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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consolidation of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-church_struggle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-church_struggle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anti-church struggle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-church_struggle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_Solution,_the_Holocaust,_racial_policy,_and_eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_Solution,_the_Holocaust,_racial_policy,_and_eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Final Solution, the Holocaust, racial policy, and eugenics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Final_Solution,_the_Holocaust,_racial_policy,_and_eugenics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Final Solution, the Holocaust, racial policy, and eugenics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Final_Solution,_the_Holocaust,_racial_policy,_and_eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Posen_speeches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posen_speeches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Posen speeches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posen_speeches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanization_policies_and_Generalplan_Ost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanization_policies_and_Generalplan_Ost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Germanization policies and <i>Generalplan Ost</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanization_policies_and_Generalplan_Ost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20_July_plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20_July_plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>20 July plot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20_July_plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command_of_army_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_of_army_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Command of army group</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Command_of_army_group-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Command of army group subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Command_of_army_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Peace negotiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Capture and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mysticism_and_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysticism_and_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mysticism and symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysticism_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Hitler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Hitler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Relationship with Hitler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Hitler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Historical assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heinrich Himmler</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B1" title="هاينريش هيملر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاينريش هيملر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrix_Himmler" title="Henrix Himmler – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Henrix Himmler" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="হেনরিক হিমলার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেনরিক হিমলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Генрых Гімлер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генрых Гімлер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гайнрых Гімлер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гайнрых Гімлер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хайнрих Химлер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хайнрих Химлер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%A7%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Χάινριχ Χίμλερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάινριχ Χίμλερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B1" title="هاینریش هیملر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاینریش هیملر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95" title="હિમલર હેનરિક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિમલર હેનરિક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%ED%9E%98%EB%9F%AC" title="하인리히 힘러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하인리히 힘러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AD_%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հայնրիխ Հիմլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայնրիխ Հիմլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="हैन्रिख़ हिम्म्लर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैन्रिख़ हिम्म्लर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%BC%E1%90%83%E1%93%90%E1%95%86%E1%92%83_%E1%95%BC%E1%90%83%E1%92%BB%E1%93%97" title="ᕼᐃᓐᕆᒃ ᕼᐃᒻᓗ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕼᐃᓐᕆᒃ ᕼᐃᒻᓗ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="היינריך הימלר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היינריך הימלר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹೆನ್ರಿಕ್ ಹಿಮ್ಲರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೆನ್ರಿಕ್ ಹಿಮ್ಲರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჰაინრიხ ჰიმლერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაინრიხ ჰიმლერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Himmler" title="Henricus Himmler – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus Himmler" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrihs_Himlers" title="Heinrihs Himlers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Heinrihs Himlers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хајнрих Химлер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хајнрих Химлер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BC" title="ഹെയ്ൻറിച്ച് ഹിംലർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെയ്ൻറിച്ച് ഹിംലർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="हाइनरिश हिमलर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हाइनरिश हिमलर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჰაინრიხ ჰიმლერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰაინრიხ ჰიმლერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B1" title="هاينريش هيملر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هاينريش هيملر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="हेनरिक हिमलर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हेनरिक हिमलर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ハインリヒ・ヒムラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハインリヒ・ヒムラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0" title="ਹਾਈਨਰਿਕ ਹਿੰਮਲਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਈਨਰਿਕ ਹਿੰਮਲਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%B4_%DB%81%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ہائینرش ہملر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائینرش ہملر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%86_%D9%87%DB%90%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B1" title="هينريچ هېملر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هينريچ هېملر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Гиммлер, Генрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гиммлер, Генрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ھێنریک ھیملەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێنریک ھیملەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хајнрих Химлер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хајнрих Химлер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹைன்ரிச் ஹிம்லர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹைன்ரிச் ஹிம்லர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ไฮน์ริช ฮิมเลอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮน์ริช ฮิมเลอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Генріх Гіммлер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генріх Гіммлер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%B4_%DB%81%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ہائنرش