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<li id="toc-The_emergence_of_a_Jewish_working_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_emergence_of_a_Jewish_working_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The emergence of a Jewish working class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_emergence_of_a_Jewish_working_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Soviets_and_against_fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Soviets_and_against_fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>In Soviets and against fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Soviets_and_against_fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_Jews_in_Central_and_Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_Jews_in_Central_and_Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Radical Jews in Central and Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_Jews_in_Central_and_Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_Zionism_and_the_Israeli_left" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_Zionism_and_the_Israeli_left"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Labor Zionism and the Israeli left</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_Zionism_and_the_Israeli_left-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_era_in_the_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_era_in_the_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Postwar era in the diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_era_in_the_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2014-2023:_Aftermath_of_the_2014_Gaza_War_and_2016_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014-2023:_Aftermath_of_the_2014_Gaza_War_and_2016_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>2014-2023: Aftermath of the 2014 Gaza War and 2016 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014-2023:_Aftermath_of_the_2014_Gaza_War_and_2016_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Jewish_left" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Jewish_left"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary Jewish left</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_Jewish_left-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary Jewish left subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Jewish_left-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_left_in_Palestine_and_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_left_in_Palestine_and_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jewish left in Palestine and Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_left_in_Palestine_and_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_left_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_left_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jewish left in Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_left_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Jews</div> <p>The <b>Jewish left</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> individuals or organizations that identify with or support <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberal</a> causes, consciously as Jews. There is no singular organization or movement that constitutes the Jewish left. </p><p>Jews have been major forces in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement house">settlement house</a> movement, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Anti-racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-racist">anti-racist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialist">anti-colonialist</a> work, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a> organizations of many forms in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alleg_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alleg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-giladi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giladi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jews have a history of involvement in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, and Western <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>. The expression "on the left" encompasses a range of political positions. Many individuals associated with left-wing politics have been Jews born into Jewish families, with varying degrees of connection to Jewish communities, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">cultures</a>, traditions, or religious practices. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish leftist thought has roots in the <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a>, led by thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a>, as well as in the support of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">European Jews</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_B%C3%B6rne" title="Ludwig Börne">Ludwig Börne</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> ideals following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the movement for <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">emancipation</a> spread across <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and was closely associated with the emergence of political <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, which emphasized <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> principles of <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality</a> <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">before the law</a>. At the time, liberals were considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">political left</a>, and emancipated Jews, as they became more integrated into the political culture of their respective nations, were often associated with liberal <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a>. Many Jews supported the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. In England, Jews tended to support the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>, which had led the parliamentary struggle for Jewish emancipation,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a political dynamic described by some scholars as "the liberal Jewish compromise".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_emergence_of_a_Jewish_working_class">The emergence of a Jewish working class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The emergence of a Jewish working class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> led to the emergence of a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, followed by the development of a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labor movement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">Jewish Labour Bund</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, Poland, and Russia in 1897, and various Jewish socialist organizations formed across the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, individuals of Jewish origin participated in <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> movements, though not all explicitly identified as Jewish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> developed as a political movement, <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionist</a> parties such as <a href="/wiki/Ber_Borochov" title="Ber Borochov">Ber Borochov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a> emerged. Other left-wing Jewish nationalist movements included <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">territorialism</a>, which sought a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">homeland</a> <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">for the Jewish people</a> but not necessarily in <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish autonomism</a>, which advocated for non-territorial national rights for Jews within multinational empires; and <a href="/wiki/Folkspartei" title="Folkspartei">folkism</a>, promoted by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Dubnow" title="Simon Dubnow">Simon Dubnow</a>, which emphasized the cultural identity of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>-speaking Jews.