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Afar Triangle - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Afar Triangle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afardriehoek" title="Afardriehoek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Afardriehoek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1" title="مثلث العفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مثلث العفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Упадзіна Афар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Упадзіна Афар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Афарска депресия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Афарска депресия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressi%C3%B3_d%27%C3%80far" title="Depressió d&#039;Àfar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Depressió d&#039;Àfar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afarsk%C3%A1_p%C3%A1nev" title="Afarská pánev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Afarská pánev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar-Dreieck" title="Afar-Dreieck – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Afar-Dreieck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresi%C3%B3n_de_Afar" title="Depresión de Afar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Depresión de Afar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afarreko_triangelua" title="Afarreko triangelua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afarreko triangelua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9pression_de_l%27Afar" title="Dépression de l&#039;Afar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dépression de l&#039;Afar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log%C3%A1n_Afarach" title="Logán Afarach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Logán Afarach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4_%EC%82%BC%EA%B0%81%EC%A7%80%EB%8C%80" title="아파르 삼각지대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아파르 삼각지대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="अफ़ार द्रोणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफ़ार द्रोणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afarski_trokut" title="Afarski trokut – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Afarski trokut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresi_Afar" title="Depresi Afar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Depresi Afar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancalia" title="Dancalia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dancalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A9_%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="משולש עפר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משולש עפר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af%C4%81ras_ieplaka" title="Afāras ieplaka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Afāras ieplaka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar%C5%B3_%C4%AFduba" title="Afarų įduba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Afarų įduba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar-medence" title="Afar-medence – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Afar-medence" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അഫാർ ത്രികോണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഫാർ ത്രികോണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekukan_Afar" title="Lekukan Afar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lekukan Afar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danakildepressie" title="Danakildepressie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Danakildepressie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="アファール盆地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アファール盆地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afartriangelet" title="Afartriangelet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Afartriangelet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afarsenkinga" title="Afarsenkinga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Afarsenkinga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%A2ngulo_de_Afar" title="Triângulo de Afar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Triângulo de Afar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresiunea_Afar" title="Depresiunea Afar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Depresiunea Afar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Афарская котловина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Афарская котловина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_Triangle" title="Afar Triangle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Afar Triangle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afarski_trikotnik" title="Afarski trikotnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Afarski trikotnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afarska_depresija" title="Afarska depresija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Afarska depresija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afarska_depresija" title="Afarska depresija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Afarska depresija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afarin_syv%C3%A4nk%C3%B6" title="Afarin syvänkö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Afarin syvänkö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afartriangeln" title="Afartriangeln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Afartriangeln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_%C3%9C%C3%A7geni" title="Afar Üçgeni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afar Üçgeni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Афарська улоговина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Афарська улоговина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%95%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92" title="阿法爾三角 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿法爾三角" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217223#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Afar_Triangle&amp;params=11.5_N_41.0_E_source:frwiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">41°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.5°N 41.0°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">11.5; 41.0</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geological depression caused by the Afar triple junction</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tectonical_map_of_East_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tectonical_map_of_East_Africa.png/310px-Tectonical_map_of_East_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Tectonical_map_of_East_Africa.png 1.5x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Location map of the Afar Triangle (the shaded area in the center of the map) and the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> zones; red triangles show historically active volcanoes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic30deg_N0E30.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Topographic30deg_N0E30.png/310px-Topographic30deg_N0E30.