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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Western Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Catholic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Eastern Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oriental_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Oriental Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advaita_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advaita_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Advaita Vedanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advaita_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Vaishnava" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Vaishnava"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sri Vaishnava</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Vaishnava-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nimbarka_Vaishnava" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nimbarka_Vaishnava"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nimbarka Vaishnava</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nimbarka_Vaishnava-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dvaita_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dvaita_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Dvaita Vedanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dvaita_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monasteries_in_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monasteries_in_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Monasteries in literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monasteries_in_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monastery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klooster" title="Klooster – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klooster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster" title="Kloster – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kloster" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynster" title="Mynster – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mynster" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="دير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monesterio" title="Monesterio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Monesterio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܕܝܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܝܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monesteriu" title="Monesteriu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monesteriu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monast%C4%B1r" title="Monastır – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monastır" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A0)" title="বিহার (মঠ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিহার (মঠ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Манастыр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манастыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Манастыр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Манастыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Манастир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Манастир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostan" title="Samostan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Samostan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manati" title="Manati – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manati" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monestir" title="Monestir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monestir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Мăнастир – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мăнастир" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1%C5%A1ter" title="Klášter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klášter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynachlog" title="Mynachlog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynachlog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster" title="Kloster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kloster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster" title="Kloster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kloster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klooster" title="Klooster – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klooster" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Μοναστήρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοναστήρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasterio" title="Monasterio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monasterio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona%C4%A5ejo" title="Monaĥejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monaĥejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasterio" title="Monasterio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Monasterio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87" title="صومعه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صومعه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monast%C3%A8re" title="Monastère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monastère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleaster" title="Kleaster – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kleaster" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munist%C3%AEr" title="Munistîr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Munistîr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainistir" title="Mainistir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mainistir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosteiro" title="Mosteiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mosteiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Монастырь – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Монастырь" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%90" title="수도원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수도원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Վանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%B3%C5%A1ter" title="Klóšter – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Klóšter" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manastir" title="Manastir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manastir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biara_(tempat_tinggal)" title="Biara (tempat tinggal) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biara (tempat tinggal)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasterio" title="Monasterio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Monasterio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaustur" title="Klaustur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klaustur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastero" title="Monastero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monastero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A8" title="מנזר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנזר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მონასტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონასტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Монастырь – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Монастырь" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteri" title="Monasteri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Monasteri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Монастырь – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Монастырь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasterium" title="Monasterium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monasterium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klosteris" title="Klosteris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klosteris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klouschter" title="Klouschter – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Klouschter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienuolynas" title="Vienuolynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vienuolynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monest%C3%AA" title="Monestê – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Monestê" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloaster" title="Kloaster – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kloaster" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasit%C9%9B%CC%81l%C9%9B" title="Monasitɛ́lɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Monasitɛ́lɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monceria" title="Monceria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Monceria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasteri" title="Manasteri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Manasteri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolostor" title="Kolostor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kolostor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Манастир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Манастир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4nastera" title="Mônastera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mônastera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="دير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biara" title="Biara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Монастырьхне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Монастырьхне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klooster_(gebouw)" title="Klooster (gebouw) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klooster (gebouw)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klooster" title="Klooster – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Klooster" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E9%99%A2" title="僧院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="僧院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster" title="Kloster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kloster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster" title="Kloster – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kloster" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monast%C3%A9the" title="Monastéthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Monastéthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monast%C3%A8ri" title="Monastèri – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Monastèri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Монастырь – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Монастырь" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastirlar" title="Monastirlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Monastirlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasztor" title="Klasztor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klasztor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosteiro" title="Mosteiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mosteiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stire" title="Mănăstire – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mănăstire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Монастырь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Монастырь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Монастырь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монастырь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Манастыыр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Манастыыр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manastiri_(nd%C3%ABrtes%C3%AB)" title="Manastiri (ndërtesë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Manastiri (ndërtesë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monastery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1%C5%A1tor" title="Kláštor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kláštor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostan" title="Samostan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samostan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="دێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Манастир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манастир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manastir" title="Manastir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manastir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luostari" title="Luostari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luostari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster" title="Kloster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kloster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="อาราม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาราม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Дайр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дайр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manast%C4%B1r" title="Manastır – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manastır" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Монастир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монастир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%81" title="خانقاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خانقاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastier" title="Monastier – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Monastier" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_vi%E1%BB%87n" title="Tu viện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tu viện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E9%99%A2" title="僧院 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="僧院" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteryo" title="Monasteryo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Monasteryo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E9%99%A2" title="僧院 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="僧院" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E9%99%A2" title="僧院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="僧院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E9%99%A2" title="僧院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="僧院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Monastery" title="Special:EditPage/Monastery">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Monastery%22">"Monastery"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Monastery%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Monastery%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Monastery%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Monastery%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Monastery%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplace(s) of monks or nuns</div> <p>A <b>monastery</b> is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a>, whether living in <a href="/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism" title="Cenobitic monasticism">communities</a> or alone (<a href="/wiki/Hermits" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermits">hermits</a>). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a>, and may also serve as an <a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)" title="Oratory (worship)">oratory</a>, or in the case of <a href="/wiki/Cenobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenobium">communities</a> anything from a single building housing only one senior and two or three junior monks or nuns, to vast complexes and estates housing tens or hundreds. A monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church, <a href="/wiki/Dormitory" title="Dormitory">dormitory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">refectory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/balneary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:balneary">balneary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">infirmary</a>, and outlying <a href="/wiki/Monastic_grange" title="Monastic grange">granges</a>. Depending on the location, the monastic order and the occupation of its inhabitants, the complex may also include a wide range of buildings that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the community. These may include a <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a>, a <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">school</a>, and a range of agricultural and manufacturing buildings such as a <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barn</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">brewery</a>. </p><p>In English usage, the term <i>monastery</i> is generally used to denote the buildings of a community of monks. In modern usage, <i><a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a></i> tends to be applied only to institutions of female monastics (nuns), particularly communities of teaching or nursing <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">religious sisters</a>. Historically, a convent denoted a house of <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a> (reflecting the Latin), now more commonly called a <i>friary</i>. Various religions may apply these terms in more specific ways. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_gall_plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St_gall_plan.jpg/220px-St_gall_plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St_gall_plan.jpg/330px-St_gall_plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St_gall_plan.jpg/440px-St_gall_plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Saint_Gall" title="Plan of Saint Gall">Plan of Saint Gall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ground_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground plan">ground plan</a> of an unbuilt abbey, providing for all of the needs of the monks within the confines of the monastery walls</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>monastery</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word <i>μοναστήριον</i>, neut. of <i>μοναστήριος</i> – <i>monasterios</i> from <i>μονάζειν</i> – <i>monazein</i> "to live alone"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the root <i>μόνος</i> – <i>monos</i> "alone" (originally all Christian monks were hermits); the suffix "-terion" denotes a "place for doing something". The earliest extant use of the term <i>monastērion</i> is by the 1st century AD <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> in <i>On The Contemplative Life,</i> ch. III. </p><p>In England, the word <i>monastery</i> was also applied to the habitation of a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> who lived apart from the lay community. Most cathedrals were not monasteries, and were served by <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canons secular</a>, which were communal but not monastic. However, some were run by monasteries orders, such as <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> was for a short time a cathedral, and was a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monastery until the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">Chapter</a> preserves elements of the Benedictine tradition. See the entry <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a>. They are also to be distinguished from collegiate churches, such as <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor">St George's Chapel, Windsor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms">Terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>monastery</i> is used generically to refer to any of a number of types of religious community. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> religion and to some extent in certain branches of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, there is a somewhat more specific definition of the term and many related terms. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> monasteries are generally called <b><a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">vihara</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> language el). Viharas may be occupied by men or women, and in keeping with common English usage, a vihara populated by females may often be called a nunnery or a convent. However, vihara can also refer to a <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a>. In Tibetan Buddhism, monasteries are often called <b><a href="/wiki/Gompa" title="Gompa">gompa</a></b>. In <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, a monastery is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">wat</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, a monastery is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">kyaung</a></i>. </p><p>A Christian monastery may be an <b><a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a></b> (i.e., under the rule of an <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>), or a <b><a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">priory</a></b> (under the rule of a <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a>), or conceivably a <b><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">hermitage</a></b> (the dwelling of a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a>). It may be a community of men (<a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>) or of women (<a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Charterhouse_(monastery)" title="Charterhouse (monastery)">charterhouse</a> is any monastery belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> order. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, a very small monastic community can be called a <b><a href="/wiki/Skete" title="Skete">skete</a></b>, and a very large or important monastery can be given the dignity of a <b><a href="/wiki/Lavra" title="Lavra">lavra</a></b>. </p><p>The great communal life of a Christian monastery is called <a href="/wiki/Cenobitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenobitic">cenobitic</a>, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">anchoretic</a> (or anchoritic) life of an <a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">anchorite</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eremitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Eremitical">eremitic</a> life of a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a>. There has also been, mostly under the <a href="/wiki/Osmanli" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanli">Osmanli</a> occupation of Greece and Cyprus, an "idiorrhythmic" lifestyle where monks come together but being able to own things individually and not being obliged to work for the common good. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> monasteries are called <a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">matha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandir">mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koil" class="mw-redirect" title="Koil">koil</a>, or most commonly an <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashram</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a> use the Buddhist term <a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">vihara</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monastic_life">Monastic life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Monastic life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Procession_monastique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Procession_monastique.jpg/220px-Procession_monastique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Procession_monastique.jpg/330px-Procession_monastique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Procession_monastique.jpg/440px-Procession_monastique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>Procession monastique</figcaption></figure> <p>In most religions, life inside monasteries is governed by community rules that stipulate the gender of the inhabitants and require them to remain <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibate</a> and own little or no personal property. The degree to which life inside a particular monastery is socially separate from the surrounding populace can also vary widely; some religious traditions mandate isolation for purposes of contemplation removed from the everyday world, in which case members of the monastic community may spend most of their time isolated even from each other. Others focus on interacting with the local communities to provide services, such as teaching, medical care, or <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a>. Some monastic communities are only occupied seasonally, depending both on the traditions involved and the local climate, and people may be part of a monastic community for periods ranging from a few days at a time to almost an entire lifetime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Life within the walls of a monastery may be supported in several ways: by manufacturing and selling goods, often <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> products; by donations or <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a>; by rental or investment incomes; and by funds from other organizations within the religion, which in the past formed the traditional support of monasteries. There has been a long tradition of Christian monasteries providing hospitable, charitable and hospital services. Monasteries have often been associated with the provision of education and the encouragement of scholarship and research,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has led to the establishment of schools and colleges and the association with universities. Monastic life has adapted to modern society by offering computer services, <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a> services and management as well as modern hospital and educational administration.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taktsang_Palphug_Monastery_aka_Paro_Taktsang_aka_Tiger%27s_Nest,_July_2016_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Taktsang_Palphug_Monastery_aka_Paro_Taktsang_aka_Tiger%27s_Nest%2C_July_2016_13.jpg/220px-Taktsang_Palphug_Monastery_aka_Paro_Taktsang_aka_Tiger%27s_Nest%2C_July_2016_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Taktsang_Palphug_Monastery_aka_Paro_Taktsang_aka_Tiger%27s_Nest%2C_July_2016_13.jpg/330px-Taktsang_Palphug_Monastery_aka_Paro_Taktsang_aka_Tiger%27s_Nest%2C_July_2016_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Taktsang_Palphug_Monastery_aka_Paro_Taktsang_aka_Tiger%27s_Nest%2C_July_2016_13.jpg/440px-Taktsang_Palphug_Monastery_aka_Paro_Taktsang_aka_Tiger%27s_Nest%2C_July_2016_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Taktsang Palphug Monastery also known as "Paro Taktsang" or "Tiger's Nest", July 2016 13</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendicant_Monk_Sitting_on_Xindong_Street,_Taipei_20140103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mendicant_Monk_Sitting_on_Xindong_Street%2C_Taipei_20140103.jpg/220px-Mendicant_Monk_Sitting_on_Xindong_Street%2C_Taipei_20140103.