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As Eastern European Jews migrated West from the 1880s onward, these ideological movements took root in growing Jewish communities, including the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Pletzl" title="Pletzl">Pletzl</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. London had an active Jewish anarchist movement, in which the non-Jewish German writer <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a> was a central figure. In the United States, a significant Jewish socialist movement developed, exemplified by the Yiddish-language daily <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i> and trade unions such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Ladies_Garment_Workers_Union" title="International Ladies Garment Workers Union">International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Clothing_Workers_of_America" title="Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America">Amalgamated Clothing Workers</a> <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Clothing_Workers_of_America" title="Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America">of America</a>. Notable figures in these circles included <a href="/wiki/Rose_Schneiderman" title="Rose Schneiderman">Rose Schneiderman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cahan" title="Abraham Cahan">Abraham Cahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Winchevsky" title="Morris Winchevsky">Morris Winchevsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Dubinsky" title="David Dubinsky">David Dubinsky</a>. </p><p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Jews played a significant role in the social democratic parties of <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria-Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Lithuania" title="Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania">Poland</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Enzo Traverso</a> has used the term "Judeo-Marxism" to describe the distinct contributions of Jewish socialists to <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> thought. These ranged from <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> perspectives opposing <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, as seen in the views of <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, to positions more accommodating of cultural nationalism, as represented by the <a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Medem" title="Vladimir Medem">Vladimir Medem</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Soviets_and_against_fascism">In Soviets and against fascism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Soviets and against fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with the American Revolution of 1776, the French Revolution of 1789, and the German Revolution of 1848, many Jews worldwide welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, viewing the collapse of a regime associated with <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">pogroms</a> as a positive development. Many believed that the new <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviet</a> order would improve conditions for Jews in the region. Many Jews became involved in <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist parties</a>, constituting large proportions of their membership in many countries, including <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and the United States. Some Communist parties had dedicated Jewish sections, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yevsektsiya" title="Yevsektsiya">Yevsektsiya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The Soviet government implemented policies toward Jews and Jewish culture that fluctuated over time, at times promoting Jewish cultural development—such as supporting Yiddish-language scholarship and establishing the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a>—while also engaging in antisemitic purges, including the crackdown following the <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' Plot</a>. </p><p>With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> in parts of Europe during the 1920s and 1930s, many Jews became active in left-wing movements, particularly Communist parties, which were at the forefront of antifascist efforts. Jewish volunteers participated in the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, including the American <a href="/wiki/XV_International_Brigade" title="XV International Brigade">XV International Brigade</a> and the Polish-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Palafox_Battalion" title="Palafox Battalion">Palafox Battalion</a>. In Britain, Jews and leftist activists fought <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>’s <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a>, including at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a> in 1936. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a> in the Soviet Union also played a role in mobilizing opposition to fascism. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Jewish leftist groups were actively involved in <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance against Nazism</a>. Bundists and Labor Zionists played key roles in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Combat Organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_Jews_in_Central_and_Western_Europe">Radical Jews in Central and Western Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radical Jews in Central and Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alongside movements rooted in the Jewish working class, relatively <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">assimilated</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle-class</a> Jews in Central and Western Europe explored radicalism within Jewish tradition. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a> incorporated <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Jewish</a> thought into his anarchist philosophy, while <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a> combined anarchism with his scholarship on <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> was influenced by both Marxism and <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Jewish messianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a>, a religious Jew, identified as a <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">libertarian communist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Isra%C3%ABl_de_Haan" title="Jacob Israël de Haan">Jacob Israël de Haan</a> merged socialism with <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lazare" title="Bernard Lazare">Bernard Lazare</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarian</a>, initially embraced Zionism in 1897 but later criticized its bourgeois character in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">Zionist Action Committee</a> writing "You are <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> in thoughts, bourgeois in your feelings, bourgeois in your ideas, bourgeois in your conception of society."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Walther Rathenau</a> was a prominent figure in the Jewish left.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Almost certainly not true. He was quite moderate, especially in comparison to e.g. Liebknecht and Luxemburg. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_Zionism_and_the_Israeli_left">Labor Zionism and the Israeli left</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Labor Zionism and the Israeli left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Ben-Gurion_(D597-087).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Ben-Gurion_%28D597-087%29.jpg/220px-David_Ben-Gurion_%28D597-087%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Ben-Gurion_%28D597-087%29.jpg/330px-David_Ben-Gurion_%28D597-087%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Ben-Gurion_%28D597-087%29.jpg/440px-David_Ben-Gurion_%28D597-087%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2796" /></a><figcaption>First <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, a key figure in <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the twentieth century, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second Aliyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a> became a significant force in the <i><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">yishuv</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settlement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>. It was first developed in Russia by the Marxist Ber Borochov and the non-Marxists <a href="/wiki/Nachman_Syrkin" title="Nachman Syrkin">Nachman Syrkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._D._Gordon" title="A. D. Gordon">A. D. Gordon</a>. Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a> labour union, and the <a href="/wiki/Mapai" title="Mapai">Mapai</a> party played a central role in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>, with Labor Zionist politicians including <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a> among its founders. The <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutz</a> movement also emerged as a model of collective Jewish settlement based on Labor Zionist principles. </p><p>During the 1940s, many leftists supported the idea of a <a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">binational state</a> in Palestine rather than an exclusively Jewish state, a position advocated by figures including <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>. Since the State of Israel’s founding in 1948, the country has had an active political left, including both Zionist parties (including <a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Israel)" title="The Democrats (Israel)">The Democrats</a> and its predecessors) and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionist</a> movements (such as the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Communist_Party" title="Palestine Communist Party">Palestine Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maki_(political_party)" title="Maki (political party)">Maki</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Israeli Labor Party</a> held power in the State of Israel for significant periods between 1948 and 2009. </p><p>Modern Labor Zionist organizations include <a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a>, Histadrut, Na’amat, <a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz_Movement" title="Kibbutz Movement">Kibbutz</a> <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz_Movement" title="Kibbutz Movement">Movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Givat_Haviva" title="Givat Haviva">Givat Haviva</a>. Labor and progressive Zionists are represented at the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a>. and align with historical divisions between Poale Zion Right (which evolved into Avoda) and Poale Zion Left (which led to Hashomer Hatzair, Mapam, and Meretz). </p><p>There were historically two worldwide groupings of left-wing Zionist organizations. The World Labour Zionist Movement, associated with Labor Zionism, is a loose association, including <a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Party (Israel)">Avoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Na%27amat" title="Na'amat">Na'amat</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Meretz" title="Meretz">World Union of Meretz</a>, associated with what was historically known as the Socialist Zionist tendency, is a loose association of the Israeli Meretz party, the <a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a> Socialist Zionist youth movement, the <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz_Movement" title="Kibbutz Movement">Kibbutz Artzi Federation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Givat_Haviva" title="Givat Haviva">Givat Haviva</a> research and study center. Both movements exist as factions within the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a>, as well as regional or country-specific Zionist movements; the two roughly correspond to the interwar split between the Poale Zion Right (the tradition that led to Avoda) and the Poale Zion Left (Hashomer Hatzair, Mapam, Meretz). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_era_in_the_diaspora">Postwar era in the diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Postwar era in the diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Jewish working class declined after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, its associated institutions and political movements also diminished. In the United Kingdom, the English branch of <a href="/wiki/The_Workers_Circle" title="The Workers Circle">The Workers Circle</a> ceased operations in the 1950s, and Jewish trade unionism in the United States lost its influence around the same time. However, some remnants of Jewish working-class organizations continue to exist, including the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i>, and The Workers Circle in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_Labor_Bund" title="International Jewish Labor Bund">International Jewish Labor Bund</a> in Australia, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Jewish_People%27s_Order" title="United Jewish People's Order">United Jewish People's Order</a> in Canada. </p><p>Starting in the 1960s, there was a renewed interest among Western Jews in Jewish <a href="/wiki/Working-class_culture" title="Working-class culture">working-class culture</a> and radical traditions. This period saw the emergence of new Jewish organizations focused on Yiddish culture, Jewish spirituality, and social justice. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_Agenda" title="New Jewish Agenda">New Jewish Agenda</a> operated from 1980 to 1992 as a national, multi-issue progressive membership organization advocating for a "Jewish voice on the Left and a Left voice in the Jewish Community". In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Jews_for_Racial_and_Economic_Justice" title="Jews for Racial and Economic Justice">Jews for Racial and Economic Justice</a> was founded in New York City to promote economic and social equity. In 1999, leftists in Los Angeles split from the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/Bend_the_Arc" title="Bend the Arc">Progressive Jewish Alliance</a>. </p><p>The majority of Jewish voters in the United States have backed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Party</a>'s presidential candidate in every election since <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Britain, organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Socialists%27_Group" title="Jewish Socialists' Group">Jewish Socialists' Group</a> and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lerner_(rabbi)" title="Michael Lerner (rabbi)">Michael Lerner</a>’s Tikkun continued this tradition, while more recent groups like <a href="/wiki/Jewdas" title="Jewdas">Jewdas</a> have adopted a more eclectic and radical approach to Jewish identity and activism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Belgium, the <a href="/wiki/Union_des_progressistes_juifs_de_Belgique" title="Union des progressistes juifs de Belgique">Union des progressistes juifs de Belgique</a> traces its origins to the Jewish Communist and Bundist <i>Solidarité</i> movement of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgian Resistance</a> and has supported causes such as the <a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Israeli refuseniks</a> and the rights of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">undocumented immigrants</a> in Belgium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Africa's Jewish left was actively involved in left-wing causes, including the anti-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> movement. Several Jewish individuals were among the defendants in the <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo" title="Joe Slovo">Joe Slovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Goldberg" title="Denis Goldberg">Denis Goldberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Bernstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel Bernstein">Lionel Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hepple" title="Bob Hepple">Bob Hepple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldreich" title="Arthur Goldreich">Arthur Goldreich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wolpe" title="Harold Wolpe">Harold Wolpe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Kantor" title="James Kantor">James Kantor</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helen_Suzman" title="Helen Suzman">Helen Suzman</a> was a Jewish member of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">South African Parliament</a> from 1953 to 1989, representing various liberal parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_for_Refugees_-_Refugee_Action_protest_27_July_2013_Melbourne_(9374720561).