (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YfdjUgMAscC">722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801880544" title="Special:BookSources/9780801880544"><bdi>9780801880544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=722+Miles%3A+The+Building+of+the+Subways+and+How+They+Transformed+New+York&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780801880544&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Clifton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YfdjUgMAscC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2011" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Tod (2011). New York Subways and Stations, 1970–1990. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0764338496" title="Special:BookSources/978-0764338496"><bdi>978-0764338496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Subways+and+Stations%2C+1970%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0764338496&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Tod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMost2014" class="citation book cs1">Most, Doug (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312591328">The race underground: Boston, New York, and the incredible rivalry that built America's first subway</a> (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312591328" title="Special:BookSources/9780312591328"><bdi>9780312591328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+race+underground%3A+Boston%2C+New+York%2C+and+the+incredible+rivalry+that+built+America%27s+first+subway&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2014-02&rft.isbn=9780312591328&rft.aulast=Most&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312591328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61">"America's Newest Subway, First Built In Model"</a>. Popular Science. October 1931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=America%27s+Newest+Subway%2C+First+Built+In+Model&rft.date=1931-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCigDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Transit_Museum2004" class="citation book cs1">New York Transit Museum (2004). The City Beneath Us: Building the New York Subway. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393057973" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393057973"><bdi>978-0393057973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+Beneath+Us%3A+Building+the+New+York+Subway&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0393057973&rft.au=New+York+Transit+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+New+York+City+Subway" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Transportation_Deployment_Casebook/New_York_Subway_1901_to_2012" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Transportation Deployment Casebook/New York Subway 1901 to 2012">Transportation Deployment Casebook/New York Subway 1901 to 2012</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm">MTA timeline of events</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/">nycsubway.org</a>: A thorough treatment of the current system and history, including historic and track maps</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/35272/early-days-of-the-nyc-subway">Early Days of the NYC Subway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029230756/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/35272/early-days-of-the-nyc-subway">Archived</a> October 29, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – slideshow by <a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beautyofnyc.org/subwayhistory.htm">The New York City Subway: A Century by John Stern</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/nyregion/nyregionspecial/">The Subway Issue</a> – special October 2010 regional news section by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2018/04/why-new-york-city-stopped-building-subways/557567/">Why New York City Stopped Building Subways</a>, by Jonathan English, April 16, 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/08/commute-time-city-size-transportation-urban-planning-history/597055/">The Commuting Principle That Shaped Urban History</a>, Jonathan English, August 29, 2019.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_City_Subway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_City_Subway" title="Template:New York City Subway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_City_Subway" title="Template talk:New York City Subway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_City_Subway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York City Subway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_City_Subway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_services" title="List of New York City Subway services">Current services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="1 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""1" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="2 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""2" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="3 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""3" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="4 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""4" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="5 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""5" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="6 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""6" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/NYCS-bull-trans-6-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-6-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/NYCS-bull-trans-6-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-6-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/NYCS-bull-trans-6-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-6-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="7 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""7" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NYCS-bull-trans-7-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-7-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NYCS-bull-trans-7-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-7-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NYCS-bull-trans-7-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-7-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="A (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""A" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYCS-bull-trans-A-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-A-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYCS-bull-trans-A-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-A-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYCS-bull-trans-A-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-A-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""B" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="C (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""C" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/NYCS-bull-trans-C-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-C-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/NYCS-bull-trans-C-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-C-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/NYCS-bull-trans-C-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-C-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="D (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""D" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/NYCS-bull-trans-D-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-D-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/NYCS-bull-trans-D-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-D-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/NYCS-bull-trans-D-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-D-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="E (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""E" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NYCS-bull-trans-E-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-E-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NYCS-bull-trans-E-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-E-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NYCS-bull-trans-E-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-E-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="F (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""F" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="G (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""G" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NYCS-bull-trans-G-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-G-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NYCS-bull-trans-G-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-G-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NYCS-bull-trans-G-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-G-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/Z_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="J/Z (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""J" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NYCS-bull-trans-J-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-J-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NYCS-bull-trans-J-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-J-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NYCS-bull-trans-J-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-J-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="L (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""L" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NYCS-bull-trans-L-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-L-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NYCS-bull-trans-L-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-L-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NYCS-bull-trans-L-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-L-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="M (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""M" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NYCS-bull-trans-M-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-M-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NYCS-bull-trans-M-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-M-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NYCS-bull-trans-M-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-M-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="N (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""N" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NYCS-bull-trans-N-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-N-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NYCS-bull-trans-N-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-N-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NYCS-bull-trans-N-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-N-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="Q (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""Q" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="R (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""R" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NYCS-bull-trans-R-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-R-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NYCS-bull-trans-R-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-R-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NYCS-bull-trans-R-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-R-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="W (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""W" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-W-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-W-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-W-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-W-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-W-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-W-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/Z_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="J/Z (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""Z" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NYCS-bull-trans-Z-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-Z-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NYCS-bull-trans-Z-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-Z-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NYCS-bull-trans-Z-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-Z-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="S (New York City Subway service)"><img alt="shuttle train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/S_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="S (New York City Subway service)">Shuttles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_Shuttle" title="42nd Street Shuttle">42nd Street</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_Shuttle" title="Franklin Avenue Shuttle">Franklin Avenue</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rockaway_Park_Shuttle" title="Rockaway Park Shuttle">Rockaway Park</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/T_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="T (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""T" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NYCS-bull-trans-T-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-T-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NYCS-bull-trans-T-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-T-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NYCS-bull-trans-T-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-T-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="9 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""9" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NYCS-bull-trans-9-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-9-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NYCS-bull-trans-9-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-9-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NYCS-bull-trans-9-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-9-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="H (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""H" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NYCS-bull-trans-H-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-H-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NYCS-bull-trans-H-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-H-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NYCS-bull-trans-H-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-H-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_(Eighth_Avenue_Local)" title="K (Eighth Avenue Local)"><img alt=""K" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/NYCS-bull-trans-K-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-K-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/NYCS-bull-trans-K-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-K-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/NYCS-bull-trans-K-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-K-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="V (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""V" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NYCS-bull-trans-V-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-V-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NYCS-bull-trans-V-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-V-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NYCS-bull-trans-V-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-V-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFK_Express" title="JFK Express"><img alt="JFK Express" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/NYCS-bull-trans-JFK.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-JFK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/NYCS-bull-trans-JFK.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-JFK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/NYCS-bull-trans-JFK.