ہملر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائنرش ہملر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Heinrich Himmler" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%A7%86%E8%8E%B1" title="海因里希·希姆莱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海因里希·希姆莱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="היינריך הימלער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="היינריך הימלער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%A7%86%E8%90%8A" title="海因里希希姆萊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海因里希希姆萊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%A7%86%E8%8E%B1" title="海因里希·希姆莱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海因里希·希姆莱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43067#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German Nazi leader of the SS (1900–1945)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Himmler" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Himmler_(surname)" title="Himmler (surname)">Himmler (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsleiter" title="Reichsleiter">Reichsleiter</a></i></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Heinrich Himmler</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707,_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="795" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Himmler in 1942</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 January 1929 – 29 April 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chief of the German Police</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 June 1936 – 29 April 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)"><i>Reichsminister</i> of the Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 August 1943 – 29 April 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Giesler" title="Paul Giesler">Paul Giesler</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">General Plenipotentiary for Administration of the Reich</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 August 1943 – 29 April 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Additional positions</th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">January—March 1945</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Commander of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1944—1945</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Replacement_Army" title="Replacement Army">Replacement Army</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1944–1945</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Commander of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Oberrhein_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Oberrhein (Germany)">Army Group Upper Rhine</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1942–1943</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Acting Director of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1939–1945</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">Reich Commissioner <br />for the Consolidation of German Nationhood</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1933–1945</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_State_Council" title="Prussian State Council">Prussian State Council</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1933–1945</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsleiter" title="Reichsleiter">Reichsleiter</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1933—1945</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Greater German Reichstag</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1930–1933</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Heinrich Luitpold Himmler</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1900-10-07</span>)</span>7 October 1900<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200713_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200713-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 1945<span style="display:none">(1945-05-23)</span> (aged 44)<br /><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">cyanide poisoning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (1923–1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> (1919–1923)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Boden</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="July 1928">1928</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (1939–1944)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun</a></li><li>Helge</li><li>Nanette</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Ludwig_Himmler" title="Gebhard Ludwig Himmler">Gebhard Ludwig Himmler</a> (older brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Himmler" title="Ernst Hermann Himmler">Ernst Hermann Himmler</a> (younger brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himmler_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heinrich Himmler's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Himmler_Signature_2.svg/128px-Himmler_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Himmler_Signature_2.svg/192px-Himmler_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Himmler_Signature_2.svg/256px-Himmler_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Army" title="Bavarian Army">Bavarian Army</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1917–1918 (Army)<br />1925–1945 (SS)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Fahnenjunker" title="Fahnenjunker">Fahnenjunker</a></i></span></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">11th Bavarian Infantry Regiment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Oberrhein_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Oberrhein (Germany)">Army Group Upper Rhine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Replacement_Army" title="Replacement Army">Replacement (Home) Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Himmler_excerpt_Posener_Reden_4.10.1943.ogg" title="File:Himmler excerpt Posener Reden 4.10.1943.ogg">Heinrich Himmler's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="169" data-mwtitle="Himmler_excerpt_Posener_Reden_4.10.1943.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Himmler_excerpt_Posener_Reden_4.10.1943.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Himmler_excerpt_Posener_Reden_4.10.1943.ogg/Himmler_excerpt_Posener_Reden_4.10.1943.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Heinrich Himmler explaining Nazi views on racial purity<br />(Recorded October 1943)</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Heinrich Luitpold Himmler</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈhaɪnʁɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈluːɪtpɔlt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhɪmlɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2f\/De-Heinrich_Himmler.ogg\/De-Heinrich_Himmler.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Heinrich Himmler.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/De-Heinrich_Himmler.ogg/De-Heinrich_Himmler.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Heinrich_Himmler.ogg" title="File:De-Heinrich Himmler.