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jews_for_Refugees_-_Refugee_Action_protest_27_July_2013_Melbourne_%289374720561%29.jpg/220px-Jews_for_Refugees_-_Refugee_Action_protest_27_July_2013_Melbourne_%289374720561%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jews_for_Refugees_-_Refugee_Action_protest_27_July_2013_Melbourne_%289374720561%29.jpg/330px-Jews_for_Refugees_-_Refugee_Action_protest_27_July_2013_Melbourne_%289374720561%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jews_for_Refugees_-_Refugee_Action_protest_27_July_2013_Melbourne_%289374720561%29.jpg/440px-Jews_for_Refugees_-_Refugee_Action_protest_27_July_2013_Melbourne_%289374720561%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Melbourne Jews protest Australia's policy on refugees in July 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first decade of the 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> became an increasing factor in shaping the Jewish left. A new wave of grassroots leftist Jewish organizations emerged in support of Palestinian causes. Groups such as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Voice_for_Peace" title="Jewish Voice for Peace">Jewish Voice for Peace</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Jewish_Voices" title="Independent Jewish Voices">Independent Jewish Voices</a> in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Jewish_Voices" title="Independent Jewish Voices">Independent Jewish Voices</a> in the United Kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_Anti-Zionist_Network" title="International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network">International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network</a> provided a renewed platform for left-wing Jewish <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionism</a>. This perspective continues to be represented in media outlets such as the American <a href="/wiki/Mondoweiss" title="Mondoweiss">Mondoweiss</a> and the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Treyf_(podcast)" title="Treyf (podcast)">Treyf</a> podcast<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2014-2023:_Aftermath_of_the_2014_Gaza_War_and_2016_presidential_election">2014-2023: Aftermath of the 2014 Gaza War and 2016 presidential election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2014-2023: Aftermath of the 2014 Gaza War and 2016 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014</a> <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">Gaza War</a>, some leftist Jewish organizations in the United States and Canada shifted their focus to directly challenging Zionist Jewish organizations,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Federation" title="Jewish Federation">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Federation" title="Jewish Federation">federations</a>, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (<a href="/wiki/AIPAC" title="AIPAC">AIPAC</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Israel_and_Jewish_Affairs" title="Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs">Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs</a>, over their support for the State of Israel’s actions during the war. </p><p>While a majority of American Jews during this period continued to report feeling attached to the State of Israel, younger generations increasingly voiced criticism of the Israeli government and expressed greater sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> compared to their predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These intra-community tensions extended into domestic politics following the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups such as <a href="/wiki/IfNotNow" title="IfNotNow">IfNotNow</a>, Jewish Voice for Peace, and Jews for Racial and Economic Justice began organizing under the banner of #JewishResistance, aiming to challenge institutional Jewish support for the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">first presidency of Donald Trump</a> and its associations with <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalist</a> figures.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 2016 election, liberal and leftist Jewish organizations with a range of positions on Zionism experienced significant growth in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Jewish initiatives emerged, including <a href="/wiki/Never_Again_Action" title="Never Again Action">Never Again Action</a>, which focused on opposing the expansion of migrant detention by the United States government.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Jewish organizations, including <a href="/wiki/Bend_the_Arc" title="Bend the Arc">Bend the Arc</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%27ruah" title="T'ruah">T’ruah</a>, JFREJ, Jewish Voice for Peace, and IfNotNow, joined these efforts under the banner of #JewsAgainstICE.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other initiatives, such as the Outlive Them network,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fayer,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Muslim-Jewish Anti-Fascist Front,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were established to address antisemitism and white nationalism. </p><p>This period also saw the rise of new leftist Jewish media outlets. <i>Protocols</i>, a journal of culture and politics, began publishing in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Currents" title="Jewish Currents">Jewish Currents</a></i>, originally founded in 1946, was relaunched in 2018 by a new editorial team of <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennial</a> Jews. The <i><a href="/wiki/Treyf_(podcast)" title="Treyf (podcast)">Treyf</a></i> podcast, which started in 2015, documented the Jewish left’s growth in the United States during this time. </p><p>There was also a renewed interest in Jewish <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> within the United States. This resurgence was supported by new publications, such as Kenyon Zimmer’s <i><a href="/wiki/Immigrants_Against_the_State" title="Immigrants Against the State">Immigrants Against the State</a></i> (2015), and the reissuing of documentaries like <i>The Free Voice of Labor</i>, which chronicles the final days of the <i><a href="/wiki/Fraye_Arbeter_Shtime" title="Fraye Arbeter Shtime">Fraye Arbeter Shtime</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2019, <a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO</a> hosted a conference on Yiddish anarchism in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, which attracted over 450 attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this event, a national Jewish anarchist convergence was organized in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Jewish_left">Contemporary Jewish left</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary Jewish left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new wave of the resurgence of Jewish left-wing activism emerged in late 2023, coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a> following the <a href="/wiki/October_7_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel">October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jay_Ulfelder" title="Jay Ulfelder">Jay Ulfelder</a>, this period marked "the largest and broadest pro-Palestinian mobilization in U.S. history".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This movement included the largest recorded Jewish American demonstration in support of Palestine<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the largest pro-Palestinian demonstration in U.S. history, the <a href="/wiki/National_March_on_Washington:_Free_Palestine" title="National March on Washington: Free Palestine">National March on Washington: Free Palestine</a>. Several new Jewish leftist organizations and coalitions were established, including Jews Say No to Genocide (<a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Tzedek Collective (<a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gliklekh in Goles (<a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shoresh (United States),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbis_for_Ceasefire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabbis for Ceasefire (page does not exist)">Rabbis for Ceasefire</a> (United States),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while existing anti-Zionist Jewish groups, such as Jewish Voice for Peace, experienced significant membership growth.