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<li id="toc-Anarchism_in_British_Malaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchism_in_British_Malaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Anarchism in British Malaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchism_in_British_Malaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_emergence_of_anarchism_and_the_labour_movement_in_Malaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_emergence_of_anarchism_and_the_labour_movement_in_Malaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>The emergence of anarchism and the labour movement in Malaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_emergence_of_anarchism_and_the_labour_movement_in_Malaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_organized_anarchist_movement_in_Malaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_organized_anarchist_movement_in_Malaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>The organized anarchist movement in Malaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_organized_anarchist_movement_in_Malaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_peak_of_the_anarchist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_peak_of_the_anarchist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>The peak of the anarchist movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_peak_of_the_anarchist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communism,_nationalism_and_the_Malaysian_independence_struggle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communism,_nationalism_and_the_Malaysian_independence_struggle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Communism, nationalism and the Malaysian independence struggle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communism,_nationalism_and_the_Malaysian_independence_struggle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-emergence_of_the_anarchist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-emergence_of_the_anarchist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Re-emergence of the anarchist movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-emergence_of_the_anarchist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item 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.sidebar-list-title{background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-below{text-align:center;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-subgroup .sidebar-heading{border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist template-anarchism-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol"><img alt=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/75px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/113px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/150px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="African anarchism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parecon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parecon">Parecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Methodology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Theory</a></li> <li>Practice</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackFlagSymbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/15px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/23px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/30px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> 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#ffcc00;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Politics of Malaysia">a series</a> on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#cd0000; border: 1px double #ffcc00;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia"><span style="color:white;"><small>Politics of</small><br />Malaysia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Head of State</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg/45px-Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor" title="Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor">Ibrahim Iskandar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Rulers" title="Conference of Rulers">Conference of Rulers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Legislature</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg/45px-Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg/60px-Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament of Malaysia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat,_15th_Malaysian_Parliament" title="Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament">15th Parliament</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg/30px-Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg/45px-Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg/60px-Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Senate (Dewan Negara)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dewan_Negara" title="President of the Dewan Negara">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Awang_Bemee_Awang_Ali_Basah" title="Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah">Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewan_Rakyat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dewan_Rakyat.svg/30px-Dewan_Rakyat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dewan_Rakyat.svg/45px-Dewan_Rakyat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dewan_Rakyat.svg/60px-Dewan_Rakyat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat" title="Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Johari_Abdul" title="Johari Abdul">Johari Abdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Leader of the Government</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Malaysia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia)">Leader of the Opposition</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamzah_Zainudin" title="Hamzah Zainudin">Hamzah Zainudin</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia#Executive" title="Government of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Executive</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Cabinet</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_in_Malaysia" title="Civil service in Malaysia">Civil service</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_ministries_and_agencies_in_Malaysia" title="List of federal ministries and agencies in Malaysia">agencies</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_to_the_Government_of_Malaysia" title="Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia">Chief Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamsul_Azri_Abu_Bakar" title="Shamsul Azri Abu Bakar">Shamsul Azri Abu Bakar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Malaysia" title="Chief Justice of Malaysia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Tengku_Maimun_Tuan_Mat" title="Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat">Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Malaysia" title="Court of Appeal of Malaysia">Court of Appeal</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Court_of_Appeal_of_Malaysia" title="President of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abang_Iskandar_Abang_Hashim" title="Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim">Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Malaysia">High Court in Malaya ∙ High Court in Sabah and Sarawak</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judge_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Judge of Malaya">Chief Judge of Malaya</a> <i>Vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judge_of_Sabah_and_Sarawak" title="Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak">Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Rahman_Sebli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Rahman Sebli (page does not exist)">Abdul Rahman Sebli</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg/30px-Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg/45px-Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg/60px-Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="624" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Malaysia" title="Election Commission of Malaysia">Election Commission of Malaysia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">General elections</a>: <a href="/wiki/2022_Malaysian_general_election" title="2022 