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mendicant_Monk_Sitting_on_Xindong_Street%2C_Taipei_20140103.jpg/330px-Mendicant_Monk_Sitting_on_Xindong_Street%2C_Taipei_20140103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mendicant_Monk_Sitting_on_Xindong_Street%2C_Taipei_20140103.jpg/440px-Mendicant_Monk_Sitting_on_Xindong_Street%2C_Taipei_20140103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Mendicant Monk Sitting on Xindong Street, Taipei 20140103</figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhist monasteries, known as <b><a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">vihāra</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, emerged sometime around the fourth century BCE from the practice of <a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">vassa</a>, a retreat undertaken by Buddhist monastics during the South Asian <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a>. To prevent wandering <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">nuns</a> from disturbing new plant-growth or becoming stranded in inclement weather, they were instructed to remain in a fixed location for the roughly three-month period typically beginning in mid-July. </p><p>These early fixed <i>vassa</i> retreats took place in pavilions and parks that wealthy supporters had donated to the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">sangha</a>. Over the years, the custom of staying on property held in common by the <i>sangha</i> as a whole during the <i>vassa</i> retreat evolved into <a href="/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism" title="Cenobitic monasticism">cenobitic monasticism</a>, in which monks and nuns resided year-round in monasteries. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">India</a>, Buddhist monasteries gradually developed into centres of learning where philosophical principles were developed and debated; this tradition continues in the monastic universities of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana"> Vajrayana Buddhists</a>, as well as in religious schools and universities founded by religious orders across the Buddhist world. In modern times, living a settled life in a monastery setting has become<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the most common lifestyle for Buddhist monks and nuns across the globe. </p><p>Whereas early monasteries are considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have been held in common by the entire sangha, in later years this tradition diverged in a number of countries. Despite <i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a></i> prohibitions on possessing wealth, many monasteries became large landowners, much like monasteries in medieval Christian Europe. In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, peasant families worked monastic-owned land in exchange for paying a portion of their yearly crop to the resident monks in the monastery, just as they would to a <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> landlord. In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, the ownership of a monastery often became vested in a single monk, who would often keep the property within the family by passing it on to a nephew ordained as a monk. In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a>, where civil authorities permitted Buddhist monks to marry, the position of head of a temple or monastery sometimes became hereditary, passed from father to son over many generations. </p><p>Forest monasteries – most commonly found in the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> traditions of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka – are monasteries dedicated primarily to the study and cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a>, rather than to scholarship or ceremonial duties. Forest monasteries often function like early Christian monasteries, with small groups of monks living an essentially hermit-like life gathered loosely around a respected elder teacher. While the <a href="/wiki/Dhutanga" title="Dhutanga">wandering lifestyle</a> practised by <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">the Buddha</a> and by his disciples continues to be the ideal model for forest-tradition monks in <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and elsewhere, practical concerns - including shrinking wilderness areas, lack of access to lay supporters, dangerous wildlife, and dangerous border conflicts - dictate that increasing numbers of "meditation" monks live in monasteries, rather than wandering. </p><p>Tibetan Buddhist monasteries or <a href="/wiki/Gompa" title="Gompa">gompas</a> are sometimes known as <b>lamaseries</b>, with their monks sometimes (mistakenly) known as <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> named its initial New York City meeting-place "the Lamasery".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Famous Buddhist monasteries include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donglin_Temple_(Jiangxi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donglin Temple (Jiangxi)">Donglin Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetavana" title="Jetavana">Jetavana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shravasti" title="Shravasti">Shravasti</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengboche_Monastery" title="Tengboche Monastery">Tengboche Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li></ul> <p>For a further list of Buddhist monasteries see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">list of Buddhist temples</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trends">Trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buddhist monasteries include some of the largest in the world. <a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a> in Tibet housed around 10,000 monks prior to the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1950–1951. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the relocated monastery in India houses around 8,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poustevn%C3%ADk_v_jeskyni_-_Lochot%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_park_Plze%C5%88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Poustevn%C3%ADk_v_jeskyni_-_Lochot%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_park_Plze%C5%88.jpg/220px-Poustevn%C3%ADk_v_jeskyni_-_Lochot%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_park_Plze%C5%88.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Poustevn%C3%ADk_v_jeskyni_-_Lochot%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_park_Plze%C5%88.jpg/330px-Poustevn%C3%ADk_v_jeskyni_-_Lochot%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_park_Plze%C5%88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Poustevn%C3%ADk_v_jeskyni_-_Lochot%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_park_Plze%C5%88.jpg/440px-Poustevn%C3%ADk_v_jeskyni_-_Lochot%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_park_Plze%C5%88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i>Hermit in the cave</i> – Lochotín park in <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to tradition, <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a> began in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a>. Originally, all Christian monks were <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermits</a> seldom encountering other people.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A transitional form of monasticism was later created by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Amun" title="Saint Amun">Ammonas</a> in which "solitary" monks lived close enough to one another to offer mutual support as well as gathering together on Sundays for common services.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was <a href="/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great" title="Pachomius the Great">Pachomius the Great</a> who developed the idea of <a href="/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism" title="Cenobitic monasticism">cenobitic monasticism</a>: having renunciates live together and worship together under the same roof. Some attribute his mode of communal living to the <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Army">Roman Army</a> in which Pachomios served as a young man.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon the Egyptian desert blossomed with monasteries, especially around Nitria (<a href="/wiki/Wadi_El_Natrun" title="Wadi El Natrun">Wadi El Natrun</a>), which was called the "Holy City". Estimates are that upwards of 50,000 monks lived in this area at any one time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Eremetism never died out though, but was reserved only for those advanced monks who had worked out their problems within a cenobitic monastery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The idea caught on, and other places followed: </p> <ul><li>Upon his return from the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Serdica" title="Council of Serdica">Council of Serdica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> established <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Athanasius" title="Monastery of Saint Athanasius">the first Christian monastery in Europe</a> circa 344 near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chirpan" title="Chirpan">Chirpan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Awgin" title="Mar Awgin">Mar Awgin</a> founded a monastery on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Izla" title="Mount Izla">Mount Izla</a> above <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nusaybin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (~350), and from this monastery the cenobitic tradition spread in Mesopotamia, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, Georgia and even India and China.