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, traditionally liberal Zionist Jewish groups generally adopted positions supporting the State of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups such as <a href="/wiki/J_Street" title="J Street">J Street</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> opposed calls for a ceasefire and expressed support for continued Israeli military operations in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, leading to internal dissent and staff resignations.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By January 2024, J Street had advocated for a qualified end to Israel's military campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Anti-Defamation League maintained its opposition to anti-Zionist and other Jewish leftist groups calling for a ceasefire, characterizing some as "hate groups" and collaborating with law enforcement to oppose the <a href="/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses" title="2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses">2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Progressive Israel Network, a coalition of ten liberal and progressive Zionist Jewish organizations—including <a href="/wiki/Ameinu" title="Ameinu">Ameinu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Peace_Now" title="Americans for Peace Now">Americans for Peace Now</a>, Habonim Dror North America, Hashomer Hatzair, The Jewish Labor Committee, J Street, the <a href="/wiki/New_Israel_Fund" title="New Israel Fund">New Israel Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partners_for_Progressive_Israel" title="Partners for Progressive Israel">Partners for Progressive Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructing Judaism</a>, and T'ruah—was established in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these organizations experienced internal debate regarding their positions on Israel in the years leading up to the war in Gaza.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the onset of Israeli military operations in Gaza, staff members from nearly all Progressive Israel Network organizations signed an open letter advocating for a ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these groups participated in the 2023 <a href="/wiki/March_for_Israel" title="March for Israel">March for Israel</a> during the war under the banner of a "Peace Bloc". Reporting on the event for <i>Jewish Currents</i>, journalist Mari Cohen observed that by "attending the November 14th March for Israel and refusing to call for a ceasefire, many progressive Jewish groups have cast their lot with the Jewish mainstream".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish groups on the left include <a href="/wiki/Independent_Jewish_Voices" title="Independent Jewish Voices">Independent Jewish Voices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewdas" title="Jewdas">Jewdas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Socialists%27_Group" title="Jewish Socialists' Group">Jewish Socialists' Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Voice_for_Labour" title="Jewish Voice for Labour">Jewish Voice for Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews_for_Justice_for_Palestinians" title="Jews for Justice for Palestinians">Jews for Justice for Palestinians</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labour_Movement" title="Jewish Labour Movement">Jewish Labour Movement</a> is affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_left_in_Palestine_and_Israel">Jewish left in Palestine and Israel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jewish left in Palestine and Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel#Political_left" title="Politics of Israel">Politics of Israel § Political left</a></div> <p>In Israel’s <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, left-wing political parties and blocs have participated in elections with varying degrees of success. Over time, these parties have undergone changes, with some merging, others dissolving, and new parties emerging. </p><p>Israeli social liberal, Labor Zionist, and left-wing parties have included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadash" title="Hadash">Hadash</a> (1977–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapam" title="Mapam">Mapam</a> (1948–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretz" title="Meretz">Meretz</a> (1992–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Israeli Labor Party</a> (1968–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meimad" title="Meimad">Meimad</a> (founded 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_List_for_Peace" title="Progressive List for Peace">Progressive List for Peace</a> (1984–1990s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratz_(political_party)" title="Ratz (political party)">Ratz</a> (1973–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Camp_of_Israel" title="Left Camp of Israel">Left Camp of Israel</a> (1970s–1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meri_(political_party)" title="Meri (political party)">Meri</a> (1960s–1970s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maki_(political_party)" title="Maki (political party)">Maki</a> (1965–present)</li></ul> <p>Notable figures associated with these parties have included <a href="/wiki/Amir_Peretz" title="Amir Peretz">Amir Peretz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meir_Vilner" title="Meir Vilner">Meir Vilner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shulamit_Aloni" title="Shulamit Aloni">Shulamit Aloni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uri_Avnery" title="Uri Avnery">Uri Avnery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Beilin" title="Yossi Beilin">Yossi Beilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ran_Cohen" title="Ran Cohen">Ran Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matti_Peled" class="mw-redirect" title="Matti Peled">Matti Peled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnon_Rubinstein" title="Amnon Rubinstein">Amnon Rubinstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dov_Khenin" title="Dov Khenin">Dov Khenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Sarid" title="Yossi Sarid">Yossi Sarid</a>. </p><p>The Israeli left has also played a role in social movements, including the <a href="/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests" title="2011 Israeli social justice protests">2011 Israeli social justice protests</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israeli_judicial_reform_protests" title="2023 Israeli judicial reform protests">2023 Israeli judicial reform protests</a>. Activists from the 2011 protests, particularly those affiliated with Hadash, established <a href="/wiki/Standing_Together_(movement)" title="Standing Together (movement)">Standing Together</a> in 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_left_in_Britain">Jewish left in Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Jewish left in Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">British Jews</a> have played a significant role in left-wing politics in the United Kingdom, particularly within the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and, to a lesser extent, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>. </p><p>During the period when the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> was a main party for British leftists, multiple Jewish politicians attained high office. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a> served as leader of the Liberal Party from 1930 to 1935, while <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Rufus Isaacs</a> became the only British Jew to be created a Marquess. Other notable Jewish Liberal politicians in the 19th and early 20th centuries included <a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a>, the first Jewish Member of Parliament, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Salomons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Salomons">Sir David Salomons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Goldsmid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Goldsmid">Sir Francis Goldsmid</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Jessel_(jurist)" title="George Jessel (jurist)">Sir George Jessel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cohen_(politician)" title="Arthur Cohen (politician)">Arthur Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Montagu,_1st_Baron_Swaythling" title="Samuel Montagu, 1st Baron Swaythling">The Lord Swaythling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sassoon" title="Edward Sassoon">Edward Sassoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha">The Lord Hore-Belisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Montagu" title="Edwin Montagu">Edwin Montagu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Trebitsch-Lincoln" title="Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln">Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Stern,_1st_Baron_Wandsworth" title="Sydney Stern, 1st Baron Wandsworth">The Lord Wandsworth</a>. </p><p>As the Liberal Party declined in the early 20th century, the Labour Party emerged as the main party of the left. Jewish individuals were active in Labour, including <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolf" title="Leonard Woolf">Leonard Woolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Franklin_(suffragist)" title="Hugh Franklin (suffragist)">Hugh Franklin</a>. Many Jewish MPs, such as <a href="/wiki/Barnett_Janner" title="Barnett Janner">Barnett Janner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Harris,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Harris, 1st Baronet">Sir Percy Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nathan,_1st_Baron_Nathan" title="Harry Nathan, 1st Baron Nathan">Harry Nathan</a>, transitioned from the Liberal Party to Labour. Academics and intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Victor Gollancz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Karl Mannheim</a> contributed to the ideological foundations of British socialism. Notable early Labour politicians included <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a>, a minister in <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>’s government, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Silverman" title="Sydney Silverman">Sydney Silverman</a>, who played a key role in the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> in Britain, and <a href="/wiki/Manny_Shinwell" title="Manny Shinwell">Manny Shinwell</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Clydeside" title="Red Clydeside">Red Clydeside</a> movement and later <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>. </p><p>Following the World War II, the Labour Party formed a government, and several newly elected Jewish MPs were associated with the socialist left, influenced by events such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a>. These included <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Austin" title="Herschel Austin">Herschel Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Edelman" title="Maurice Edelman">Maurice Edelman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Mikardo" title="Ian Mikardo">Ian Mikardo</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Phil_Piratin" title="Phil Piratin">Phil Piratin</a>, one of the four <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party</a> MPs in British history. Jewish MPs elected in the 1940s and 1950s who later held ministerial positions in <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>’s governments of the 1960s and 1970s included <a href="/wiki/Joel_Barnett" title="Joel Barnett">The Lord Barnett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dell" title="Edmund Dell">Edmund Dell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Diamond,_Baron_Diamond" title="Jack Diamond, Baron Diamond">John Diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reg_Freeson" title="Reg Freeson">Reg Freeson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dora_Gaitskell,_Baroness_Gaitskell" title="Dora Gaitskell, Baroness Gaitskell">The Baroness Gaitskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myer_Galpern" title="Myer Galpern">Myer Galpern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Kaufman" title="Gerald Kaufman">Gerald Kaufman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lever,_Baron_Lever_of_Manchester" title="Harold Lever, Baron Lever of Manchester">The Lord Lever of Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(British_politician)" title="Paul Rose (British politician)">Paul Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Segal,_Baron_Segal" title="Samuel Segal, Baron Segal">The Lord Segal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Serota,_Baroness_Serota" title="Beatrice Serota, Baroness Serota">The Baroness Serota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheldon,_Baron_Sheldon" title="Robert Sheldon, Baron Sheldon">The Lord Sheldon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Silkin" title="John Silkin">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Silkin" title="Samuel Silkin">Samuel Silkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnett_Stross" title="Barnett Stross">Barnett Stross</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Weitzman" title="David Weitzman">David Weitzman</a>. Another Jewish Labour politician of this era, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Abse" title="Leo Abse">Leo Abse</a>, played a notable role in the decriminalization of homosexuality and liberalisation to divorce laws. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maxwell" title="Robert Maxwell">Robert Maxwell</a>, a Labour MP in the 1964–66 Wilson government, eventually became a leading newspaper publisher when his holding company purchased <a href="/wiki/Mirror_Group_Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror Group Newspapers">Mirror Group Newspapers</a> in 1984. </p><p>In the 1970s and 1980s, the Labour Party experienced internal divisions, including conflicts over the <a href="/wiki/Militant_tendency" title="Militant tendency">Militant tendency</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> group led by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Grant" title="Ted Grant">Ted Grant</a>, and the split that led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a> (SDP). The SDP formed an <a href="/wiki/SDP%E2%80%93Liberal_Alliance" title="SDP–Liberal Alliance">Alliance</a> with the Liberal Party (who had two Jewish MPs, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Carlile,_Baron_Carlile_of_Berriew" title="Alex Carlile, Baron Carlile of Berriew">The Lord Carlile of Berriew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clement_Freud" title="Clement Freud">Clement Freud</a>) and later to unite as the Liberal Democrats. Some Jewish Labour MPs, such as <a href="/wiki/Neville_Sandelson" title="Neville Sandelson">Neville Sandelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky" title="Robert Skidelsky">Robert Skidelsky</a>, joined the SDP, while others, including <a href="/wiki/Harry_Cohen" title="Harry Cohen">Harry Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alf_Dubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Alf Dubs">Alf Dubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millie_Miller" title="Millie Miller">Millie Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Moonman" title="Eric Moonman">Eric Moonman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Winnick" title="David Winnick">David Winnick</a>, remained in Labour. </p><p>During the late 1980s and 1990s, with the shift away from the socialist left of the party, and during <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>'s leadership of the Labour Party, notable senior Jewish politicians included <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Peter Mandelson</a>, one of the architects of "<a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a>", <a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldsmith,_Baron_Goldsmith" title="Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith">Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Beecham,_Baron_Beecham" title="Jeremy Beecham, Baron Beecham">The Lord Beecham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gould,_Baron_Gould_of_Brookwood" title="Philip Gould, Baron Gould of Brookwood">The Lord Gould of Brookwood</a>. Mandelson, party fund-raiser <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levy,_Baron_Levy" title="Michael Levy, Baron Levy">The Lord Levy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a> (who is of partial Jewish ancestry), were accused by <a href="/wiki/Tam_Dalyell" title="Tam Dalyell">Tam Dalyell</a>, MP, of being a "<a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">cabal</a> of Jewish advisers" around Blair.