Malaysian general election">2022</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_electoral_districts" title="List of Malaysian electoral districts">Electoral districts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Political parties</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">BN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">PH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional" title="Perikatan Nasional">PN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak" title="Gabungan Parti Sarawak">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Rakyat_Sabah" title="Gabungan Rakyat Sabah">GRS</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia">List of political parties in Malaysia</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Malaysia" title="Federalism in Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Federalism</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_governments_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="State governments in Malaysia">State governments</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_ministers_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief ministers in Malaysia">Chief ministers of the states</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia" title="State legislative assemblies of Malaysia">State legislatures</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_State_Assembly_Representatives_(2018%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018–)">members</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Malaysia" title="Local government in Malaysia">Local governments</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_local_governments_in_Malaysia" title="List of local governments in Malaysia">list</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:#FFF;">Ideologies and concepts</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Malaysia" title="Communism in Malaysia">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Feminism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Rukun Negara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Malaysia)" title="Reformasi (Malaysia)">Reformasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Hadhari" title="Islam Hadhari">Islam Hadhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Race and politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayaks_in_politics" title="Dayaks in politics">Dayaks in politics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)"><i>Bumiputera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malaysia" title="Malaysian Malaysia">Malaysian Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract_(Malaysia)" title="Social contract (Malaysia)">Social contract</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Politics of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Politics of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anarchism in Malaysia</b> arose from the revolutionary activities of Chinese immigrants in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>, who were the first to construct an organized anarchist movement in the country, reaching its peak during the 1920s. After a campaign of repression by the British authorities, anarchism was supplanted by Bolshevism as the leading revolutionary current, until the resurgence of the anarchist movement during the 1980s, as part of the Malaysian punk scene. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> was largely stateless until the <a href="/wiki/2nd_century" title="2nd century">2nd century</a>, when early Malayan states such as the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a> began to form and come to dominate the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These eventually evolved from <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">kingdoms</a> into much larger polities, capable of controlling the whole peninsular and beyond. In the 7th century, the empire of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> came to dominate the Malay Peninsula, as well as the islands <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, absorbing many of the Malay states that once existed there. In 1288, Srivijaya was <a href="/wiki/Pamalayu" title="Pamalayu">conquered</a> by the Javanese kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>, which by 1293 had evolved into the empire of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, coming to control the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>. </p><p>Up until this point, the states that ruled over the Malayan Peninsular were either <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Malaysia" title="Hinduism in Malaysia">Hindu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Buddhist</a>, but with Srivijaya's collapse came the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties#Southeast_Asia" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">sultanates</a> throughout the peninsular. Eventually, the central sultanates of <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Negri_Sembilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Negri Sembilan">Negri Sembilan</a> came together to establish the <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the northern sultanates of <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, and the southern sultanate of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, remained unfederated.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of the rise of Malayan states over the centuries, many <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">indigenous peoples</a> of the peninsular maintained themselves as stateless societies. One of these groups is the <a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai people</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Acephalous_society" title="Acephalous society">acephalous society</a> who live in small horticultural settlements in the center of the peninsular.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Semai have no concept of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organize their communities through public assemblies<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are well known for their <a href="/wiki/Non-violent" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violent">non-violent</a> way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchism_in_British_Malaya">Anarchism in British Malaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anarchism in British Malaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> first colonized the Malay Peninsula in the early 19th century, they established the four <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinding" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinding">Dinding</a>, which came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. Chinese workers began to immigrate to these settlements,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly to work in the mining<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lumber industries. Many of these immigrants permanently settled in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, outside the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, where they able to freely spread the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_revolutionary_activities_in_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya">revolutionary ideas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_emergence_of_anarchism_and_the_labour_movement_in_Malaya">The emergence of anarchism and the labour movement in Malaya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The emergence of anarchism and the labour movement in Malaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1900s, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> often visited the peninsula, where he organized branches of the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seremban" title="Seremban">Seremban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Malacca</a>, with Penang acting as the organization's headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> reorganized itself into the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>. When it was banned by the British authorities, it continued its operations clandestinely: raising funds to aid the revolutionary effort in the newly established <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, as well as organizing <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> schools and libraries in Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> was defeated, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> became the new center of activity for the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>, with branches of a new Workers' Union being established throughout Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese anarchists were leading figures in the Workers' Union, organizing from Penang a support base all over Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ou_Xi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ou_Xi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu Shifu</a> launched a number of anarchist organizations in Malaya, including the "Society of Truth" and the "Society of Anarcho-Communist Comrades".