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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==Indo-European languages== ===Proto-Indo-European=== The optative is one of the four original moods of [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (the other three being the [[Realis mood#Indicative|indicative mood]], the [[subjunctive mood]], and the [[imperative mood]]). However, many Indo-European languages lost the inherited optative, either as a formal category, or functional, i.e. merged it with the subjunctive, or even replaced the subjunctive with optative. ===Albanian=== In [[Albanian language|Albanian]], the optative ({{lang|sq|mënyra dëshirore}}, lit. "wishing mood") expresses wishes, and is also used in curses and swearing. * Wish: {{lang|sq|italic=no|U bëfsh 100 vjeç!}} (May you reach/live 100 years) * Curse: {{lang|sq|italic=no|Të marrtë djalli!}} (May the devil take you) ===Ancient Greek=== {{main|Optative (Ancient Greek)}} In [[Ancient Greek]], the optative is used to express wishes and [[Irrealis mood#Potential|potentiality]] in [[independent clause]]s (but also has other functions, such as contrary-to-fact expressions in the present<ref>Cunliffe, A lexicon of the Homeric dialect, expanded edition, p. 438</ref>). In [[dependent clause]]s ([[final clause|purpose]], temporal, [[conditional sentence|conditional]], and [[indirect speech]]), the optative is often used under [[past tense|past-tense]] main verbs. The optative expressing a wish is on its own or preceded by the particle εἴθε ({{transl|grc|eithe}}). The optative expressing potentiality is always accompanied by the untranslatable particle ἄν in an independent clause and is on its own in a dependent clause. {{fs interlinear|lang=grc|indent=3 |Εἴθε βάλλοις |{{grc-tr|Εἴθε}} {{grc-tr|βάλλοις}} |"If only you would throw."}} {{fs interlinear|lang=grc|indent=3 |Χαίροιμι ἄν, εἰ πορεύοισθε |{{grc-tr|Χαίροιμι}} {{grc-tr|ἄν}}, {{grc-tr|εἰ}} {{grc-tr|πορεύοισθε}} |"I would be glad, if you could travel."}} In [[Koine Greek]], the optative began to be replaced by the [[subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]; in the [[New Testament]], it was primarily used in set phrases. Its endings are characterized by a diphthong such as {{lang|grc|οι}} (''oi'') in [[thematic vowel|thematic]] verbs and {{lang|grc|ι}} in athematic verbs. ===Germanic languages=== Some [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] verb forms often known as [[subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]s are actually descendants of the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] optative. The [[Gothic language|Gothic]] present subjunctive ''nimai'' "may he take!" may be compared to Ancient Greek present optative {{lang|grc|φέροι}} "may he bear!"<ref>[[Joseph Wright (linguist)|Joseph Wright]]. ''Grammar of the Gothic language''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PjlcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA137 page 137], paragraph 288: derivation of present subjunctive.</ref> That the old [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] optative is represented by the [[subjunctive]] is clear in Gothic, which lost the old, "true" Indo-European subjunctive that represented a fixed desire and intent. Its function was adopted by the present form of the optative that reflected only possibilities, unreal things and general wishes at first. A Germanic innovation of form and functionality was the past tense of the optative, which reflected the [[irrealis]] of past and future. This is shown by evidence in the [[Gothic language]], [[Old High German]], [[Old English]], and [[Old Norse]]. This use of the (new) optative past tense as an irrealis mood started apparently after the Proto-Germanic past tense that had been once the [[perfect tense]] supplanted the Indo-German [[aorist]] (compare Euler 2009:184). A somewhat archaic [[Dutch language|Dutch]] saying, 'Leve de Koning' ("long live the king") is another example of how the optative still is present in Germanic languages today. ===Latin=== Likewise in Latin, the newer subjunctive is based on the Indo-European optative. With this change in Latin, several old subjunctive forms became future forms. Accordingly, the prohibitive (negative desire and prohibition) was formed with the combination of *ne + verb form in the optative present. ===Romanian=== In [[Romanian language|Romanian]], the [[conditional mood|conditional]] and optative moods have identical forms, thus being commonly referred to as the conditional-optative mood. ===Sanskrit=== In [[Sanskrit]], the optative is formed by adding the secondary endings to the verb stem. It sometimes expresses wishes, requests and commands: ''bhares'' "may you bear" ([[active voice]]) and ''bharethās'' "may you bear [for yourself]" ([[Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle]]). It also expresses possibilities (e.g. ''kadācid goṣabdena budhyeta'' "he might perhaps wake up due to the bellowing of cows")<ref>Gonda, J., 1966. A concise elementary grammar of the Sanskrit language with exercises, reading selections, and a glossary. Leiden, E.J. Brill.</ref> or doubt and uncertainty (e.g., ''katham vidyām Nalam'' "how would I be able to recognize Nala?"). The optative is sometimes used instead of a [[conditional mood]]. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">Optative mood</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optative_mood">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optative_mood</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=2&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nt2gf","wgBackendResponseTime":302,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.073","walltime":"0.095","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 65.048 1 -total"," 99.86% 64.959 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 40.06% 26.060 2 Template:Replace"," 37.80% 24.590 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 33.99% 22.110 1 Template:Hidden"," 14.10% 9.173 1 Template:Tlx"," 14.09% 9.164 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 2.92% 1.899 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.37% 1.541 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.05% 1.335 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.015","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043295,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nt2gf","timestamp":"20241124110003","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>