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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Biografie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan,_1779-84" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan,_1779-84"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Japan, 1779-84</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan,_1779-84-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India,_1785-1792" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India,_1785-1792"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>India, 1785-1792</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India,_1785-1792-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batavia,_1792-1793" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batavia,_1792-1793"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Batavia, 1792-1793</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batavia,_1792-1793-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China,_1794-1795" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China,_1794-1795"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>China, 1794-1795</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China,_1794-1795-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_terugkeer_naar_Europa,_1796-1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_terugkeer_naar_Europa,_1796-1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>De terugkeer naar Europa, 1796-1812</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_terugkeer_naar_Europa,_1796-1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nalatenschap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nalatenschap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nalatenschap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nalatenschap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Isaac Titsingh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 27 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="اسحاق تدينج – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسحاق تدينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ایزاک تیتسینگ – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزاک تیتسینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A7_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="איזק טיטסינג – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איזק טיטסינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="イサーク・ティチング – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イサーク・ティチング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Титсинг, Исаак – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Титсинг, Исаак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%92%82%E8%BF%9B" title="伊萨克·蒂进 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊萨克·蒂进" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%82%E8%BF%9B" title="蒂进 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒂进" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Opperhoofd_Titsingh_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Opperhoofd_Titsingh_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="172" /></a><figcaption>Japanse portret in de westerse stijl, 18e eeuw</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Isaac</b> (of <b>Isaäc</b>) <b><a href="/wiki/Titsingh" title="Titsingh">Titsingh</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_januari" title="10 januari">10 januari</a> <a href="/wiki/1745" title="1745">1745</a> – <a href="/wiki/Parijs" title="Parijs">Parijs</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_februari" title="2 februari">2 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</a>) was een Nederlands chirurg, geleerde, koopvaardij-handelaar en ambassadeur.<sup id="cite_ref-nussbaum966_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nussbaum966-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tijdens een lange carrière in Oost-Azië, was Titsingh een hogere ambtenaar van de <a href="/wiki/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie" title="Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie">Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</a> (VOC). Hij vertegenwoordigde het in heel <a href="/wiki/Europa_(werelddeel)" title="Europa (werelddeel)">Europa</a> en <a href="/wiki/Azi%C3%AB" title="Azië">Azië</a> opererende bedrijf in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, en had daar exclusief officieel contact met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokugawa_Ieharu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokugawa Ieharu (de pagina bestaat niet)">Tokugawa Ieharu</a>, de tiende <i><a href="/wiki/Shogun_(titulatuur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogun (titulatuur)">shogun</a></i> van dat land. Hij reisde tweemaal naar <a href="/wiki/Edo_(Japan)" title="Edo (Japan)">Edo</a> voor audiëntie bij de <i>shogun</i> en andere hoge <i><a href="/wiki/Bakufu" title="Bakufu">bakufu</a></i>-ambtenaren. Later was hij de <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_directeurs_van_Bengalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijst van directeurs van Bengalen">directeur</a> van de <a href="/wiki/VOC_in_Bengalen" title="VOC in Bengalen">VOC in Bengalen</a>. Titsingh werkte met zijn tegenhanger, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a>, gouverneur-generaal van de <a href="/wiki/Britse_Oost-Indische_Compagnie" title="Britse Oost-Indische Compagnie">Britse Oost-Indische Compagnie</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a> vertegenwoordigde Titsingh met succes de Nederlandse en VOC-belangen in <a href="/wiki/Chinees_keizerrijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinees keizerrijk">China</a>, waar zijn ontvangst bij