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penang quickly became a hub for the publication and distribution of anarchist propaganda in Malaya. </p><p>After the dissolution of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China</a> and the death of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">Third Revolution</a> was launched by Sun Yat-Sen in <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a>, in an attempt to resist further rule by the central government. The Workers' Union moved its base of operations to the revolutionary capital of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, where it organized the city's workers into industrial unions. Inspired by the organization of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a>, the Workers' Union established the "Industrial Federation of Overseas Chinese", in order to unite the Chinese labor movement across borders.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transformed the Malayan Workers' Union into the center of trade unionism in the country, spearheaded by the local anarchist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the British authorities, membership of the Malayan Workers' Union had risen to 200,000 people by the close of the 1910s.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British intelligence claimed that the Union was controlled by Chinese anarchist <a href="/wiki/Secret_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret societies">secret societies</a>, and that investigations had revealed close links between the organizations in Malaya and China.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British banned the Malayan Workers' Union in 1919, so it merged its organizations with the Kuomintang and continued its trade union organizing underground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_organized_anarchist_movement_in_Malaya">The organized anarchist movement in Malaya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The organized anarchist movement in Malaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, a Chinese anarchist group from Guangzhou established the "Society of Truth" in Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group actively distributed anarchist literature throughout Southeast Asia, even producing some of its material in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ou_Xi_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ou_Xi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1919, an anarchist circle in Kuala Lumpur began publishing the newspaper <i>Yi Qunbao</i>, printing a variety of materials on anarchism, anarcho-communism and Marxism.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Malayan anarchist movement saw a significant upsurge as part of the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a>, which had risen up in reaction to the cession of <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. According to one anarchist activist in Malaya, it was the impetus for a growth of <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade_Unions-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers and students participated in protests throughout Malaya, organized by the anarchist Society of Truth, escalating into protests, riots and boycotts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Yi Qunbao</i> was at the forefront of spreading propaganda during the May Fourth Movement, characterizing the boycotts as "self-defense", the fight to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> as "self-determination" and the goal of establishing anarcho-communism in China as "self-government".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This propaganda was spearheaded by the anarchist Goh Tun-ban, who urged workers to establish a stateless and classless society through the means of a social revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his part in openly publishing anarchist literature in Kuala Lumpur, Goh was interrogated by the British authorities, which arrested and deported him, along with other Chinese anarchist public figures.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the repression and deportation of leading anarchist individuals, the organized anarchist movement continued to grow. In 1919, the Malayan Anarchist Federation was established and affiliated to the Society of Anarcho-Communist Comrades.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization stated in its program: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Community of Goods, Co-operation; each does what he can and takes what he needs: no government, laws or military forces, no landlords, capitalists or leisured class. No money, religion, police, prison or leaders, No representatives, heads of families, no person uneducated or not working: no rules of marriages, no degrees of high or low, rich or poor, and the method to be adopted is given by organization of comrades by means of communication centres, by propaganda in pamphlets, speeches and education, by passive resistance to those in power. Do not pay taxes, cease work, cease trade; by the method of direct action, assassinate and spread disorder. Anarchy is the great revolution"<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade_Unions-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_peak_of_the_anarchist_movement">The peak of the anarchist movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The peak of the anarchist movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1920, anarchist groups were operating in <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seremban" title="Seremban">Seremban</a>. Liu Kafei, the brother of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu Shifu</a>, was among the most prominent anarchists in Malaya at the time, alongside a number of school teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade_Unions-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese schools played a particularly important role in the propagation of revolutionary propaganda, leading the colonial administration to introduce a law compelling schools to register with the authorities. The British also noted that ties between the Kuomintang and the Malayan anarchist movement were strengthening, in part due to the actions of the "Shiyan Tun" group.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Yi Qunbao</i> continued to operate out of Kuala Lumpur, with Liu Kafei acting as editor-in-chief. He penned a column that analyzed the social events of the time, discussing the topics of free speech, education and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, among others. Kafei openly advocated for an anarcho-communist society based on absolute freedom and equality.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, Malayan anarchists celebrated the country's first <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a>, which continued with each passing year.