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-JFK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="8 (New York City Subway service)">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_(New_York_City_Subway_service)#Dyre_Avenue_Shuttle" title="5 (New York City Subway service)">9 (Dyre Avenue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_(Eighth_Avenue_Local)" title="K (Eighth Avenue Local)">AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)">BB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="C (New York City Subway service)">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_(New_York_City_Subway_service)#EE_Service" title="E (New York City Subway service)">EE (Eighth Avenue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="N (New York City Subway service)">EE (Broadway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="G (New York City Subway service)">GG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HH_(Court_Street_Shuttle)" title="HH (Court Street Shuttle)">HH (Court Street)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/Z_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="J/Z (New York City Subway service)">JJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/Z_(New_York_City_Subway_service)#Chrystie_Street_Connection_to_1976" title="J/Z (New York City Subway service)">K (Jamaica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/Z_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="J/Z (New York City Subway service)">KK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="L (New York City Subway service)">LL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_(New_York_City_Subway_service)#MJ_service" title="M (New York City Subway service)">MJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="N (New York City Subway service)">NX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="Q (New York City Subway service)">QB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/Z_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="J/Z (New York City Subway service)">QJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="Q (New York City Subway service)">QT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="R (New York City Subway service)">RJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="R (New York City Subway service)">RR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="T (New York City Subway service)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="T (New York City Subway service)">TT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S_(New_York_City_Subway_service)#Former_uses" title="S (New York City Subway service)">Shuttles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green%E2%80%93South_Ferry_shuttle" title="Bowling Green–South Ferry shuttle">Bowling Green</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/63rd_Street_Shuttle#Broadway" title="63rd Street Shuttle">Broadway/63rd Street</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Culver_Shuttle" title="Culver Shuttle">Culver</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grand_Street_Shuttle" title="Grand Street Shuttle">Grand Street</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S_(New_York_City_Subway_service)#Nassau_Street_Shuttle_(1999)" title="S (New York City Subway service)">Nassau Street</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/IRT_Ninth_Avenue_Line#Closing_and_Polo_Grounds_Shuttle" title="IRT Ninth Avenue Line">Polo Grounds</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/63rd_Street_Shuttle#Sixth_Avenue" title="63rd Street Shuttle">Sixth Avenue/63rd Street</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation" title="Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation">BMT</a> numbers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="Q (New York City Subway service)">1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/R_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="R (New York City Subway service)">2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="T (New York City Subway service)">3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="N (New York City Subway service)">4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Culver_Shuttle" title="Culver Shuttle">5</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/6_(BMT_rapid_transit_service)" title="6 (BMT rapid transit service)">6</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_Shuttle" title="Franklin Avenue Shuttle">7</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BMT_Astoria_Line" title="BMT Astoria Line">8</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line" title="IRT Flushing Line">9</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="M (New York City Subway service)">10</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M_(New_York_City_Subway_service)#MJ_service" title="M (New York City Subway service)">11</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/12_(BMT_rapid_transit_service)" title="12 (BMT rapid transit service)">12</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/13_(BMT_rapid_transit_service)" title="13 (BMT rapid transit service)">13</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J/Z_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="J/Z (New York City Subway service)">14</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J/Z_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="J/Z (New York City Subway service)">15</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/L_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="L (New York City Subway service)">16</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BMT_Brooklyn_Loops" title="BMT Brooklyn Loops">Brooklyn Loops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East_New_York_Loop" title="East New York Loop">East New York Loop</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unused labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Unused_New_York_City_Subway_service_labels" title="Unused New York City Subway service labels">Unused New York City Subway service labels</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_stations" title="New York City Subway stations">Stations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_stations" title="List of New York City Subway stations">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By borough</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_stations_in_the_Bronx" title="List of New York City Subway stations in the Bronx">The Bronx</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_stations_in_Brooklyn" title="List of New York City Subway stations in Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_stations_in_Manhattan" title="List of New York City Subway stations in Manhattan">Manhattan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_stations_in_Queens" title="List of New York City Subway stations in Queens">Queens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_closed_New_York_City_Subway_stations" title="List of closed New York City Subway stations">Closed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_terminals" title="List of New York City Subway terminals">Terminals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_transfer_stations" title="List of New York City Subway transfer stations">Transfer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_of_the_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority#New_York_City_Subway" title="Accessibility of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Accessible</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="A Division (New York City Subway)">A Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company" title="Interborough Rapid Transit Company">IRT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="B Division (New York City Subway)">B Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation" title="Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation">BMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Subway_System" title="Independent Subway System">IND</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_lines" title="List of New York City Subway lines">Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_yards" title="List of New York City Subway yards">Yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_rolling_stock" title="New York City Subway rolling stock">Rolling stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_R-type_contracts" title="List of New York City Subway R-type contracts">R-type contracts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_the_IRT_subway" title="Early history of the IRT subway">IRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_BRT_and_BMT" title="History of the BRT and BMT">BMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company" title="Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company">BRT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Contracts" title="Dual Contracts">Dual Contracts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expansions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTA_Capital_Construction_and_Development_Company" title="MTA Capital Construction and Development Company">MTA Capital Construction and Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystie_Street_Connection" title="Chrystie Street Connection">Chrystie Street Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interborough_Express" title="Interborough Express">Interborough Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_for_Action" title="Program for Action">Program for Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_Subway_Extension" title="7 