het hof van de keizer <a href="/wiki/Qianlong" title="Qianlong">Qianlong</a> (ook bekend onder de naam Chien-lung) in sterk contrast stond met het afwijzen van de Britse gezant <a href="/wiki/George_Macartney" title="George Macartney">George Macartney</a> vlak voor de viering van Qianlongs zestigjarig keizerschap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan,_1779-84"><span id="Japan.2C_1779-84"></span>Japan, 1779-84</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Japan, 1779-84" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Japan, 1779-84"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Titsingh was de belangrijkste vertegenwoordiger of "<a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_opperhoofden_van_Dejima" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijst van opperhoofden van Dejima">Opperhoofd</a>" van de VOC in Japan in 1779-80, 1781-83, en 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-nussbaum966_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nussbaum966-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Het bijzondere belang van het hoofd van VOC in Japan tijdens deze periode werd vergroot door het Japanse beleid van door de <i><a href="/wiki/Bakufu" title="Bakufu">bakufu</a></i> opgelegde isolatie, de <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a>. In verband met pogingen tot bekeren, mochten Europeanen op straffe des doods geen voet meer zetten op Japans grondgebied. De enige uitzondering op deze "gesloten deur"-politiek, was de VOC-factorij (handelspost) op het kunstmatige <a href="/wiki/Eiland" title="Eiland">eiland</a> <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a> in de baai van <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_(stad)" title="Nagasaki (stad)">Nagasaki</a> op het zuidelijke Japanse eiland <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>. In deze streng gecontroleerde omgeving, werden de VOC-handelaren de enige officiële mogelijkheid voor handel en voor wetenschappelijk-culturele uitwisselingen. Het VOC-Opperhoofd kreeg tijdens de verplichte jaarlijkse bezoeken aan de <i>Shogun</i> in Edo dezelfde status als die van de Japanse <i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a></i>. De zeldzame informele contacten met <i>bakafu</i>-ambtenaren en <i><a href="/wiki/Rangaku" title="Rangaku">Rangaku</a></i>-geleerden tijdens deze jaarlijkse bezoeken, waren voor Titsingh zeker zo belangrijk als de formele ontmoetingen met shogun Tokugawa Ieharu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India,_1785-1792"><span id="India.2C_1785-1792"></span>India, 1785-1792</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: India, 1785-1792" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: India, 1785-1792"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1785 werd Titsingh benoemd tot directeur van de VOC-handelpost in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinsura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinsura (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chinsura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengalen_(gebied)" title="Bengalen (gebied)">Bengalen</a>. Chinsura ligt stroomopwaarts van <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> aan de <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_(rivier)" title="Hooghly (rivier)">Hooghly</a>, een zijrivier van de <a href="/wiki/Ganges_(rivier)" title="Ganges (rivier)">Ganges</a>. Daar schijnt hij met volle teugen genoten te hebben van het intellectuele leven in de Europese gemeenschap. Door Sir William Jones, filoloog en jurist in Bengalen, werd Titsingh beschreven als "<a href="/wiki/Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin">Mandarin</a> van Chinsura". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batavia,_1792-1793"><span id="Batavia.2C_1792-1793"></span>Batavia, 1792-1793</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Batavia, 1792-1793" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Batavia, 1792-1793"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Titsinghs terugkeer naar <a href="/wiki/Batavia_(Nederlands-Indi%C3%AB)" title="Batavia (Nederlands-Indië)">Batavia</a> (nu <a href="/wiki/Djakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Djakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesië</a>) leidde tot nieuwe posities als Ontvanger-Generaal (Penningmeester) en later als Commissaris ter Zee (Maritieme Commissaris). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China,_1794-1795"><span id="China.2C_1794-1795"></span>China, 1794-1795</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: China, 1794-1795" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: China, 1794-1795"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Houckgeest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Houckgeest.JPG/260px-Houckgeest.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Houckgeest.JPG/390px-Houckgeest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Houckgeest.JPG/520px-Houckgeest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Nederlandse Ambassadeur aan het hof van de Keizer Qianlong, 1795</figcaption></figure> <p>In verband met de vieringen van het zestigjarig keizerschap van Keizer <a href="/wiki/Qianlong" title="Qianlong">Qianlong</a> werd Titsingh benoemd tot ambassadeur van een gezantschap van de VOC naar het hof van de keizer van China.