<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade_Unions-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New libertarian publications started to be distributed throughout the country, publishing translations of the works of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade_Unions-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, a branch of the Malayan Anarchist Federation was established in Penang, which organized a high school to provide the island's population with education. The British authorities monitored the situation in Penang, banning leading anarchists from teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-Ou_Xi_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ou_Xi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarchist activity rose to particular prominence in 1924, with a number of anarchists becoming public figures in Kuala Lumpur, Ampang, Ipoh, Penang and Seremban. Although the organization of the Anarchist Federation remained small, with about 50 active members,<sup id="cite_ref-Yong630_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yong630-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anarchism was widely influential among Chinese Malayans - particularly school teachers and print workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade_Unions-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A national congress of the Anarchist Federation was held in February 1924, during which they discussed the issues of organization, establishing schools and increasing anarchist agitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ou_Xi_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ou_Xi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchist teachers subsequently began to actively agitate among their students and colleagues at the schools, while the number of street demonstrations increased. Many of these decisions brought the Malayan anarchists into conflict with the Chinese Anarchist Federation in Guangzhou, which did not approve of the new-found independence of the Malayan federation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the participants of the congress were also arrested by the authorities, forcing some prominent members to flee into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-Ou_Xi_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ou_Xi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, anarchist literature continued to be distributed among the workers and students of Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1925, anarchists began to plan a series of assassinations in response to the colonial repression of the movement. In Penang, an attempted assassination of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Straits_Settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Straits Settlements">governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Guillemard" title="Laurence Guillemard">Laurence Guillemard</a> failed, which shifted the target towards other colonial authorities. The young anarchist <a href="/wiki/Wong_Sau_Ying" title="Wong Sau Ying">Wong Sau Ying</a> detonated an explosive device inside the Chinese protectorate at Kuala Lumpur, injuring two colonial officials. Wong was swiftly arrested and sentenced to 10 years in <a href="/wiki/Pudu_Prison" title="Pudu Prison">Pudu Prison</a>, where she hung herself.<sup id="cite_ref-Ou_Xi_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ou_Xi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this attempt, the British colonial authorities intensified their repression against the country's left-wing movement, ordering the suppression of the Kuomintang and the Anarchist Federation. Many anarchist activists were arrested and deported. This blow proved too hard for the anarchist movement to recover from, and it went into remission, although some strands of syndicalism continued to hold influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism,_nationalism_and_the_Malaysian_independence_struggle"><span id="Communism.2C_nationalism_and_the_Malaysian_independence_struggle"></span>Communism, nationalism and the Malaysian independence struggle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communism, nationalism and the Malaysian independence struggle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the place of the anarchist movement, <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> became the dominant trend among the Malayan <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yong630_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yong630-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> began to agitate among Chinese immigrants in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>, which culminated in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a> in April 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the party was subject to repression, it managed to organize trade unions and workers' committees among Chinese workers, launching a number of strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Communist Party was influential mostly amongst Chinese Malaysian workers, the left-wing of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">early Malay nationalist movement</a> held an influence among <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>, resulting in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Melayu_Muda" title="Kesatuan Melayu Muda">Kesatuan Melayu Muda</a> in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a>, the KMM actively aided the Empire of Japan, but their requests for independence were denied and the party was forcibly dissolved by the occupation forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Sani_Roots_26_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sani_Roots_26-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For its part, the MCP established the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a> to combat the occupation, igniting a guerilla war throughout Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the return of <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British rule</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> was established to bring about <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> control over the whole peninsula. This policy was wholly rejected by native Malayans, including the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Kebangsaan_Melayu_Malaya" title="Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya">Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya</a>, who subsequently established the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> in a return to <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">federalism</a>. However, the continuation of British rule was untenable to the MCP, which established the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a> to carry out attacks against British colonists. After the MNLA assassination of three British farmers, the colonial administration invoked a <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">state of emergency</a> in Malaya, igniting a civil war between the Federation and the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration launched a crackdown on all left-wing political groups, declaring the PKMM and MCP to be illegal. The right-wing <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> subsequently became the ruling political party in the country, cooperating with the British to defeat the communist insurgency. Meanwhile, the PKMM was reorganized as the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Rakyat_Malaysia" title="Parti Rakyat Malaysia">Parti Rakyat Malaysia</a>, which rejected UMNO rule and cooperated with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_of_Malaya" title="Labour Party of Malaya">Labour Party of Malaya</a> to revitalize the Malayan left-wing. </p><p>As the communist insurgency drew to an end, the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Malaysia" title="Proclamation of Malaysia">proclamation of Malaysia</a> united the federation of Malaya with <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> to form the independent country of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conditions brought by a further <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">communist insurgency</a> against the newly independent Malaysian state led to the MCP suppressing dissent within its own ranks, causing the split of numerous factions, which began to fight amongst themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culminated in the final dissolution of the Malaysian Communist Party in <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989#Other_countries" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the country's radical left-wing began to look for alternatives to <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-emergence_of_the_anarchist_movement">Re-emergence of the anarchist movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Re-emergence of the anarchist movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a long period of remission, anarchism was revived in Malaysia during the 1980s, as evidenced by Malaysian anarchists taking part in an international anarchist congress at <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in September 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An anarchist new wave took hold in the 1990s, as part of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> growing throughout Southeast Asia. The Malaysian punk music scene grew rapidly in Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh and Johor Bahru, with bands like <a href="/wiki/Carburetor_Dung" title="Carburetor Dung">Carburetor Dung</a> openly referencing anarchism in their work.