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of Blair's Ministers and Labour backbenchers were Jewish or partially Jewish, including <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Roche" title="Barbara Roche">Barbara Roche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dame_Margaret_Hodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Margaret Hodge">Dame Margaret Hodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Hamilton" title="Fabian Hamilton">Fabian Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Ellman" title="Louise Ellman">Louise Ellman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oona_King" title="Oona King">The Baroness King of Bow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Merron" title="Gillian Merron">Gillian Merron</a>. Labour donors during the 1990s and 2000s who were Jewish included <a href="/wiki/David_Abrahams_(businessman)" title="David Abrahams (businessman)">David Abrahams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bernstein,_Baron_Bernstein_of_Craigweil" title="Alexander Bernstein, Baron Bernstein of Craigweil">The Lord Bernstein of Craigweil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Caring" title="Richard Caring">Richard Caring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Trevor_Chinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Trevor Chinn">Sir Trevor Chinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Garrard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Garrard">Sir David Garrard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gavron,_Baron_Gavron" title="Robert Gavron, Baron Gavron">The Lord Gavron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Emmanuel_Kaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Emmanuel Kaye">Sir Emmanuel Kaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rosenfeld" title="Andrew Rosenfeld">Andrew Rosenfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_Sainsbury_of_Turville" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord Sainsbury of Turville">The Lord Sainsbury of Turville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Townsley" title="Barry Townsley">Barry Townsley</a>. Several of these were caught up in the <a href="/wiki/Cash_for_Honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash for Honours">Cash for Honours</a> scandal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under the government of Blair's successor, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a>, brothers <a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">David Miliband</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a> became members of the Cabinet. Their father was the Marxist academic <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a>. The brothers differed in their view of the party's future direction, and they fought a bitter <a href="/wiki/2010_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2010 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">leadership election</a> against each other in 2010. <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a> won the election and became the first Jewish leader of the Labour Party. One of Miliband's Shadow Cabinet members, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lewis" title="Ivan Lewis">Ivan Lewis</a>, as well as advisers <a href="/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)">David Axelrod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Areas_Foundation" title="Industrial Areas Foundation">Arnie Graf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Glasman,_Baron_Glasman" title="Maurice Glasman, Baron Glasman">The Lord Glasman</a> are all Jewish. </p><p>Recent Jewish Labour politicians include <a href="/wiki/William_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bach">William Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bassam,_Baron_Bassam_of_Brighton" title="Steve Bassam, Baron Bassam of Brighton">The Lord Bassam of Brighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cashman" title="Michael Cashman">Michael Cashman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grabiner,_Baron_Grabiner" title="Anthony Grabiner, Baron Grabiner">The Lord Grabiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Henig" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Henig">Ruth Henig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hodge" title="Margaret Hodge">Margaret Hodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kestenbaum,_Baron_Kestenbaum" title="Jonathan Kestenbaum, Baron Kestenbaum">The Lord Kestenbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mendelsohn,_Baron_Mendelsohn" title="Jonathan Mendelsohn, Baron Mendelsohn">Jonathan Mendelsohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Neel_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Janet Neel Cohen">Janet Neel Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Ramsay" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta Ramsay">Meta Ramsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Smeeth" title="Ruth Smeeth">Ruth Smeeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Sobel" title="Alex Sobel">Alex Sobel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Stihler" title="Catherine Stihler">Catherine Stihler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stone,_Baron_Stone_of_Blackheath" title="Andrew Stone, Baron Stone of Blackheath">Andrew Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Turnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie Turnberg">Leslie Turnberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Winston" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Winston">Robert Winston</a>. </p><p>Since the foundation of the Liberal Democrats, several Jews have achieved prominence: <a href="/wiki/David_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="David Alliance">David Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciana_Berger" title="Luciana Berger">Luciana Berger</a>, the aforementioned Alex Carlisle, <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Green_(British_journalist)" title="Miranda Green (British journalist)">Miranda Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olly_Grender" class="mw-redirect" title="Olly Grender">Olly Grender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hamwee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sally Hamwee">Sally Hamwee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evan_Harris" title="Evan Harris">Evan Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Kramer" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Kramer">Susan Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lester" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Lester">Anthony Lester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Marks,_Baron_Marks_of_Henley-on-Thames" title="Jonathan Marks, Baron Marks of Henley-on-Thames">Jonathan Marks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Neuberger" title="Julia Neuberger">Julia Neuberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monroe Palmer">Monroe Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Strasburger" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Strasburger">Paul Strasburger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Featherstone" title="Lynne Featherstone">Lynne Featherstone</a>, who became a Minister in the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Cameron-Clegg coalition</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ameinu" title="Ameinu">Ameinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Jewish_Democratic_Society" title="Australian Jewish Democratic Society">Australian Jewish Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broit_un_ehre" title="Broit un ehre">Broit un ehre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutzpah_Collective" title="Chutzpah Collective">Chutzpah Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Conservatism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_j%C3%BCdische_Arbeiter_(Vienna)" title="Der jüdische Arbeiter (Vienna)">Der jüdische Arbeiter (Vienna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_royter_shtern_(Buenos_Aires)" title="Der royter shtern (Buenos Aires)">Der royter shtern (Buenos Aires)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_yidisher_arbeyter_(Paris)" title="Der yidisher arbeyter (Paris)">Der yidisher arbeyter (Paris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos_Abend_Blatt" title="Dos Abend Blatt">Dos Abend Blatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folks-Ligue" title="Folks-Ligue">Folks-Ligue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Socialist_Union_in_London" title="Hebrew