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Saba" title="Mar Saba">Mar Saba</a> organized the monks of the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a> in a monastery close to <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> (483), and this is considered the mother of all monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> founded the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> in Italy (529), which was the seed of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> monasticism in general, and of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Order of Saint Benedict</a> in particular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a> were founded by <a href="/wiki/Bruno_of_Cologne" title="Bruno of Cologne">Bruno of Cologne</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Chartreuse" title="Grande Chartreuse">Grande Chartreuse</a>, from which the religious Order takes its name, in the eleventh century as an eremitical community, and remains the <a href="/wiki/Motherhouse" title="Motherhouse">motherhouse</a> of the Order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paula_of_Rome" title="Paula of Rome">Paula of Rome</a> decided to go and live a hermit's life in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> and founded several monasteries in the Holy Land. This way of life inspired the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Parral" title="Monastery of Santa María del Parral">Monastery of Santa María del Parral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Motherhouse" title="Motherhouse">motherhouse</a> of the Order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Medieval_Europe">Western Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Western Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_Cassino_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Monte_Cassino_Abbey.jpg/220px-Monte_Cassino_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Monte_Cassino_Abbey.jpg/330px-Monte_Cassino_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Monte_Cassino_Abbey.jpg/440px-Monte_Cassino_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7374" data-file-height="4244" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a>, originally built by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a>, shown here as rebuilt after World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>The life of prayer and communal living was one of rigorous schedules and self-sacrifice. Prayer was their work, and the Office prayers took up much of a monk's waking hours – <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauds" title="Lauds">Lauds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_(liturgy)" title="Prime (liturgy)">Prime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terce" title="Terce">Terce</a>, daily Mass, <a href="/wiki/Sext" title="Sext">Sext</a>, <a href="/wiki/None_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="None (liturgy)">None</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a>. In between prayers, monks were allowed to sit in the cloister and work on their projects of writing, copying, or decorating books. These would have been assigned based on a monk's abilities and interests. The non-scholastic types were assigned to physical labour of varying degrees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The main meal of the day took place around noon, often taken at a <a href="/wiki/Refectory_table" title="Refectory table">refectory table</a>, and consisted of the most simple and bland foods e.g., poached fish, boiled oats. While they ate, scripture would be read from a pulpit above them. Since no other words were allowed to be spoken, monks developed communicative gestures. Abbots and notable guests were honoured with a seat at the high table, while everyone else sat perpendicular to that in the order of seniority. This practice remained when some monasteries became universities after the first millennium, and can still be seen at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Monasteries were important contributors to the surrounding community. They were centres of intellectual progression and education. They welcomed aspiring priests to come and study and learn, allowing them even to challenge doctrine in dialogue with superiors. The earliest forms of <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> are attributed to a monk named <a href="/wiki/Notker_of_St_Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Notker of St Gall">Notker of St Gall</a>, and was spread to musicians throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> by way of the interconnected monasteries. Since monasteries offered respite for weary <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrim</a> travellers, monks were obligated also to care for their injuries or emotional needs. Over time, lay people started to make <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> <i>to</i> monasteries instead of just using them as a stopover. By this time, they had sizeable libraries that attracted learned tourists. Families would donate a son in return for blessings. During the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plagues</a>, monks helped to till the fields and provide food for the sick.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A Warming House is a common part of a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> monastery, where monks went to warm themselves. It was often the only room in the monastery where a fire was lit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic">Catholic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catholic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg/220px-Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg/330px-Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg/440px-Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Mont-Saint-Michel vu du ciel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrykow_former_Cistercian_abbey_2019_P05_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Henrykow_former_Cistercian_abbey_2019_P05_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Henrykow_former_Cistercian_abbey_2019_P05_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Henrykow_former_Cistercian_abbey_2019_P05_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Henrykow_former_Cistercian_abbey_2019_P05_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Henrykow_former_Cistercian_abbey_2019_P05_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Henrykow_former_Cistercian_abbey_2019_P05_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Monastery_Complex_in_Henryk%C3%B3w" title="Cistercian Monastery Complex in Henryków">Cistercian Monastery Complex in Henryków</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:595viki_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/595viki_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg/220px-595viki_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/595viki_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg/330px-595viki_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/595viki_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg/440px-595viki_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC_Abbey" title="Lubiąż Abbey">Lubiąż Abbey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krzeszow_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Krzeszow_03.jpg/220px-Krzeszow_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Krzeszow_03.jpg/330px-Krzeszow_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Krzeszow_03.jpg/440px-Krzeszow_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5944" data-file-height="3952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krzesz%C3%B3w_Abbey" title="Krzeszów Abbey">Krzeszów Abbey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of distinct <a href="/wiki/Monastic_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic order">monastic orders</a> developed within Roman Catholicism: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldolese</a> monks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross</a>, priests and brothers, all of whom live together like monks according to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St. Augustine">Rule of St. Augustine</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermits_of_the_Most_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Hermits of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel">Carmelite hermits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelite nuns</a> (from the Ancient Observance and <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced branch</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian Order</a>, with monks and nuns (both of the Original Observance and of the <a href="/wiki/Trappist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trappist">Trappist</a> reform);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno" title="Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno">Monks