CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chester - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"35ea8627-7daf-42c6-ad8b-d5359e8e3b21","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chester","wgTitle":"Chester","wgCurRevisionId":1281024710,"wgRevisionId":1281024710,"wgArticleId":153718,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with Latin-language sources (la)","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use British English from August 2013","Use dmy dates from September 2016","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with OS grid coordinates","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles containing Welsh-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009","Incomplete lists from September 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Chester","Populated places established in the 1st century","County towns in England","Towns of the Welsh Marches","Fortified settlements","Rally GB","Unparished areas in Cheshire","Cities in North West England","Towns in Cheshire","Former civil parishes in Cheshire"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chester","wgRelevantArticleId":153718,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":53.19138888888889,"lon":-2.890277777777778},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q170263","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.24"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Chester_-_Shops_in_city_centre_-_2005-10-09.jpg/1200px-Chester_-_Shops_in_city_centre_-_2005-10-09.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Chester_-_Shops_in_city_centre_-_2005-10-09.jpg/960px-Chester_-_Shops_in_city_centre_-_2005-10-09.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chester - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Chester rootpage-Chester skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chester" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chester" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chester" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chester" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Roman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Medieval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Industrial history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Administrative history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_and_suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_and_suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Divisions and suburbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_and_suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks_and_tourist_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks_and_tourist_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Landmarks and tourist attractions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks_and_tourist_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 In literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Buses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Canals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 Proposed canal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Trams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Basketball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Rugby Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watersports_on_the_River_Dee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watersports_on_the_River_Dee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Watersports on the River Dee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watersports_on_the_River_Dee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horseracing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horseracing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Horseracing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horseracing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Twin towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Freedom of the City </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Freedom of the City subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Military units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chester</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" > 79 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B8%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD" title="ቸስተር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቸስተር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="تشستر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ester" title="Çester – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çester" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Чэстэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чэстэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Честър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Честър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian)" title="Chester (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chester (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caer" title="Caer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Τσέστερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσέστερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="چستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_(Royaume-Uni)" title="Chester (Royaume-Uni) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chester (Royaume-Uni)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87haayr" title="Yn Çhaayr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çhaayr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="체스터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체스터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Չեստեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեստեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="चेस्टर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चेस्टर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Честер – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Честер" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="צ'סטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'סטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჩესტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩესტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardeva" title="Kardeva – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kardeva" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestria" title="Cestria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cestria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cestera" title="Čestera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čestera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesteris" title="Česteris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Česteris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caer" title="Caer – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Caer" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="चेस्टर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चेस्टर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="تشيستر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيستر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="چستر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چستر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94" title="ꯆꯦꯁꯇꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯦꯁꯇꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ချက်စတာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချက်စတာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Chester (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chester (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="チェスター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェスター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="چیسٹر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چیسٹر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Честер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Честер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="جێستەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جێستەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Честер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Честер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Честер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Честер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เชสเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Честер (місто) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Честер (місто)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="چیسٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیسٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_(Cheshire)" title="Chester (Cheshire) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Chester (Cheshire)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester" title="Chester – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chester" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="切斯特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="切斯特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E5%A3%AB%E6%89%93" title="車士打 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="車士打" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester,_%C4%B0ng%C4%B1ltere" title="Chester, İngıltere – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Chester, İngıltere" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="切斯特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="切斯特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170263#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chester" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chester">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chester">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chester" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chester" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&oldid=1281024710" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chester&id=1281024710&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChester">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChester">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chester&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chester" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chester" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170263" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chester&params=53_11_29_N_2_53_25_W_type:city_region:GB-CHW">53°11′29″N 2°53′25″W / 53.19139°N 2.89028°W / 53.19139; -2.89028</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Cheshire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in England. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chester_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chester (disambiguation)">Chester (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1165525471">.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-label{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place-other-names{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">Chester</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">City</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_-_Shops_in_city_centre_-_2005-10-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Chester_-_Shops_in_city_centre_-_2005-10-09.jpg/250px-Chester_-_Shops_in_city_centre_-_2005-10-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Chester_-_Shops_in_city_centre_-_2005-10-09.jpg/500px-Chester_-_Shops_in_city_centre_-_2005-10-09.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Blossom_at_Chester_Cathedral_(geograph_6118952).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Blossom_at_Chester_Cathedral_%28geograph_6118952%29.jpg/250px-Blossom_at_Chester_Cathedral_%28geograph_6118952%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6140" data-file-height="4213" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_Town_Hall_(geograph_6469884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Chester_Town_Hall_%28geograph_6469884%29.jpg/250px-Chester_Town_Hall_%28geograph_6469884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre_(geograph_6376074).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre_%28geograph_6376074%29.jpg/250px-Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre_%28geograph_6376074%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4382223.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chester_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4382223.jpg/124px-Chester_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4382223.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chester_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4382223.jpg/186px-Chester_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4382223.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chester_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4382223.jpg/248px-Chester_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4382223.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4184" data-file-height="2789" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div>Clockwise from top: Eastgate Street, the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Town_Hall" title="Chester Town Hall">town hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Castle" title="Chester Castle">castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre" title="Chester Roman Amphitheatre">Roman amphitheatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chester_Cathedral" title="Chester Cathedral">cathedral</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_coat_of_arms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chester_coat_of_arms.png/250px-Chester_coat_of_arms.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chester_coat_of_arms.png/330px-Chester_coat_of_arms.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="433" /></a><div>Coat of arms</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chester is located in Cheshire"><img alt="Chester is located in Cheshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg/250px-Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg/500px-Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1098" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.109%;left:21.643%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Chester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Chester</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">92,760 (Built up area, 2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021census-1">[1]</a> 138,875 (Official city, 2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021wards-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-chartertrustees-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cestrian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=53.192242~-2.892000&lvl=13&sp=Point.53.192242_-2.892000_Chester&sty=s&style=s">SJ405665</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></th><td class="infobox-data">165 mi (266 km)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Points_of_the_compass" title="Points of the compass">SE</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Unitary authority</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas of the city</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abbot%27s_Meads" title="Abbot's Meads">Abbot's Meads</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Blacon" title="Blacon">Blacon</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Boughton,_Cheshire" title="Boughton, Cheshire">Boughton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Boughton_Heath" title="Boughton Heath">Boughton Heath</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Caughall" title="Caughall">Caughall</a> (Village)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Christleton" title="Christleton">Christleton</a> (Village)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">City Centre</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Curzon_Park" title="Curzon Park">Curzon Park</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Boughton" title="Great Boughton">Great Boughton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Handbridge" title="Handbridge">Handbridge</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hoole" title="Hoole">Hoole</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Huntington,_Cheshire" title="Huntington, Cheshire">Huntington</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lache" title="Lache">Lache</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Moston,_Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Moston, Cheshire West and Chester">Moston</a> (Village)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Chester" title="Newton, Chester">Newton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Piper%27s_Ash" title="Piper's Ash">Piper's Ash</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saltney" title="Saltney">Saltney</a> (Town) (Part)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sealand,_Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand, Cheshire">Sealand</a> (Village) (Part)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">The Dale</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Upton-by-Chester" title="Upton-by-Chester">Upton-by-Chester</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Upton Heath</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Vicars_Cross" title="Vicars Cross">Vicars Cross</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Park" title="Westminster Park">Westminster Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">CHESTER</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CH_postcode_area" title="CH postcode area">CH1–4</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01244</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Constabulary" title="Cheshire Constabulary">Cheshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service">Cheshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_West_Ambulance_Service" title="North West Ambulance Service">North West</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_North_and_Neston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chester North and Neston (UK Parliament constituency)">Chester North and Neston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_South_and_Eddisbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chester South and Eddisbury (UK Parliament constituency)">Chester South and Eddisbury</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>List of places</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Cheshire" title="List of places in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></dd></dl></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chester&params=53_11_29_N_2_53_25_W_type:city_region:GB-CHW">53°11′29″N 2°53′25″W / 53.19139°N 2.89028°W / 53.19139; -2.89028</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Chester is a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral city">cathedral city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, England, on the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">River Dee</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">England–Wales border</a>. With a built-up area population of 92,760 in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-2021census-1">[1]</a> it is the most populous settlement in the borough of <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a>. It is also the historic <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a> of Cheshire and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Cheshire_settlements_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cheshire settlements by population">second-largest settlement in Cheshire</a> after <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>. Chester was founded in 79 AD as a "<a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castrum</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> fort with the name <a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Vespasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Vespasian">Emperor Vespasian</a>. One of the main army camps in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, Deva later became a major civilian settlement. In 689, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Mercia" title="Æthelred of Mercia">King Æthelred of Mercia</a> founded the Minster Church of West Mercia, which later became Chester's first cathedral, and the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> extended and strengthened the walls to protect the city against the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a>. Chester was one of the last cities in England to <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">fall</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> ordered the construction of a castle to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border. Chester was granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> in 1541. The <a href="/wiki/Chester_city_walls" title="Chester city walls">city walls of Chester</a> are some of the best-preserved in the country and have <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade I listed</a> status. Apart from a 100-metre (330 ft) section, the walls are almost complete.<a href="#cite_note-m43-5">[5]</a> It has several medieval buildings. However, many of the black-and-white buildings within the city centre are <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> restorations, originating from the <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_Revival_architecture" title="Black-and-white Revival architecture">Black-and-white Revival</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> brought railways, canals, and new roads to the city, which saw substantial expansion and development; <a href="/wiki/Chester_Town_Hall" title="Chester Town Hall">Chester Town Hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Museum" title="Grosvenor Museum">Grosvenor Museum</a> are examples of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian architecture</a> from this period. Tourism, the retail industry, public administration, and financial services are important to the modern economy. Chester signs itself as Chester International Heritage City on road signs on the main roads entering the city.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chester" title="History of Chester">History of Chester</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leigh_(physician)" title="Charles Leigh (physician)">Charles Leigh</a> concluded in 1701 that there was probably a British city called Genuina (or Gunia) before the arrival of the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman">Roman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DevaMinervaPlan(bq).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg/250px-DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg/330px-DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg/500px-DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Diorama of the Roman Legionary fortress <a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Museum" title="Grosvenor Museum">Grosvenor Museum</a>, Chester</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Adiutrix" title="Legio II Adiutrix">Legio II Adiutrix</a> during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Vespasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Vespasian">Emperor Vespasian</a> founded Chester in AD 79 as a "<a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castrum</a>" or Roman fort with the name <a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a>. It was established in the land of the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Midlands)" title="Cornovii (Midlands)">Cornovii</a>, according to ancient <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">fortress</a> during the Roman expansion northward,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and was named Deva either after the goddess of the Dee,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> or directly from the British name for the river.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The 'victrix' part of the name was taken from the title of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">Legio XX Valeria Victrix</a> which was based at Deva.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Central Chester's four main roads, Eastgate, Northgate, Watergate and Bridge Street, follow routes laid out at this time. A civilian settlement grew around the military base, which probably originated from trade with the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The fortress was 20% larger than other fortresses in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman province of Britannia</a> built around the same time at <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Isca Augusta</a>);<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> this has led to the suggestion that the fortress, rather than London (<a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a>), was intended to become the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The civilian <a href="/wiki/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre" title="Chester Roman Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>, which was built in the 1st century, could seat between 8,000 and 10,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It is the largest known military amphitheatre in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and is also a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Monument">Scheduled Monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minerva%27s_Shrine,_Chester" title="Minerva's Shrine, Chester">Minerva Shrine</a> in the Roman quarry is the only rock-cut Roman shrine still <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The fortress was garrisoned by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legion</a> until at least the late 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-Roman_Chester_journal-21">[21]</a> Although the army had abandoned the fortress by 410 when the Romans <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">retreated from Britannia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Romano-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-British">Romano-British</a> civilian settlement continued (probably with some Roman veterans staying behind with their wives and children) and its occupants probably continued to use the fortress and its defences as protection from raiders from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roman_Chester_journal-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Gate._Chester_02753.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Castle_Gate._Chester_02753.jpg/250px-Castle_Gate._Chester_02753.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Castle_Gate._Chester_02753.jpg/330px-Castle_Gate._Chester_02753.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Castle_Gate._Chester_02753.jpg/500px-Castle_Gate._Chester_02753.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Castle Gate, Chester <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1781</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_Castle_02790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chester_Castle_02790.jpg/250px-Chester_Castle_02790.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chester_Castle_02790.jpg/330px-Chester_Castle_02790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chester_Castle_02790.jpg/500px-Chester_Castle_02790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2454" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chester_Castle" title="Chester Castle">Chester Castle</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1781</figcaption></figure> After the Roman troops withdrew, the Romano-British established several petty kingdoms. Chester is thought to have become part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a>. Deverdoeu was a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Welsh_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh placenames">name</a> for Chester as late as the 12th century (cf Dyfrdwy, Welsh for the river Dee). Another, attested in the 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">History of the Britons</a> traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a>, is Cair Legion<a href="#cite_note-mommy-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-nashford-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-shusher-25">[25]</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Fort</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">City</a> of the Legion"); this later developed into Caerlleon and then the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Welsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Welsh">modern Welsh</a> Caer. (The town's importance is noted by its taking the simpler form in each case, while <a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Isca Augusta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a>, another important legionary base, was known first as <a href="/wiki/Caerleon_on_the_Usk" class="mw-redirect" title="Caerleon on the Usk">Caerleon on the Usk</a>, and now as <a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a>). King Arthur is said to have fought his ninth battle at the "city of the legions" (Caerlleon) and later <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">St Augustine</a> came to the city to try to unite the church, and held his synod with the Welsh Bishops. In 616, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelfrith of Northumbria">Æthelfrith of Northumbria</a> defeated a Welsh army at the brutal and decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chester" title="Battle of Chester">Battle of Chester</a> and probably established the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> position in the area from then on.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> used an <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> equivalent of the British name, Legacæstir, which was current until the 11th century, when, in a further parallel with Welsh usage, the first element fell out of use and the simple name Chester emerged. In 689, King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Mercia" title="Æthelred of Mercia">Æthelred of Mercia</a> founded the Minster Church of West Mercia on what is considered to be an early Christian site: it is known as the Minster of St John the Baptist, Chester (now St John's Church) which later became the first cathedral. Much later, the body of Æthelred's niece, St Werburgh, was removed from Hanbury in Staffordshire in the 9th century and, to save it from desecration by Danish marauders was reburied in the Church of SS Peter & Paul – later to become the Abbey Church (the present cathedral). Her name is still remembered in St Werburgh's Street, which passes alongside the cathedral, and near the city walls,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stwerburghchester.co.uk">St Werburgh's Roman Catholic church</a> in Grosvenor Park Road. The Anglo-Saxons extended and strengthened the walls of Chester to protect the city against the Danes, who occupied it for a short time until <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred</a> seized all the cattle and laid waste on the surrounding land to drive them out. It was Alfred's daughter <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, Lady of the Mercians, that built the new Anglo-Saxon burh.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A new Church dedicated to St Peter alone was founded in AD 907 by the Lady Æthelfleda at what was to become the Cross. In 973, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that, two years after his coronation at Bath, <a href="/wiki/King_Edgar%27s_council_at_Chester" title="King Edgar's council at Chester">King Edgar of England came to Chester where he held his court</a> in a palace in a place now known as Edgar's Field near the old Dee bridge in Handbridge. Taking the helm of a barge, he was rowed the short distance up the River Dee from Edgar's Field to the great Minster Church of St John the Baptist by six (the monk Henry Bradshaw records he was rowed by eight kings) tributary kings called reguli.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1071, King William the Conqueror<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe2001-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannicainc1995-27">[27]</a> made <a href="/wiki/Hugh_d%27Avranches,_1st_Earl_of_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester">Hugh d'Avranches</a>, who built <a href="/wiki/Chester_Castle" title="Chester Castle">Chester Castle</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">Earl of Chester (second creation)</a>. From the 14th to the 18th century, the city's prominent position in <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a> meant it was commonly known as Westchester. This name was used by <a href="/wiki/Celia_Fiennes" title="Celia Fiennes">Celia Fiennes</a> when she visited the city in 1698.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and is also used in <a href="/wiki/Moll_Flanders" title="Moll Flanders">Moll Flanders</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a>]</div> In the English Civil War, Chester sided with the royalist cause of King Charles I but was subdued by the Parliamentarians in 1643. The Mayor of Chester, Charles Walley, was removed from office and replaced by Alderman William Edwards. Another alderman, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Gamull" title="Francis Gamull">Francis Gamull</a>, a royalist MP and former Mayor, was ordered to surrender Dee Mills: they were to be demolished, and new mills built on city land.