Subway Extension">7 Subway Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Second Avenue Subway">Second Avenue Subway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unbuilt_plans_for_the_Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Unbuilt plans for the Second Avenue Subway">Historic proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_of_the_Second_Avenue_Subway" title="Construction of the Second Avenue Subway">Construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_expansion_of_the_New_York_City_Subway" title="Proposed expansion of the New York City Subway">Other proposals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport_subway_extension" title="LaGuardia Airport subway extension">LaGuardia Airport extension</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable crashes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Avenue_derailment" title="Ninth Avenue derailment">Ninth Avenue, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbone_Street_wreck" title="Malbone Street wreck">Malbone Street, 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Times_Square_derailment" title="1928 Times Square derailment">Times Square, 1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Union_Square_derailment" title="1991 Union Square derailment">Union Square, 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Williamsburg_Bridge_subway_collision" title="1995 Williamsburg Bridge subway collision">Williamsburg Bridge, 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_New_York_City_Subway_derailment" title="2024 New York City Subway derailment">96th Street, 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strikes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_New_York_City_transit_strike" title="1966 New York City transit strike">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_New_York_City_transit_strike" title="1980 New York City transit strike">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_New_York_City_transit_strike" title="2005 New York City transit strike">2005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service disruptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932021_New_York_City_transit_crisis" title="2017–2021 New York City transit crisis">2017–2021 New York City transit crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Street_Tunnel_shutdown" title="14th Street Tunnel shutdown">2019–2020 L train shutdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other major incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_New_York_City_Subway_shooting" title="1984 New York City Subway shooting">1984 shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seong_Sil_Kim_v._New_York_City_Transit_Authority" title="Seong Sil Kim v. New York City Transit Authority">2000 lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_York_City_Subway_bombing" title="2017 New York City Subway bombing">2017 bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_New_York_City_Subway_fire" title="2020 New York City Subway fire">2020 fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_New_York_City_Subway_attack" title="2022 New York City Subway attack">2022 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Jordan_Neely" title="Killing of Jordan Neely">2023 killing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_of_the_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Accessibility of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/58_Joralemon_Street" title="58 Joralemon Street">58 Joralemon Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Center" title="Fulton Center">Fulton Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbin_Building" title="Corbin Building">Corbin Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dey_Street_Passageway" title="Dey Street Passageway">Dey Street Passageway</a></li></ul></li> <li>Substations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substation_7" title="Substation 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substation_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Substation 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substation_219" title="Substation 219">219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substation_401" title="Substation 401">401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRT_Powerhouse" title="IRT Powerhouse">IRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyckman-Hillside_Substation" title="Dyckman-Hillside Substation">Dyckman-Hillside</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_in_popular_culture" title="New York City Subway in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_Transit_Super_Bowl" title="Mass Transit Super Bowl">Mass Transit Super Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Subways" title="Miss Subways">Miss Subways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTA_Arts_%26_Design" title="MTA Arts & Design">MTA Arts & Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Under_New_York" title="Music Under New York">Music Under New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_(busking)" title="Showtime (busking)">"Showtime"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subway_Challenge" title="Subway Challenge">Subway Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subway_Series" title="Subway Series">Subway Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_tiles" title="New York City Subway tiles">Tiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signaling_of_the_New_York_City_Subway" title="Signaling of the New York City Subway">Automation and signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_chaining" title="New York City Subway chaining">Chaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_transit_fares" title="New York City transit fares">Fares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MetroCard" title="MetroCard">MetroCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMNY" title="OMNY">OMNY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_Principle" title="Pizza Principle">Pizza Principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_map" title="New York City Subway map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_nomenclature" title="New York City Subway nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_of_the_New_York_City_Subway" title="Technology of the New York City Subway">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other rapid transit in NYC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirTrain_JFK" title="AirTrain JFK"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AirTrain_JFK_notext_logo.svg/20px-AirTrain_JFK_notext_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AirTrain_JFK_notext_logo.svg/30px-AirTrain_JFK_notext_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AirTrain_JFK_notext_logo.svg/40px-AirTrain_JFK_notext_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="159" /></a> <a href="/wiki/AirTrain_JFK" title="AirTrain JFK">AirTrain JFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_Trans-Hudson" title="Port Authority Trans-Hudson"><img alt="Port Authority Trans-Hudson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PATH_logo.svg/18px-PATH_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PATH_logo.svg/27px-PATH_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PATH_logo.svg/36px-PATH_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/PATH_(rail_system)" title="PATH (rail system)">PATH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway" title="Staten Island Railway"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NYCS-bull-trans-SIR-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-SIR-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NYCS-bull-trans-SIR-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-SIR-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NYCS-bull-trans-SIR-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-SIR-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway" title="Staten Island Railway">Staten Island Railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Staten_Island_Railway_stations" title="List of Staten Island Railway stations">Stations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historical" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit" title="Beach Pneumatic Transit">Beach Pneumatic Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Railway_Company" title="Manhattan Railway Company">Manhattan Railway Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> 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