and Sisters of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minim_(religious_order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minim (religious order)">Order of Minims</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Paola" title="Francis of Paola">Francis of Paola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Order of Saint Benedict</a>, known as the Benedictine monks and nuns, founded by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Scholastica" title="Scholastica">Scholastica</a>, stresses manual labour in self-subsistent monasteries. See also: <a href="/wiki/Cluniac_Reforms" title="Cluniac Reforms">Cluniac Reforms</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Order of Saint Claire</a>, best known as the Poor Clares (of all the observances);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Order of Saint Jerome</a>, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paula_of_Rome" title="Paula of Rome">Paula of Rome</a>, known as the Hieronymite monks and nuns;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit" title="Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit">Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit</a>, known as the Pauline Fathers;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, also known as Sisters of the Annunciation or Annociades, founded by <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_France,_Duchess_of_Berry" title="Joan of France, Duchess of Berry">Joan of France</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Order of the Carthusians</a>, a hermitical religious order founded by <a href="/wiki/Bruno_of_Cologne" title="Bruno of Cologne">Bruno of Cologne</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Immaculate Conception">Order of the Immaculate Conception</a>, also known as the Conceptionists, founded by <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Silva" title="Beatrice of Silva">Beatrice of Silva</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Order of the Most Holy Annunciation</a>, also known as Turchine Nuns or Blue Nuns, founded by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Vittoria_De_Fornari_Strata" title="Maria Vittoria De Fornari Strata">Maria Vittoria De Fornari Strata</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgettines" title="Bridgettines">Order of the Most Holy Savior</a>, known as Bridgettine nuns and monks, founded by <a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary</a>, known as the Visitandine nuns, founded by <a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Frances_de_Chantal" title="Jane Frances de Chantal">Jane Frances de Chantal</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Passionist">Passionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensian" class="mw-redirect" title="Premonstratensian">Premonstratensian canons</a> ("The White Canons")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironensian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tironensian">Tironensian monks</a> ("The Grey Monks")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valliscaulian" class="mw-redirect" title="Valliscaulian">Valliscaulian monks</a></li></ul> <p>While in English most <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendicant Order">mendicant Orders</a> use the monastic terms of monastery or <a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">priory</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Latin languages</a>, the term used by the <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a> for their houses is <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>conventus</i>, e.g., (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">convento</i>) or (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">couvent</i>), meaning "gathering place". The <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> rarely use the term "monastery" at present, preferring to call their house a "friary". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Eastern Christian monasticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meteora_Monastery_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Meteora_Monastery_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Meteora_Monastery_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Meteora_Monastery_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/330px-Meteora_Monastery_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Meteora_Monastery_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/440px-Meteora_Monastery_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Varlaam" title="Monastery of Varlaam">Monastery of Varlaam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meteora" title="Meteora">Meteora</a>, Thessaly, Greece.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athos_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Athos_13.jpg/220px-Athos_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Athos_13.jpg/330px-Athos_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Athos_13.jpg/440px-Athos_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Athos" class="mw-disambig" title="Athos">Athos</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic Church">Eastern Catholic Church</a>, both monks and nuns follow a similar <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> discipline, and even their <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">religious habit</a> is the same (though nuns wear an extra veil, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolnik" title="Apostolnik">apostolnik</a></i>). Unlike <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> monasticism, the Eastern Orthodox do not have distinct religious orders, but a single monastic form throughout the Eastern Orthodox Church. Monastics, male or female, live away from the world, in order to pray for the world. </p><p>Monasteries vary from the very large to the very small. There are three types of monastic houses in the Eastern Orthodox Church: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Cenobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenobium">cenobium</a> is a monastic community where monks live together, work together, and pray together, following the directions of an abbot and the elder monks. The concept of the cenobitic life is that when many men (or women) live together in a monastic context, like rocks with sharp edges, their "sharpness" becomes worn away and they become smooth and polished. The largest monasteries can hold many thousands of monks and are called <i><a href="/wiki/Lavra" title="Lavra">lavras</a></i>. In the cenobium the <a href="/wiki/Daily_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily office">daily office</a>, work and meals are all done in common.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Skete" title="Skete">skete</a> is a small monastic establishment that usually consist of one elder and two or three disciples. In the skete most prayer and work are done in private, coming together on Sundays and <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast days</a>. Thus, skete life has elements of both solitude and community, and for this reason is called the "middle way".</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> is a monk who practises asceticism but lives in solitude rather than in a monastic community.</li></ul> <p>One of the great centres of Eastern Orthodox monasticism is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, which, like <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, is self-governing. It is located on an isolated peninsula approximately 20 miles (32 km) long and 5 miles (8.0 km) wide, and is administered by the heads of the 20 monasteries. Today the population of the Holy Mountain is around 2,200 men only and can only be visited by men with special permission granted by both the Greek government and the government of the Holy Mountain itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oriental_Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oriental Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haghpat_monastery_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Haghpat_monastery_04.JPG/220px-Haghpat_monastery_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Haghpat_monastery_04.JPG/330px-Haghpat_monastery_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Haghpat_monastery_04.JPG/440px-Haghpat_monastery_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haghpat_Monastery" title="Haghpat Monastery">Haghpat Monastery</a>, Armenia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betremariam_Monastery_(Tana)_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Betremariam_Monastery_%28Tana%29_Entrance.jpg/220px-Betremariam_Monastery_%28Tana%29_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Betremariam_Monastery_%28Tana%29_Entrance.jpg/330px-Betremariam_Monastery_%28Tana%29_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Betremariam_Monastery_%28Tana%29_Entrance.jpg/440px-Betremariam_Monastery_%28Tana%29_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Betremariam Monastery (Tana) Entrance</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches, distinguished by their <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysite</a> beliefs, consist of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> (whose Patriarch is considered first among equals for the following churches), <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Indian Orthodox Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> of Antioch. </p><p>The monasteries of St. Macarius (<i><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Macarius_the_Great" title="Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great">Deir Abu Makaria</a></i>) and St. Anthony (<i><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony" title="Monastery of Saint Anthony">Deir Mar Antonios</a></i>) are the oldest monasteries in the world and under the patronage of the Patriarch of the Coptic Orthodox Church.