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_history">Industrial history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industrial history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cross_and_Rows,_Chester,_Cheshire,_England,_ca._1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Cross_and_Rows%2C_Chester%2C_Cheshire%2C_England%2C_ca._1895.jpg/220px-The_Cross_and_Rows%2C_Chester%2C_Cheshire%2C_England%2C_ca._1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Cross_and_Rows%2C_Chester%2C_Cheshire%2C_England%2C_ca._1895.jpg/330px-The_Cross_and_Rows%2C_Chester%2C_Cheshire%2C_England%2C_ca._1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Cross_and_Rows%2C_Chester%2C_Cheshire%2C_England%2C_ca._1895.jpg/440px-The_Cross_and_Rows%2C_Chester%2C_Cheshire%2C_England%2C_ca._1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3527" data-file-height="2606" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Photochrom" title="Photochrom">Photochrom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Rows" title="Chester Rows">Chester Rows</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Meakin_Lockwood" title="Thomas Meakin Lockwood">T.M. Lockwood</a>, as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Cross_(junction)" title="Chester Cross (junction)">Cross</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> Chester played a significant part in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, which began in the North West of England in the late 18th century. The city village of Newtown, located northeast of the city and bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Union_Canal" title="Shropshire Union Canal">Shropshire Union Canal</a>, was at the very heart of this industry.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The large Chester Cattle Market and the two Chester railway stations, <a href="/wiki/Chester_railway_station" title="Chester railway station">Chester General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chester_Northgate_railway_station" title="Chester Northgate railway station">Chester Northgate Station</a>, meant that <a href="/wiki/Newtown,_Chester" title="Newtown, Chester">Newtown</a> with its cattle market and <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hoole" title="Hoole">Hoole</a> with its railways were responsible for providing the vast majority of workers and in turn, the vast amount of Chester's wealth production throughout the Industrial Revolution. The population was 23,115 by 1841.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Falconinn.jpg/220px-Falconinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Falconinn.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Falcon,_Chester" title="The Falcon, Chester">The Falcon Inn</a> after restoration</figcaption></figure> A considerable amount of land in Chester is owned by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grosvenor,_7th_Duke_of_Westminster" title="Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster">The 7th Duke of Westminster</a> who owns an estate, <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Hall_(Cheshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eaton Hall (Cheshire)">Eaton Hall</a>, near the village of <a href="/wiki/Eccleston,_Cheshire" title="Eccleston, Cheshire">Eccleston</a>. He also has London properties in <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Westminster" title="Duke of Westminster">Grosvenor</a> is the Duke's family name, which explains such features in the city as the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Bridge_(Chester)" title="Grosvenor Bridge (Chester)">Grosvenor Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Grosvenor_and_Spa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Grosvenor and Spa">Grosvenor Hotel</a>, and Grosvenor Park. Much of Chester's architecture dates from the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, many of the buildings being modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a> half-timbered style and designed by <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_(English_architect)" title="John Douglas (English architect)">John Douglas</a>, who was employed by the Duke as his principal architect.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He had a trademark of twisted chimney stacks, many of which can be seen on the buildings in the city centre. Douglas designed, amongst other buildings, the Grosvenor Hotel and the <a href="/wiki/Public_baths,_Chester" title="Public baths, Chester">City Baths</a>. In 1911, Douglas' protégé and city architect James Strong designed the then-active fire station on the west side of Northgate Street. Another feature of all buildings belonging to the estate of Westminster is the 'Grey Diamonds' – a weaving pattern of grey bricks in the red brickwork laid out in a diamond formation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Towards the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a lack of affordable housing meant many problems for Chester. Large areas of farmland on the city's outskirts were developed as residential areas in the 1950s and early 1960s, producing, for instance, the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Blacon" title="Blacon">Blacon</a>. In 1964, a bypass was built through and around the city centre to combat traffic congestion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These new developments caused local concern as the physicality[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and, therefore, the feel of the city was being dramatically altered. In 1968, a report by Donald Insall, in collaboration with authorities and government, recommended that historic buildings be preserved in Chester.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Consequently, the buildings were used in new and different ways instead of being demolished.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The City Conservation Area was designated in 1969. Over the next twenty years, the emphasis was placed on saving historic buildings, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Falcon,_Chester" title="The Falcon, Chester">The Falcon Inn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Houses,_Chester" title="Dutch Houses, Chester">Dutch Houses</a>, and Kings Buildings. On 13 January 2002, Chester was granted the first UK <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade City">Fairtrade City</a> status by the <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade Foundation">Fairtrade Foundation</a>. In 2011 this was extended to the entire borough.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Chester_City_02759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_Chester_City_02759.jpg/250px-Arms_of_Chester_City_02759.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_Chester_City_02759.jpg/330px-Arms_of_Chester_City_02759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_Chester_City_02759.jpg/500px-Arms_of_Chester_City_02759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Chester City</figcaption></figure> There is one main tier of local government covering Chester, at <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority</a> level, being <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester_Council" title="Cheshire West and Chester Council">Cheshire West and Chester Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Much of the Chester urban area is an <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished area</a>, but some of the suburbs are included in <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parishes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Great_Boughton" title="Great Boughton">Great Boughton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upton-by-Chester" title="Upton-by-Chester">Upton-by-Chester</a> and there is also a small parish in the centre of the city called <a href="/wiki/Chester_Castle_(civil_parish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Castle (civil parish)">Chester Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The built-up area straddles the two parliamentary constituencies of <a href="/wiki/Chester_North_and_Neston" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester North and Neston">Chester North and Neston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chester_South_and_Eddisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester South and Eddisbury">Chester South and Eddisbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Administrative history">edit</a>]</div> Chester was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">ancient borough</a>, with its earliest known charters dating from the twelfth century. It was given the right to appoint its own sheriffs in 1506, making it a <a href="/wiki/County_corporate" title="County corporate">county corporate</a>, outside the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheriff of Cheshire">Sheriff of Cheshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The borough gained city status in 1541 following the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chester" title="Diocese of Chester">Diocese of Chester</a>. The borough was reformed to become a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a> in 1836 under the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a>, which standardised the way many boroughs operated across the country. As part of the 1836 reforms the borough was enlarged beyond its medieval boundaries to include the <a href="/wiki/Boughton,_Cheshire" title="Boughton, Cheshire">Boughton</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> When elected county councils were created in 1889, Chester was considered large enough for its existing borough council to provide county-level services. It was therefore made a <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a>, independent from <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_County_Council" title="Cheshire County Council">Cheshire County Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The borough was enlarged in 1936, when it absorbed <a href="/wiki/Blacon" title="Blacon">Blacon</a>, and again in 1954, when it absorbed <a href="/wiki/Hoole" title="Hoole">Hoole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The county borough was abolished in 1974, merging with the former <a href="/wiki/Chester_Rural_District" title="Chester Rural District">Chester Rural District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarvin_Rural_District" title="Tarvin Rural District">Tarvin Rural District</a> which covered the surrounding rural areas to create a new <a href="/wiki/Chester_(district)" title="Chester (district)">Chester district</a>, which was a district-level authority with Cheshire County Council providing county-level services.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Chester's city status was extended to cover the whole of the district created in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 1992, Chester City Council was given the right to appoint a <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Chester" title="List of mayors of Chester">Lord Mayor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Chester City Council was abolished in 2009 when local government across Cheshire was reorganised; Cheshire County Council was also abolished, and the three districts of Chester, <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_and_Neston" title="Ellesmere Port and Neston">Ellesmere Port and Neston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vale_Royal" title="Vale Royal">Vale Royal</a> merged to form a unitary authority called Cheshire West and Chester. <a href="/wiki/Charter_trustees" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter trustees">Charter trustees</a> were established to maintain Chester's city status and appoint the Lord Mayor.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Chester's <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> is now formally held by the area of the charter trustees, comprising the 15 <a href="/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom">wards</a> of Cheshire West and Chester which correspond to the area of the pre-2009 Chester City Council.<a href="#cite_note-chartertrustees-3">[3]</a> The official city therefore includes rural areas beyond Chester's built-up area, and had a total population of 138,875 at the 2021 census, compared to 92,760 for the built-up area.<a href="#cite_note-2021wards-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChesterAerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ChesterAerial.jpg/330px-ChesterAerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ChesterAerial.jpg/500px-ChesterAerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ChesterAerial.jpg/960px-ChesterAerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4631" data-file-height="2915" /></a><figcaption>An aerial photograph of central Chester and the River Dee</figcaption></figure> Chester lies at the southern end of a 2-mile (3.2 km) <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> ridge that rises to a height of 42 m within a natural S-bend in the River Dee (before the course was altered in the 18th century). The bedrock, also known as the Chester Pebble Beds, is noticeable because of the many small stones trapped within its strata. Retreating glacial sheet ice also deposited quantities of sand and <a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">marl</a> across the area where boulder clay was absent. The eastern and northern parts of Chester consisted of heathland and forest. The western side towards the <a href="/wiki/Dee_Estuary" title="Dee Estuary">Dee Estuary</a> was marsh and wetland habitats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Chester has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb), typical of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> but more susceptible to cold than the extreme south.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Despite its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, the temperature regime is similar to areas further inland, owing to the shelter provided by the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> to the northeast and the Welsh Mountains to the southwest. The nearest official weather station is at <a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Airport" title="Hawarden Airport">Hawarden Airport</a>, about 4 miles (6.4 km) west of the city centre. The absolute maximum temperature recorded was 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) on 18 July 2022, the highest temperature reported in Wales. In an average year, the warmest day should reach 29.3 °C (84.7 °F),<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and 12.0 days<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> in total should attain a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher. Given the correctly aligned breezy conditions, a <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">föhn</a> effect will operate, meaning local temperatures are somewhat higher than the surrounding area. The absolute minimum temperature recorded was −18.2 °C (−0.8 °F)<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> during January 1982. Annually, an average of 42.2 air frosts should be recorded. Annual rainfall is barely over 700mm<a href="#cite_note-MetO2-53">[53]</a> due to a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> effect caused by the Welsh Mountains. Over 1mm of rain is reported on 135.5 days.<a href="#cite_note-MetO2-53">[53]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chester_weatherbox" title="Template:Chester weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Chester_weatherbox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Chester weatherbox (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chester_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chester weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Airport" title="Hawarden Airport">Hawarden Airport</a> <a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 03321; coordinates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chester&params=53.17542_N_2.98639_W_type:landmark_region:GB&title=Met+Hawarden">53°10′32″N 2°59′11″W / 53.17542°N 2.98639°W / 53.17542; -2.98639 (Met Hawarden)</a>; elevation 10 m (33 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901–present.<a href="#cite_note-54">[a]</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.1 (98.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.2 (−0.8) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.8 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.4 (9.7) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9 (25.0) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3 (31.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2 (19.0) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.9 (14.2) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.2 (1.0) </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18.2 (−0.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.9 (2.36) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 (1.95) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2 (1.90) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 (1.95) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.9 (2.08) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.5 (2.54) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.0 (2.36) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.9 (2.32) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.2 (2.45) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.2 (3.00) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.3 (2.81) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.6 (2.98) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">728.8 (28.69) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">136.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #747474; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.9 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3A3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.6 </td> <td style="background: #B7B759; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.5 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.6 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">209.1 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">190.9 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">199.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171.2 </td> <td style="background: #C2C216; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.1 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.6 </td> <td style="background: #808080; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.9 </td> <td style="background: #666666; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.1 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,572.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Met Office<a href="#cite_note-MetO-55">[54]</a> Monthly Weather Report<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteo Climat<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> CEDA Archive<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Data has been collected at Hawarden Bridge for the period 1901–2005 and at Hawarden Airport since 1941. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_and_suburbs">Divisions and suburbs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Divisions and suburbs">edit</a>]</div> The Chester Urban Area is an urban area surrounding the city of Chester. The urban area includes the town of <a href="/wiki/Saltney" title="Saltney">Saltney</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a> and the outlying suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Bache,_Cheshire" title="Bache, Cheshire">Bache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blacon" title="Blacon">Blacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boughton,_Cheshire" title="Boughton, Cheshire">Boughton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Park" title="Curzon Park">Curzon Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Boughton" title="Great Boughton">Great Boughton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handbridge" title="Handbridge">Handbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_Cheshire" title="Huntington, Cheshire">Huntington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoole" title="Hoole">Hoole</a>, Kingsway, <a href="/wiki/Lache" title="Lache">Lache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moston,_Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Moston, Cheshire West and Chester">Moston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Chester" title="Newton, Chester">Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newtown,_Chester" title="Newtown, Chester">Newtown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens_Park,_Chester" title="Queens Park, Chester">Queens Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upton-by-Chester" title="Upton-by-Chester">Upton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicars_Cross" title="Vicars Cross">Vicars Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Park" title="Westminster Park">Westminster Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Areas just outside the city include: <a href="/wiki/Christleton" title="Christleton">Christleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eccleston,_Cheshire" title="Eccleston, Cheshire">Eccleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guilden_Sutton" title="Guilden Sutton">Guilden Sutton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Littleton,_Cheshire" title="Littleton, Cheshire">Littleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mickle_Trafford" title="Mickle Trafford">Mickle Trafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollington,_Cheshire" title="Mollington, Cheshire">Mollington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saughall" title="Saughall">Saughall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waverton,_Cheshire" title="Waverton, Cheshire">Waverton</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks_and_tourist_attractions">Landmarks and tourist attractions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Landmarks and tourist attractions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade I listed buildings in Chester">Grade I listed buildings in Chester</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_802547.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chester_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_802547.jpg/250px-Chester_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_802547.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chester_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_802547.jpg/330px-Chester_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_802547.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chester_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_802547.jpg/500px-Chester_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_802547.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chester_Town_Hall" title="Chester Town Hall">Chester Town Hall</a></figcaption></figure> The more unusual landmarks in the city are the <a href="/wiki/Chester_city_walls" title="Chester city walls">city walls</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Rows" title="Chester Rows">Rows</a> and the black-and-white architecture. The walls encircle the bounds of the medieval city and constitute the most complete city walls in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-m43-5">[5]</a> the full circuit measuring nearly 2 miles (3 km).<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The only break in the circuit is in the south-west section in front of <a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_Chester" title="County Hall, Chester">County Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> A footpath runs along the top of the walls, crossing roads by bridges over Eastgate, <a href="/wiki/Northgate,_Chester" title="Northgate, Chester">Northgate</a>, St Martin's Gate, <a href="/wiki/Watergate,_Chester" title="Watergate, Chester">Watergate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridgegate,_Chester" title="Bridgegate, Chester">Bridgegate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newgate,_Chester" title="Newgate, Chester">Newgate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> and the Wolf Gate, and passing a series of structures, namely <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Tower,_Chester" title="Phoenix Tower, Chester">Phoenix Tower</a> (or King Charles' Tower), <a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Mount" title="Morgan's Mount">Morgan's Mount</a>, the Goblin Tower (or <a href="/wiki/Pemberton%27s_Parlour" title="Pemberton's Parlour">Pemberton's Parlour</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bonewaldesthorne%27s_Tower" title="Bonewaldesthorne's Tower">Bonewaldesthorne's Tower</a> with a spur leading to the <a href="/wiki/Water_Tower,_Chester" title="Water Tower, Chester">Water Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thimbleby%27s_Tower" title="Thimbleby's Tower">Thimbleby's Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> On Eastgate is <a href="/wiki/Eastgate_and_Eastgate_Clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastgate and Eastgate Clock">Eastgate Clock</a>, which is said to be the most photographed clock face in England after those that share the tower with <a href="/wiki/Clock_Tower,_Palace_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock Tower, Palace of Westminster">Big Ben</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg/250px-Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg/330px-Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg/500px-Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_Revival_architecture" title="Black-and-white Revival architecture">Black-and-white architecture</a> at <a href="/wiki/3%E2%80%9331_Northgate_Street,_Chester" title="3–31 Northgate Street, Chester">29–31 Northgate</a></figcaption></figure> The Rows are unique in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> They consist of buildings with shops or dwellings on the lowest two storeys. The shops or dwellings on the ground floor are often lower than the street and are entered by steps, which sometimes lead to a <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vault</a>. Those on the first floor are entered behind a continuous walkway, often with a sloping shelf between the walkway and the railings overlooking the street.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Much of the architecture of central Chester looks medieval and some of it is, but by far the greater part of it, including most of the black-and-white buildings, is <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a>, a result of what <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner</a> termed the "<a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-and-white revival">black-and-white revival</a>" pioneered by architects <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_(English_architect)" title="John Douglas (English architect)">John Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Meakin_Lockwood" title="Thomas Meakin Lockwood">T.M. Lockwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The most prominent buildings in the city centre are the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Town_Hall" title="Chester Town Hall">town hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Cathedral" title="Chester Cathedral">cathedral</a>. The town hall was opened in 1869. It is in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> style and has a tower and a short spire.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The cathedral was formerly the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Werburgh%27s_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Werburgh's Abbey">St Werburgh's Abbey</a>. Its architecture dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a> era, with additions made most centuries since. A series of major restorations took place in the 19th century, and in 1975, a separate bell tower was opened. The elaborately carved <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (building)">canopies</a> of the choir stalls are considered to be among the finest in the country. Also in the cathedral is the <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_Werburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="St Werburgh">St Werburgh</a>. The former <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastic</a> buildings are north of the cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The oldest church in the city is <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist%27s_Church,_Chester" title="St John the Baptist's Church, Chester">St John's</a>, which is outside the city walls and was at one time the cathedral church. The church was shortened after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a>, and ruins of the former east end remain outside the church. Much of the interior is in Norman style and this is considered to be the best example of 11th–12th-century church architecture in Cheshire.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> At the intersection of the former Roman roads is <a href="/wiki/Chester_High_Cross" title="Chester High Cross">Chester Cross</a>, to the north of which is the small church of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Chester" title="St Peter's Church, Chester">St Peter's</a>, which is in use as an ecumenical centre.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Other churches are now redundant and have other uses: <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Chester" title="St Michael's Church, Chester">St Michael's</a> in Bridge Street is a <a href="/wiki/Heritage_centre" title="Heritage centre">heritage centre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary-on-the-Hill,_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St Mary-on-the-Hill, Chester">St Mary-on-the-Hill</a> is an educational centre,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Church, Chester">Holy Trinity</a> now acts as the Guildhall.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Other notable buildings include the preserved <a href="/wiki/Chester_Shot_Tower" title="Chester Shot Tower">shot tower</a>, the highest structure in Chester,<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_of_Canterbury_Church,_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas of Canterbury Church, Chester">St Thomas of Canterbury Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Rayner_Chester_The_Cross_looking_towards_Watergate_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Louise_Rayner_Chester_The_Cross_looking_towards_Watergate_Street.jpg/250px-Louise_Rayner_Chester_The_Cross_looking_towards_Watergate_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Louise_Rayner_Chester_The_Cross_looking_towards_Watergate_Street.jpg/330px-Louise_Rayner_Chester_The_Cross_looking_towards_Watergate_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Louise_Rayner_Chester_The_Cross_looking_towards_Watergate_Street.jpg/500px-Louise_Rayner_Chester_The_Cross_looking_towards_Watergate_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3438" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>The north side of Eastgate Street painted by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Rayner" title="Louise Rayner">Louise Rayner</a>. On the far right is the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Boot_Inn,_Chester" title="Boot Inn, Chester">Boot Inn</a>.</figcaption></figure> Roman remains can still be found in the city, particularly in the basements of some of the buildings and in the lower parts of the northern section of the city walls.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The most important Roman feature is the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre" title="Chester Roman Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a> just outside the walls, which underwent archaeological investigation in the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Roman artefacts are on display in the Roman Gardens which run parallel to the city walls from Newgate to the River Dee, where there's also a reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Hypocaust" title="Hypocaust">hypocaust system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> An original hypocaust system discovered in the 1720s<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> can be seen in the basement of 39 Bridge Street, which is open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Of the original medieval city, the most important surviving structure is <a href="/wiki/Chester_Castle" title="Chester Castle">Chester Castle</a>, particularly the Agricola Tower. Much of the rest of the castle has been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> county court and its entrance, the Propyleum.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> To the south of the city runs the River Dee, with its 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Chester_Weir" title="Chester Weir">weir</a>. The river is crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dee_Bridge" title="Old Dee Bridge">Old Dee Bridge</a>, dating from the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Bridge_(Chester)" title="Grosvenor Bridge (Chester)">Grosvenor Bridge</a> of 1832, and Queen's Park suspension bridge (for pedestrians).