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was a German politician who was the 4th <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer</a></i></span> of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (Protection Squadron; SS), a leading member of the German <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, and one of the most powerful men in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. He is primarily known for being a principal architect of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. </p><p>After serving in a reserve battalion during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> without seeing combat, Himmler went on to join the Nazi Party in 1923. In 1925, he joined the SS, a small paramilitary arm of the Nazi Party that served as a bodyguard unit for <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. Subsequently, Himmler rose steadily through the SS's ranks to become <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsführer-SS</i></span> by 1929. </p><p>Under Himmler's leadership, the SS grew from a 290-man battalion into one of the most powerful institutions within Nazi Germany. Over the course of his career, Himmler acquired a reputation for good organisational skills as well as for selecting highly competent subordinates, such as <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>. From 1943 onwards, he was both Chief of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Kriminalpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Kriminalpolizei</a></i> (Criminal Police) and Minister of the Interior, which gave him oversight of all internal and external police and security forces (including the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>). He also controlled the <i><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i>, a branch of the SS that served in combat alongside the <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>As the principal enforcer of the <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazis' racial policies</a>, Himmler was responsible for operating <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> as well as forming the <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads">death squads</a> in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>. In this capacity, he played a central role in the genocide of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">an estimated 5.5–6 million Jews and the deaths of millions of other victims</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A day before the launch of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> in June 1941, Himmler commissioned the drafting of <i><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i>, which was approved by Hitler in May 1942 and implemented by the Nazi regime, resulting in the deaths of approximately 14 million people in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. </p><p>In the last years of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Hitler appointed Himmler as Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Replacement_Army" title="Replacement Army">Replacement Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">General Plenipotentiary</a> for the administration of the Third Reich (<i>Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung</i>). He was later given command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Upper_Rhine" title="Army Group Upper Rhine">Army Group Upper Rhine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a>. However, after he failed to achieve his assigned objectives, Hitler replaced him in these posts. Realising the war was lost, Himmler attempted, without Hitler's knowledge, to open peace talks with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">western Allies</a> in March 1945. When Hitler learned of this on 28 April, he dismissed Himmler from all his posts and ordered his arrest. Thereafter, Himmler attempted to go into hiding but was captured by British forces. He committed suicide in British custody on 23 May 1945. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Himmler_as_a_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinrich_Himmler_as_a_child.jpg/170px-Heinrich_Himmler_as_a_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinrich_Himmler_as_a_child.jpg/255px-Heinrich_Himmler_as_a_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Heinrich_Himmler_as_a_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Himmler as a child<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimmler2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmler2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Ludwig_Himmler" title="Gebhard Ludwig Himmler">Gebhard Ludwig</a> (1898–1982) and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Himmler" title="Ernst Hermann Himmler">Ernst Hermann</a> (1905–1945).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201212–15_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201212–15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Heinrich of Bavaria">Prince Heinrich of Bavaria</a>, a member of the royal family of Bavaria who had been tutored by Himmler's father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20071_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20071-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreitman20049_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitman20049-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended a grammar school in <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a>, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201217–19_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201217–19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20073,_6–7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20073,_6–7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and "the serious discussion of religion and sex".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201216_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201216-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20078_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20078-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, he began training with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landshut_Cadet_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landshut Cadet Corps (page does not exist)">Landshut Cadet Corps</a>. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201220–26_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201220–26-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> at the Munich <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule" title="Technische Hochschule">Technische Hochschule</a></i></span> (now <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University Munich">Technical University Munich</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadfield199036–37,_49–50,_57,_67_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadfield199036–37,_49–50,_57,_67-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreitman200412_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitman200412-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201229_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201229-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in 1871, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200322–25_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200322–25-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201233,_42_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201233,_42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the "League of Apollo", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201231,_35,_47_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201231,_35,_47-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20076,_8–9,_11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20076,_8–9,_11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>, an early member of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> and co-founder of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> ("Storm Battalion"; SA).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201254_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201254-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200710_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200710-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bund_Reichskriegsflagge" title="Bund Reichskriegsflagge">Bund Reichskriegsflagge</a></i></span> (Imperial War Flag Society).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale201040_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201040-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, Himmler became more interested in the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a>", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale201042_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201042-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the murder of Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Walther Rathenau</a> on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">Hyperinflation</a> was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201260,_64–65_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201260,_64–65-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20079–11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20079–11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_activist">Nazi activist</h3></div> <p>Himmler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1923,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately202054_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately202054-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> receiving party number 14303.