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last years of the 18th century marked in the Christian Church the beginnings of growth of monasticism among <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations. The center of this movement was in the United States and Canada beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shaker</a> Church, which was founded in England and then moved to the United States. In the 19th century many of these monastic societies were founded as Utopian communities based on the monastic model in many cases. Aside from the Shakers, there were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amanna (page does not exist)">Amanna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptists</a>, and others. Many did allow marriage but most had a policy of <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> and communal life in which members shared all things communally and disavowed personal ownership. </p><p>In the 19th-century monasticism was revived in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, leading to the foundation of such institutions as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="House of the Resurrection">House of the Resurrection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirfield" title="Mirfield">Mirfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Resurrection" title="Community of the Resurrection">Community of the Resurrection</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nashdom_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashdom Abbey">Nashdom Abbey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleeve_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleeve Priory (page does not exist)">Cleeve Priory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Glorious_Ascension" title="Community of the Glorious Ascension">Community of the Glorious Ascension</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ewell_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewell Monastery">Ewell Monastery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> orders, <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> orders and the Orders of the Holy Cross, Order of St. Helena. Other Protestant Christian denominations also engage in monasticism, particularly Lutherans in Europe and North America. For example, the Benedictine order of the Holy Cross at St Augustine's House in Michigan is a Lutheran order of monks and there are Lutheran religious communities in Sweden and Germany. In the 1960s, experimental monastic groups were formed in which both men and women were members of the same house and also were permitted to be married and have children – these were operated on a communal form.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trends_2">Trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a growing Christian <a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">neo-monasticism</a>, particularly among evangelical Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advaita_Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Advaita Vedanta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg/220px-Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg/330px-Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg/440px-Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Hindu <a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">matha</a>, Vidyasankara Temple</figcaption></figure> <p>In Hinduism, monks have existed for a long time, and with them, their respective monasteries, called <a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">mathas</a>. Important among them are the chatur-amnaya mathas established by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> which formed the nodal centres of under whose guidance the ancient Order of Advaitin monks were re-organised under ten names of the <a href="/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashanami Sampradaya">Dashanami Sampradaya</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Math" title="Ramakrishna Math">Ramakrishna Math</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Vaishnava">Sri Vaishnava</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sri Vaishnava"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parakala_Mutt_-_as_it_stands_today.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Parakala_Mutt_-_as_it_stands_today.jpg/220px-Parakala_Mutt_-_as_it_stands_today.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Parakala_Mutt_-_as_it_stands_today.jpg/330px-Parakala_Mutt_-_as_it_stands_today.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Parakala_Mutt_-_as_it_stands_today.jpg/440px-Parakala_Mutt_-_as_it_stands_today.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Parakala Mutt – as it stands today</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> heralded a new era in the world of Hinduism by reviving the lost faith in it and gave a firm doctrinal basis to the <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> philosophy which had existed since time immemorial. He ensured the establishment of a number of <a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">mathas</a> of his <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Vaishnava">Sri Vaishnava</a> creed at different important centres of pilgrimage. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emar_Matha" title="Emar Matha">Emar Matha</a> at <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a></li> <li>Sriranga Narayana Jeeyar Mutt at <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a></li> <li>Tirumala Pedda Jeeyangar Mutt at <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a></li></ul> <p>Later on, other famous Sri Vaishnava theologians and religious heads established various important mathas such as </p> <ul><li>Vanamamalai Mutt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakala_Mutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Parakala Mutt">Parakala Mutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahobila_Mutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahobila Mutt">Ahobila Mutt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nimbarka_Vaishnava">Nimbarka Vaishnava</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nimbarka Vaishnava"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG/220px-Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG/330px-Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG/440px-Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Ukhra Nimbarka Peeth Mahanta Asthal</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> of Nimbarkacharya is popular in North, West and East India and has several important Mathas. </p> <ul><li>Nimbarakacharya Peeth at Salemabad, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li>Kathia Baba ka Sthaan at <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukhra_Mahanta_Asthal" title="Ukhra Mahanta Asthal">Ukhra Mahanta Asthal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ukhra" title="Ukhra">Ukhra</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li>Howrah Nimbarka Ashram at <a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dvaita_Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dvaita Vedanta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ashta_matha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashta matha">Ashta matha</a> (eight monasteries) of <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a> were founded by <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> (Madhwa acharya), a <a href="/wiki/Dwaitha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwaitha">dwaitha</a> philosopher. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaud_Saraswat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaud Saraswat">Gaud Saraswat</a> Math</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Math" title="Kashi Math">Kashi Math</a> at <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokarna_Math" title="Gokarna Math">Gokarna Math</a> at Canacona, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jainism">Jainism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570 BC</span>, had its own monasteries since 5th century BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sufism">Sufism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sufism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islam discourages monasticism, which is referred to in the Quran as "an invention".