<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> To the southwest of the city, the River Dee curves towards the north. The area between the river and the city walls here is known as the Roodee and contains <a href="/wiki/Chester_Racecourse" title="Chester Racecourse">Chester Racecourse</a>, which holds a series of horse races and other events.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The first recorded race meet in England at Roodee Fields was on 9 February 1540.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Shropshire Union Canal runs to the north of the city and a branch leads from it to the River Dee.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The major museum in Chester is the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Museum" title="Grosvenor Museum">Grosvenor Museum</a>, which includes a collection of Roman tombstones and an <a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">art gallery</a>. Associated with the museum is 20 Castle Street, which has rooms furnished in different historical styles.<a href="#cite_note-The_Grosvenor_Museum-90">[89]</a> The Deva Roman Experience has hands-on exhibits and a reconstructed Roman street. One of the blocks in the forecourt of the Castle houses the Cheshire Military Museum.<a href="#cite_note-Cheshire_Military_Museum-91">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon_Park_Chester.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Curzon_Park_Chester.JPG/250px-Curzon_Park_Chester.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Curzon_Park_Chester.JPG/330px-Curzon_Park_Chester.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Curzon_Park_Chester.JPG/500px-Curzon_Park_Chester.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Curzon_Park" title="Curzon Park">Curzon Park</a> as seen from <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Bridge_(Chester)" title="Grosvenor Bridge (Chester)">Grosvenor Bridge</a> across the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">River Dee</a></figcaption></figure> The major public park in Chester is <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Park,_Chester" title="Grosvenor Park, Chester">Grosvenor Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> On the south side of the River Dee, in <a href="/wiki/Handbridge" title="Handbridge">Handbridge</a>, is Edgar's Field, another public park,<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> which contains <a href="/wiki/Minerva%27s_Shrine,_Chester" title="Minerva's Shrine, Chester">Minerva's Shrine</a>, a Roman shrine to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> A <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">war memorial</a> to those who died in the world wars is in the town hall and it contains the names of all Chester servicemen who died in the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> There are cruises on the River Dee and the Shropshire Union Canal, as well as guided open-air bus tours. The river cruises and bus tours start from a riverside area known as the Groves, which contains seating and a <a href="/wiki/Bandstand" title="Bandstand">bandstand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> A series of festivals is organised in the city, including <a href="/wiki/Mystery_play" title="Mystery play">mystery plays</a>, a summer music festival and a <a href="/wiki/Chester_Literature_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Literature Festival">literature festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Visitor_center" title="Visitor center">Tourist Information Centre</a> at the town hall.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The Cheshire Police Constabulary was historically based in the city from its foundation in 1857. Originally on Seller Street, its headquarters moved to Egerton Street (both since redeveloped), and then from 1870 to 113 Foregate Street, where Parker's Buildings now stand. In 1883, the police headquarters moved to <a href="/wiki/142_Foregate_Street,_Chester" title="142 Foregate Street, Chester">142 Foregate Street, Chester</a>, now preserved as a Grade II listed building. The county police headquarters has since moved again, in 1967, to Nuns Road before leaving the city in 2003 for Clemonds Hey, <a href="/wiki/Winsford" title="Winsford">Winsford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> According to the 2011 census, Chester had a large <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a> proportion of around 110,000 or 90.9% of the population. 1.0% described themselves as Irish. 3.6% as <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other White</a>. 2.2% described themselves as Asian. 1.3% described themselves as <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Mixed Race</a>. 0.6% described themselves as Black or <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a> and 0.3% are classed as other.<a href="#cite_note-BMEmapping-100">[99]</a> Cheshire West and Chester also has a large number of Christians at 76.4%. 14% have no religion, and 8.2% are not stated. 0.7% are Muslim. 0.1% are Sikhs. 0.1% are Jewish. 0.2% are Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-ReligionAndEthnic-101">[100]</a> The population was forecast to grow by 5% from 2005 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-greaterchester-102">[101]</a> The resident population for <a href="/wiki/Chester_(district)" title="Chester (district)">Chester District</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">2001 Census</a> was 118,200. This represents 17.5% of the Cheshire County total (1.8% of the North West population).<a href="#cite_note-chesterdistrict-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chester" title="University of Chester">University of Chester</a>. Formerly a teacher training college, it gained full university status in 2005 and is the county's main provider of tertiary education. <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_College_%E2%80%93_South_%26_West" title="Cheshire College – South & West">Cheshire College – South & West</a> is a vocational college with campuses in Handbridge as well as Ellesmere Port and Crewe. <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="The King's School, Chester">The King's School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">private school</a>, was established by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">King Henry VIII</a> in 1541. The girls-only <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_School,_Chester" title="The Queen's School, Chester">Queen's School</a>, another independent school, was founded in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Other secondary schools include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Blue_Coat_Church_of_England_High_School" title="Bishops' Blue Coat Church of England High School">Bishops' Blue Coat C of E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Catholic_High_School" title="Chester Catholic High School">Catholic High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Park_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens Park High School">Queens Park High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton-by-Chester_High_School" title="Upton-by-Chester High School">Upton-by-Chester High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacon_High_School" title="Blacon High School">Blacon High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christleton_High_School" title="Christleton High School">Christleton High School</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Rayner_Chester_Eastgate_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Louise_Rayner_Chester_Eastgate_Street.jpg/250px-Louise_Rayner_Chester_Eastgate_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Louise_Rayner_Chester_Eastgate_Street.jpg/330px-Louise_Rayner_Chester_Eastgate_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Louise_Rayner_Chester_Eastgate_Street.jpg/500px-Louise_Rayner_Chester_Eastgate_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>Eastgate Street painted by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Rayner" title="Louise Rayner">Louise Rayner</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880</figcaption></figure> The major museum in Chester is the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Museum" title="Grosvenor Museum">Grosvenor Museum</a>, which includes a collection of Roman tombstones and an <a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">art gallery</a>. Associated with the museum is a building on 20 Castle Street that has rooms furnished in different historical styles.<a href="#cite_note-The_Grosvenor_Museum-90">[89]</a> The Dewa Roman Experience has hands-on exhibits and a reconstructed Roman street. One of the blocks in the forecourt of Chester Castle houses the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Military_Museum" title="Cheshire Military Museum">Cheshire Military Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cheshire_Military_Museum-91">[90]</a> The £37m <a href="/wiki/Storyhouse" title="Storyhouse">Storyhouse</a> arts centre opened in the city centre in 2017. It includes a theatre, cinema, restaurant and the city's main library. It is housed in the city's remodelled 1936 Odeon Cinema and replaces the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Theatre_(Chester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway Theatre (Chester)">Gateway Theatre</a> and the former library on Northgate Street. Chester Little Theatre is based in Newtown and run by Chester Theatre Club. It generally stages 5 or 6 plays each year.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Chester Music Theatre is based in a converted church in Boughton. There was a multiplex cinema and a ten-pin bowling alley at Greyhound Retail Park on the city's edge, but these have closed. The cinema has moved to Broughton, just over the border in North Wales.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> A new <a href="/wiki/Picturehouse_Cinemas" title="Picturehouse Cinemas">Picturehouse</a> multi-screen cinema is being built in the city centre as part of the Northgate Project, due for completion in 2022. Chester has its own film society, several amateur dramatic societies and theatre schools. The Grove area of Chester is home to a Grade II-listed bandstand built in 1913. A programme of afternoon performances runs every weekend and Bank Holiday from May to August each year, usually including brass bands, choirs, jazz, blues, and acoustic performers. The current Bandstand Coordinator is Luke Moore, who was appointed in 2018 and has expanded the programme to include a mixture of visual art, theatre, poetry, and community events alongside a variety of musical performances. <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Park_Open_Air_Theatre" title="Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre">Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre</a>, founded in 2010, is the only site-specific professional open-air theatre company outside London. It has an eight-week annual summer repertory season.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> To the east side of the city is <a href="/wiki/Chester_Zoo" title="Chester Zoo">Chester Zoo</a>, the UK's largest <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoo</a> with over 11,000 animals in 110 acres of award-winning gardens. Numerous pubs, nightclubs, and bars, some of which are located in medieval buildings, populate the city. One such example is <a href="/wiki/Quaintways" title="Quaintways">Quaintways</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Chester has had a professional classical music festival – the Chester Summer Music Festival, beginning in 1967 and regularly since 1978. The festival went into liquidation<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> in 2012. A major new music festival was launched in March 2013 (previously known as Chester Performs<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a>), running annually every summer. The Chester Music Festival features the professional music group Ensemble Deva led by Giovanni Guzzo and Music Director Clark Rundell. Ensemble Deva regularly features soloists and section leaders from the country's leading symphony orchestras, including Liverpool Philharmonic, the Hallé and Manchester Camerata.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The composer <a href="/wiki/Howard_Skempton" title="Howard Skempton">Howard Skempton</a> was born in Chester in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Chester has a brass band that was formed in 1853. It was known as the Blue Coat Band and today as The City of Chester Band.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> It is a third section brass band with a training band. Its members wear a blue-jacketed uniform with an image of the Eastgate clock on the breast pocket of the blazer. Chester Music Society was founded in 1948 as a small choral society. It now encompasses four sections: The Choir has 170 members drawn from Chester and the surrounding district; The Youth Choirs support three choirs: Youth Choir, Preludes, and the Alumni Choir; Celebrity Concerts promote a season of six high-quality concerts each year; The club is a long established section which aims to encourage young musicians and in many cases offers the first opportunity to perform in public. The Chester Philharmonic Orchestra (CPO) was founded in 1884 and is one of the premier non-professional orchestras in North West England. Formerly the Chester Orchestral Society, it performs music from a vast repertoire. The Orchestra is a registered charity and usually performs four or five concerts each year (including an annual carol concert) in the magnificent setting of Chester's ancient Cathedral under the direction of well-known professional conductors. Telford's Warehouse, Alexander's Jazz Bar and The Live Rooms are the city's leading live music venues. An annual popular music festival started in 2011 called Chester Rocks. It is held on the grounds of the Chester Racecourse. The founder members of the band <a href="/wiki/River_City_People" title="River City People">River City People</a> (guitarist Tim Speed and his drummer brother Paul Speed) are from Chester. They had a number of hits in the early 1990s. Later into the same decade, <a href="/wiki/Mansun" title="Mansun">Mansun</a> formed in the city after singer Paul Draper met guitarist Dominic Chad whilst working in the local former Fat Cat Bar. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Shy_and_the_Fight" title="Shy and the Fight">Shy and the Fight</a>, featuring Chester-based musicians, has achieved national attention via airplay on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">Radio 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">Radio 2</a>, also appearing at <a href="/wiki/Wychwood" title="Wychwood">Wychwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C5%B5n" title="Sŵn">Swn</a> festivals. Other bands that have gone on to achieve a degree of success outside of the city include The Suns, The Wayriders, Motion Empire, Casino and Face Of Christ and The Lovelies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> Chester's newspapers include the weekly paid-for <a href="/wiki/Chester_Chronicle" title="Chester Chronicle">Chester Chronicle</a> and freesheet <a href="/wiki/Chester_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Standard">Chester Standard</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chester_Evening_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Evening Leader">Chester Evening Leader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midweek_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Midweek Chronicle">Midweek Chronicle</a> are no longer in publication.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dee_106.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee 106.3">Chester's Dee Radio</a> is the city's radio station, with <a href="/wiki/Heart_North_West" title="Heart North West">Heart North West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_North_West_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital North West and Wales">Capital North West and Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Merseyside" title="BBC Radio Merseyside">BBC Radio Merseyside</a> also broadcasting locally. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lache_FM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lache FM (page does not exist)">Lache FM</a> is currently Chester's only Community radio station. Television in Chester is served by <a href="/wiki/BBC_North_West_Tonight" title="BBC North West Tonight">BBC North West Tonight</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Granada_Reports" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV Granada Reports">ITV Granada Reports</a> , and with its close proximity to North Wales, viewers can also receive <a href="/wiki/BBC_Wales_Today" title="BBC Wales Today">BBC Wales Today</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales_at_Six" title="Wales at Six">ITV News Wales at Six</a> . Chester is where <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>'s soap opera <a href="/wiki/Hollyoaks" title="Hollyoaks">Hollyoaks</a> is set (although most filming takes place around Liverpool). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In literature">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sigourney" title="Lydia Sigourney">Lydia Sigourney</a> gives her impressions of the city in her poem Chester published in Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands, 1842. These relate to her visit to this country from America in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_Street_and_the_Rows_at_Chester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4398258.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_Street_and_the_Rows_at_Chester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4398258.jpg/220px-Bridge_Street_and_the_Rows_at_Chester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4398258.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_Street_and_the_Rows_at_Chester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4398258.jpg/330px-Bridge_Street_and_the_Rows_at_Chester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4398258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bridge_Street_and_the_Rows_at_Chester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4398258.jpg/440px-Bridge_Street_and_the_Rows_at_Chester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4398258.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Bridge Street and the Rows at Chester, designed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Meakin_Lockwood" title="Thomas Meakin Lockwood">T.M. Lockwood</a></figcaption></figure> Chester's primary industries are now the service industries, which are tourism, retail, public administration, and financial services. Many domestic and international tourists visit to view the city's landmarks and heritage, with a complementary benefit to hotels and restaurants. The city's central shopping area includes its unique Rows or galleries (two levels of shops), which date from <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times and are believed to include the oldest shop front in England.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The city has many chain stores. Also, it features an indoor market and two main indoor shopping centres: The Grosvenor Shopping Centre and the Forum (a reference to the city's Roman past). There are retail parks to the west and south. <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Oaks_Designer_Outlet" title="Cheshire Oaks Designer Outlet">Cheshire Oaks Designer Outlet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broughton_Retail_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Broughton Retail Park">Broughton Retail Park</a> are near the city. Chester has a relatively large financial sector including <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/NFU_Mutual" title="NFU Mutual">NFU Mutual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Money_UK" title="Virgin Money UK">Virgin Money</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quilter_plc" title="Quilter plc">Quilter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%26S_Bank" title="M&S Bank">M&S Bank</a>. The price comparison website <a href="/wiki/Moneysupermarket.com" title="Moneysupermarket.com">moneysupermarket.com</a> is based over the Welsh border in <a href="/wiki/Ewloe" title="Ewloe">Ewloe</a>. Chester has its own university, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chester" title="University of Chester">University of Chester</a>, and a major hospital, the <a href="/wiki/Countess_of_Chester_Hospital" title="Countess of Chester Hospital">Countess of Chester Hospital</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> and Countess of Chester. Just over the Welsh border to the west, <a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Flintshire" title="Broughton, Flintshire">Broughton</a> is home to a large <a href="/wiki/Airbus_UK" title="Airbus UK">Airbus UK</a> factory (formerly <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a>), employing around 6,000 staff, where the wings of the <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> aeroplanes are manufactured.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> There are food processing plants to the north and west. The <a href="/wiki/Iceland_(supermarket)" title="Iceland (supermarket)">Iceland</a> frozen food company is based in nearby Deeside. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments">Developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Developments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg/250px-River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg/330px-River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chester_Weir" title="Chester Weir">Chester Weir</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Dee (United Kingdom)">River Dee</a></figcaption></figure> In 2007, Chester City Council announced a 10-year plan to see Chester become a "must-see European destination". At a cost of £1.3 billion it was branded Chester Renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The Northgate Development project began in 2007 with the demolition of St. Martin's House on the city's ring road. At a cost of £460 million, Chester City Council and developers ING hoped to create a new quarter for Chester. The development was intended see the demolition of the market hall, bus station, theatre and NCP car park. They were to be replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Multi-storey_car_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-storey car park">multi-storey car park</a>, bus exchange, performing arts centre, library, homes, retail space and a department store which will be anchored by House of Fraser.<a href="#cite_note-northgatedevelopment-118">[117]</a> There project was put on hold in 2008 due to the economic downturn.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> However a number of Chester's other Renaissance projects continued, including a new health centre, offices and apartments in the Delamere Street development,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> and a hotel and new headquarters for Cheshire West and Chester Council in the £60million HQ development.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Work on a new bus station started in October 2015 and it opened in June 2017.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The Northgate Project is now being led by the council and is due to include a new market hall, cinema, multi-storey car park and restaurant units on the site of the former bus exchange. Building work has begun and is due to be completed in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> The city is a hub for major roads, including the <a href="/wiki/M53_motorway" title="M53 motorway">M53 motorway</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M56_motorway" title="M56 motorway">M56 motorway</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. The <a href="/wiki/A55_road" title="A55 road">A55 road</a> runs along the North Wales coast to <a href="/wiki/Holyhead" title="Holyhead">Holyhead</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A483_road" title="A483 road">A483</a> links the city to nearby <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Buses">edit</a>]</div> Bus transport in the city is provided by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Merseyside_%26_South_Lancashire" class="mw-redirect" title="Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire">Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Buses_Wales" title="Arriva Buses Wales">Arriva Buses Wales</a>; the council-owned and operated <a href="/wiki/ChesterBus" title="ChesterBus">ChesterBus</a> (formerly Chester City Transport) was sold to <a href="/wiki/First_Chester_%26_The_Wirral" title="First Chester & The Wirral">First Chester & The Wirral</a> in mid-2007. Services connect the city with Liverpool, Rhyl, Flint, Holywell, Ellesmere Port, Northwich and Whitchurch. A <a href="/wiki/National_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="National Express">National Express</a> route between London and Liverpool stops in Chester.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> A new bus exchange was built in the city at Gorse Stacks and opened to its first services on 30 May 2017.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Chester has four dedicated <a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">park and ride</a> sites, three of them (Upton, Boughton Heath and Wrexham Road) along major roads surrounding the city.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Railways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprinter_units,_Chester_Railway_Station_(geograph_2986906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sprinter_units%2C_Chester_Railway_Station_%28geograph_2986906%29.jpg/250px-Sprinter_units%2C_Chester_Railway_Station_%28geograph_2986906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sprinter_units%2C_Chester_Railway_Station_%28geograph_2986906%29.jpg/330px-Sprinter_units%2C_Chester_Railway_Station_%28geograph_2986906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sprinter_units%2C_Chester_Railway_Station_%28geograph_2986906%29.jpg/500px-Sprinter_units%2C_Chester_Railway_Station_%28geograph_2986906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Two Northern Rail trains at Chester station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chester_railway_station" title="Chester railway station">Chester railway station</a> is served by four <a href="/wiki/Train_operating_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Train operating companies">train operating companies</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast" title="Avanti West Coast">Avanti West Coast</a> provides <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city</a> services between <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">London Euston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crewe_railway_station" title="Crewe railway station">Crewe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holyhead_railway_station" title="Holyhead railway station">Holyhead</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merseyrail" title="Merseyrail">Merseyrail</a> operates electric services on the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirral Line">Wirral Line</a>, on a circular route via <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Central_railway_station" title="Liverpool Central railway station">Liverpool Central</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Trains" title="Northern Trains">Northern Trains</a> provides a regular service to <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester Piccadilly</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Northwich_railway_station" title="Northwich railway station">Northwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stockport_railway_station" title="Stockport railway station">Stockport</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Cheshire_line" title="Mid-Cheshire line">Mid-Cheshire line</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail" title="Transport for Wales Rail">Transport for Wales</a> operates services on four routes:<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_International_railway_station" title="Birmingham International railway station">Birmingham International</a> to Holyhead, via <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_General_railway_station" title="Wrexham General railway station">Wrexham General</a></li> <li>Manchester Piccadilly to <a href="/wiki/Llandudno_railway_station" title="Llandudno railway station">Llandudno</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Main_Line" title="North Wales Main Line">North Wales Main Line</a>; some services continue to Holyhead</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station" title="Liverpool Lime Street railway station">Liverpool Lime Street</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_railway_station" title="Runcorn railway station">Runcorn</a></li> <li>Crewe, via Beeston Castle.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The city formerly had two railway stations: Chester General remains in use (now named simply Chester), but <a href="/wiki/Chester_Northgate_railway_station" title="Chester Northgate railway station">Chester Northgate</a> closed in 1969 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[nb 1]</a> Chester Northgate, which was north-east of the city centre, opened in 1875 as a <a href="/wiki/Terminal_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal station">terminus</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Lines_Committee" title="Cheshire Lines Committee">Cheshire Lines Committee</a>. Trains travelled via Northwich to <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_railway_station" title="Manchester Central railway station">Manchester Central</a>; later, services also went to Seacombe (Wallasey) and <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_Central_railway_station" title="Wrexham Central railway station">Wrexham Central</a> via <a href="/wiki/Shotton_railway_station" title="Shotton railway station">Shotton</a>. It was demolished in the 1970s and the site is now part of the Northgate Arena leisure centre. Chester General opened in 1848 and was designed with an <a href="/wiki/Italianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italianate">Italianate</a> frontage. It now has seven designated platforms but once had fourteen. The station lost its original roof in the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Chester_General_rail_crash" title="Chester General rail crash">Chester General rail crash</a>. In September 2007, extensive renovations took place to improve pedestrian access and parking.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Chester General also had a sizeable marshalling yard and a <a href="/wiki/Motive_power_depot" title="Motive power depot">motive power depot</a>, most of which has now been replaced with housing. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg/250px-Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg/330px-Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg/500px-Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Dee bridge disaster, May 1847</figcaption></figure> In late 1847, the <a href="/wiki/Dee_bridge_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee bridge disaster">Dee bridge disaster</a> occurred when a bridge span collapsed as a train passed over the River Dee by the <a href="/wiki/Roodee" class="mw-redirect" title="Roodee">Roodee</a>. Five people were killed in the accident. The bridge had been designed and built by famed railway engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Chester_and_Holyhead_Railway" title="Chester and Holyhead Railway">Chester and Holyhead Railway</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> inquiry found that the <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">trusses</a> were made of cast iron beams that had inadequate strength for their purpose. A national scandal ensued and many new bridges of similar design were either taken down or heavily altered. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</div> There are a series of colour-coded signposted cycling routes around the city. On 19 June 2008, then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Secretary of State for Transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kelly" title="Ruth Kelly">Ruth Kelly</a> named Chester as a <a href="/wiki/Cycling_demonstration_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling demonstration town">cycling demonstration town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CycleEngland-135">[133]</a> This initiative allowed for substantial financial support to improve cycling facilities and a number of schemes were planned.