<sup id="cite_ref-nussbaum966_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nussbaum966-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naast Titsingh namen ook <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Everardus_van_Braam_Houckgeest" title="Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest">Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest</a> en de tolk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chr%C3%A9tien-Louis-Joseph_de_Guignes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes</a> deel aan het gezantschap. De bevindingen van Van Braam en De Guignes werden destijds in Europa en de Verenigde Staten gepubliceerd. Het journaal van Titsingh werd in 2005 in Nederland uitgegeven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_terugkeer_naar_Europa,_1796-1812"><span id="De_terugkeer_naar_Europa.2C_1796-1812"></span>De terugkeer naar Europa, 1796-1812</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De terugkeer naar Europa, 1796-1812" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De terugkeer naar Europa, 1796-1812"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Titsingh woonde tijdens zijn pensioen in <a href="/wiki/Parijs" title="Parijs">Parijs</a>, en stierf daar op 67-jarige leeftijd. Hij is begraven op de begraafplaats van <a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_du_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise" title="Cimetière du Père-Lachaise">Père Lachaise</a> in Parijs. Op zijn grafsteen staat: <i>"Ici repose Isaac Titsingh. Ancien conseiller des Indes hollandaises. Ambassadeur à la Chine et au Japon. Mort à Paris le 2 Février 1812, agé de 68 ans."</i> [Hier ligt Isaac Titsingh. Oud-ambtenaar van Nederlands-Indië. Ambassadeur in China en Japan. Overleden te Parijs op 2 februari 1812, 68 jaar oud.] Zijn grafsteen is door biograaf Frank Lequin teruggevonden en is vervolgens gerestaureerd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nalatenschap">Nalatenschap</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Nalatenschap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Nalatenschap"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De ervaringen en het onderzoek van Titsingh in Japan zijn de bron voor postuum gepubliceerde boeken waarvan het meest opmerkelijk zijn: </p> <ul><li>Titsingh, Isaac. (1820). <i>Mémoires et Anecdotes sur la Dynastie régnante des Djogouns, Souverains du Japon, avec la description des fêtes et cérémonies observées aux différentes époques de l'année à la Cour de ces Princes, et un appendice contenant des détails sur la poésie des Japonais, leur manière de diviser l'année, etc.;</i> Ouvrage orné de Planches gravées et coloriées, tiré des Originaux Japonais par M. Titsingh; publié avec des Notes et Eclaircissemens Par M. Abel Rémusat. Paris: Nepveu.<sup id="cite_ref-nussbaum966_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nussbaum966-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Isaac_Titsingh,_Bijzonderheden_over_Japan_Een_huwelijks_protocol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Isaac_Titsingh%2C_Bijzonderheden_over_Japan_Een_huwelijks_protocol.jpg/260px-Isaac_Titsingh%2C_Bijzonderheden_over_Japan_Een_huwelijks_protocol.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Isaac_Titsingh%2C_Bijzonderheden_over_Japan_Een_huwelijks_protocol.jpg/390px-Isaac_Titsingh%2C_Bijzonderheden_over_Japan_Een_huwelijks_protocol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Isaac_Titsingh%2C_Bijzonderheden_over_Japan_Een_huwelijks_protocol.jpg/520px-Isaac_Titsingh%2C_Bijzonderheden_over_Japan_Een_huwelijks_protocol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3147" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>Huwelijksceremonie uit <i>Bijzonderheden over Japan</i> (1824)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Titsingh, Isaac. (1822). <i>Illustrations of Japan; consisting of Private Memoirs and Anecdotes of the reigning dynasty of the Djogouns, or Sovereigns of Japan; a description of the Feasts and Ceremonies observed throughout the year at their Court; and of the Ceremonies customary at Marriages and Funerals: to which are subjoined, observations on the legal suicide of the Japanese, remarks on their their poetry, an explanation of their mode of reckoning time, particulars respecting the Dosia powder, the preface of a work by Confoutzee on filial piety, &c. &c.</i> by M. Titsingh formerly Chief Agent to the Dutch East India Company at Nangasaki. Translated from the French, by Frederic Shoberl with coloured plates, faithfully copied from Japanese original designs. London: Ackermann.</li></ul> <ul><li>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). <i>Supplément aux Annales des Daïri,</i> appended to [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652] <i>Nipon o daï itsi ran (<a href="/wiki/Nihon_%C5%8Cdai_Ichiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon Ōdai Ichiran">Nihon Ōdai Ichiran</a>)</i>; <i>Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth.</i> Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran">[1]</a></li> <li>Lequin, Frank. (2005). <i>Isaac Titsingh in China (1794-1796).</i> Canaletto/Repro Holland. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9064698090" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9064698090</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Isaac_Titsingh#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Isaac Titsingh">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-klein toccolours noprint" style="box-sizing:border-box; display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; font-size:85%; clear:right; float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.5em; width:270px;"> <div style="min-width:fit-content;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> heeft mediabestanden in de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Isaac_Titsingh#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Isaac Titsingh">Isaac Titsingh</a></b></i>.