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Topographic30deg_N0E30.png/465px-Topographic30deg_N0E30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Topographic30deg_N0E30.png/620px-Topographic30deg_N0E30.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map showing the Afar Triangle, which corresponds to the shaded area in the location map shown above</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Afar Triangle</b> (also called the <b>Afar Depression</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Geological_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological depression">geological depression</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/Afar_triple_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Afar triple junction">Afar triple junction</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley_(geographical_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Rift Valley (geographical concept)">Great Rift Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. The region has disclosed fossil specimens of the very earliest <a href="/wiki/Hominins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominins">hominins</a>; that is, the earliest of the human clade, and it is thought by some paleontologists to be the cradle of the evolution of humans. The Depression overlaps the borders of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> and the entire <a href="/wiki/Afar_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afar (region)">Afar Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>; and it contains the <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level" title="List of places on land with elevations below sea level">lowest point</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Assal_(Djibouti)" title="Lake Assal (Djibouti)">Lake Assal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, at 155&#160;m (509&#160;ft) below sea level. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Awash_River" title="Awash River">Awash River</a> is the main waterflow into the region, but it runs dry during the annual dry season, and ends as a chain of <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">saline lakes</a>. The northern part of the Afar Depression is also known as the <a href="/wiki/Danakil_Depression" title="Danakil Depression">Danakil Depression</a>. The lowlands are affected by heat, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>, and minimal air circulation, and contain the hottest places (year-round average temperatures) of anywhere on Earth. </p><p>The Afar Triangle is bordered as follows (see the topographic map): on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a>; to the north-east (between it and the Red Sea) by the <a href="/wiki/Danakil_Alps" title="Danakil Alps">Danakil block</a>; to the south by the Somali Plateau and escarpment; and to the south-east by the Ali-Sabieh block (adjoining the Somali Plateau).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many important fossil localities exist in the Afar region, including the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Awash" title="Middle Awash">Middle Awash</a> region and the sites of <a href="/wiki/Hadar,_Ethiopia" title="Hadar, Ethiopia">Hadar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dikika" title="Dikika">Dikika</a>, and Woranso-Mille. These sites have produced specimens of the earliest (fossil) hominins and of human tool culture, as well as many fossils of various flora and fauna. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afar_Triangle&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFAR-MODIS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AFAR-MODIS.jpg/220px-AFAR-MODIS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AFAR-MODIS.jpg/330px-AFAR-MODIS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AFAR-MODIS.jpg/440px-AFAR-MODIS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MODIS" class="mw-redirect" title="MODIS">Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer</a> satellite image of the Afar Depression and surrounding regions of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallol, Ethiopia">Dallol</a> in the Danakil Depression is one of the hottest places year-round anywhere on Earth. There is no rain for most of the year; the yearly rainfall averages range from 100 to 200&#160;mm (4 to 8&#160;in), with even less rain falling closer to the coast. <a href="/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia#Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallol, Ethiopia">Daily mean temperatures at Dallol</a> ranged from 30&#160;°C (86&#160;°F) in January to 39&#160;°C (102&#160;°F) in July in six years of observations from 1960 to 1966. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfarDrape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/AfarDrape.jpg/220px-AfarDrape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/AfarDrape.jpg/330px-AfarDrape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/AfarDrape.jpg/440px-AfarDrape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Perspective view of the Afar Depression and environs, generated by draping a <a href="/wiki/Landsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsat">Landsat</a> image over a <a href="/wiki/Digital_elevation_model" title="Digital elevation model">digital elevation model</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Awash_River" title="Awash River">Awash River</a>, flowing north-eastward through the southern part of the Afar Region, provides a narrow green belt which enables life for the flora and fauna in the area and for the <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afars</a>, the nomadic people living in the <a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil Desert</a>. About 128 kilometres (80&#160;mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> the Awash ends in a chain of salt lakes, where its waterflow evaporates as quickly as it is supplied. Some 1,200&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (460&#160;sq&#160;mi) of the Afar Depression is covered by <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> deposits, and <a href="/wiki/Salt_mining" title="Salt mining">mining salt</a> is a major source of income for many Afar groups. </p><p>The Afar Depression <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> is characterized as <a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">desert scrubland</a>. Vegetation is mostly confined to <a href="/wiki/Xerophyte" title="Xerophyte">drought-resistant plants</a> such as small trees (e.g. species of the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon tree">dragon tree</a>), shrubs, and grasses. Wildlife includes many <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_zebra" title="Grévy&#39;s zebra">Grévy's zebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring&#39;s gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">beisa</a> and, notably, the last viable population of <a href="/wiki/African_wild_ass" title="African wild ass">African wild ass</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Somali_wild_ass" title="Somali