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiondi20007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiondi20007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a member of Röhm's paramilitary unit, Himmler was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a>—an unsuccessful attempt by Hitler and the Nazi Party to seize power in Munich. This event would set Himmler on a life of politics. He was questioned by the police about his role in the putsch but was not charged because of insufficient evidence. However, he lost his job, was unable to find employment as a farm manager, and had to move in with his parents in Munich. Frustrated by these failures, he became ever more irritable, aggressive, and opinionated, alienating both friends and family members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201272–75_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201272–75-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711–12_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711–12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923–24, Himmler, while searching for a world view, came to abandon Catholicism and focused on the occult and in antisemitism. Germanic mythology, reinforced by occult ideas, became a religion for him. Himmler found the Nazi Party appealing because its political positions agreed with his own views. Initially, he was not swept up by Hitler's charisma or the cult of Führer worship. However, as he learned more about Hitler through his reading, he began to regard him as a useful face of the party,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201277–81,_87_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201277–81,_87-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711–13_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711–13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he later admired and even worshipped him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003227_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003227-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To consolidate and advance his own position in the Nazi Party, Himmler took advantage of the disarray in the party following Hitler's arrest in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003227_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003227-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From mid-1924 he worked under <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a> as a party secretary and propaganda assistant. Travelling all over Bavaria agitating for the party, he gave speeches and distributed literature. Placed in charge of the party office in Lower Bavaria by Strasser from late 1924, he was responsible for integrating the area's membership with the Nazi Party under Hitler when the party was re-founded in February 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201151_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201151-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201270,_81–88_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201270,_81–88-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year, he joined the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) as an <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Führer</i></span> (SS-Leader); his SS number was 168.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiondi20007_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiondi20007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SS, initially part of the much larger SA, was formed in 1923 for Hitler's personal protection and was re-formed in 1925 as an elite unit of the SA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003228_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003228-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler's first leadership position in the SS was that of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-<a href="/wiki/Gauf%C3%BChrer" title="Gauführer">Gauführer</a></i></span> (district leader) in Lower Bavaria from 1926. Strasser appointed Himmler deputy propaganda chief in January 1927. As was typical in the Nazi Party, he had considerable freedom of action in his post, which increased over time. He began to collect statistics on the number of Jews, <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a>, and enemies of the party, and following his strong need for control, he developed an elaborate bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201289–92_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201289–92-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200715–16_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200715–16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1927, Himmler told Hitler of his vision to transform the SS into a loyal, powerful, racially pure elite unit. Convinced that Himmler was the man for the job, Hitler appointed him Deputy <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></span>, with the rank of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Oberführer</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200918_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200918-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this time, Himmler joined the <a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a>, a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkisch">Völkisch</a></i></span> youth group. There he met <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a>, who was later commandant of <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walther_Darr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Walther Darré">Walther Darré</a>, whose book <i>The Peasantry as the Life Source of the Nordic Race</i> caught Hitler's attention, leading to his later appointment as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. Darré was a firm believer in the superiority of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic race</a>, and his philosophy was a major influence on Himmler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003228_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003228-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200584_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200584-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960148_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960148-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_in_the_SS">Rise in the SS</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-783,_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-783%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-783%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-783%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-783%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-783%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-783%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Himmler in 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon the resignation of SS commander <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a> in January 1929, Himmler assumed the position of <i>Reichsführer-SS</i> with Hitler's approval;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200918_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200918-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale201047_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201047-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-note_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he still carried out his duties at propaganda headquarters. One of his first responsibilities was to organise SS participants