</div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701121038/http://www.titsingh.nl/paginas/biotitsleven.htm">Biografie van Titsingh op de website van het Titsingh Instituut</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dodenakkers.nl/artikelen-overzicht/buitenland/parijs.html">Isaac Titsingh 1745-1812 begraven op Père Lachaise</a> door Rindert Brouwer en Leon Bok</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ralph_Boxer" title="Charles Ralph Boxer">Boxer, C.R.</a></span> (1965). <i>The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600-1800.</i> Londen.</li> <li><i>The Mandarin at Chinsura; Isaac Titsingh in Bengal, 1785-1792</i>. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Vereeniging Indisch Instituut [Mededeling No. LXXXIV (1949)]</li> <li><i>Jan Compagnie in Japan 1600-1817.</i> Den Haag. (1936)</li> <li>van Braam Houckgeest, A.E. (1797). <i>Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de La Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795.</i> Philadelphia.</li> <li><i>An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India Company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1794 and 1795.</i> Londen. (1798)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Frans">(<span>fr</span>) </span> de Guignes, C.-L.-J. (1808). <i>Voyage a Pékin, een Manille et l'Ile de France.</i> Parijs.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> Duyvendak, J.J.L. (1937). "The Last Dutch Embassy to the Chinese Court (1794-1795)." <i>T'oung Pao.</i> 33:1-137.</li> <li>Lequin, F. <i>Varia Titsinghiana. Addenda & corrigenda.</i> Leiden. (Titsingh Studies, vol. 6, 2013) <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-820366-0-2" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-820366-0-2">ISBN 978-90-820366-0-2</a></span></li> <li><i>Isaac Titsingh, opperhoofd van Japan. Drie geschriften als filosoof, diplomaat & koopman</i>. Alphen aan den Rijn. (Titsingh Studies, vol. 5, 2011) <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-6469-858-3" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-6469-858-3">ISBN 978-90-6469-858-3</a></span></li> <li><i>De particuliere correspondentie van Isaac Titsingh (1783-1812)</i>. Alphen aan den Rijn. 2 vols. (Titsingh Studies, vol. 4, 2009) <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-6469-846-0" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-6469-846-0">ISBN 978-90-6469-846-0</a></span></li> <li><i>Isaac Titsingh in China (1794-1796)</i>. Alphen aan den Rijn. (Titsingh Studies, vol. 3) <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-6469-809-0" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-6469-809-0">ISBN 90-6469-809-0</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <i>À la recherche du Cabinet Titsingh. Its history, contents and dispersal. Catalogue raisonné of the collection of the founder of European Japanology</i>. Alphen aan den Rijn. (Titsingh Studies, vol. 2) <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-6469-794-9" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-6469-794-9">ISBN 90-6469-794-9</a></span></li> <li><i>Isaac Titsingh (1745-1812). Een passie voor Japan, leven en werk van de grondlegger van de Europese Japanologie.</i> Leiden. (Titsingh Studies, vol. 1, 2002) <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-6469-771-X" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-6469-771-X">ISBN 90-6469-771-X</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <i>The Private Correspondence of Isaac Titsingh.</i> Amsterdam. (Japonica Neerlandica, vol. 4-5, 1990-92). 2 vols. 1: <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-5063-052-9" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-5063-052-9">ISBN 90-5063-052-9</a></span>. 2: <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-5063-057-X" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-5063-057-X">ISBN 90-5063-057-X</a></span></li> <li><i>Nederlands Patriciaat,</i> Volume 13 (1923). Den Haag.</li> <li>O'Neil, Patricia O. <i>Missed Opportunities: Late 18th Century Chinese Relations with England and the Netherlands.</i> (Ph.D. verhandeling, Universiteit van Washington, 1995).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> Screech, Timon. (2006). <i>Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822.</i> Londen: RoutledgeCurzon. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-7007-1720-X" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-7007-1720-X">ISBN 0-7007-1720-X</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nussbaum966-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum966_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum966_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum966_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum966_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2002). "Isaak Titsingh" in <i>Japan Encyclopedia</i>, p. 966.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&oldid=63915747">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&oldid=63915747</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Nederlands_diplomaat" title="Categorie:Nederlands diplomaat">Nederlands diplomaat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:VOC-opperhoofd_in_Japan" title="Categorie:VOC-opperhoofd in Japan">VOC-opperhoofd in Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Persoon_in_de_Nederlanden_in_de_18e_eeuw" title="Categorie:Persoon in de Nederlanden in de 18e eeuw">Persoon in de Nederlanden in de 18e eeuw</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina%27s_die_ISBN_magische_links_gebruiken" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken">Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 3 mrt 2023 om 16:07.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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