wild ass">Equus africanus somalicus</a></i>). </p><p>Birds include the <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a>, the endemic <a href="/wiki/Archer%27s_lark" title="Archer&#39;s lark">Archer's lark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary bird">secretary bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_bustard" title="Arabian bustard">Arabian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kori_bustard" title="Kori bustard">Kori bustards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_roller" title="Abyssinian roller">Abyssinian roller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crested_francolin" title="Crested francolin">crested francolin</a>. In the southern part of the plain lies the <a href="/wiki/Mille-Serdo_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve">Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve</a>. </p><p>The Afar Triangle is a cradle source of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominins</a>. It contains a paleo-archaeological district that includes the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Awash" title="Middle Awash">Middle Awash</a> region and numerous prehistoric sites of fossil hominin discoveries, including: the <a href="/wiki/Hominids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominids">hominids</a> and possible hominins, <a href="/wiki/Ardi" title="Ardi">Ardi</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ardipithecus kadabba</a></i>, see below; the <a href="/wiki/Gawis_cranium" title="Gawis cranium">Gawis cranium</a> hominin from <a href="/wiki/Gona,_Ethiopia" title="Gona, Ethiopia">Gona</a>; several sites of the world's oldest stone tools; <a href="/wiki/Hadar,_Ethiopia" title="Hadar, Ethiopia">Hadar</a>, the site of <a href="/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus)" title="Lucy (Australopithecus)">Lucy</a>, the fossilized specimen of <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a></i>; and <a href="/wiki/Dikika" title="Dikika">Dikika</a>, the site of the fossilized child <a href="/wiki/Selam_(Australopithecus)" title="Selam (Australopithecus)">Selam</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">australopithecine</a> hominin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, near the Awash River in Ethiopia, <a href="/wiki/Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">Tim D. White</a> found the then-oldest known human ancestor: 4.4 million-year-old <i>Ar. ramidus</i>. A fossilized almost complete skeleton of a female hominin which he named "<a href="/wiki/Ardi" title="Ardi">Ardi</a>", it took nearly 15 years to safely excavate, preserve, and describe the specimen and to prepare publication of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afar_Triangle&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afar_triple_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Afar triple junction">Afar triple junction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfarGEOLOGY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AfarGEOLOGY.jpg/350px-AfarGEOLOGY.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AfarGEOLOGY.jpg/525px-AfarGEOLOGY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AfarGEOLOGY.jpg/700px-AfarGEOLOGY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption>A simplified geologic map of the Afar Depression.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Afar Depression is the product of a <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Triple_junction#Examples" title="Triple junction">triple-rifts junction</a> (the Afar triple junction), where the spreading ridges forming the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> emerge on land and meet the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">East African Rift</a>. The conjunction of these three plates of Earth's crust is near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Abbe" title="Lake Abbe">Lake Abbe</a>. The Afar Depression is one of two places on Earth where a <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a> can be studied on land, the other being <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyene_2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyene_2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the triangle, the Earth's crust is slowly rifting apart at a rate of 1–2&#160;cm (0.4–0.8&#160;in) per year along each of the three <a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">rift zones</a> forming the "legs" of the triple junction. The immediate consequences are recurring sequences of earthquakes with deep fissures in the terrain hundreds of metres long, and the valley floor sinking broadly across the depression. During September and October 2005 some 163 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">earthquakes of magnitudes</a> greater than 3.9 and a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruption</a> occurred within the Afar rift at the <a href="/wiki/Dabbahu_Volcano" title="Dabbahu Volcano">Dabbahu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erta_Ale" title="Erta Ale">Erta Ale</a> volcanoes. Some 2.5 cubic kilometers of molten rock was injected from below into the plate along a <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dyke</a> between depths of 2 and 9&#160;km (1 and 6&#160;mi), forcing open an 8&#160;m (26&#160;ft) wide gap on the surface, known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dabbahu_fissure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dabbahu fissure (page does not exist)">Dabbahu fissure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graben_Afar_ASTER_20020327.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Graben_Afar_ASTER_20020327.jpg/220px-Graben_Afar_ASTER_20020327.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Graben_Afar_ASTER_20020327.jpg/330px-Graben_Afar_ASTER_20020327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Graben_Afar_ASTER_20020327.jpg/440px-Graben_Afar_ASTER_20020327.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of a <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a> in the Afar Depression.</figcaption></figure> <p>Related eruptions have taken place in <a href="/wiki/Teru_(woreda)" title="Teru (woreda)">Teru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aura_(woreda)" title="Aura (woreda)">Aura</a> <a href="/wiki/Woredas" class="mw-redirect" title="Woredas">woredas</a>. The rift has recently been recorded by means of three-dimensional laser mapping.