Socialist Union in London">Hebrew Socialist Union in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union">History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Australian_Jewish_Voices" title="Independent Australian Jewish Voices">Independent Australian Jewish Voices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Jewish_Voices" title="Independent Jewish Voices">Independent Jewish Voices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anti-racism" title="Jewish anti-racism">Jewish anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_Street" title="J Street">J Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Zionist_League" title="Jewish Anti-Zionist League">Jewish Anti-Zionist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">List of Jewish feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Liberalism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivelt" title="Naivelt">Naivelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partners_for_Progressive_Israel" title="Partners for Progressive Israel">Partners for Progressive Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Jewish_Thought_and_the_New_Anti-Semitism" title="Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism">Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Undzer_emes" title="Undzer emes">Undzer emes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vochenblatt" title="Vochenblatt">Vochenblatt</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Srebrnik, H. (2002). <a href="//doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.19957" class="extiw" title="doi:10.25071/1916-0925.19957">"Such Stuff As Diaspora Dreams Are Made On: Birobidzhan and the Canadian-Jewish Communist Imagination."</a> <i>Canadian Jewish Studies Études Juives Canadiennes</i>, 10. https://doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.19957</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/newleft.html">"The New Left."</a> <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i> (2008); retrieved 6 June 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alleg-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alleg_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2013/07/18/henri-alleg-auteur-de-la-question-est-mort_3449495_3382.html">"Henri Alleg, auteur de "La Question", est mort"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. July 18, 2013 – via Le Monde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Henri+Alleg%2C+auteur+de+%22La+Question%22%2C+est+mort&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fdisparitions%2Farticle%2F2013%2F07%2F18%2Fhenri-alleg-auteur-de-la-question-est-mort_3449495_3382.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giladi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giladi_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Naeim_Giladi" title="Naeim Giladi">Naeim Giladi</a>, "The Jews of Iraq": "In many countries, including the United States and Iraq, Jews represented a large part of the Communist party. In Iraq, hundreds of Jews of the working intelligentsia occupied key positions in the hierarchy of the Communist and Socialist parties."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannah Borenstein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishcurrents.org/savior-story/">"Savior Story"</a>: "The violence of the late 1970s and early 1980s Ethiopia spurred many forms of active and comprehensive resistance. Ethiopian Jews participated widely; many, for instance, were members of the Marxist-Leninist EPRP."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Alderman" title="Geoffrey Alderman">Geoffrey Alderman</a> (1983) <i>The Jewish Community in British Politics</i>, Oxford: Clarendon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Sharman Kadish <i>Bolsheviks and British Jews</i>, London: Frank Cass. (1992, e. g., pp. 55–60, 132); Jonathan Hyman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/arts/history/workingpapers/wp_50.pdf"><i>Jews in Britain During the Great War</i></a>, Manchester: University of Manchester Working Papers in Economic and Social History No. 51, October (2001, e. g., p. 11). The phrase was coined by Steven Bayme.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendes, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishcurrents.org/rise-fall-jewish-labor-bund-23131">"The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Labor Bund"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701123348/http://jewishcurrents.org/rise-fall-jewish-labor-bund-23131">Archived</a> 2014-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Jewish Currents</i> (Autumn 2013); accessed 8 June 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichels2005" class="citation book cs1">Michels, Tony (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40864944"><i>A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Harvard University Press. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03243-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03243-9"><bdi>978-0-674-03243-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40864944">40864944</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fire+in+Their+Hearts%3A+Yiddish+Socialists+in+New+York&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40864944%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03243-9&rft.aulast=Michels&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40864944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriel Piterberg (2008), <i>The Returns of Zionism: Myths, Politics, and Scholarship in Israel</i>, London: Verso, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/jewvote.html">"Jewish Voting Record in U.S. Presidential Elections"</a>. 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Rebecca (8 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20161211011026/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/08/us/politics/election-exit-polls.html?_r=1">"Election 2016: Exit Polls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/08/us/politics/election-exit-polls.html?_r=1">the original</a> on 11 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Jewish+News&rft.atitle=Weinfeld%3A+In+praise+of+radical+Jewish+anarchist+radio&rft.date=2019-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecjn.ca%2Fperspectives%2Fopinions%2Fweinfeld-in-praise-of-radical-jewish-anarchist-radio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/direct-action-disrupts-israeli-canadian-complicity-in-settler-colonialism">"Direct action disrupts Jewish-Canadian complicity in settler colonialism – Canadian Dimension"</a>. <i>Canadiandimension.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_spectrum253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_spectrum" title="Template talk:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_spectrum253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political positions</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political ideologies</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Religious politics</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political pejoratives</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Models</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>See also</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">Triangulation</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism662" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism662" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt_Llobregat_insurrection" title="Alt Llobregat insurrection">Alt Llobregat insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_January_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of January 1933">Anarchist insurrection of January 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_December_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of December 1933">Anarchist insurrection of December 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Timor-Leste" title="Anarchism in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._N._Aidit" title="D. N. Aidit">Aidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Brazil" title="Communism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Schools of<br />thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics<br />and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">Socialism WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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