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term "Sufi" is applied to Muslim mystics who, as a means of achieving union with Allah, adopted ascetic practices including wearing a garment made of coarse wool called "sf".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>" comes from "sf" meaning the person, who wears "sf".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the course of time, Sufi has come to designate all Muslim believers in mystic union.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monasteries_in_literature">Monasteries in literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Monasteries in literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gregory_Lewis" title="Matthew Gregory Lewis">Matthew Lewis</a>' 1796 Gothic Novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monk" title="The Monk">The Monk</a></i> has as parts of its setting both a fictional monastery and nunnery in Spain at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. Many have interpreted Lewis' novel as a critique of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> sets the latter half of her 1818 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Northanger_Abbey" title="Northanger Abbey">Northanger Abbey</a></i> in an out of use monastery, reflecting on <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>'s abolition of monasticism in England and the contemporary abolition of monasticism in France in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convents for female monastics, or nunneries, were often portrayed as punishments for women unable or unwilling to marry.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1880 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">The Brothers Karamazov</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a> was heavily inspired by real-life accounts of Orthodox monasticism. Parts of the novel focus in particular on the controversy surrounding the institution of "elderhood" in Orthodox Monasticism. Dostoyevsky's understanding of the tradition of elderhood is taken largely from <i>Life of Elder Leonid of Optina</i> by Father Kliment Zeder-gol'm, from which he quotes directly in chapter 5, book 1 of the Brother's Karamazov.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnapura_matha" title="Krishnapura matha">Krishnapura matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbeys_and_priories" title="List of abbeys and priories">List of abbeys and priories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">List of Buddhist temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monasteries_of_the_Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="List of monasteries of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">List of monasteries of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">Religious order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_(architecture)" title="Rota (architecture)">Rota (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivalli">Shivalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">Vihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wudangshan">Wudangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Leonid of Optina As a Source of Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov"</a>. <i>The Russian Review</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 443–455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F130525">10.2307/130525</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0341">0036-0341</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/130525">130525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Zedergol%27m%27s+Life+of+Elder+Leonid+of+Optina+As+a+Source+of+Dostoevsky%27s+The+Brothers+Karamazov&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=443-455&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0036-0341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F130525%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F130525&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rft.au=Zedergol%27m&rft.au=Dostoevsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F130525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/monastery" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/monastery">monastery</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfish.net/monastics/monastics.html">Public Domain photographs and texts, and information regarding medieval monasteries.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaticanoweb.com/monasteri/initalia.asp">Monastery Italy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20161220065937/http://monasteries.org.ua/en/searchmonasteries">Monasteries Search</a> – UOC Synod Commission for Monasteries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20161220065938/http://monasteries.org.ua/en/geomaps/gmap">Google-map</a> – UOC Synod Commission for Monasteries</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monastic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism" title="Cenobitic monasticism">Cenobitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">Chapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders" title="Enclosed religious orders">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiorrhythmic_monasticism" title="Idiorrhythmic monasticism">Idiorrhythmic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons regular">Canons regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">Mendicants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_order_(religious)" title="Second order (religious)">Second orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleric_regular" title="Cleric regular">Cleric regular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_congregation" title="Religious congregation">Congregations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_institute" title="Secular institute">Secular institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">Society of apostolic life</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/70px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/105px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/140px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">Vows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">Evangelical counsels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Vow of poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_chastity" class="mw-redirect" title="Vow of chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_obedience" title="Vow of obedience">Obedience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_profession" title="Religious profession">Profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">Solemn vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_silence" title="Vow of silence">Vow of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_Enclosure" title="Vow of Enclosure">Vow of enclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monastery</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_abbeys_and_priories" title="List of abbeys and priories">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">Chapter house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">Cloister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_monastery" title="Double monastery">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">Refectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">Scriptorium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">Habit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_clothing" title="Clerical clothing">Clerical clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Vestment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_General_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a>/<a href="/wiki/Prioress" class="mw-redirect" title="Prioress">Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother (Christian)">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_monks" title="Basilian monks">Basilian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sister (Catholic)">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nun#Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">Anchorite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_brother" title="Lay brother">Lay brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_(monastery)" title="Porter (monastery)">Porter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Christianity" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foolishness_for_Christ" title="Foolishness for Christ">Foolishness for Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">Tonsure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_discernment_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Vocational discernment in the Catholic Church">Vocational discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_cell" title="Monastic cell">Monastic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_institutes" title="List of religious institutes">List of religious institutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span 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