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region's salt deposits were created over time as water from the Red Sea periodically flooded the depression and evaporated; the most recent such flood was roughly 30,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Over the next millions of years, geologists expect erosion and the Red Sea to breach the highlands surrounding the Afar Depression and flood the valley. Geologists predict that in about 10 million years the whole 6,000&#160;km (3,700&#160;mi) length of the East African Rift will be submerged, forming a new ocean basin as large as today's Red Sea, and separating the <a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Somali plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> from the rest of the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The floor of the Afar Depression is composed of <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>. One of Earth's five <a href="/wiki/Lava_lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava lakes">lava lakes</a>, Erta Ale is found here, as well as Dabbahu Volcano. It has been proposed that the Afar Depression is underlain by a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plume</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a great upwelling of <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> that melts to yield basalt as it approaches the surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afar_Triangle&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dallol_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallol (volcano)">Dallol</a>&#160;– Terrestrial hydrothermal system of Danakil Depression in northeastern Ethiopia<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">Horst</a>&#160;– Raised fault block bounded by normal faults</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Assal_(Djibouti)" title="Lake Assal (Djibouti)">Lake Assal</a>&#160;– Salt lake below sea level in Djibouti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites" title="List of fossil sites">List of fossil sites</a> <i>(with link directory)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">List of hominini (hominin) fossils</a> <i>(with images)</i></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar people</a>&#160;– Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa who inhabit the region</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afar_Triangle&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afar_Triangle&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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BBC News. 2009-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Inside+the+Hottest+Place+on+Earth&amp;rft.date=2009-03-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7950845.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar+Triangle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00jd5ws">"BBC One – Hottest Place on Earth"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=BBC+One+%E2%80%93+Hottest+Place+on+Earth&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00jd5ws&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar+Triangle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo2012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorell2012" class="citation journal cs1">Morell, Virginia (January 2012). "Hyperactive Zone". <i>National Geographic</i>. <b>221</b> (1): 116–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&amp;rft.atitle=Hyperactive+Zone&amp;rft.volume=221&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=116-127&amp;rft.date=2012-01&amp;rft.aulast=Morell&amp;rft.aufirst=Virginia&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar+Triangle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojanowski2006" class="citation news cs1">Bojanowski, Axel (2006-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,405947,00.html">"Africa's New Ocean: A Continent Splits Apart"</a>. Spiegel Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Africa%27s+New+Ocean%3A+A+Continent+Splits+Apart&amp;rft.date=2006-03-15&amp;rft.aulast=Bojanowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Axel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fspiegel%2F0%2C1518%2C405947%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar+Triangle" class="Z3988"></span> Includes a photo essay of the region and its geologic changes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond, J. O. S., J.- M. Kendall, G. W. Stuart, C. J. Ebinger, I. D. Bastow, D. Keir, A. Ayele, M. Belachew, B. Goitom, G. Ogubazghi, and T. J. Wright. "Mantle Upwelling and Initiation of Rift Segmentation beneath the Afar Depression." Geology 41.6 (2013): 635–38. DOI:10.1130/G33925.1</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afar_Triangle&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarberiBorsiFerraraMarinelli1972" class="citation journal cs1">Barberi, F.; Borsi, S.; Ferrara, G.; Marinelli, G.; Santacroce, R.; Tazieff, H.; Varet, J. (1972). "Evolution of the Danakil Depression (Afar, Ethiopia) in Light of Radiometric Age Determinations". <i>Journal of Geology</i>. <b>80</b> (6): 720–729. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972JG.....80..720B">1972JG.....80..720B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F627797">10.1086/627797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128757919">128757919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geology&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Danakil+Depression+%28Afar%2C+Ethiopia%29+in+Light+of+Radiometric+Age+Determinations&amp;rft.volume=80&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=720-729&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128757919%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F627797&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972JG.....80..720B&amp;rft.aulast=Barberi&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.au=Borsi%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Ferrara%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Marinelli%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Santacroce%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Tazieff%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Varet%2C+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar+Triangle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojanowski2006" class="citation news cs1">Bojanowski, Axel (2006-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,405947,00.html">"Africa's New Ocean: A Continent Splits Apart"</a>. Spiegel Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Africa%27s+New+Ocean%3A+A+Continent+Splits+Apart&amp;rft.date=2006-03-15&amp;rft.aulast=Bojanowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Axel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fspiegel%2F0%2C1518%2C405947%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar+Triangle" class="Z3988"></span> Includes a photo essay of the region and its geologic changes.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloos1982" class="citation journal cs1">Kloos, Helmut (1982). "Development, drought and famine in the Awash valley of Ethiopia". <i><a href="/wiki/African_Studies_Review" title="African Studies Review">African Studies Review</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): 21–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F524399">10.2307/524399</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/524399">524399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=African+Studies+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Development%2C+drought+and+famine+in+the+Awash+valley+of+Ethiopia&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=21-48&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F524399&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F524399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Kloos&amp;rft.aufirst=Helmut&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar+Triangle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1305">"Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&amp;rft.atitle=Ethiopian+xeric+grasslands+and+shrublands&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat1305&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar+Triangle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jon Kalb: <i>Adventures in the Bone Trade. The Race to Discover Human Ancestors in Ethiopia's Afar Depression.