<a href="#cite_note-CycleChester-136">[134]</a> Potential schemes included a new pedestrian and cycling bridge across the River Dee, linking the Meadows with <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_Cheshire" title="Huntington, Cheshire">Huntington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Boughton" title="Great Boughton">Great Boughton</a>; an access route between <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Park" title="Curzon Park">Curzon Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roodee" class="mw-redirect" title="Roodee">Roodee</a>; an extension to the existing greenway route from <a href="/wiki/Hoole" title="Hoole">Hoole</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guilden_Sutton" title="Guilden Sutton">Guilden Sutton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mickle_Trafford" title="Mickle Trafford">Mickle Trafford</a>; and an access route between the Millennium cycle route and Deva Link. However, following a reorganisation of the local authorities effective 1 April 2009, the Conservative-led administration of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a> council was not supportive, so comparatively little was actually achieved. Many of the ideas generated at the time were captured in a Cycle Chester Masterplan document.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canals">Canals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Canals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_-_Bridge_of_Sighs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chester_-_Bridge_of_Sighs.jpg/250px-Chester_-_Bridge_of_Sighs.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chester_-_Bridge_of_Sighs.jpg/330px-Chester_-_Bridge_of_Sighs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chester_-_Bridge_of_Sighs.jpg/500px-Chester_-_Bridge_of_Sighs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Canal cutting by Chester city walls</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Chester_Canal" title="Chester Canal">Chester Canal</a> was constructed with locks leading down to the River Dee. Canal boats could enter the river at high tide to load goods directly onto seagoing vessels. The port facilities at Crane Wharf, by Chester racecourse, made an important contribution to the commercial development of the North West region. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camlas_ellesmere.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Camlas_ellesmere.png/250px-Camlas_ellesmere.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Camlas_ellesmere.png/330px-Camlas_ellesmere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Camlas_ellesmere.png/500px-Camlas_ellesmere.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the proposed extensions of the Ellesmere Canal to Chester and Shrewsbury</figcaption></figure> The original Chester Canal was constructed to run from the River Dee near <a href="/wiki/Sealand,_Flintshire" title="Sealand, Flintshire">Sealand Road</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nantwich" title="Nantwich">Nantwich</a> in south Cheshire and opened in 1774. In 1805, the Wirral section of the <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Canal" title="Ellesmere Canal">Ellesmere Canal</a> was opened, which ran from Netherpool (now known as <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Port" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a>) to meet the Chester Canal at Chester canal basin. Later, those two canal branches became part of the Shropshire Union Canal network. This canal, which runs beneath the northern section of the city walls of Chester, is navigable and remains in use today. From about 1794 to the late 1950s, when the canal-side flour mills were closed, <a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">narrowboats</a> carried cargo such as coal, slate, gypsum or lead ore as well as finished lead (for roofing, water pipes and sewerage) from the leadworks in Egerton Street (Newtown). The grain from Cheshire was stored in granaries on the banks of the canal at Newtown and Boughton, and salt for preserving food arrived from <a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_canal">Proposed canal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Proposed canal">edit</a>]</div> The original plan to complete the Ellesmere Canal was to connect Chester directly to the Wrexham coalfields by building a <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">broad-gauge waterway</a> with a branch to the River Dee at <a href="/wiki/Holt,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Holt, Wales">Holt</a>. If the waterway had been built, canal traffic would have crossed the <a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct</a> heading north to Chester and the River Dee. As the route was never completed, the short length of the canal north of <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Basin" title="Trevor Basin">Trevor</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a>, was infilled. The <a href="/wiki/Llangollen_Canal" title="Llangollen Canal">Llangollen Canal</a>, although designed to be primarily a water source from the River Dee, became a cruising waterway despite its inherent narrow nature. However, although Wrexham itself was bypassed, the plan to join the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a>, Mersey, and Dee was completed, first by cutting the Wirral Arm from Chester to Ellesmere Port (Whitby wharf) and then by extending the Llangollen Arm via <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere,_Shropshire" title="Ellesmere, Shropshire">Ellesmere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitchurch,_Shropshire" title="Whitchurch, Shropshire">Whitchurch</a> and Bettisfield Moss through to the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Canal" title="Chester Canal">Chester Canal</a> at Hurleston. The network became the <a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Union_Canal" title="Shropshire Union Canal">Shropshire Union Canal</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trams">Trams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Trams">edit</a>]</div> Chester had a tram service during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It ran from Saltney, on the Welsh border in the west, to Chester General station and then to Tarvin Road and Great Boughton. It featured the narrowest gauge trams (3' 6") in mainland Britain, due to an act of Parliament that deemed they must have the least obstructive route possible.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The tramway was established in 1871 by Chester Tramways Company. It was horse-drawn until it was taken over by the council in 1903. Renamed as <a href="/wiki/Chester_Corporation_Tramways" title="Chester Corporation Tramways">Chester Corporation Tramways</a>, it was reconstructed to the 3'6" gauge and electrified with overhead cables. The tramway was closed in February 1930, a fate experienced by most other systems in the UK. All that remains are small areas of uncovered track inside the former bus depot, and a few tram-wire supports attached to buildings on Eastgate/Foregate Street. However, substantial sections of the track remain buried beneath the current road surface. Chester electric tram number 4, built by <a href="/wiki/G.F._Milnes_%26_Co." title="G.F. Milnes & Co.">G.F. Milnes & Co.</a> in 1903, has been preserved by <a href="/wiki/RAF_Hooton_Park" title="RAF Hooton Park">Hooton Park Trust</a> and is currently undergoing restoration.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ccfc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ccfc.jpg/250px-Ccfc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Ccfc.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>The defunct <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_F.C." title="Chester City F.C.">Chester City</a> in action in 2007. The <a href="/wiki/Deva_Stadium" title="Deva Stadium">Deva Stadium</a>, now used by <a href="/wiki/Chester_F.C." title="Chester F.C.">Chester F.C.</a>, is on the border between England and Wales</figcaption></figure> Chester was home to <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_F.C." title="Chester City F.C.">Chester City F.C.</a>, who were founded in 1885 and elected to the <a href="/wiki/Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> in 1931 and played at their <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Road" title="Sealand Road">Sealand Road</a> stadium until 1990, spending two years playing in <a href="/wiki/Macclesfield" title="Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a> before returning to the city to the new <a href="/wiki/Deva_Stadium" title="Deva Stadium">Deva Stadium</a> – which straddles the border of England and Wales – in 1992. The club first lost its Football League status in 2000, only to reclaim it four years later as <a href="/wiki/Football_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Conference">Conference</a> champions. However, they were relegated again in 2009 and went out of business in March 2010 after 125 years in existence.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Notable former players of the club include <a href="/wiki/Ian_Rush" title="Ian Rush">Ian Rush</a> (who later managed the club), <a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Regis" title="Cyrille Regis">Cyrille Regis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Albiston" title="Arthur Albiston">Arthur Albiston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Barrett" title="Earl Barrett">Earl Barrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Dixon" title="Lee Dixon">Lee Dixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Harkness" title="Steve Harkness">Steve Harkness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Roberto Martínez">Roberto Martínez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stan_Pearson" title="Stan Pearson">Stan Pearson</a>. Following their demise, a new team – <a href="/wiki/Chester_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester FC">Chester FC</a> – was founded. They play at Chester City's <a href="/wiki/Deva_Stadium" title="Deva Stadium">Deva Stadium</a>, also known as the Chester Swansway Stadium for sponsorship reasons, and were elected to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_Division_One_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Premier League Division One North">Northern Premier League Division One North</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_in_English_football" title="2010–11 in English football">2010–11 season</a>, ending their first season as that division's champions, securing a place in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_Premier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Premier League Premier Division">Northern Premier League Premier Division</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_in_English_football" title="2011–12 in English football">2011–12 season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The club achieved promotion for the next two consecutive seasons and currently play in the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(division)" title="National League (division)">National League Premier Division</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Basketball">edit</a>]</div> The city also has a professional basketball team in the country's top competition, the <a href="/wiki/British_Basketball_League" title="British Basketball League">British Basketball League</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Phoenix" title="Cheshire Phoenix">Cheshire Phoenix</a> – formerly known as Cheshire Jets – play at the Cheshire Oaks Arena at nearby Ellesmere Port; and a wheelchair basketball team, Celtic Warriors, formerly known as the Chester Wheelchair Jets.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_Union">Rugby Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Rugby Union">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Chester_RUFC" title="Chester RUFC">Chester Rugby Club</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">union</a>) plays in the English National League 2 North, having been promoted in 2012. It won the EDF Energy Intermediate Cup in the 2007–08 season and the Cheshire Cup several times. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watersports_on_the_River_Dee">Watersports on the River Dee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Watersports on the River Dee">edit</a>]</div> The River Dee is home to <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Rowing_Club" title="Grosvenor Rowing Club">Grosvenor Rowing Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Chester_Rowing_Club" title="Royal Chester Rowing Club">Royal Chester Rowing Club</a> and the University of Chester Rowing Club, and two school clubs, <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="The King's School Chester">The King's School Chester</a> Rowing Club and <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_High_School" title="Queen's Park High School">Queen's Park High</a> Rowing Club. According to the rowing historian Tim Koch, the city's annual rowing regatta dates back to at least 1814,<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> making it older than <a href="/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race">The Boat Race</a> (1829) and <a href="/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta" title="Henley Royal Regatta">Henley Royal Regatta</a> (1839), although the regatta claims to date back even further to 1733.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Other annual rowing events include the Chester Long Distance Sculls and the Dee Autumn Head in autumn, and the North of England Head in March. The weir is used by a number of local canoe and kayak clubs. Each July, the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Raft_Race" title="Chester Raft Race">Chester Raft Race</a> is held on the River Dee in aid of charity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horseracing">Horseracing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Horseracing">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Chester_Racecourse" title="Chester Racecourse">Chester Racecourse</a> hosts several <a href="/wiki/Flat_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat racing">flat race</a> meetings from the spring to the autumn. The races take place within view of the City walls and attract tens of thousands of visitors. The May meeting includes several nationally significant races, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Vase" title="Chester Vase">Chester Vase</a>, which is recognised as a trial for <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">The Derby</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> A successful hockey club, Chester H.C., plays at the County Officers' Club on Plas Newton Lane, and a <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a> team, Deva Handball Club, boasts of being the largest handball team in the country. Deva's handball club plays in National League 1 of handball. There is also an <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team, the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Romans" title="Chester Romans">Chester Romans</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/British_American_Football_League" title="British American Football League">British American Football League</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_Golf_Club" title="Chester Golf Club">Chester Golf Club</a> is near the banks of the Dee, and there are numerous private golf courses near the city, as well as a 9-hole municipal course at Westminster Park. The Northgate Arena is the city's main leisure centre; smaller sports centres are in Christleton and Upton. The Victorian City Baths are in the city centre. December 2011 saw the first <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speedy-santas.co.uk/chester-santa-dash">Chester Santa Dash</a>. A 4 km (2.5 mi) running event whose route winds around the streets of Chester in aid of local charities; the Santa Dash is a festive event open to everyone of all ages and abilities. The city has hosted the <a href="/wiki/RAC_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="RAC Rally">RAC Rally</a> eight times. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns">Twin towns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Twin towns">edit</a>]</div> Chester is twinned with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sens" title="Sens">Sens</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6rrach" title="Lörrach">Lörrach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loerrach_International" title="Loerrach International">Loerrach International</a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senigallia" title="Senigallia">Senigallia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Chester" title="List of people from Chester">List of people from Chester</a></div> <dl><dd>See <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Chester" title="Category:People from Chester">Category:People from Chester</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Blair" title="Ian Blair">Ian Blair</a> (born 1953), retired Commissioner for the Metropolitan Police<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Sir Adrian Boult</a> (1889–1983), musical conductor, born in Liverpool Road<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Caldecott" title="Randolph Caldecott">Randolph Caldecott</a> (1846–86), artist and book illustrator, was born in Bridge Street, Chester<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cheshire" title="Leonard Cheshire">Group Captain Leonard Cheshire</a> (1917–1992), Second World War <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF bomber pilot</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cheshire_Disability" title="Leonard Cheshire Disability">Leonard Cheshire Disability</a> charity, was born in Hoole Road, <a href="/wiki/Hoole" title="Hoole">Hoole</a>, Chester (although he was brought up in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>);<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> the house where he was born (now a <a href="/wiki/Guest_house_(lodging)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guest house (lodging)">guest house</a>) bears a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> attesting to this</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_de_Coppet,_Princess_of_Albania" title="Eileen de Coppet, Princess of Albania">Eileen de Coppet, Princess of Albania</a> (1922–1985), the wife to the pretender of the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania</a>, was born in Chester.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_(English_architect)" title="John Douglas (English architect)">John Douglas</a> (1830–1911), architect, lived in and had his practice in Chester,<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> and designed many of its Victorian buildings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Evans_(political_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Evans (political official)">David Evans</a> (born 1961), <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Labour_Party" title="General Secretary of the Labour Party">General Secretary of the Labour Party</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Gradwell" title="Leo Gradwell">Leo Gradwell</a> (1899–1969), barrister and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic convoys of World War II">Arctic Convoys</a> war hero[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._S._Hornby" title="A. S. Hornby">A. S. Hornby</a> (1898–1978), notable <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexicographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographer">lexicographer</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_Kostick" title="Conor Kostick">Conor Kostick</a> (born 1964), writer and historian[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Lewis" title="Rory Lewis">Rory Lewis</a> (born 1982), portrait photographer<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eric_Lloyd" title="Frank Eric Lloyd">Frank Eric Lloyd</a> (1909–1992), author of Rhodesian Patrol, born in Chester<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lloyd_(bishop_of_Chester)" title="George Lloyd (bishop of Chester)">George Lloyd</a> (1560–1615), Bishop of Chester, builder of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Lloyd%27s_House" title="Bishop Lloyd's House">Bishop Lloyd's House</a> on Watergate Street, part of <a href="/wiki/Chester_Rows" title="Chester Rows">Chester Rows</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monk_(artist)" title="William Monk (artist)">William Monk</a> (1863–1937), etcher, woodcut engraver and painter<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Newbrook" title="Peter Newbrook">Peter Newbrook</a> (1920–2009), cinematographer, director, producer and writer<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Nixon" title="Simon Nixon">Simon Nixon</a> (born 1967), billionaire businessman, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Moneysupermarket.com" title="Moneysupermarket.com">Moneysupermarket.com</a><a href="#cite_note-walesonline-156">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fitzgerald_Page" title="Michael Fitzgerald Page">Michael Fitzgerald Page</a> (1922–2014), celebrated author and British Merchant Navy Officer[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Raikes" title="Henry Raikes">Henry Raikes</a> (1782-1854), Chancellor of Chester Cathedral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(engineer)" title="David Roberts (engineer)">David Roberts</a> (1859–1928), an engineer who invented the <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">caterpillar track</a>, grew up in <a href="/wiki/Great_Boughton" title="Great Boughton">Great Boughton</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._T._C._Rolt" title="L. T. C. Rolt">L. T. C. Rolt</a> (1910–74), engineering historian, born in Chester<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Thwaite" title="Anthony Thwaite">Anthony Thwaite</a> (1930–2021), poet and writer<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Tinsley" title="Beatrice Tinsley">Beatrice Tinsley</a> (née Hill) (1941–1981), <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmologist</a>, professor of astronomy at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>; was born in the city but was brought up in New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh">Sir John Vanbrugh</a> (1664–1726), architect and dramatist, raised in Chester<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Yale_(chancellor)" title="David Yale (chancellor)">David Yale</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1540–1626), Chancellor of Chester, member of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_(surname)" title="Yale (surname)">Yale family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in the United States<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Actors</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randle_Ayrton" title="Randle Ayrton">Randle Ayrton</a> (1869–1940)<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Booth" title="Emily Booth">Emily Booth</a> (born 1976), actress and writer<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Bower" title="Adrian Bower">Adrian Bower</a> (born 1970)<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Coulthard" title="Ray Coulthard">Ray Coulthard</a> (born 1968)<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Craig" title="Daniel Craig">Daniel Craig</a> (born 1968 in Liverpool Road)<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Cunniffe" title="Emma Cunniffe">Emma Cunniffe</a> (born 1973)<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Hebden" title="Malcolm Hebden">Malcolm Hebden</a> (born 1939 in Chester)<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hughes_(actor)" title="Tom Hughes (actor)">Tom Hughes</a> (born 1985)<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lloyd" title="Hugh Lloyd">Hugh Lloyd</a> (1923–2008)<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pickup" title="Ronald Pickup">Ronald Pickup</a> (1940–2021)<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Radford" title="Basil Radford">Basil Radford</a> (1897–1952)<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Roberts_(actor)" title="Graham Roberts (actor)">Graham Roberts</a> (1929–2004)<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Steiner" title="John Steiner">John Steiner</a> (1941–2022)<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Comedians</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Abbot" title="Russ Abbot">Russ Abbot</a> (born 1947) (birth name Russell Allan Roberts), musician, comedian and actor<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Green_(comedian)" title="Jeff Green (comedian)">Jeff Green</a> (born 1964), comedian<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mills_(comedian)" title="Bob Mills (comedian)">Bob Mills</a> (born 1957), comedian and gameshow host<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Riks" title="Stevie Riks">Stevie Riks</a> (born 1967), comedian, impressionist and musician<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sport</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(boxer)" title="Paul Butler (boxer)">Paul Butler</a> (born 1988), <a href="/wiki/IBF" class="mw-redirect" title="IBF">IBF</a> <a href="/wiki/Bantamweight" title="Bantamweight">Bantamweight</a> World champion boxer[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Collins_(footballer)" title="Danny Collins (footballer)">Danny Collins</a> (born 1980), <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C." title="Sunderland A.F.C.">Sunderland A.F.C.</a> footballer<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Cousins" title="Steven Cousins">Steven Cousins</a> (born 1972), skater<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Dorman" title="Andy Dorman">Andy Dorman</a> (born 1982), <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C." title="Crystal Palace F.C.">Crystal Palace F.C.</a> footballer<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Ellis" title="Doug Ellis">Doug Ellis</a> (1924–2018), former owner of <a href="/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C." title="Aston Villa F.C.">Aston Villa F.C.</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Hooton,_Cheshire" title="Hooton, Cheshire">Hooton</a> and educated in Chester<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Foden" title="Ben Foden">Ben Foden</a> (born 1985), rugby player England and <a href="/wiki/Northampton_Saints" title="Northampton Saints">Northampton Saints</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Heaton" title="Tom Heaton">Tom Heaton</a> (born 1986), <a href="/wiki/Burnley_F.C." title="Burnley F.C.">Burnley F.C.</a> goalkeeper<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Murphy_(footballer_born_1977)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danny Murphy (footballer born 1977)">Danny Murphy</a> (born 1977), footballer and former <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> international<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Owen" title="Michael Owen">Michael Owen</a> (born 1979), former English football international and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool F.C.</a> player<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pedroza" title="Antonio Pedroza">Antonio Pedroza</a> (born 1991), former <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C." title="Crystal Palace F.C.">Crystal Palace</a> footballer<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Sanderson" title="Alex Sanderson">Alex Sanderson</a> (born 1979), international rugby union player and younger brother of Pat<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Sanderson" title="Pat Sanderson">Pat Sanderson</a> (born 1977), international rugby union player<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Shawcross" title="Ryan Shawcross">Ryan Shawcross</a> (born 1987), <a href="/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C." title="Stoke City F.C.">Stoke City F.C.</a> footballer<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Tomlinson" title="Stuart Tomlinson">Stuart Tomlinson</a> (born 1985), former professional footballer, now professional wrestler at <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Turner_(cricketer)" title="Stuart Turner (cricketer)">Stuart Turner</a> (born 1943), former <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club" title="Essex County Cricket Club">Essex</a> cricketer<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Tweddle" title="Beth Tweddle">Beth Tweddle</a> (born 1985 in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa), World champion gymnast, attended <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_School,_Chester" title="The Queen's School, Chester">The Queen's School, Chester</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Tyler" title="Martin Tyler">Martin Tyler</a> (born 1945), <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> <a href="/wiki/Sportscaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportscaster">commentator</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricky_Walden" title="Ricky Walden">Ricky Walden</a> (born 1982), professional <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a> player<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Willetts" title="Helen Willetts">Helen Willetts</a> (born 1972), former badminton international and <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecaster</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Music</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutski" title="Kutski">Kutski</a> (born 1982), DJ and BBC Radio 1 presenter<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Latchford-Evans" title="Lee Latchford-Evans">Lee Latchford-Evans</a> (born 1975), singer of 1990s pop group <a href="/wiki/Steps_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steps (group)">Steps</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemone" title="Nemone">Nemone Metaxas</a> (born 1973), DJ and radio presenter<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Oliver_(composer)" title="Stephen Oliver (composer)">Stephen Oliver</a> (1950–92), composer<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andie_Rathbone" title="Andie Rathbone">Andie Rathbone</a> (born 1969), drummer of Chester-based indie band <a href="/wiki/Mansun" title="Mansun">Mansun</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Skempton" title="Howard Skempton">Howard Skempton</a> (born 1947), composer<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a></li> <li>Steve Wright, singer of Juveniles, <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Lux_(band)" title="Fiat Lux (band)">Fiat Lux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camera_Obscura_(electronic_duo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera Obscura (electronic duo)">Camera Obscura</a> and Hoi Poloi<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City">edit</a>]</div> The following people and military units have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> of Chester: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (September 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Individuals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Grosvenor,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet">Sir Thomas Grosvenor</a>: 1677.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Grosvenor,_6th_Duke_of_Westminster" title="Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster">Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster</a>: 1973.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_units">Military units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Military units">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Regiment" title="Cheshire Regiment">Cheshire Regiment</a>: 1948.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Yeomanry" title="Cheshire Yeomanry">Cheshire Yeomanry</a>: 1996.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Albion_(L14)" title="HMS Albion (L14)">HMS Albion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">RN</a>: 2003.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a></li> <li>1st Battalion The <a href="/wiki/Mercian_Regiment" title="Mercian Regiment">Mercian Regiment</a>: 26 March 2008.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a></li> <li>1st <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">Battalion</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Welsh" title="Royal Welsh">Royal Welsh</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cheshire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/60px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/120px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cheshire" title="Portal:Cheshire">Cheshire portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/60px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/120px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_West_England" title="Portal:North West England">North West England portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade I listed buildings in Chester">Grade I listed buildings in Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Hoole" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saints Church, Hoole">All Saints Church, Hoole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Lloyd%27s_House" title="Bishop Lloyd's House">Bishop Lloyd's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Barnabas%27_Church,_Chester" title="St Barnabas' Church, Chester">St Barnabas' Church, Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Handbridge" title="St Mary's Church, Handbridge">St Mary's Church, Handbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Boughton" title="St Paul's Church, Boughton">St Paul's Church, Boughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_(placename_element)" title="Chester (placename element)">Chester (placename element)</a> for other place names containing 'Chester', 'Cester', 'Caster' etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Beeching" title="Richard Beeching">Richard Beeching</a>'s report The Reshaping of British Railways was published in 1965. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2021census-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/townsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwales/census2021">"Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales: Census 2021"</a>. Census 2021. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+2021&rft.atitle=Towns+and+cities%2C+characteristics+of+built-up+areas%2C+England+and+Wales%3A+Census+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fhousing%2Farticles%2Ftownsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021wards-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021wards_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021wards_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/northwestengland/wards/E06000050__cheshire_west_and_chester/">"Cheshire West and Chester population by wards, 2021"</a>. City Population. Retrieved 10 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Cheshire+West+and+Chester+population+by+wards%2C+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fuk%2Fnorthwestengland%2Fwards%2FE06000050__cheshire_west_and_chester%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chartertrustees-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chartertrustees_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chartertrustees_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lordmayorchester.co.uk/city-of-chester-charter-trustees/">"City of Chester Charter Trustees"</a>. The Lord Mayor of Chester. Retrieved 10 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Chester+Charter+Trustees&rft.pub=The+Lord+Mayor+of+Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flordmayorchester.co.uk%2Fcity-of-chester-charter-trustees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boulter.com/gps/distance/?from=53.1903+-2.8916&to=51.507+-0.127&units=m">"Coordinate Distance Calculator"</a>. boulter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309000904/http://boulter.com/gps/distance/?from=53.1903+-2.8916&to=51.507+-0.127&units=m">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boulter.com&rft.atitle=Coordinate+Distance+Calculator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboulter.com%2Fgps%2Fdistance%2F%3Ffrom%3D53.1903%2B-2.8916%26to%3D51.507%2B-0.127%26units%3Dm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-m43-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m43_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-m43_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorriss1993">Morriss 1993</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPevsnerHubbard2003">Pevsner & Hubbard 2003</a>, pp. 130–131 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Morris, C. M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chestercivictrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/50th-Anniversary-Historic-Towns-Studies-V4.pdf">50th Anniversary of the Historic Towns Studies, 1969–2019: Chester</a>, Chester Civic Trust, published September 2019, accessed 10 June 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeigh1700" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leigh_(physician)" title="Charles Leigh (physician)">Leigh, Charles</a> (1700). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A50038.0001.001/1:12?rgn=div1;view=fulltext">The natural history of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak in Derbyshire with an account of the British, Phœnician, Armenian, Gr. and Rom. antiquities in those parts</a>. Oxford. Retrieved 1 February 2023 – via Text Creation Partnership.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+natural+history+of+Lancashire%2C+Cheshire%2C+and+the+Peak+in+Derbyshire+with+an+account+of+the+British%2C+Ph%C5%93nician%2C+Armenian%2C+Gr.+and+Rom.+antiquities+in+those+parts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1700&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA50038.0001.001%2F1%3A12%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPtolemy1992">Ptolemy 1992</a>, Book II, Chapter 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason2001">Mason 2001</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Salway, P. (1993) The Oxford Illustrated History of Roman Britain. ISBN CN 1634 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC.P._LewisA.T._Thacker2003" class="citation web cs1">C.P. Lewis; A.T. Thacker, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=19182#n6">"A History of the County of Chester: Volume 5 part 1"</a>. British-history.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072341/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=19182#n6">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Chester%3A+Volume+5+part+1&rft.pub=British-history.ac.uk&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D19182%23n6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason2001">Mason 2001</a>, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason2001">Mason 2001</a>, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarrington2002">Carrington 2002</a>, pp. 33–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarrington2002">Carrington 2002</a>, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpicer2007" class="citation web cs1">Spicer, Graham (9 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture24.org.uk/history+%2526+heritage/time/roman/art42592">"Revealed: New discoveries at Chester's Roman amphitheatre"</a>. Culture24.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421162035/http://www.culture24.org.uk/history+%2526+heritage/time/roman/art42592">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revealed%3A+New+discoveries+at+Chester%27s+Roman+amphitheatre&rft.pub=Culture24.org.uk&rft.date=2007-01-09&rft.aulast=Spicer&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture24.org.uk%2Fhistory%2B%252526%2Bheritage%2Ftime%2Froman%2Fart42592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarrington2002">Carrington 2002</a>, pp. 54–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England69224" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=69224&resourceID=19191">"Chester Amphitheatre (69224)"</a>. Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 10 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=Chester+Amphitheatre+%2869224%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D69224%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1375783" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1375783?section=official-list-entry">"Roman shrine to Minerva (1375783)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. Retrieved 15 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Roman+shrine+to+Minerva+%281375783%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1375783%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman_Chester_journal-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_Chester_journal_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_Chester_journal_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisThacker,_A.T.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, C.P.; Thacker, A.T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=19183">"Roman Chester"</a>. A History of the County of Chester: Volume 5 Part 1: The City of Chester: General History and Topography. British-History.ac.uk: 9–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805100123/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=19183">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Chester%3A+Volume+5+Part+1%3A+The+City+of+Chester%3A+General+History+and+Topography&rft.atitle=Roman+Chester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rft.au=Thacker%2C+A.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D19183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason2001">Mason 2001</a>, pp. 209–210 </li> <li id="cite_note-mommy-23"><a href="#cite_ref-mommy_23-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a> (<abbr title="Traditional attribution">attrib.</abbr>). <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> (<abbr title="Editor">ed.</abbr>). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Historia_Brittonum#VI._CIVITATES_BRITANNIAE" class="extiw" title="s:la:Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum, VI.</a> Composed after AD 830. (in Latin) Hosted at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:la:Main Page">Latin Wikisource</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-nashford-24"><a href="#cite_ref-nashford_24-0">^</a> Ford, David Nash. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html">The 28 Cities of Britain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415120312/http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html">Archived</a> 15 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" at Britannia. 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-shusher-25"><a href="#cite_ref-shusher_25-0">^</a> Newman, John Henry & al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459">Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre, Ch. X: "Britain in 429, A. D.", p. 92.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321234154/http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459">Archived</a> 21 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> James Toovey (London), 1844. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunliffe2001-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Cunliffe2001_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2001" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Barry W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4IZAQAAIAAJ">The Penguin atlas of British & Irish history</a>. Penguin. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100915-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100915-5"><bdi>978-0-14-100915-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528132514/http://books.google.com/books?id=o4IZAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+atlas+of+British+%26+Irish+history&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100915-5&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4IZAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannicainc1995-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannicainc1995_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iI1WAAAAMAAJ">The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1995. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-605-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-605-9"><bdi>978-0-85229-605-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528125625/http://books.google.com/books?id=iI1WAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Microp%C3%A6dia&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-605-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiI1WAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> "The Illustrated Journeys of Celia Fiennes 1685 – c1712" edited by Christopher Morris </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, William Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/chas1/1645-7/pp474-485">"Charles I – volume 514: October 1646 Pages 474–485 Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles I, 1645-7. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1891"</a>. British History Online. Retrieved 16 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+History+Online&rft.atitle=Charles+I+%E2%80%93+volume+514%3A+October+1646+Pages+474%E2%80%93485+Calendar+of+State+Papers+Domestic%3A+Charles+I%2C+1645-7.+Originally+published+by+Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office%2C+London%2C+1891.&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=William+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fcal-state-papers%2Fdomestic%2Fchas1%2F1645-7%2Fpp474-485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010162839/http://cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/microsites/chester_renaissance/about_us/history_and_market_analysis.aspx">"Cheshire West and Chester Council"</a>. www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk. Cheshire West and Chester Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/microsites/chester_renaissance/about_us/history_and_market_analysis.aspx">the original</a> on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Cheshire+West+and+Chester+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk%2Fmicrosites%2Fchester_renaissance%2Fabout_us%2Fhistory_and_market_analysis.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">The Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol IV (First ed.). London: Charles Knight. 1848. p. 475.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyclopaedia+of+Useful+Knowledge%2C+Vol+IV&rft.place=London&rft.pages=475&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Charles+Knight&rft.date=1848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donaldinsallassociates.co.uk/">"Donald Insall Associates, official website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120114055/http://www.donaldinsallassociates.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Donald+Insall+Associates%2C+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donaldinsallassociates.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130128015916/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/europe/england/chester?v=print">"Chester Travel Guide and Travel Information"</a>. Lonely Planet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/europe/england/chester?v=print">the original</a> on 28 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Chester+Travel+Guide+and+Travel+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fworldguide%2Fdestinations%2Feurope%2Fengland%2Fchester%3Fv%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/news/celebrating-fairtrade-fortnight-on-the-20th-anniversary-of-chester-becoming-the-uks-first-fairtrade-city">"Celebrating Fairtrade Fortnight on the 20th anniversary of Chester becoming the UK's first Fairtrade City"</a>. Cheshire West and Chester Council. 18 February 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Fairtrade+Fortnight+on+the+20th+anniversary+of+Chester+becoming+the+UK%27s+first+Fairtrade+City&rft.pub=Cheshire+West+and+Chester+Council&rft.date=2022-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fcelebrating-fairtrade-fortnight-on-the-20th-anniversary-of-chester-becoming-the-uks-first-fairtrade-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/">"Home"</a>. Cheshire West and Chester Council. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cheshire+West+and+Chester+Council&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/">"Election Maps"</a>. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+Maps&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Felection-maps%2Fgb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/pabills/200607/local_government_and_public_involvement_in_health.htm">"Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Bill"</a>. United Kingdom Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810022407/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/pabills/200607/local_government_and_public_involvement_in_health.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Kingdom+Parliament&rft.atitle=Local+Government+and+Public+Involvement+in+Health+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fpabills%2F200607%2Flocal_government_and_public_involvement_in_health.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/">"Election Maps"</a>. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 30 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+Maps&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Felection-maps%2Fgb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHBTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA2616-IA3">Reports from Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Municipal Corporations in England and Wales: Appendix 4</a>. 1835. p. 2616. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+from+Commissioners+Appointed+to+Inquire+into+the+Municipal+Corporations+in+England+and+Wales%3A+Appendix+4&rft.pages=2616&rft.date=1835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHBTAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA2616-IA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statutesunitedk35britgoog/page/456/mode/2up?q=Chester">Municipal Corporations Act</a>. 1835. p. 456. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Municipal+Corporations+Act&rft.pages=456&rft.date=1835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatutesunitedk35britgoog%2Fpage%2F456%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DChester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Statutes_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Gr/Uq0uAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA336&printsec=frontcover">Parliamentary Boundaries Act</a>. 1832. p. 336. Retrieved 30 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Boundaries+Act&rft.pages=336&rft.date=1832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Statutes_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Gr%2FUq0uAAAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26pg%3DPA336%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10055398">"Chester Municipal Borough / County Borough"</a>. A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 30 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Vision+of+Britain+through+Time&rft.atitle=Chester+Municipal+Borough+%2F+County+Borough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisionofbritain.org.uk%2Funit%2F10055398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1972/2039/made">"The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, SI 1972/2039, retrieved 14 January 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+English+Non-metropolitan+Districts+%28Definition%29+Order+1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1972%2F2039%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette46303" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46303/page/">"No. 46303"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 31 May 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+46303&rft.date=1974-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F46303%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette52861" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52861/page/4553">"No. 52861"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 13 March 1992. p. 4553.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+52861&rft.pages=4553&rft.date=1992-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F52861%2Fpage%2F4553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/634/made">"The Cheshire (Structural Changes) Order 2008"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, SI 2008/634, retrieved 14 January 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Cheshire+%28Structural+Changes%29+Order+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F2008%2F634%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/837/made">"The Local Government (Structural Changes) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Other Provision) Order 2009"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, SI 2009/837</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Local+Government+%28Structural+Changes%29+%28Miscellaneous+Amendments+and+Other+Provision%29+Order+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F2009%2F837%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.climate-data.org/europe/united-kingdom/england/chester-13/">"Chester climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Chester weather averages - Climate-Data.org"</a>. en.climate-data.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215151827/https://en.climate-data.org/europe/united-kingdom/england/chester-13/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.climate-data.org&rft.atitle=Chester+climate%3A+Average+Temperature%2C+weather+by+month%2C+Chester+weather+averages+-+Climate-Data.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.climate-data.org%2Feurope%2Funited-kingdom%2Fengland%2Fchester-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TXx&stationid=1807">"Annual average maximum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430200103/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TXx&stationid=1807">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+average+maximum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fcalcdetail.php%3Fseasonid%3D0%26periodid%3D1971-2000%26indexid%3DTXx%26stationid%3D1807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=SU&stationid=1807">"Average days >25c"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430200107/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=SU&stationid=1807">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+days+%3E25c&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fcalcdetail.php%3Fseasonid%3D0%26periodid%3D1971-2000%26indexid%3DSU%26stationid%3D1807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1807">"January 1982 minimum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430200111/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1807">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=January+1982+minimum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fmonitordetail.php%3Fseasonid%3D7%26year%3D1982%26indexid%3DTNn%26stationid%3D1807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetO2-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MetO2_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetO2_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/observation/gcmys019j">"1981–10 Rainfall"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014035019/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/observation/gcmys019j">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1981%E2%80%9310+Rainfall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fpublic%2Fweather%2Fobservation%2Fgcmys019j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetO-55"><a href="#cite_ref-MetO_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcmys019j">"Hawarden (Flintshire) climate averages"</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawarden+%28Flintshire%29+climate+averages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fresearch%2Fclimate%2Fmaps-and-data%2Fuk-climate-averages%2Fgcmys019j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/SO_32d663e8-8a8e-4cc1-ae76-a578d34d0d79/">"MWR 1900-1919"</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MWR+1900-1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk%2FSO_32d663e8-8a8e-4cc1-ae76-a578d34d0d79%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-2259-1920-2020.php">"STATION HAWARDEN BRIDGE"</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STATION+HAWARDEN+BRIDGE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Fstation-2259-1920-2020.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ceda.ac.uk/cgi-bin/midas_stations/station_details.cgi.py?id=1144&db=midas_stations">"HAWARDEN AIRPORT"</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HAWARDEN+AIRPORT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.ceda.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmidas_stations%2Fstation_details.cgi.py%3Fid%3D1144%26db%3Dmidas_stations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ceda.ac.uk/cgi-bin/midas_stations/station_details.cgi.py?id=1143&db=midas_stations">"HAWARDEN BRIDGE"</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HAWARDEN+BRIDGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.ceda.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmidas_stations%2Fstation_details.cgi.py%3Fid%3D1143%26db%3Dmidas_stations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/built-up-areas-december-2011-boundaries-v2/data?geometry=-3.106%2C53.163%2C-2.646%2C53.235&orderBy=bua11nm&where=urban_bua%20%3D%20%27Yes%27">"Chester Built-up Areas (December 2011) Boundaries"</a>. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 14 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+Built-up+Areas+%28December+2011%29+Boundaries&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fbuilt-up-areas-december-2011-boundaries-v2%2Fdata%3Fgeometry%3D-3.106%252C53.163%252C-2.646%252C53.235%26orderBy%3Dbua11nm%26where%3Durban_bua%2520%253D%2520%2527Yes%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/northwestengland/cheshire_west_and_chester/K06000004__chester/">"Chester: Built-up Area Subdivision"</a>. City Population. Retrieved 14 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester%3A+Built-up+Area+Subdivision&rft.pub=City+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fuk%2Fnorthwestengland%2Fcheshire_west_and_chester%2FK06000004__chester%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2011K06000004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2011_ks/report?compare=K06000004">"Local Area Report – Chester Built-up Area sub division (K06000004)"</a>. Nomis. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a>. Retrieved 23 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=Local+Area+Report+%E2%80%93+Chester+Built-up+Area+sub+division+%28K06000004%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2011_ks%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DK06000004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilsborough1983">Bilsborough 1983</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424065755/http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/heritage_trails/chester_city_walls_trail/south_west_section.aspx">"Chester Walls South West Section"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/heritage_trails/chester_city_walls_trail/south_west_section.aspx">the original</a> on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+Walls+South+West+Section&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Ftourism_and_leisure%2Fheritage_trails%2Fchester_city_walls_trail%2Fsouth_west_section.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNo2011" class="citation web cs1">No, Magphen (13 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/magphen/5187740203/">"Chester Newgate at night | Flickr – Photo Sharing!"</a>. Flickr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408043115/https://www.flickr.com/photos/magphen/5187740203/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+Newgate+at+night+%26%23124%3B+Flickr+%E2%80%93+Photo+Sharing%21&rft.pub=Flickr&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=No&rft.aufirst=Magphen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fmagphen%2F5187740203%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPevsnerHubbard2003">Pevsner & Hubbard 2003</a>, pp. 154–156 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019012722/http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/culture_and_leisure/grosvenor_museum/information_sheets/eastgate_clock.aspx">"Information Sheet: Eastgate Clock"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/culture_and_leisure/grosvenor_museum/information_sheets/eastgate_clock.aspx">the original</a> on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+Sheet%3A+Eastgate+Clock&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Ftourism_and_leisure-1%2Fculture_and_leisure%2Fgrosvenor_museum%2Finformation_sheets%2Feastgate_clock.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilsborough1983">Bilsborough 1983</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard2009">Ward 2009</a>, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorriss1993">Morriss 1993</a>, pp. 13–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPevsnerHubbard2003">Pevsner & Hubbard 2003</a>, pp. 38–39, 130–131 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPevsnerHubbard2003">Pevsner & Hubbard 2003</a>, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPevsnerHubbard2003">Pevsner & Hubbard 2003</a>, pp. 135–147 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1375977" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1375977?section=official-list-entry">"Church of St John the Baptist, Chester (1375977)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Church+of+St+John+the+Baptist%2C+Chester+%281375977%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1375977%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090110234105/http://www.parishofchester.com/centre.html">"St. Peter's Ecumenical Centre"</a>. Parish of Chester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parishofchester.com/centre.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Peter%27s+Ecumenical+Centre&rft.pub=Parish+of+Chester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parishofchester.com%2Fcentre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1376107" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1376107?section=official-list-entry">"Heritage centre (1376107)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Heritage+centre+%281376107%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1376107%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1376382" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1376382?section=official-list-entry">"St Mary's Centre (1376382)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=St+Mary%27s+Centre+%281376382%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1376382%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPevsnerHubbard2003">Pevsner & Hubbard 2003</a>, pp. 152–153 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529122857/http://www.chester.gov.uk/PDF/HeritageBriefing_LeadWorks.pdf">"Chester Lead Works"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/PDF/HeritageBriefing_LeadWorks.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+Lead+Works&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2FPDF%2FHeritageBriefing_LeadWorks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> A short history of our church building by Ian Thomas (Parish Magazine September 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPevsnerHubbard2003">Pevsner & Hubbard 2003</a>, pp. 133–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201111057/http://www.chester.gov.uk/council_and_democracy/news_and_views/projects_in_the_news/amphitheatre_project.aspx">"Amphitheatre Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/council_and_democracy/news_and_views/projects_in_the_news/amphitheatre_project.aspx">the original</a> on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amphitheatre+Project&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Fcouncil_and_democracy%2Fnews_and_views%2Fprojects_in_the_news%2Famphitheatre_project.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406160146/http://www.chester.gov.uk/council_services/planning_and_building_control/landscape/landscape_achievements/roman_gardens.aspx">"Roman Gardens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/council_services/planning_and_building_control/landscape/landscape_achievements/roman_gardens.aspx">the original</a> on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Gardens&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Fcouncil_services%2Fplanning_and_building_control%2Flandscape%2Flandscape_achievements%2Froman_gardens.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoselitz2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoselitz, Virginia (2007). Imagining Roman Britain: Victorian responses to a Roman past (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86193-293-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86193-293-1"><bdi>978-0-86193-293-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Roman+Britain%3A+Victorian+responses+to+a+Roman+past&rft.pages=129&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-86193-293-1&rft.aulast=Hoselitz&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716093832/http://www.heritageopendays.org.uk/directory/HOD004011E">"English Heritage Spud-U-Like entry"</a>. The Civic Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritageopendays.org.uk/directory/HOD004011E">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Heritage+Spud-U-Like+entry&rft.pub=The+Civic+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageopendays.org.uk%2Fdirectory%2FHOD004011E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618082610/http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/culture_and_leisure/grosvenor_museum/information_sheets/chester_castle.aspx">"Information Sheet: Chester Castle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/culture_and_leisure/grosvenor_museum/information_sheets/chester_castle.aspx">the original</a> on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+Sheet%3A+Chester+Castle&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Ftourism_and_leisure-1%2Fculture_and_leisure%2Fgrosvenor_museum%2Finformation_sheets%2Fchester_castle.