<sup id="cite_ref-AF_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchist groups such as the Anarcho-punks Federation, Anti-Racist Action and Liberated Aboriginal were established. These groups organized practical projects involving the distribution of clothes, fundraising for local residents and arranging a free laundry service, among other things. Anarchist fanzines were also published and distributed throughout Malaysia. There was also a chapter of <a href="/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a> established in Kuala Lumpur and an <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a> network was organized for providing aid to political prisoners. </p><p>In the 2000s, the Malaysian anarchist movement began to become more diverse, with <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">anarcho-pacifism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green anarchism</a> spreading throughout the country. But the growth of the movement was hampered by the lack of literature in the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian language</a> and a high cost of books, which were often unaffordable for poor Malaysians.<sup id="cite_ref-AF_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malaysian government's repressive policies were also a barrier, as public meetings couldn't be held without police permission, the publication of subversive literature was banned and electronic communications were closely monitored. The <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_1960" title="Internal Security Act 1960">Internal Security Act</a> also allowed for <a href="/wiki/Preventive_detention" title="Preventive detention">preventive detention</a> without trial or criminal charges.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the Gudang Noisy <a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">self-managed social center</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Ampang,_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Ampang, Kuala Lumpur">Ampang</a>. This project evolved into the Universal Library infoshop in 2010, after learning about various autonomous centers in Japan, Germany and Singapore, and the center itself was renamed Rumah Api. The center held concerts, film screenings and discussions, as well as operating a kitchen for Food Not Bombs. The library built up a collection of books and pamphlets, eventually beginning the publication of the Malay language <i>Bidas</i> magazine. Activists working at the Rumah Api began agitating among the student movement, attracting participation in the city's May Day demonstrations and distributing anarchist leaflets. Other social centers and infoshops were also established in <a href="/wiki/Trengganu" class="mw-redirect" title="Trengganu">Trengganu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangsar" title="Bangsar">Bangsar</a>, among other places.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The acceleration of May Day demonstrations throughout the country brought with it a renewed interest in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>. Though initially met with criticism, anarcho-syndicalists managed to establish illegal trade unions in factories throughout Malaysia, with the goal of creating "<a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">one big union</a>" through the federation of Malaysian workers' unions. Attention was particularly dedicated to agitation and education, with the establishment of Cukong Press bringing the publication of anarchist literature into the Malay language. They eventually published <i>the Black Book</i>, which became the first anarchist book to be originally written in the Malay language.<sup id="cite_ref-AF_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>May Day demonstrations subsequently grew larger and became more militant. In 2014, an anarchist bloc at the <a href="/wiki/May_Day_anti-GST_rally_2014" title="May Day anti-GST rally 2014">May Day anti-GST rally</a> in Kuala Lumpur attempted to break onto <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Kuala_Lumpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Merdeka Square, Kuala Lumpur">Merdeka Square</a>, which had been cordoned off by police, where they confronted members of the far-right <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/May_Day_anti-GST_rally_2015" title="May Day anti-GST rally 2015">May Day anti-GST rally</a> in 2015, an anarchist bloc marched in protest against a rise in living costs, the cutting of social welfare and the raising of taxes. When the demonstration refused to disperse, anarchists openly confronted the police, which were attempting to seize food and water from the demonstrators.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After anarchists began to throw smoke bombs and firecrackers, attacked a McDonald's branch with paint and threw rocks at a bank building, the police used tear gas and a water cannon to disperse the demonstrators, detaining about 30 people in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This resurgence in anarchist activity brought with it a new wave of repression. On August 28, 2015, a detachment of armed police stormed the Rumpah Api during a concert, confiscating musical equipment, computers and books, and detained 163 people, including foreign nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 24, 2016, at a <a href="/wiki/2016_anti-TPPA_rally" title="2016 anti-TPPA rally">rally</a> in Kuala Lumpur against the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>, seven anarchists were arrested by police, under accusations of property damage.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, as a criticism of the government's handling of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia</a>, anarchists throughout the country coordinated a series of <a href="/wiki/Banner_drop" title="Banner drop">banner drops</a>, calling for the resignation of leading Malaysian politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">List of anarchist movements by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Anarchism in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Anarchism in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Malaysia" title="Communism in Malaysia">Communism in Malaysia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Marshall-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=72VwCFtYHCgC"><i>World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7642-9"><bdi>978-0-7614-7642-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7642-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D72VwCFtYHCgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon C. Smith, "Rulers and Residents: British Relations with the Aden Protectorate, 1937–59", <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), p. 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Haywood2002" class="citation book cs1">John Haywood (2002). <i>Historical Atlas of the 19th Century World 1783 – 1914</i>. Barnes and Noble. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-3203-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-3203-5"><bdi>0-7607-3203-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+19th+Century+World+1783+%E2%80%93+1914&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7607-3203-5&rft.au=John+Haywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDentan1968" class="citation book cs1">Dentan, Robert Knox (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=an06-017"><i>The Semai: A Nonviolent People Of Malaya</i></a>. Case Studies In Cultural Anthropology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Semai%3A+A+Nonviolent+People+Of+Malaya&rft.series=Case+Studies+In+Cultural+Anthropology&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Dentan&rft.aufirst=Robert+Knox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrafworldcultures.yale.edu%2Fdocument%3Fid%3Dan06-017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David D. 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Violence and the Dream People: The Orang Asli in the Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960. No. 95. Ohio University Press, 1995, p.262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Younger, Stephen. "Violence and revenge in egalitarian societies." Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 8, no. 4 (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royce, Joseph. "Play in violent and non-violent cultures." Anthropos H. 5./6 (1980): 799-822.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschman1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hirschman, Charles (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417235238/https://faculty.washington.edu/charles/new%20PUBS/A51.pdf">"The Making of Race in Colonial Malaya: Political Economy and Racial Ideology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></i>. <b>1</b> (2): 338. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/684449">684449</a>. 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University of Malaya Press. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Tin+Mining+Industry+of+Malaya&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Yat&rft.aufirst=Hoong+Yip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz181AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dchinese%2Btin%2Bmining%2Bperak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongMcKenna1990" class="citation book cs1">Yong, C.F.; McKenna, R.B. (1990). <i>The Kuomintang Movement in British Malaya 1912–1949</i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: <a href="/wiki/NUS_Press" title="NUS Press">NUS Press</a>. pp. 11–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971691370" title="Special:BookSources/9789971691370"><bdi>9789971691370</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952977346">952977346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kuomintang+Movement+in+British+Malaya+1912%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=11-13&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952977346&rft.isbn=9789971691370&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rft.au=McKenna%2C+R.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongMcKenna1990" class="citation book cs1">Yong, C.F.; McKenna, R.B. 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Minzhong (in Chinese). Vol. 2, no. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raforum.info/spip.php?article1992">the original</a> on 24 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E4%B9%8B%E6%A6%82%E6%B3%81&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1927-01-25&rft.au=Ou+Xi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraforum.info%2Fspip.php%3Farticle1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1997" class="citation book cs1">Yong, C.F. 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(1997). <i>The origins of Malayan Communism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789672165606" title="Special:BookSources/9789672165606"><bdi>9789672165606</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112676175">1112676175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Malayan+Communism&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Strategic+Information+and+Research+Development+Centre&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112676175&rft.isbn=9789672165606&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg2011" class="citation book cs1">Ng, Sze-Chieh (2011). <i>Silenced Revolutionaries: Challenging the Received View of Malaya's Revolutionary Past</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781248943298" title="Special:BookSources/9781248943298"><bdi>9781248943298</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935512387">935512387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silenced+Revolutionaries%3A+Challenging+the+Received+View+of+Malaya%27s+Revolutionary+Past&rft.place=Tempe&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Arizona+State+University&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F935512387&rft.isbn=9781248943298&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Sze-Chieh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1991" class="citation news cs1">Yong, C.F. 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Vol. 25, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. p. 627. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5549015117">5549015117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Development+of+the+Malayan+Communist+Movement%2C+1919+%E2%80%93+1930&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=627&rft.date=1991-10-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5549015117&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trade_Unions-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Unions_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo_Kay_KimSingh_Malhl1993" class="citation news cs1">Khoo Kay Kim, Datuk; Singh Malhl, Ranjit (12 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnt-ait.info/2018/11/26/malaysia-chinese-anarchists-started-trade-unions/">"Chinese Anarchists Started Trade Unions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Sunday Star</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chinese+Anarchists+Started+Trade+Unions&rft.date=1993-09-12&rft.aulast=Khoo+Kay+Kim&rft.aufirst=Datuk&rft.au=Singh+Malhl%2C+Ranjit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnt-ait.info%2F2018%2F11%2F26%2Fmalaysia-chinese-anarchists-started-trade-unions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuo2007" class="citation book cs1">Kuo, Huei-Ying (2007). <i>Transnational business networks and sub-ethnic nationalism: Chinese business and nationalist activities in interwar Hong Kong and Singapore, 1919–1941</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Arbor">Ann Arbor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton University</a>. pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549267195" title="Special:BookSources/9780549267195"><bdi>9780549267195</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213415767">213415767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnational+business+networks+and+sub-ethnic+nationalism%3A+Chinese+business+and+nationalist+activities+in+interwar+Hong+Kong+and+Singapore%2C+1919%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Binghamton+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213415767&rft.isbn=9780549267195&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=Huei-Ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1991" class="citation news cs1">Yong, C.F. (1 October 1991). "Origins and Development of the Malayan Communist Movement, 1919 – 1930". Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 25, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. p. 627. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5549015117">5549015117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Development+of+the+Malayan+Communist+Movement%2C+1919+%E2%80%93+1930&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=627&rft.date=1991-10-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5549015117&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg2011" class="citation book cs1">Ng, Sze-Chieh (2011). <i>Silenced Revolutionaries: Challenging the Received View of Malaya's Revolutionary Past</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781248943298" title="Special:BookSources/9781248943298"><bdi>9781248943298</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935512387">935512387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silenced+Revolutionaries%3A+Challenging+the+Received+View+of+Malaya%27s+Revolutionary+Past&rft.place=Tempe&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Arizona+State+University&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F935512387&rft.isbn=9781248943298&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Sze-Chieh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1991" class="citation news cs1">Yong, C.F. (1 October 1991). "Origins and Development of the Malayan Communist Movement, 1919 – 1930". Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 25, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. p. 628. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5549015117">5549015117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Development+of+the+Malayan+Communist+Movement%2C+1919+%E2%80%93+1930&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=628&rft.date=1991-10-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5549015117&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1997" class="citation book cs1">Yong, C.F. (1997). <i>The origins of Malayan Communism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. pp. 23–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789672165606" title="Special:BookSources/9789672165606"><bdi>9789672165606</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112676175">1112676175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Malayan+Communism&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=23-27&rft.pub=Strategic+Information+and+Research+Development+Centre&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112676175&rft.isbn=9789672165606&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1992" class="citation book cs1">Yong, Ching Fatt (1992). <i>Chinese Leadership and Power in Colonial Singapore</i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: Times Academic. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812100283" title="Special:BookSources/9789812100283"><bdi>9789812100283</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/760460271">760460271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Leadership+and+Power+in+Colonial+Singapore&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Times+Academic&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F760460271&rft.isbn=9789812100283&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Ching+Fatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1991" class="citation news cs1">Yong, C.F. (1 October 1991). "Origins and Development of the Malayan Communist Movement, 1919 – 1930". Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 25, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. p. 629. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5549015117">5549015117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Development+of+the+Malayan+Communist+Movement%2C+1919+%E2%80%93+1930&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=629&rft.date=1991-10-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5549015117&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1991" class="citation news cs1">Yong, C.F. (1 October 1991). "Origins and Development of the Malayan Communist Movement, 1919 – 1930". Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 25, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. p. 629. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5549015117">5549015117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Development+of+the+Malayan+Communist+Movement%2C+1919+%E2%80%93+1930&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=629&rft.date=1991-10-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5549015117&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1991" class="citation news cs1">Yong, C.F. (1 October 1991). "Origins and Development of the Malayan Communist Movement, 1919 – 1930". Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 25, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. pp. 628–629. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5549015117">5549015117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Development+of+the+Malayan+Communist+Movement%2C+1919+%E2%80%93+1930&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=628-629&rft.date=1991-10-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5549015117&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1992" class="citation book cs1">Yong, Ching Fatt (1992). <i>Chinese Leadership and Power in Colonial Singapore</i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: Times Academic. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812100283" title="Special:BookSources/9789812100283"><bdi>9789812100283</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/760460271">760460271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Leadership+and+Power+in+Colonial+Singapore&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Times+Academic&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F760460271&rft.isbn=9789812100283&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Ching+Fatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yong630-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yong630_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yong630_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1991" class="citation news cs1">Yong, C.F. (1 October 1991). "Origins and Development of the Malayan Communist Movement, 1919 – 1930". Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 25, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. p. 630. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5549015117">5549015117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Development+of+the+Malayan+Communist+Movement%2C+1919+%E2%80%93+1930&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=630&rft.date=1991-10-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5549015117&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1997" class="citation book cs1">Yong, C.F. (1997). <i>The origins of Malayan Communism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789672165606" title="Special:BookSources/9789672165606"><bdi>9789672165606</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112676175">1112676175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Malayan+Communism&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Strategic+Information+and+Research+Development+Centre&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112676175&rft.isbn=9789672165606&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1997" class="citation book cs1">Yong, C.F. (1997). <i>The origins of Malayan Communism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789672165606" title="Special:BookSources/9789672165606"><bdi>9789672165606</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112676175">1112676175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Malayan+Communism&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Strategic+Information+and+Research+Development+Centre&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112676175&rft.isbn=9789672165606&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong1997" class="citation book cs1">Yong, C.F. (1997). <i>The origins of Malayan Communism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789672165606" title="Special:BookSources/9789672165606"><bdi>9789672165606</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112676175">1112676175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Malayan+Communism&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Strategic+Information+and+Research+Development+Centre&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112676175&rft.isbn=9789672165606&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoon_Kheng2018" class="citation book cs1">Boon Kheng, Cheah (31 May 2018). <i>From PKI to the Comintern, 1924–1941: The Apprenticeship of the Malayan Communist Party</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501719318" title="Special:BookSources/9781501719318"><bdi>9781501719318</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1101923753">1101923753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+PKI+to+the+Comintern%2C+1924%E2%80%931941%3A+The+Apprenticeship+of+the+Malayan+Communist+Party&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1101923753&rft.isbn=9781501719318&rft.aulast=Boon+Kheng&rft.aufirst=Cheah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Ballance1966" class="citation book cs1">O'Ballance, Edgar (1966). <i>Malaya: The Communist Insurgent War, 1948–1960</i>. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. pp. 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaya%3A+The+Communist+Insurgent+War%2C+1948%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Hamden%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=O%27Ballance&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSani2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rustam_Sani" title="Rustam Sani">Sani, Rustam</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ie4AAAAIAAJ"><i>Social Roots of the Malay Left</i></a>. SIRD. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9833782444" title="Special:BookSources/978-9833782444"><bdi>978-9833782444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Roots+of+the+Malay+Left&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=SIRD&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9833782444&rft.aulast=Sani&rft.aufirst=Rustam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ie4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sani_Roots_26-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sani_Roots_26_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSani2008" class="citation book cs1">Sani, Rustam (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ie4AAAAIAAJ"><i>Social Roots of the Malay Left</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Petaling_Jaya" title="Petaling Jaya">Petaling Jaya</a>: SIRD. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9833782444" title="Special:BookSources/978-9833782444"><bdi>978-9833782444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Roots+of+the+Malay+Left&rft.place=Petaling+Jaya&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=SIRD&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9833782444&rft.aulast=Sani&rft.aufirst=Rustam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ie4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1996" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ting Hui (1996). "The Basic Aims or Objectives of the Malayan Communist Movement". <i>The Open United Front: The Communist Struggle in Singapore</i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Society_(Singapore)" title="South Seas Society (Singapore)">South Seas Society</a>. pp. 2–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971936181" title="Special:BookSources/9789971936181"><bdi>9789971936181</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/605023521">605023521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Basic+Aims+or+Objectives+of+the+Malayan+Communist+Movement&rft.btitle=The+Open+United+Front%3A+The+Communist+Struggle+in+Singapore&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=2-29&rft.pub=South+Seas+Society&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F605023521&rft.isbn=9789971936181&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ting+Hui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh2013" class="citation book cs1">Burleigh, Michael (2013). <i>Small Wars Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World 1945-1965</i>. New York: Viking - Penguin Group. pp. 163–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02545-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02545-9"><bdi>978-0-670-02545-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Wars+Faraway+Places%3A+Global+Insurrection+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World+1945-1965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=163-164&rft.pub=Viking+-+Penguin+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02545-9&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoon_Kheng_Cheah2002" class="citation book cs1">Boon Kheng Cheah (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOtXcEmHdjoC&pg=PA93"><i>Malaysia: The Making of a Nation</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 93–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-154-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-154-3"><bdi>978-981-230-154-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%3A+The+Making+of+a+Nation&rft.pages=93-&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-981-230-154-3&rft.au=Boon+Kheng+Cheah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOtXcEmHdjoC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeng2003" class="citation book cs1">Peng, Chin (2003). <i>My Side of History</i>. Singapore: Media Masters. pp. 467–468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-04-8693-6" title="Special:BookSources/981-04-8693-6"><bdi>981-04-8693-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Side+of+History&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=467-468&rft.pub=Media+Masters&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=981-04-8693-6&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Chin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazar_Bin_Talib2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Nazar Bin Talib (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604230420/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA505882"><i>Malaysia's Experience In War Against Communist Insurgency And Its Relevance To The Present Situation In Iraq</i></a> (Working Paper). <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_University" title="Marine Corps University">Marine Corps University</a>. p. 21-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA505882">the original</a> on June 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Malaysia%27s+Experience+In+War+Against+Communist+Insurgency+And+Its+Relevance+To+The+Present+Situation+In+Iraq&rft.inst=Marine+Corps+University&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Nazar+Bin+Talib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FLocation%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf%26AD%3DADA505882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedeliSacchetti2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fedeli, Ugo; Sacchetti, Giorgio (2003). <i>Congressi e Convegni della Federazione Anarchica Italiana</i> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Chieti" title="Chieti">Chieti</a>: Centro Studi Libertari “Camillo Di Sciullo”. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53005857">53005857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressi+e+Convegni+della+Federazione+Anarchica+Italiana&rft.place=Chieti&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Centro+Studi+Libertari+%E2%80%9CCamillo+Di+Sciullo%E2%80%9D&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53005857&rft.aulast=Fedeli&rft.aufirst=Ugo&rft.au=Sacchetti%2C+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AF-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AF_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.A.2015" class="citation web cs1">F.A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banner+Drop+Action+by+Malaysian+Comrades&rft.pub=Bandilang+Itim&rft.date=2020-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbandilangitim.noblogs.org%2F2020%2F10%2F08%2Fbanner-drop-action-by-malaysian-comrades%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/category/topic/malaysia">Malaysia section</a> - The Anarchist Library</li> <li><a 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism_by_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism_by_region" title="Template:Anarchism by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism_by_region" title="Template talk:Anarchism by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">Anarchism by region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in Asia">Anarchism in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism_in_Southeast_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southeast_Asia_topic" title="Template:Southeast Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southeast_Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Southeast Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast_Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism_in_Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anarchism in Southeast Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/19px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/29px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/38px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, 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