</i> Copernicus Books, New York 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98742-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-98742-8">0-387-98742-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeangene_VilmerGouery2011" class="citation book cs1">Jeangene Vilmer, Jean-Baptiste; Gouery, Franck (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731230922/http://www.afars-danakil.fr/"><i>Les Afars d'Éthiopie. Dans l'enfer du Danakil</i></a>. Non lieu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782352701088" title="Special:BookSources/9782352701088"><bdi>9782352701088</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afars-danakil.fr">the original</a> on 2013-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Afars+d%27%C3%89thiopie.+Dans+l%27enfer+du+Danakil&amp;rft.pub=Non+lieu&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=9782352701088&amp;rft.aulast=Jeangene+Vilmer&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&amp;rft.au=Gouery%2C+Franck&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afars-danakil.fr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar+Triangle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afar_Triangle&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928202802/http://www.ethiopar.net/type/English/basinfo/infoafar.htm#TopClimate">The Ethiopian state of Afar: Topography and Climate</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731230922/http://www.afars-danakil.fr/">Photos of Afars and Danakil</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010623195328/http://www.erta-ale.org/photos_volcan.html">Photos of Erta Ale, Hotsprings at Dallol and Danakil</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/en/index.php?id=1514&amp;L=1">Huge collection of (3000) photos from different expeditions in the Dallol, Erta Ale and Danakil regions</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danakil.ethiopia.free.fr">Photos of Afar Depression: between Ethiopia and Djibouti</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethiopianrift.igg.cnr.it">Web site of Main Ethiopian Rift</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001154553/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/331389/title/Death_of_a_Continent,Birth_of_an_Ocean">Science news: Death of a Continent, Birth of an Ocean</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_African_geological_formations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_African_geological_formations" title="Template:Major African geological formations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_African_geological_formations" title="Template talk:Major African geological formations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_African_geological_formations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major African geological formations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_African_geological_formations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major African geological formations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Major plates: <a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African plate</a></li> <li>Minor plates: <a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Somali plate</a></li> <li>Microplates: <a href="/wiki/Lwandle_plate" title="Lwandle plate">Lwandle plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_plate" title="Madagascar plate">Madagascar plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovuma_plate" title="Rovuma plate">Rovuma plate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seychelles_plate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Seychelles plate (page does not exist)">Seychelles plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Microplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Microplate">Victoria Microplate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">Cratons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shield_(geology)" title="Shield (geology)">shields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian-Nubian_Shield" title="Arabian-Nubian Shield">Arabian-Nubian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaapvaal_Craton" title="Kaapvaal Craton">Kaapvaal Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalahari Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Metacraton" title="Saharan Metacraton">Saharan Metacraton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Craton" title="Tanzania Craton">Tanzania Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_Shield" title="Tuareg Shield">Tuareg Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Craton" title="West African Craton">West African Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Craton" title="Zimbabwe Craton">Zimbabwe Craton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shear_zone" title="Shear zone">Shear zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswa_Dislocation" title="Aswa Dislocation">Aswa Dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broodkop_Shear_Zone&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Broodkop Shear Zone (page does not exist)">Broodkop Shear Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Shear_Zone" title="Central African Shear Zone">Central African Shear Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuan_Shear_Zones&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuan Shear Zones (page does not exist)">Chuan Shear Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foumban_Shear_Zone" title="Foumban Shear Zone">Foumban Shear Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandi_Fault_Zone" title="Kandi Fault Zone">Kandi Fault Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwembeshi_Shear_Zone" title="Mwembeshi Shear Zone">Mwembeshi Shear Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Todi_Shear_Zone&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Todi Shear Zone (page does not exist)">Todi Shear Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Meseta_Shear_Zone&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Meseta Shear Zone (page does not exist)">Western Meseta Shear Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Orogen">Orogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damara_orogeny" title="Damara orogeny">Damara Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Orogeny" title="East African Orogeny">East African Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburnean_orogeny" title="Eburnean