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPevsnerHubbard2003">Pevsner & Hubbard 2003</a>, pp. 159–160 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403033722/http://www.chester-races.co.uk/index.php">"Chester Racecourse"</a>. Chester Racecourse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester-races.co.uk/index.php">the original</a> on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+Racecourse&rft.pub=Chester+Racecourse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester-races.co.uk%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529122859/http://www.chester.gov.uk/PDF/Heritage-Trail-Canal.pdf">"Canal Towpath Trail"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/PDF/Heritage-Trail-Canal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canal+Towpath+Trail&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2FPDF%2FHeritage-Trail-Canal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Grosvenor_Museum-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Grosvenor_Museum_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Grosvenor_Museum_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420101056/http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/culture_and_leisure/grosvenor_museum.aspx">"The Grosvenor Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/culture_and_leisure/grosvenor_museum.aspx">the original</a> on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Grosvenor+Museum&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Ftourism_and_leisure-1%2Fculture_and_leisure%2Fgrosvenor_museum.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheshire_Military_Museum-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheshire_Military_Museum_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheshire_Military_Museum_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415200603/http://www.chester.ac.uk/militarymuseum/">"Cheshire Military Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chester" title="University of Chester">University of Chester</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.ac.uk/militarymuseum/">the original</a> on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheshire+Military+Museum&rft.pub=University+of+Chester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.ac.uk%2Fmilitarymuseum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421210404/http://www.chester.gov.uk/grosvenor_park.aspx">"Grosvenor Park"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/grosvenor_park.aspx">the original</a> on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grosvenor+Park&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Fgrosvenor_park.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524182041/http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/heritage_trails/discover_edgars_field.aspx">"Discover Edgar's Field"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/heritage_trails/discover_edgars_field.aspx">the original</a> on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discover+Edgar%27s+Field&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Ftourism_and_leisure%2Fheritage_trails%2Fdiscover_edgars_field.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213557/http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/heritage_trails/discover_edgars_field/minerva_shrine.aspx">"Minerva's Shrine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/heritage_trails/discover_edgars_field/minerva_shrine.aspx">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minerva%27s+Shrine&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Ftourism_and_leisure%2Fheritage_trails%2Fdiscover_edgars_field%2Fminerva_shrine.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlscam.com/gazet.htm">"War Memorial, Town Hall, Chester, Cheshire"</a>. Carl's Cam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512000551/http://www.carlscam.com/gazet.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+Memorial%2C+Town+Hall%2C+Chester%2C+Cheshire.&rft.pub=Carl%27s+Cam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlscam.com%2Fgazet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331134420/http://www.chester.gov.uk/advice_and_information/business_help_and_advice/doing_business_in_chester/an_ideal_location/recreation_and_leisure.aspx">"Recreation and Leisure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/advice_and_information/business_help_and_advice/doing_business_in_chester/an_ideal_location/recreation_and_leisure.aspx">the original</a> on 31 March 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recreation+and+Leisure&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Fadvice_and_information%2Fbusiness_help_and_advice%2Fdoing_business_in_chester%2Fan_ideal_location%2Frecreation_and_leisure.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411025705/http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/festivals_and_events.aspx">"Festivals and Events"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/festivals_and_events.aspx">the original</a> on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festivals+and+Events&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Ftourism_and_leisure-1%2Ffestivals_and_events.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404123608/http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/visit_chester/tourist_information_centres.aspx">"Tourist Information Centre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/visit_chester/tourist_information_centres.aspx">the original</a> on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourist+Information+Centre&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Ftourism_and_leisure%2Fvisit_chester%2Ftourist_information_centres.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheshire.police.uk/about-us/our-history/">"About us: our history"</a>. Cheshire Constabulary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531201324/https://www.cheshire.police.uk/about-us/our-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cheshire+Constabulary&rft.atitle=About+us%3A+our+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire.police.uk%2Fabout-us%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMEmapping-100"><a href="#cite_ref-BMEmapping_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chawrec.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/BME-Mapping-Report-Complete.pdf">"BME Mapping Report"</a> (PDF). October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828181119/http://chawrec.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/BME-Mapping-Report-Complete.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BME+Mapping+Report&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchawrec.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F11%2FBME-Mapping-Report-Complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReligionAndEthnic-101"><a href="#cite_ref-ReligionAndEthnic_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527143912/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211059">"Release Edition Reference Tables"</a>. Ons.gov.uk. 17 June 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211059">the original</a> on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+Edition+Reference+Tables&rft.pub=Ons.gov.uk&rft.date=2004-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fpublications%2Fre-reference-tables.html%3Fedition%3Dtcm%253A77-211059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greaterchester-102"><a href="#cite_ref-greaterchester_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626191831/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/601CE006-8690-485A-BD90-6372EB093CB6/0/ChesterDistrict.pdf">"Demographics"</a> (PDF). Cheshire County Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/601CE006-8690-485A-BD90-6372EB093CB6/0/ChesterDistrict.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cheshire+County+Council&rft.atitle=Demographics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire.gov.uk%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F601CE006-8690-485A-BD90-6372EB093CB6%2F0%2FChesterDistrict.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chesterdistrict-103"><a href="#cite_ref-chesterdistrict_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=276896&c=Chester&d=13&e=16&g=427459&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1222514886153&enc=1">"2001 Census: Census Area Statistics Chester (Local Authority)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111055611/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=276896&c=Chester&d=13&e=16&g=427459&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1222514886153&enc=1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+Census%3A+Census+Area+Statistics+Chester+%28Local+Authority%29&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdissemination%2FLeadKeyFigures.do%3Fa%3D7%26b%3D276896%26c%3DChester%26d%3D13%26e%3D16%26g%3D427459%26i%3D1001x1003x1004%26m%3D0%26r%3D1%26s%3D1222514886153%26enc%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> Also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509040449/http://www.chester.gov.uk/council_and_democracy/research_and_intelligence/chester_in_context.aspx">"Chester in context"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester City Council">Chester City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/council_and_democracy/research_and_intelligence/chester_in_context.aspx">the original</a> on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+in+context&rft.pub=Chester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Fcouncil_and_democracy%2Fresearch_and_intelligence%2Fchester_in_context.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/queens-school-marks-royal-milestone-10012377">"Queen's School marks royal milestone with a week of celebration"</a>. The Chester Chronicle. 8 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112449/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/queens-school-marks-royal-milestone-10012377">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chester+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Queen%27s+School+marks+royal+milestone+with+a+week+of+celebration&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterchronicle.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fqueens-school-marks-royal-milestone-10012377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chestertheatreclub.co.uk/#about.html">"Chester Theatre Club website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100830042150/http://www.chestertheatreclub.co.uk/#about.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+Theatre+Club+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chestertheatreclub.co.uk%2F%23about.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Green2015" class="citation web cs1">Michael Green (7 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150728132144/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/broughton-cineworld-prepares-open-doors-9205500">"Broughton Cineworld prepares to open its doors"</a>. chesterchronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/broughton-cineworld-prepares-open-doors-9205500">the original</a> on 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chesterchronicle&rft.atitle=Broughton+Cineworld+prepares+to+open+its+doors&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.au=Michael+Green&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterchronicle.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fbroughton-cineworld-prepares-open-doors-9205500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grosvenorparkopenairtheatre.co.uk">"Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922074444/https://www.grosvenorparkopenairtheatre.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grosvenor+Park+Open+Air+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grosvenorparkopenairtheatre.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Michael Green, Chester Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/chester-news/local-chester-news/2012/09/05/chester-festivals-organisation-goes-into-voluntary-liquidation-59067-31774900/">"Chester Festivals organisation goes into voluntary liquidation "</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525222352/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/chester-news/local-chester-news/2012/09/05/chester-festivals-organisation-goes-into-voluntary-liquidation-59067-31774900/">Archived</a> 25 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chester_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chester Chronicle">The Chester Chronicle</a>, Chester, 5 September 2012. Retrieved on 30 March 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Chester Performs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterperforms.com/blog/mbna-chester-music-festival-on-sale/">"MBNA Chester Music Festival on Sale"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510214610/http://www.chesterperforms.com/blog/mbna-chester-music-festival-on-sale/">Archived</a> 10 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chester Performs, Chester, 15 March 2013. Retrieved on 30 March 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen" class="citation web cs1">Green, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324101115/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/whats-on/music/chester-cathedral-host-manchester-camerata-9595311">"Chester Cathedral to host Manchester Camerata and Chester Festival Chorus"</a>. chesterchronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/whats-on/music/chester-cathedral-host-manchester-camerata-9595311">the original</a> on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chesterchronicle&rft.atitle=Chester+Cathedral+to+host+Manchester+Camerata+and+Chester+Festival+Chorus&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterchronicle.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fmusic%2Fchester-cathedral-host-manchester-camerata-9595311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.oup.com/uk/music/dance/skempton/">"OUP: Howard Skempton"</a>. oup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226163926/http://global.oup.com/uk/music/dance/skempton/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oup.com&rft.atitle=OUP%3A+Howard+Skempton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Fuk%2Fmusic%2Fdance%2Fskempton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterbrass.co.uk">"City of Chester Band website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607121731/http://www.chesterbrass.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Chester+Band+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterbrass.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2018" class="citation web cs1">Green, Michael (5 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chester-daily-newspaper-prints-final-14116269">"Chester daily newspaper prints final edition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911232047/https://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chester-daily-newspaper-prints-final-14116269">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+daily+newspaper+prints+final+edition&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterchronicle.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fchester-daily-newspaper-prints-final-14116269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSigourney1842" class="citation web cs1">Sigourney, Lydia (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=6QZaAAAAMAAJ&pg=GBS.PA28">"Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands"</a>. James Munroe and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pleasant+Memories+of+Pleasant+Lands&rft.pub=James+Munroe+and+Company&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Sigourney&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D6QZaAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitchester.com">"Visit Chester & Cheshire 2009 Visitor Guide"</a> (Press release). Experience Northwest England. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215215423/http://www.visitchester.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+Chester+%26+Cheshire+2009+Visitor+Guide&rft.pub=Experience+Northwest+England&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitchester.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_east/3594419.stm">"A380 wings roll off production line at Airbus Broughton"</a>. BBC News. 5 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231221013/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_east/3594419.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A380+wings+roll+off+production+line+at+Airbus+Broughton&rft.date=2004-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fnorth_east%2F3594419.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterrenaissance.co.uk">"Chester Renaissance"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928185054/http://www.chesterrenaissance.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+Renaissance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterrenaissance.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-northgatedevelopment-118"><a href="#cite_ref-northgatedevelopment_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070114234947/http://www.chester.gov.uk/northgate/news.htm">"Northgate Development News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/northgate/news.htm">the original</a> on 14 January 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northgate+Development+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Fnorthgate%2Fnews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Holmes" class="citation web cs1">David Holmes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118210147/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/chester-news/local-chester-news/2008/10/31/chester-s-460m-northgate-scheme-on-hold-until-2012-59067-22157727/">"Chester's £460m Northgate scheme on hold until 2012"</a>. Chester Chronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/chester-news/local-chester-news/2008/10/31/chester-s-460m-northgate-scheme-on-hold-until-2012-59067-22157727/">the original</a> on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester%27s+%C2%A3460m+Northgate+scheme+on+hold+until+2012&rft.pub=Chester+Chronicle&rft.au=David+Holmes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterchronicle.co.uk%2Fchester-news%2Flocal-chester-news%2F2008%2F10%2F31%2Fchester-s-460m-northgate-scheme-on-hold-until-2012-59067-22157727%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713064534/http://www.chesterrenaissance.co.uk/delamere.htm">"Chester Renaissance"</a>. Chester Renaissance. 8 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterrenaissance.co.uk/delamere.htm">the original</a> on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+Renaissance&rft.pub=Chester+Renaissance&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterrenaissance.co.uk%2Fdelamere.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715192500/http://www.robinsons.com/editorials.asp?c=69&d=4">"Chester HQ | Industrial | Robinson"</a>. Robinsons.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robinsons.com/editorials.asp?c=69&d=4">the original</a> on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+HQ+%26%23124%3B+Industrial+%26%23124%3B+Robinson&rft.pub=Robinsons.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robinsons.com%2Feditorials.asp%3Fc%3D69%26d%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2015" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Ed (9 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815235554/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chesters-new-gorse-stack-bus-10227880">"Chester's new Gorse Stack bus interchange construction work begins"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chesters-new-gorse-stack-bus-10227880">the original</a> on 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester%27s+new+Gorse+Stack+bus+interchange+construction+work+begins&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterchronicle.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fchesters-new-gorse-stack-bus-10227880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2016" class="citation web cs1">Holmes, David (19 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816012536/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/new-chester-bus-station-begins-11204736">"New Chester bus station begins to take shape"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/new-chester-bus-station-begins-11204736">the original</a> on 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Chester+bus+station+begins+to+take+shape&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterchronicle.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fnew-chester-bus-station-begins-11204736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/new-chester-bus-station-now-13124049">"New Chester bus station now open to some services"</a>. 2 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007104348/https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/new-chester-bus-station-now-13124049">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Chester+bus+station+now+open+to+some+services&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire-live.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fnew-chester-bus-station-now-13124049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chesternorthgate.com/2020/05/council-reaffirms-commitment-to-chester-northgate-as-the-key-to-the-citys-recovery-from-covid-19/">"Council reaffirms commitment to Chester Northgate as the key to the city's recovery from Covid-19"</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+reaffirms+commitment+to+Chester+Northgate+as+the+key+to+the+city%27s+recovery+from+Covid-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchesternorthgate.com%2F2020%2F05%2Fcouncil-reaffirms-commitment-to-chester-northgate-as-the-key-to-the-citys-recovery-from-covid-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bustimes.org/localities/chester">"Chester bus services"</a>. bustimes.org. Retrieved 15 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bustimes.org&rft.atitle=Chester+bus+services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbustimes.org%2Flocalities%2Fchester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keybuses.com/article/chester-interchange-opens-business">"Chester Interchange opens for business"</a>. Buses magazine. 13 July 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buses+magazine&rft.atitle=Chester+Interchange+opens+for+business&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keybuses.com%2Farticle%2Fchester-interchange-opens-business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/transport-and-roads/public-transport/buses/park-and-ride">"Park and ride"</a>. Chester and Cheshire West Council. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Park+and+ride&rft.pub=Chester+and+Cheshire+West+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk%2Fresidents%2Ftransport-and-roads%2Fpublic-transport%2Fbuses%2Fpark-and-ride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avantiwestcoast.co.uk/travel-information/plan-your-journey/timetables">"Our latest timetable and ticket info"</a>. Avanti West Coast. 15 December 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avanti+West+Coast&rft.atitle=Our+latest+timetable+and+ticket+info&rft.date=2024-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avantiwestcoast.co.uk%2Ftravel-information%2Fplan-your-journey%2Ftimetables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merseyrail.org/journey-planning/plan-your-journey/timetables/">"Timetables"</a>. Merseyrail. 12 October 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merseyrail&rft.atitle=Timetables&rft.date=2024-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merseyrail.org%2Fjourney-planning%2Fplan-your-journey%2Ftimetables%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/travel/timetables">"Timetables and engineering information for travel with Northern"</a>. Northern Railway. 15 December 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Railway&rft.atitle=Timetables+and+engineering+information+for+travel+with+Northern&rft.date=2024-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northernrailway.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Ftimetables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tfw.wales/service-status/timetables">"Timetables"</a>. Transport for Wales. 15 December 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transport+for+Wales&rft.atitle=Timetables&rft.date=2024-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftfw.wales%2Fservice-status%2Ftimetables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821115005/http://www.chesterrenaissance.co.uk/railands.htm">"Chester Railway Renovation"</a>. Chester Renaissance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterrenaissance.co.uk/railands.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chester+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Chester+Railway+Renovation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterrenaissance.co.uk%2Frailands.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CycleEngland-135"><a href="#cite_ref-CycleEngland_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519000604/http://www.dft.gov.uk/cyclingengland/cycling-cities-towns/">"CycleEngland"</a>. Cycle England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/cyclingengland/cycling-cities-towns/">the original</a> on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CycleEngland&rft.pub=Cycle+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fcyclingengland%2Fcycling-cities-towns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CycleChester-136"><a href="#cite_ref-CycleChester_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616042038/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/cycling/cyclechester.htm">"CYCLEChester"</a>. CYCLEChester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/cycling/cyclechester.htm">the original</a> on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CYCLEChester&rft.pub=CYCLEChester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire.gov.uk%2Fcycling%2Fcyclechester.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988">> Also:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chestercyclecity.org/">"Chester Cycle City"</a>. Chester Cycle city. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606050411/http://www.chestercyclecity.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+Cycle+City&rft.pub=Chester+Cycle+city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chestercyclecity.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413072753/http://www.chestercyclecity.org/?p=682">"Cycle Chester Masterplan – A Cycle Friendly City Centre"</a>. Chester Cycling Campaign. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chestercyclecity.org/?p=682">the original</a> on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chester+Cycling+Campaign&rft.atitle=Cycle+Chester+Masterplan+%E2%80%93+A+Cycle+Friendly+City+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chestercyclecity.org%2F%3Fp%3D682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/chestertram4">"Chester's last surviving electric tram – Car No. 4"</a>. Facebook. Retrieved 2 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Chester%27s+last+surviving+electric+tram+%E2%80%93+Car+No.+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fchestertram4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327161505/http://www.chester-city.co.uk/archive.asp">"Football Club History"</a>. Chester-city.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester-city.co.uk/archive.asp">the original</a> on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Football+Club+History&rft.pub=Chester-city.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester-city.co.uk%2Farchive.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021033958/http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/chesterfootballclub/news/chester-fc-crowned-champions-in-crazy-finish-to-league-301375.html">"Chester FC crowned Champions in a crazy finish League"</a>. Pitchero.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/chesterfootballclub/news/chester-fc-crowned-champions-in-crazy-finish-to-league-301375.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+FC+crowned+Champions+in+a+crazy+finish+League&rft.pub=Pitchero.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pitchero.com%2Fclubs%2Fchesterfootballclub%2Fnews%2Fchester-fc-crowned-champions-in-crazy-finish-to-league-301375.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827204704/http://www.chesterwheelchairjets.org.uk/">"Chester Wheelchair Jets website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterwheelchairjets.org.uk">the original</a> on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+Wheelchair+Jets+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterwheelchairjets.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2023" class="citation web cs1">Koch, Tim (22 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heartheboatsing.com/2023/09/22/chester-regatta-part-i-old-but-how-old/">"Chester Regatta, Part I: Old But How Old?"</a>. Hear The Boat Sing. Retrieved 5 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hear+The+Boat+Sing&rft.atitle=Chester+Regatta%2C+Part+I%3A+Old+But+How+Old%3F&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheartheboatsing.com%2F2023%2F09%2F22%2Fchester-regatta-part-i-old-but-how-old%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chesterregatta.org/history.html">"A history of Chester Regatta - 1733 to the present"</a>. Chester Regatta. Retrieved 5 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chester+Regatta&rft.atitle=A+history+of+Chester+Regatta+-+1733+to+the+present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterregatta.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016210420/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/twin-towns-come-together-chester-5187421">"Chester Twin Towns Come Together For Annual Meeting"</a>. Chester Chronicle. 20 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/twin-towns-come-together-chester-5187421">the original</a> on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chester+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Chester+Twin+Towns+Come+Together+For+Annual+Meeting&rft.date=2011-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterchronicle.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Ftwin-towns-come-together-chester-5187421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIan_Blair2010" class="citation book cs1">Ian Blair (2010). Policing Controversy. Profile Books. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847652720" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847652720"><bdi>978-1847652720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+Controversy&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1847652720&rft.au=Ian+Blair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Kennedy, Michael (2004) 'Boult, Sir Adrian Cedric (1889–1983)', <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30835">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815094558/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30835">Archived</a> 15 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on 20 April 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hamilton2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">James Hamilton (23 September 2004). "Caldecott, Randolph (1846–1886)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4365">10.1093/ref:odnb/4365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4365&rft.au=James+Hamilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Foxley-Norris2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Christopher Foxley-Norris (24 May 2008). "Cheshire, (Geoffrey) Leonard, Baron Cheshire (1917–1992)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F50944">10.1093/ref:odnb/50944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-05-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F50944&rft.au=Christopher+Foxley-Norris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1991" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Edward (1991). The Work of John Douglas. London: <a href="/wiki/The_Victorian_Society" title="The Victorian Society">The Victorian Society</a>. pp. 5–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901657-16-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-901657-16-6"><bdi>0-901657-16-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Work+of+John+Douglas&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=The+Victorian+Society&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-901657-16-6&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Cowie, A. P. (2004) 'Hornby, Albert Sidney (1898–1978)', <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/58806">[2]</a>, Retrieved on 20 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDawn_Collinson2014" class="citation news cs1">Dawn Collinson (18 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/photographer-rory-lewis-latest-exhibition-7449860">"Photographer Rory Lewis talks about his latest exhibition with more than a few familiar faces"</a>. Liverpool Echo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515020430/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/photographer-rory-lewis-latest-exhibition-7449860">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liverpool+Echo&rft.atitle=Photographer+Rory+Lewis+talks+about+his+latest+exhibition+with+more+than+a+few+familiar+faces&rft.date=2014-07-18&rft.au=Dawn+Collinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolecho.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Fphotographer-rory-lewis-latest-exhibition-7449860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Lloyd's Cooperage". Cheshire Life. January 1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cheshire+Life&rft.atitle=Lloyd%27s+Cooperage&rft.date=1952-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Dodd, A. H., (1959). LLOYD (or FLUDD), GEORGE (1560 - 1615), bishop of Chester. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 5 Sep 2023, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://biography.wales/article/s-LLOY-GEO-1560">https://biography.wales/article/s-LLOY-GEO-1560</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterstandard.co.uk/news/15973526.Etchings_exhibition_celebrates_Chester_artist/">"Etchings exhibition celebrates Chester artist"</a>. The Chester Standard. 19 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803223903/http://www.chesterstandard.co.uk/news/15973526.Etchings_exhibition_celebrates_Chester_artist/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chester+Standard&rft.atitle=Etchings+exhibition+celebrates+Chester+artist&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterstandard.co.uk%2Fnews%2F15973526.Etchings_exhibition_celebrates_Chester_artist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/5949229/Peter-Newbrook.html">"Obituary: Peter Newbrook"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 31 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515022122/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/5949229/Peter-Newbrook.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Peter+Newbrook&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fculture-obituaries%2Ffilm-obituaries%2F5949229%2FPeter-Newbrook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-walesonline-156"><a href="#cite_ref-walesonline_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2013" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, James (5 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065831/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/moneysupermarketcom-entrepreneur-simon-nixon-170m-4064505">"Wales' 4th richest man makes another £170m after selling stake in price comparison website"</a>. walesonline. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/moneysupermarketcom-entrepreneur-simon-nixon-170m-4064505">the original</a> on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=walesonline&rft.atitle=Wales%27+4th+richest+man+makes+another+%C2%A3170m+after+selling+stake+in+price+comparison+website&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fmoneysupermarketcom-entrepreneur-simon-nixon-170m-4064505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Buchanan, R. Angus (2004) 'Rolt, (Lionel) Thomas Caswall (1910–1974)', <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37911">[3]</a>, Retrieved on 23 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015350/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth223">"Anthony Thwaite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth223">the original</a> on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anthony+Thwaite&rft.pub=British+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contemporarywriters.com%2Fauthors%2F%3Fp%3Dauth223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502194347/http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/tinsley.html">"Beatrice Tinsley: Queen of the Cosmos"</a>. NZEdge.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/tinsley.html">the original</a> on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beatrice+Tinsley%3A+Queen+of+the+Cosmos&rft.pub=NZEdge.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzedge.com%2Fheroes%2Ftinsley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeard1986" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Geoffery (1986). The work of John Vanbrugh. Batsford. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-4678-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-4678-4"><bdi>978-0-7134-4678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+work+of+John+Vanbrugh&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-4678-4&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Geoffery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Dodd, A. H., (1959). YALE family, of Plâs yn Iâl and Plas Grono Wrexham. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 5 Sep 2023, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://biography.wales/article/s-YALE-PLA-1500">https://biography.wales/article/s-YALE-PLA-1500</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0044024/">IMDb Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807140454/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0044024/">Archived</a> 7 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 28 July 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0095696/">Emily Booth</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0100947/">IMDb Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915220646/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0100947/">Archived</a> 15 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 28 July 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0183557/">IMDb Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727234403/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0183557/">Archived</a> 27 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 28 July 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1150232/">"Craig, Daniel"</a>. British Film Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121004709/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1150232/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Craig%2C+Daniel&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Fpeople%2Fid%2F1150232%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0192209/">IMDb Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102061702/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0192209/">Archived</a> 2 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 28 July 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/archive/1998/03/04/6158919.I_see_Pendle_and_I_m_home/">I see Pendle and I'm home</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106232618/http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/archive/1998/03/04/6158919.I_see_Pendle_and_I_m_home/">Archived</a> 6 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Evening_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire Evening Telegraph">Lancashire Evening Telegraph</a>, 4 March 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3433735/">IMDb Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726164010/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3433735/">Archived</a> 26 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 28 July 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0516005/">Hugh Lloyd</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0681975/">Ronald Pickup</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0705509/">Basil Radford</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0731138/">IMDb Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218163048/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0731138/">Archived</a> 18 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 28 July 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0825952/">IMDb Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229084925/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0825952/">Archived</a> 29 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 28 July 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0007920/bio">"Biography for Russ Abbot"</a>. The Internet Movie Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708000116/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0007920/bio">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+for+Russ+Abbot&rft.pub=The+Internet+Movie+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0007920%2Fbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/tees/stage/2002/10/jeffgreen/index.shtml">"Your questions for Jeff Green"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050321004635/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tees/stage/2002/10/jeffgreen/index.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2005. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Your+questions+for+Jeff+Green&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ftees%2Fstage%2F2002%2F10%2Fjeffgreen%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0589924/">IMDb Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003135114/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0589924/">Archived</a> 3 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 28 July 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3742322/">IMDb Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216054557/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3742322/">Archived</a> 16 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 28 July 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122133224/http://www.4thegame.com/club/sunderland-fc/player-profile/5870/dannycollins.html">"Danny Collins player profile"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4thegame.com/club/sunderland-fc/player-profile/5870/dannycollins.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Danny+Collins+player+profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.4thegame.com%2Fclub%2Fsunderland-fc%2Fplayer-profile%2F5870%2Fdannycollins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022047/http://figureskating.sportresult.com/Bios/GBR/2016/0/51700/MEN/TO/487">"Steven COUSINS"</a>. International Skating Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://figureskating.sportresult.com/Bios/GBR/2016/0/51700/MEN/TO/487">the original</a> on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steven+COUSINS&rft.pub=International+Skating+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffigureskating.sportresult.com%2FBios%2FGBR%2F2016%2F0%2F51700%2FMEN%2FTO%2F487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.football.co.uk/st_mirren/players/andy_dorman_128022.shtml">"Andy Dorman"</a>. Football.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506031855/http://www.football.co.uk/st_mirren/players/andy_dorman_128022.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andy+Dorman&rft.pub=Football.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.football.co.uk%2Fst_mirren%2Fplayers%2Fandy_dorman_128022.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2018" class="citation news cs1">Young, Graham (11 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/tributes-legendary-football-club-chairman-15267173">"Tributes to legendary football club chairman who was born in Ellesmere Port"</a>. Cheshire Live. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214707/https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/tributes-legendary-football-club-chairman-15267173">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tributes+to+legendary+football+club+chairman+who+was+born+in+Ellesmere+Port&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire-live.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Ftributes-legendary-football-club-chairman-15267173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727001334/http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/rugbyforce.php">"Official RBS 6 Nations Rugby : RBS RugbyForce"</a>. Rbs6nations.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/rugbyforce.php">the original</a> on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+RBS+6+Nations+Rugby+%3A+RBS+RugbyForce&rft.pub=Rbs6nations.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbs6nations.com%2Fen%2Frugbyforce.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHugman2010" class="citation book cs1">Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2010). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-601-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-601-0"><bdi>978-1-84596-601-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+PFA+Footballers%27+Who%27s+Who+2010%E2%80%9311&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84596-601-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=140">"Murphy"</a>. Football Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080901144251/http://www.footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=140">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Murphy&rft.pub=Football+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footballdatabase.com%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dplayer%26Id%3D140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080215234852/http://www.thefa.com/England/SeniorTeam/Archive/?pf=p&i=5197&ap=p&searchname=owen">"Michael Owen"</a>. TheFA.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefa.com/England/SeniorTeam/Archive/?pf=p&i=5197&ap=p&searchname=owen">the original</a> on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Owen&rft.pub=TheFA.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefa.com%2FEngland%2FSeniorTeam%2FArchive%2F%3Fpf%3Dp%26i%3D5197%26ap%3Dp%26searchname%3Dowen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVickery,_Tim" class="citation web cs1">Vickery, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/timvickery/2011/05/vickery_23.html">"Long journey pays off for Pedroza"</a>. bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110731094841/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/timvickery/2011/05/vickery_23.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Long+journey+pays+off+for+Pedroza&rft.au=Vickery%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Ftimvickery%2F2011%2F05%2Fvickery_23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2109130/bio">"Biography for Alex Sanderson"</a>. The Internet Movie Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016210420/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2109130/bio">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+for+Alex+Sanderson&rft.pub=The+Internet+Movie+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm2109130%2Fbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109130004/http://www.england-rugby.com/englandrugby/index.cfm?fuseaction=News.News_Detail&storyid=10917">"Pat Sanderson England Profile"</a>. England Rugby. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.england-rugby.com/englandrugby/index.cfm?fuseaction=News.News_Detail&storyid=10917">the original</a> on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pat+Sanderson+England+Profile&rft.pub=England+Rugby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.england-rugby.com%2Fenglandrugby%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3DNews.News_Detail%26storyid%3D10917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529045917/http://www.stokecityfc.com/page/ProfilesDetail/0%2C%2C10310~37690%2C00.html">"Player profile for Ryan Shawcross"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stokecityfc.com/page/ProfilesDetail/0,,10310~37690,00.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Player+profile+for+Ryan+Shawcross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stokecityfc.com%2Fpage%2FProfilesDetail%2F0%2C%2C10310~37690%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTriggs2016" class="citation news cs1">Triggs, David (14 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chester-footballer-stuart-tomlinson-rises-10734362">"Chester footballer Stuart Tomlinson on his new career as an American wrestler"</a>. Chester Chronicle. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chester+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Chester+footballer+Stuart+Tomlinson+on+his+new+career+as+an+American+wrestler&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Triggs&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire-live.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fchester-footballer-stuart-tomlinson-rises-10734362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/21627.html">"Player profile: Stuart Turner"</a>. ESPNcricinfo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016130119/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/21627.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Player+profile%3A+Stuart+Turner&rft.pub=ESPNcricinfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fci%2Fcontent%2Fplayer%2F21627.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheelock2012" class="citation news cs1">Wheelock, Paul (6 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/chester-news/need_to_read/2012/08/06/olympics-2012-beth-tweddle-aiming-to-end-glorious-career-with-london-games-gold-59067-31559938/">"Olympics 2012: Beth Tweddle aiming to end glorious career with London Games gold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chester_Chronicle" title="Chester Chronicle">Chester Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721072513/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/chester-news/need_to_read/2012/08/06/olympics-2012-beth-tweddle-aiming-to-end-glorious-career-with-london-games-gold-59067-31559938/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chester+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Olympics+2012%3A+Beth+Tweddle+aiming+to+end+glorious+career+with+London+Games+gold&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft.aulast=Wheelock&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterchronicle.co.uk%2Fchester-news%2Fneed_to_read%2F2012%2F08%2F06%2Folympics-2012-beth-tweddle-aiming-to-end-glorious-career-with-london-games-gold-59067-31559938%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rickywalden.co.uk/viewpage.php?page_id=2">"Ricky Walden Snooker Professional Official Site"</a>. Rickywalden.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323153855/http://www.rickywalden.co.uk/viewpage.php?page_id=2">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ricky+Walden+Snooker+Professional+Official+Site&rft.pub=Rickywalden.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rickywalden.co.uk%2Fviewpage.php%3Fpage_id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/bbcweather/forecasters/helenwilletts_faq.shtml">"Helen Willetts"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424133617/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/bbcweather/forecasters/helenwilletts_faq.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helen+Willetts&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fweather%2Fbbcweather%2Fforecasters%2Fhelenwilletts_faq.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/kutski/biography.shtml">"Kutski's Biography"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022191712/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/kutski/biography.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kutski%27s+Biography&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio1%2Fkutski%2Fbiography.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/6music/shows/nemone/biography">"Nemone's Biography"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003195902/http://www.bbc.co.uk/6music/shows/nemone/biography/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nemone%27s+Biography&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2F6music%2Fshows%2Fnemone%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Pollock2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Adam Pollock (September 2004). "Oliver, Stephen Michael Harding (1950–1992), composer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). OUP. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F51267">10.1093/ref:odnb/51267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F51267&rft.au=Adam+Pollock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.co.uk/music/repprom/skempton">"Howard Skempton's entry on the OUP website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080909021343/http://www.oup.co.uk/music/repprom/skempton/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Howard+Skempton%27s+entry+on+the+OUP+website.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Frepprom%2Fskempton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFkopite1983" class="citation web cs1">kopite (8 March 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiredhistory.co.uk/interviews_the_positive_touch_early83.htm">"HiredHistory"</a>. HiredHistory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005022630/http://www.hiredhistory.co.uk/interviews_the_positive_touch_early83.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HiredHistory&rft.pub=HiredHistory&rft.date=1983-03-08&rft.au=kopite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiredhistory.co.uk%2Finterviews_the_positive_touch_early83.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chester-welcome-cheshire-yeomanry-freedom-17016129">"Chester to welcome Cheshire Yeomanry for Freedom of the City march"</a>. 2 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003023243/https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chester-welcome-cheshire-yeomanry-freedom-17016129">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+to+welcome+Cheshire+Yeomanry+for+Freedom+of+the+City+march&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire-live.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fchester-welcome-cheshire-yeomanry-freedom-17016129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/public-ballot-announced-special-hms-16774773">"Public asked to join special HMS Albion service at Chester Cathedral"</a>. 18 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190914085607/https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/public-ballot-announced-special-hms-16774773">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+asked+to+join+special+HMS+Albion+service+at+Chester+Cathedral&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire-live.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Fpublic-ballot-announced-special-hms-16774773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPost2008" class="citation web cs1">Post, North Wales Daily (25 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/local-news/mercian-regiment-freedom-chester-2842986">"Mercian Regiment to get freedom of Chester"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228165048/http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/local-news/mercian-regiment-freedom-chester-2842986">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercian+Regiment+to+get+freedom+of+Chester&rft.date=2008-03-25&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=North+Wales+Daily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fmercian-regiment-freedom-chester-2842986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBilsborough1983" class="citation book cs1">Bilsborough, Norman (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treasuresofchesh00norm">The Treasures of Cheshire</a>. Swinton: North West Civic Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901347-35-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-901347-35-3"><bdi>0-901347-35-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treasures+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Swinton&rft.pub=North+West+Civic+Trust&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-901347-35-3&rft.aulast=Bilsborough&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreasuresofchesh00norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2002" class="citation book cs1">Carrington, P, ed. (2002). Deva Victrix: Roman Chester Re-assessed. Chester: Chester Archaeological Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9507074-9-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9507074-9-X"><bdi>0-9507074-9-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deva+Victrix%3A+Roman+Chester+Re-assessed&rft.place=Chester&rft.pub=Chester+Archaeological+Society&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-9507074-9-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmery1998" class="citation book cs1">Emery, G (1998). Chester inside out. Chester, United Kingdom: Gordon Emery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-92-8"><bdi>1-872265-92-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chester+inside+out&rft.place=Chester%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Gordon+Emery&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-872265-92-8&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmeryPenney1999" class="citation book cs1">Emery, G; Penney, M (1999). Curious Chester: Portrait of an English city over two thousand years. Chester, United Kingdom: Gordon Emery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-94-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-94-4"><bdi>1-872265-94-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curious+Chester%3A+Portrait+of+an+English+city+over+two+thousand+years&rft.place=Chester%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Gordon+Emery&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-872265-94-4&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Penney%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmery2002" class="citation book cs1">Emery, G (2002). Chester electric lighting station: From steam and hydro–The illuminating story of Chester streetlighting and Britain's first rural electricity supply. Chester, United Kingdom: Gordon Emery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-48-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-48-0"><bdi>1-872265-48-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chester+electric+lighting+station%3A+From+steam+and+hydro%E2%80%93The+illuminating+story+of+Chester+streetlighting+and+Britain%27s+first+rural+electricity+supply&rft.place=Chester%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Gordon+Emery&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-872265-48-0&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmery2003" class="citation book cs1">Emery, G (2003). The Chester guide: England's walled city, Roman remains, museums, attractions, River Dee, shopping on the mediaeval rows, cathedral, access. Chester, United Kingdom: Gordon Emery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-89-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-89-8"><bdi>1-872265-89-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chester+guide%3A+England%27s+walled+city%2C+Roman+remains%2C+museums%2C+attractions%2C+River+Dee%2C+shopping+on+the+mediaeval+rows%2C+cathedral%2C+access&rft.place=Chester%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Gordon+Emery&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-872265-89-8&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmeryShuttleworth,_S.Kavanagh,_T.Taylor,_G.1999" class="citation book cs1">Emery, G; Shuttleworth, S.; Kavanagh, T.; Taylor, G.; Buss, R.; Stephens, R. (1999). The old Chester canal: A History and Guide. Chester, United Kingdom: Gordon Emery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+old+Chester+canal%3A+A+History+and+Guide&rft.place=Chester%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Gordon+Emery&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Shuttleworth%2C+S.&rft.au=Kavanagh%2C+T.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+G.&rft.au=Buss%2C+R.&rft.au=Stephens%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, P.R. (2007). Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847. Stroud, United Kingdom: Tempus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4266-2"><bdi>978-0-7524-4266-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disaster+on+the+Dee%3A+Robert+Stephenson%27s+Nemesis+of+1847&rft.place=Stroud%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4266-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=P.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1966" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, A. E. (1966). Myths and Legends of Chester. Chester, United Kingdom: Chester blind welfare society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9511783-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9511783-0-X"><bdi>0-9511783-0-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends+of+Chester&rft.place=Chester%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Chester+blind+welfare+society&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-9511783-0-X&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMason2001" class="citation book cs1">Mason, David J.P. (2001). Roman Chester: City of the Eagles. Stroud: Tempus Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1922-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-1922-6"><bdi>0-7524-1922-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Chester%3A+City+of+the+Eagles&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7524-1922-6&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=David+J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorriss1993" class="citation book cs1">Morriss, Richard K. (1993). The Buildings of Chester. Stroud: Alan Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-0255-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-0255-8"><bdi>0-7509-0255-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buildings+of+Chester&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7509-0255-8&rft.aulast=Morriss&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorton1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._V._Morton" title="H. V. Morton">Morton, H. V.</a> (1930). In Search of England. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-34480-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-34480-1"><bdi>0-416-34480-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=0-416-34480-1&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=H.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPevsnerHubbard2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hubbard_(architectural_historian)" title="Edward Hubbard (architectural historian)">Hubbard, Edward</a> (2003) [1971], The Buildings of England: Cheshire, New Haven & London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09588-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09588-0"><bdi>0-300-09588-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buildings+of+England%3A+Cheshire&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-09588-0&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlace1994" class="citation book cs1">Place, G.W. (1994). The Rise and Fall of Parkgate, Passenger Port for Ireland, 1686–1815 (Chetham Society). Lancaster, United Kingdom: Carnegie Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-023-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-023-8"><bdi>1-85936-023-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Parkgate%2C+Passenger+Port+for+Ireland%2C+1686%E2%80%931815+%28Chetham+Society%29&rft.place=Lancaster%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85936-023-8&rft.aulast=Place&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPtolemy1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geography0000ptol">The Geography</a>. Dover Publications Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-26896-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-26896-9"><bdi>0-486-26896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-486-26896-9&rft.au=Ptolemy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeography0000ptol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWall1992" class="citation book cs1">Wall, B. (1992). Tales of Chester. Shropshire, United Kingdom: S. B. Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85770-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85770-006-6"><bdi>1-85770-006-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+Chester&rft.place=Shropshire%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=S.+B.+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-85770-006-6&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWard2009" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Simon (2009). Chester: A History. Chichester: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86077-499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86077-499-7"><bdi>978-1-86077-499-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chester%3A+A+History&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-86077-499-7&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilding1997" class="citation book cs1">Wilding, R. (1997). Miller of Dee: The story of Chester mills and millers, their trades, and wares, the weir, the water engine and the salmon. Chester, United Kingdom: Gordon Emery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-95-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-95-2"><bdi>1-872265-95-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miller+of+Dee%3A+The+story+of+Chester+mills+and+millers%2C+their+trades%2C+and+wares%2C+the+weir%2C+the+water+engine+and+the+salmon&rft.place=Chester%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Gordon+Emery&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-872265-95-2&rft.aulast=Wilding&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilding2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilding, R. (2003). Death in Chester: Roman Gravestones, Cathedral Burials, Martyrs, Witches, the Plague, Horrible Hangings, Gruesome Deaths and Ghostly Goings-on. Chester, United Kingdom: Gordon Emery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-44-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-44-8"><bdi>1-872265-44-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+Chester%3A+Roman+Gravestones%2C+Cathedral+Burials%2C+Martyrs%2C+Witches%2C+the+Plague%2C+Horrible+Hangings%2C+Gruesome+Deaths+and+Ghostly+Goings-on&rft.place=Chester%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Gordon+Emery&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-872265-44-8&rft.aulast=Wilding&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chester" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chester">Chester</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chester#Q170263" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Chester">Chester</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1503685" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1503685&resourceID=19191">"Monument No. 1503685"</a>. Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 8 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=Monument+No.+1503685&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D1503685%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester" class="Z3988"> – a detailed historical record about the Fortress Baths, Chester</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_St_Albans" title="City of St Albans">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cheshire_West_and_Chester113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Template:Cheshire West and Chester"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Template talk:Cheshire West and Chester"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cheshire West and Chester"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cheshire_West_and_Chester113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Port" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frodsham" title="Frodsham">Frodsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neston" title="Neston">Neston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winsford" title="Winsford">Winsford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil parishes (current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Bridge" title="Acton Bridge">Acton Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agden,_Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Agden, Cheshire West and Chester">Agden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldersey" title="Aldersey">Aldersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldford_and_Saighton" title="Aldford and Saighton">Aldford and Saighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allostock" title="Allostock">Allostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvanley" title="Alvanley">Alvanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderton_with_Marbury" title="Anderton with Marbury">Anderton with Marbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antrobus,_Cheshire" title="Antrobus, Cheshire">Antrobus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashton_Hayes_and_Horton-cum-Peel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashton Hayes and Horton-cum-Peel (page does not exist)">Ashton Hayes and Horton-cum-Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston-by-Sutton" title="Aston-by-Sutton">Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bache,_Cheshire" title="Bache, Cheshire">Bache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backford" title="Backford">Backford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnton,_Cheshire" title="Barnton, Cheshire">Barnton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrow,_Cheshire" title="Barrow, Cheshire">Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton,_Cheshire" title="Barton, Cheshire">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeston,_Cheshire" title="Beeston, Cheshire">Beeston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostock,_Cheshire" title="Bostock, Cheshire">Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxton,_Cheshire" title="Broxton, Cheshire">Broxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burwardsley" title="Burwardsley">Burwardsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byley" title="Byley">Byley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capenhurst" title="Capenhurst">Capenhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carden,_Cheshire" title="Carden, Cheshire">Carden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Castle_(parish)" title="Chester Castle (parish)">Chester Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidlow,_Cheshire" title="Chidlow, Cheshire">Chidlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton,_Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Chorlton, Cheshire West and Chester">Chorlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowley" title="Chowley">Chowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christleton" title="Christleton">Christleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churton,_Cheshire" title="Churton, Cheshire">Churton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotton_Hoofield" title="Clotton Hoofield">Clotton Hoofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutton,_Cheshire" title="Clutton, Cheshire">Clutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddington,_Cheshire" title="Coddington, Cheshire">Coddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comberbach" title="Comberbach">Comberbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croughton,_Cheshire" title="Croughton, Cheshire">Croughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowton" title="Crowton">Crowton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddington,_Eddisbury" title="Cuddington, Eddisbury">Cuddington (near Eddisbury)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddington_Heath" title="Cuddington Heath">Cuddington (near Malpas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darnhall" title="Darnhall">Darnhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenham" title="Davenham">Davenham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delamere_and_Oakmere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delamere and Oakmere (page does not exist)">Delamere and Oakmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodleston" title="Dodleston">Dodleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duckington" title="Duckington">Duckington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duddon_and_Burton" title="Duddon and Burton">Duddon and Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunham-on-the-Hill_and_Hapsford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunham-on-the-Hill and Hapsford (page does not exist)">Dunham-on-the-Hill and Hapsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton,_Cheshire" title="Dutton, Cheshire">Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eaton_and_Eccleston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eaton and Eccleston (page does not exist)">Eaton and Eccleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton,_Cheshire" title="Elton, Cheshire">Elton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farndon,_Cheshire" title="Farndon, Cheshire">Farndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frodsham" title="Frodsham">Frodsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golborne_David" title="Golborne David">Golborne David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Boughton" title="Great Boughton">Great Boughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Budworth" title="Great Budworth">Great Budworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilden_Sutton" title="Guilden Sutton">Guilden Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley,_Cheshire" title="Handley, Cheshire">Handley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargrave_and_Huxley" title="Hargrave and Huxley">Hargrave and Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Cheshire" title="Hartford, Cheshire">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthill,_Cheshire" title="Harthill, Cheshire">Harthill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsby" title="Helsby">Helsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington,_Cheshire" title="Huntington, Cheshire">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ince,_Cheshire" title="Ince, Cheshire">Ince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsall" title="Kelsall">Kelsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley,_Cheshire" title="Kingsley, Cheshire">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsmead,_Cheshire" title="Kingsmead, Cheshire">Kingsmead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_Dennis" title="Lach Dennis">Lach Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lea-by-Backford" title="Lea-by-Backford">Lea-by-Backford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledsham,_Cheshire" title="Ledsham, Cheshire">Ledsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Budworth" title="Little Budworth">Little Budworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Leigh" title="Little Leigh">Little Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Stanney" title="Little Stanney">Little Stanney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton,_Cheshire" title="Littleton, Cheshire">Littleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lostock_Gralam" title="Lostock Gralam">Lostock Gralam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpas,_Cheshire" title="Malpas, Cheshire">Malpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manley,_Cheshire" title="Manley, Cheshire">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marston,_Cheshire" title="Marston, Cheshire">Marston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickle_Trafford" title="Mickle Trafford">Mickle Trafford and District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollington,_Cheshire" title="Mollington, Cheshire">Mollington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moston,_Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Moston, Cheshire West and Chester">Moston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouldsworth" title="Mouldsworth">Mouldsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulton,_Cheshire" title="Moulton, Cheshire">Moulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neston" title="Neston">Neston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nether_Peover" class="mw-redirect" title="Nether Peover">Nether Peover</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No_Man%E2%80%99s_Heath_and_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No Man’s Heath and District (page does not exist)">No Man’s Heath and District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norley" title="Norley">Norley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulton_and_Pulford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poulton and Pulford (page does not exist)">Poulton and Pulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puddington,_Cheshire" title="Puddington, Cheshire">Puddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowton,_Cheshire" title="Rowton, Cheshire">Rowton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudheath" title="Rudheath">Rudheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushton,_Cheshire" title="Rushton, Cheshire">Rushton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saughall_and_Shotwick_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saughall and Shotwick Park (page does not exist)">Saughall and Shotwick Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shocklach_Oviatt_and_District" title="Shocklach Oviatt and District">Shocklach Oviatt and District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sproston" title="Sproston">Sproston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanthorne_and_Wimboldsley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanthorne and Wimboldsley (page does not exist)">Stanthorne and Wimboldsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoak" title="Stoak">Stoak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretton,_Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Stretton, Cheshire West and Chester">Stretton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Weaver" title="Sutton Weaver">Sutton Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarporley" title="Tarporley">Tarporley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarvin" title="Tarvin">Tarvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattenhall" title="Tattenhall">Tattenhall and District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton-le-Moors" title="Thornton-le-Moors">Thornton-le-Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threapwood" title="Threapwood">Threapwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilston" title="Tilston">Tilston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiverton_and_Tilstone_Fearnall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiverton and Tilstone Fearnall (page does not exist)">Tiverton and Tilstone Fearnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushingham-cum-Grindley,_Macefen_and_Bradley" title="Tushingham-cum-Grindley, Macefen and Bradley">Tushingham-cum-Grindley, Macefen and Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton-by-Chester" title="Upton-by-Chester">Upton-by-Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utkinton_and_Cotebrook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utkinton and Cotebrook (page does not exist)">Utkinton and Cotebrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waverton,_Cheshire" title="Waverton, Cheshire">Waverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaverham" title="Weaverham">Weaverham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wervin" title="Wervin">Wervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitegate_and_Marton" title="Whitegate and Marton">Whitegate and Marton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley,_Cheshire" title="Whitley, Cheshire">Whitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigland" title="Wigland">Wigland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willington,_Cheshire" title="Willington, Cheshire">Willington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincham" title="Wincham">Wincham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winsford" title="Winsford">Winsford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil parishes (former)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldford" title="Aldford">Aldford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton_Hayes" title="Ashton Hayes">Ashton Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bickley,_Cheshire" title="Bickley, Cheshire">Bickley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley,_Cheshire" title="Bradley, Cheshire">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Trafford" title="Bridge Trafford">Bridge Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruen_Stapleford" title="Bruen Stapleford">Bruen Stapleford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buerton,_Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Buerton, Cheshire West and Chester">Buerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_(near_Tarporley)" title="Burton (near Tarporley)">Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldecott,_Cheshire" title="Caldecott, Cheshire">Caldecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caughall" title="Caughall">Caughall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton-by-Backford" title="Chorlton-by-Backford">Chorlton-by-Backford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Shocklach" title="Church Shocklach">Church Shocklach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churton_by_Aldford" title="Churton by Aldford">Churton by Aldford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churton_by_Farndon" title="Churton by Farndon">Churton by Farndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churton_Heath" title="Churton Heath">Churton Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claverton,_Cheshire" title="Claverton, Cheshire">Claverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Abbotts" title="Cotton Abbotts">Cotton Abbotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Edmunds" title="Cotton Edmunds">Cotton Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewe-by-Farndon" title="Crewe-by-Farndon">Crewe-by-Farndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delamere,_Cheshire" title="Delamere, Cheshire">Delamere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunham-on-the-Hill" title="Dunham-on-the-Hill">Dunham-on-the-Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duddon" title="Duddon">Duddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaton,_west_Cheshire" title="Eaton, west Cheshire">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccleston,_Cheshire" title="Eccleston, Cheshire">Eccleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge,_Cheshire" title="Edge, Cheshire">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgerley,_Cheshire" title="Edgerley, Cheshire">Edgerley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulk_Stapleford" title="Foulk Stapleford">Foulk Stapleford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golborne_Bellow" title="Golborne Bellow">Golborne Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton,_Cheshire" title="Grafton, Cheshire">Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Cheshire" title="Hampton, Cheshire">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapsford" title="Hapsford">Hapsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatton,_Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Hatton, Cheshire West and Chester">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockenhull" title="Hockenhull">Hockenhull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoole_Village" title="Hoole Village">Hoole Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton-by-Malpas" title="Horton-by-Malpas">Horton-by-Malpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton-cum-Peel" title="Horton-cum-Peel">Horton-cum-Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxley,_Cheshire" title="Huxley, Cheshire">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddinshall" title="Iddinshall">Iddinshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Marsh" title="Kings Marsh">Kings Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larkton" title="Larkton">Larkton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lea_Newbold" title="Lea Newbold">Lea Newbold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Kinnerton" title="Lower Kinnerton">Lower Kinnerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macefen" title="Macefen">Macefen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlston-cum-Lache" title="Marlston-cum-Lache">Marlston-cum-Lache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickle_Trafford" title="Mickle Trafford">Mickle Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_by_Malpas" title="Newton by Malpas">Newton by Malpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton-by-Tattenhall" title="Newton-by-Tattenhall">Newton-by-Tattenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakmere" title="Oakmere">Oakmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldcastle,_Cheshire" title="Oldcastle, Cheshire">Oldcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton,_Malpas" title="Overton, Malpas">Overton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picton,_Cheshire" title="Picton, Cheshire">Picton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poulton,_Cheshire" title="Poulton, Cheshire">Poulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior%27s_Heys" title="Prior's Heys">Prior's Heys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulford" title="Pulford">Pulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saighton" title="Saighton">Saighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saughall" title="Saughall">Saughall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shocklach_Oviatt" title="Shocklach Oviatt">Shocklach Oviatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotwick" title="Shotwick">Shotwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotwick_Park" title="Shotwick Park">Shotwick Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanthorne" title="Stanthorne">Stanthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_Cheshire" title="Stockton, Cheshire">Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattenhall" title="Tattenhall">Tattenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilstone_Fearnall" title="Tilstone Fearnall">Tilstone Fearnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Cheshire" title="Tiverton, Cheshire">Tiverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushingham_cum_Grindley" title="Tushingham cum Grindley">Tushingham cum Grindley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkinton" title="Utkinton">Utkinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbolds_Trafford" title="Wimbolds Trafford">Wimbolds Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimboldsley" title="Wimboldsley">Wimboldsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbank,_Cheshire" title="Woodbank, Cheshire">Woodbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wychough" title="Wychough">Wychough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unparished areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Port" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Cheshire314" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cheshire" title="Template:Cheshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cheshire" title="Template talk:Cheshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cheshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cheshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Cheshire314" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cheshire" title="Portal:Cheshire">Cheshire Portal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Halton" title="Borough of Halton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Warrington" title="Borough of Warrington">Warrington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsager" title="Alsager">Alsager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birchwood,_Cheshire" title="Birchwood, Cheshire">Birchwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollington" title="Bollington">Bollington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congleton" title="Congleton">Congleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culcheth" title="Culcheth">Culcheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Port" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frodsham" title="Frodsham">Frodsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handforth" title="Handforth">Handforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Chapel" title="Holmes Chapel">Holmes Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knutsford" title="Knutsford">Knutsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymm" title="Lymm">Lymm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macclesfield" title="Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpas,_Cheshire" title="Malpas, Cheshire">Malpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlewich" title="Middlewich">Middlewich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantwich" title="Nantwich">Nantwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neston" title="Neston">Neston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poynton" title="Poynton">Poynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbach" title="Sandbach">Sandbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widnes" title="Widnes">Widnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmslow" title="Wilmslow">Wilmslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winsford" title="Winsford">Winsford</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Cheshire">List of civil parishes in Cheshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Bollin" title="River Bollin">Bollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Croco" title="River Croco">Croco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dane" title="River Dane">Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dean" title="River Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Gowy" title="River Gowy">Gowy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Goyt" title="River Goyt">Goyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">Mersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Weaver" title="River Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Waldron" title="River Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wheelock" title="River Wheelock">Wheelock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Cheshire" title="Category:Country houses in Cheshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cheshire" title="Flag of Cheshire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_churches_in_Cheshire" title="Grade I listed churches in Cheshire">Grade I listed churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_non-ecclesiastical_buildings_in_Cheshire" title="Grade I listed non-ecclesiastical buildings in Cheshire">Grade I listed non-ecclesiastical buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Cheshire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cheshire" title="High Sheriff of Cheshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cheshire" title="History of Cheshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Cheshire" title="Listed buildings in Cheshire">Listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cheshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Cheshire" title="List of museums in Cheshire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Cheshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Cheshire" title="List of places in Cheshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cheshire_settlements_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cheshire settlements by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Cheshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cheshire">SSSIs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170263#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170263#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170263#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132525482">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRw9RtwyGKX8Q4qG34v3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085244-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80138689">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0053551&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007561910305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2bc2870a-6b46-4f13-9b6c-5e2e2465bb12">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester&oldid=1281024710">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester&oldid=1281024710</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chester" title="Category:Chester">Chester</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_1st_century" title="Category:Populated places established in the 1st century">Populated places established in the 1st century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:County_towns_in_England" title="Category:County towns in England">County towns in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_of_the_Welsh_Marches" title="Category:Towns of the Welsh Marches">Towns of the Welsh Marches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fortified_settlements" title="Category:Fortified settlements">Fortified settlements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rally_GB" title="Category:Rally GB">Rally GB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unparished_areas_in_Cheshire" title="Category:Unparished areas in Cheshire">Unparished areas in Cheshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_North_West_England" title="Category:Cities in North West England">Cities in North West England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Cheshire" title="Category:Towns in Cheshire">Towns in Cheshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_civil_parishes_in_Cheshire" title="Category:Former civil parishes in Cheshire">Former civil parishes in Cheshire</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:Articles with Latin-language sources (la)">Articles with Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_August_2013" title="Category:Use British English from August 2013">Use British English from August 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2016">Use dmy dates from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_OS_grid_coordinates" title="Category:Articles with OS grid coordinates">Articles with OS grid coordinates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2007" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incomplete_lists_from_September_2019" title="Category:Incomplete lists from September 2019">Incomplete lists from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 March 2025, at 21:01 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Chester</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 79 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-658b85fd8d-c98mk","wgBackendResponseTime":293,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.077","walltime":"3.714","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20111,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":523556,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30395,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":647942,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3125.937 1 -total"," 45.23% 1413.819 3 Template:Reflist"," 24.44% 764.109 120 Template:Cite_web"," 12.60% 393.825 1 Template:Infobox_UK_place"," 12.34% 385.733 2 Template:Infobox"," 7.24% 226.433 22 Template:Fix"," 5.44% 170.117 30 Template:Cite_book"," 4.96% 155.084 9 Template:Cn"," 4.49% 140.330 21 Template:Harvnb"," 4.26% 133.092 3 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.873","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22572344,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREF1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Pollock2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeard1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBilsborough1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC.P._LewisA.T._Thacker2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrington2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Foxley-Norris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Holmes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawn_Collinson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmery1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmery2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmery2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmeryPenney1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmeryShuttleworth,_S.Kavanagh,_T.Taylor,_G.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoselitz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Blair2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Hamilton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeigh1700\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisThacker,_A.T.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Green2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorriss1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPevsnerHubbard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlace1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPost2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemy1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigourney1842\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpicer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriggs2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickery,_Tim\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheelock2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilding1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilding2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFkopite1983\"] = 1,\n [\"Chester_Urban_Area\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cheshire\"] = 1,\n [\"Cheshire, Cheshire West and Chester\"] = 1,\n [\"Chester weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite legislation UK\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 112,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 9,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 10,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 21,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 4,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Incomplete list\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox UK place\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"NHLE\"] = 4,\n [\"NOMIS2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"PastScape\"] = 2,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rws\"] = 12,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Stnlnk\"] = 1,\n [\"UK cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 15,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"Gazette%d+\",\n \"Historic_England%d+\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-84b746899f-hnj4b","timestamp":"20250410205544","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chester","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chester","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170263","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170263","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-01T19:46:30Z","dateModified":"2025-03-17T21:01:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b9\/Chester_-_Shops_in_city_centre_-_2005-10-09.jpg","headline":"city in Cheshire, England"}</script> </body> </html>