orogeny">Eburnean Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwanide_orogeny" title="Gondwanide orogeny">Gondwanide Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibaran_orogeny" title="Kibaran orogeny">Kibaran Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuunga_orogeny" title="Kuunga orogeny">Kuunga Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanide_Belt" title="Mauritanide Belt">Mauritanide Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_orogeny" title="Pan-African orogeny">Pan-African orogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis_Orogen" title="Terra Australis Orogen">Terra Australis Orogen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">Rifts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afar Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anza_trough" title="Anza trough">Anza trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Arab_rift" title="Bahr el Arab rift">Bahr el Arab rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benue_Trough" title="Benue Trough">Benue Trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_rift" title="Blue Nile rift">Blue Nile rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez_Rift" title="Gulf of Suez Rift">Gulf of Suez Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamu_Embayment&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamu Embayment (page does not exist)">Lamu Embayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melut_Basin" title="Melut Basin">Melut Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muglad_Basin" title="Muglad Basin">Muglad Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Rift" title="Red Sea Rift">Red Sea Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangha_aulacogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangha aulacogen (page does not exist)">Sangha Aulacogen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atbara_rift&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Atbara rift (page does not exist)">Atbara rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urema_Valley" title="Urema Valley">Urema Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_and_Central_African_Rift_System" title="West and Central African Rift System">West and Central African Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Nile_rift" title="White Nile rift">White Nile rift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Basin" title="Angola Basin">Angola Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoukar" title="Aoukar">Aoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Basin" title="Blue Nile Basin">Blue Nile Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douala_Basin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Douala Basin (page does not exist)">Douala Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Djouf" title="El Djouf">El Djouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Karoo Basin">Karoo Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabon_Basin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabon Basin (page does not exist)">Gabon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iullemmeden_Basin" title="Iullemmeden Basin">Iullemmeden Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kufra_Basin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kufra Basin (page does not exist)">Kufra Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murzuq_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Murzuq Basin">Murzuq Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger Delta Basin">Niger Delta Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_Basin" title="Ogaden Basin">Ogaden Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_River_Basin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Orange River Basin (page does not exist)">Orange River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Abdoun_Basin" title="Ouled Abdoun Basin">Ouled Abdoun Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owambo_Basin" title="Owambo Basin">Owambo Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggane_Basin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reggane Basin (page does not exist)">Reggane Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_del_Rey_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio del Rey Basin">Rio del Rey Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Basin" title="Sirte Basin">Sirte Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_Coastal_Basin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Somali Coastal Basin (page does not exist)">Somali Coastal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoudeni_Basin" title="Taoudeni Basin">Taoudeni Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzania_Coastal_Basin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanzania Coastal Basin (page does not exist)">Tanzania Coastal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindouf_Basin" title="Tindouf Basin">Tindouf Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_Basin" title="Turkana Basin">Turkana Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Mountain ranges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aurès Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambouk_Mountains" title="Bambouk Mountains">Bambouk Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Niger)" title="Blue Mountains (Niger)">Blue Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_line" title="Cameroon line">Cameroon line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pangean_Mountains" title="Central Pangean Mountains">Central Pangean Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaillu_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaillu Mountains">Chaillu Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arc_Mountains" title="Eastern Arc Mountains">Eastern Arc Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rift_mountains" title="Eastern Rift mountains">Eastern Rift mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Escarpment,_Southern_Africa" title="Great Escarpment, Southern Africa">Great Escarpment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Karas_Mountains" title="Great Karas Mountains">Great Karas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Highlands" title="Guinea Highlands">Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoggar_Mountains" title="Hoggar Mountains">Hoggar Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imatong_Mountains" title="Imatong Mountains">Imatong Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Uweinat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Uweinat">Jebel Uweinat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_Mountains" title="Loma Mountains">Loma Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_Mountains" title="Mandara Mountains">Mandara Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrah_Mountains" title="Marrah Mountains">Marrah Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitumba_Mountains" title="Mitumba Mountains">Mitumba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountains" title="Rwenzori Mountains">Rwenzori Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankwala_Mountains" title="Sankwala Mountains">Sankwala Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Leba" title="Serra da Leba">Serra da Leba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Chela" title="Serra da Chela">Serra da Chela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teffedest_Mountains" title="Teffedest Mountains">Teffedest Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inselberg" title="Inselberg">Inselbergs</a> (aka koppie)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Atlas" title="Anti-Atlas">Anti-Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gorongosa" title="Mount Gorongosa">Mount Gorongosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurtha_Tableland" title="Jugurtha Tableland">Jugurtha Tableland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mabu" title="Mount Mabu">Mount Mabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulanje_Massif" title="Mulanje Massif">Mulanje Massif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Ni%C3%A9nokou%C3%A9" title="Mont Niénokoué">Mont Niénokoué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wase_Rock" title="Wase Rock">Wase Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuma_Rock" title="Zuma Rock">Zuma Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inselbergs" title="List of inselbergs">List of inselbergs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Africa">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Lopez" title="Cape Lopez">Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayombe" title="Mayombe">Mayombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbaise" title="Mbaise">Mbaise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_Malebo" title="Pool Malebo">Pool Malebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Highlands_forests" title="Cameroonian Highlands forests">Cameroonian Highlands forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolian_rainforests" title="Congolian rainforests">Congolian rainforests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_highlands" title="Ouaddaï highlands">Ouaddaï highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift" title="Albertine Rift">Albertine Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Rift" title="Gregory Rift">Gregory Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_lakes" title="Rift Valley lakes">Rift Valley lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavirondo" title="Kavirondo">Kavirondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_montane_forests" title="East African montane forests">East African montane forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arc_Mountains" title="Eastern Arc Mountains">Eastern Arc Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afar Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Habash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Habash">Al-Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbaria_(East_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaria (East Africa)">Barbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Alps" title="Danakil Alps">Danakil Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoro_Islands" title="Comoro Islands">Comoro Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_Archipelago" title="Lamu Archipelago">Lamu Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Madagascar)" title="Central Highlands (Madagascar)">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Highlands" title="Northern Highlands">Northern Highlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Archipelago" title="Zanzibar Archipelago">Zanzibar Archipelago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashmur" title="Bashmur">Bashmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">Cataracts of the Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sudans" title="The Sudans">The Sudans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembuland" title="Thembuland">Thembuland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_Karoo" title="Nama Karoo">Nama Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputaland" title="Maputaland">Maputaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_coastal_belt" title="Indian Ocean coastal belt">Indian Ocean coastal belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_thickets" title="Albany thickets">Albany thickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_Coast" title="Skeleton Coast">Skeleton Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Coast" title="Pepper Coast">Pepper Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Palmas" title="Cape Palmas">Cape Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Mesurado" title="Cape Mesurado">Cape Mesurado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Forests_of_West_Africa" title="Guinean Forests of West Africa">Guinean Forests of West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Guinean_forests" title="Upper Guinean forests">Upper Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Guinean_forests" title="Lower Guinean forests">Lower Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Highlands" title="Guinea Highlands">Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey_Gap" title="Dahomey Gap">Dahomey Gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afromontane" title="Afromontane">Afromontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guineo-Congolian_region" title="Guineo-Congolian region">Guineo-Congolian region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Africa" title="Islands of Africa">Islands of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">List of countries where Arabic is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MENASA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENASA">MENASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miombo_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Miombo woodlands">Miombo woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroland" title="Negroland">Negroland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Portuguese-speaking African countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan (region)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Africa">Tropical Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezian_region" title="Zambezian region">Zambezian region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.5°N 41.0°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">11.5; 41.0</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐l9hhh Cached time: 20241124000129 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.682 seconds Real time usage: 0.913 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2505/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 70612/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 979/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 70699/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.452/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 25326027/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 764.975 1 -total 22.63% 173.133 6 Template:Annotated_link 20.36% 155.786 1 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