at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg Rally</a> that September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012113–114_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012113–114-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next year, Himmler grew the SS from a force of about 290 men to about 3,000. By 1930 Himmler had persuaded Hitler to run the SS as a separate organisation, although it was officially still subordinate to the SA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003228–229_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003228–229-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200917,_19–21_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200917,_19–21-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To gain political power, the Nazi Party took advantage of the economic downturn during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. The coalition government of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> was unable to improve the economy, so many voters turned to the political extreme, which included the Nazi Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20059_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20059-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler used <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> rhetoric, including blaming scapegoats—particularly the Jews—for the economic hardships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1999376_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1999376-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1930, Himmler was first elected as a deputy to the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015565_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015565-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1932 election, the Nazis won 37.3 percent of the vote and 230 seats in the Reichstag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolb2005224–225_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolb2005224–225-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> on 30 January 1933, heading a short-lived coalition of his Nazis and the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>. The new cabinet initially included only three members of the Nazi Party: Hitler, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> as <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">minister without portfolio</a> and Minister of the Interior for <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> as <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Reich Interior Minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel201192_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel201192-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960184_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960184-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than a month later, the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag building was set on fire</a>. Hitler took advantage of this event, forcing Hindenburg to sign the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a>, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960192_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960192-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a>, passed by the Reichstag on 23 March 1933, gave the Cabinet—in practice, Hitler—full legislative powers, and the country became a de facto dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960199_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960199-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 August 1934, Hitler's cabinet passed a law which stipulated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hindenburg died the next morning, and Hitler became both head of state and head of government under the title <i>Führer und Reichskanzler</i> (leader and chancellor).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960226–227_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960226–227-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nazi Party's rise to power provided Himmler and the SS an unfettered opportunity to thrive. By 1933, the SS numbered 52,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200920,_22_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200920,_22-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strict membership requirements ensured that all members were of Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrenvolk">Herrenvolk</a></i> ("Aryan master race"). Applicants were vetted for Nordic qualities—in Himmler's words, "like a nursery gardener trying to reproduce a good old strain which has been adulterated and debased; we started from the principles of plant selection and then proceeded quite unashamedly to weed out the men whom we did not think we could use for the build-up of the SS."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200641_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200641-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few dared mention that by his own standards, Himmler did not meet his own ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200652_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200652-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-08-35,_Dachau,_Konzentrationslager,_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-08-35%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-08-35%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-08-35%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-08-35%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-08-35%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-08-35%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Himmler and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> in 1936, viewing a scale model of <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Himmler's organised, bookish intellect served him well as he began setting up different SS departments. In 1931 he appointed <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> chief of the new Ic Service (intelligence service), which was renamed the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> (SD: Security Service) in 1932. He later officially appointed Heydrich his deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200917,_23,_151_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200917,_23,_151-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men had a good working relationship and a mutual respect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200724,_27_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200724,_27-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, they began to remove the SS from SA control. Along with Interior Minister Frick, they hoped to create a unified German police force. In March 1933, Reich Governor of Bavaria <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ritter_von_Epp" title="Franz Ritter von Epp">Franz Ritter von Epp</a> appointed Himmler chief of the Munich Police. Himmler appointed Heydrich commander of Department IV, the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Political_Police" title="Bavarian Political Police">political police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012149_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012149-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Himmler and Heydrich took over the political police of state after state; soon only Prussia was controlled by Göring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200466_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200466-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effective 1 January 1933, Hitler promoted Himmler to the rank of SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i>, equal in rank to the senior SA commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200929_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200929-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 June Himmler, along with the heads of the other two Nazi paramilitary organizations, the SA and the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a>, was named a <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsleiter" title="Reichsleiter">Reichsleiter</a></i>, the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party. On 10 July, he was named to the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_State_Council_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)">Prussian State Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015565_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015565-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 October 1933, he became a founding member of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Academy_for_German_Law" title="Academy for German Law">Academy for German Law</a> at its inaugural meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1933–1934254_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1933–1934254-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himmler further established the <a href="/wiki/SS-Rasse-_und_Siedlungshauptamt" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt">SS Race and Settlement Main Office</a> (<i>Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt</i> or RuSHA). He appointed Darré as its first chief, with the rank of SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Gruppenführer">Gruppenführer</a></i>. The department implemented racial policies and monitored the "racial integrity" of the SS membership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200923,_36_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200923,_36-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SS men were carefully vetted for their racial background. <span class="anchor" id="marriageorder"></span>On 31 December 1931, Himmler introduced the "marriage order", which required SS men wishing to marry to produce family trees proving that both families were of Aryan descent to 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012127,_353_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012127,_353-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If any non-Aryan forebears were found in either family tree during the racial investigation, the person concerned was excluded from the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012302_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012302-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each man was issued a <i><a href="/wiki/Sippenbuch" title="Sippenbuch">Sippenbuch</a></i>, a genealogical record detailing his genetic history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200722–23_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200722–23-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler expected that each SS marriage should produce at least four children, thus creating a pool of genetically superior prospective SS members. The programme had disappointing results; less than 40 per cent of SS men married and each produced only about one child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012378_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012378-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1933, less than three months after the Nazis came to power, Himmler set up the first official <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camp</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003344_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003344-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler had stated that he did not want it to be just another prison or detention camp. Himmler appointed <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a>, a convicted felon and ardent Nazi, to run the camp in June 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009136,_137_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009136,_137-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eicke devised a system that was used as a model for future camps throughout Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200584_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200584-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its features included isolation of victims from the outside world, elaborate roll calls and work details, the use of force and executions to exact obedience, and a strict disciplinary code for the guards. Uniforms were issued for prisoners and guards alike; the guards' uniforms had a special <i>Totenkopf</i> insignia on their collars. By the end of 1934, Himmler took control of the camps under the aegis of the SS, creating a separate division, the <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012151–153_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012151–153-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200584–85_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200584–85-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially the camps housed political opponents; over time, undesirable members of German society—criminals, vagrants, deviants—were placed in the camps as well. In 1936 Himmler wrote in the pamphlet "The SS as an Anti-Bolshevist Fighting Organization" that the SS were to fight against the "Jewish-Bolshevik revolution of subhumans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimmler1936_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmler1936-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Hitler decree issued in December 1937 allowed for the incarceration of anyone deemed by the regime to be an undesirable member of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200587_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200587-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included Jews, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Gypsies</a>, communists, and those persons of any other cultural, <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial</a>, political, or religious affiliation deemed by the Nazis to be <i><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></i> (sub-human). Thus, the camps became a mechanism for social and racial engineering. By the outbreak of World War II in autumn 1939, there were six camps housing some 27,000 inmates. Death tolls were high.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200586–90_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200586–90-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_power">Consolidation of power</h3></div> <p>In early 1934, Hitler and other Nazi leaders became concerned that Röhm was planning a coup d'état.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008306–309_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008306–309-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Röhm had socialist and populist views and believed that the real revolution had not yet begun. He felt that the SA—now numbering some three million men, far dwarfing the army—should become the sole arms-bearing corps of the state, and that the army should be absorbed into the SA under his leadership. Röhm <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbied</a> Hitler to appoint him <a href="/wiki/Defence_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence minister">Minister of Defence</a>, a position held by conservative General <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200524_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200524-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Göring had created a Prussian <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> force, the <i>Geheime Staatspolizei</i> or <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> in 1933 and appointed <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a> as its head. Göring, concerned that Diels was not ruthless enough to use the Gestapo effectively to counteract the power of the SA, handed over its control to Himmler on 20 April 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200554_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200554-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also on that date, Hitler appointed Himmler chief of all German police outside Prussia. This was a radical departure from long-standing German practice that law enforcement was a state and local matter. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler decided on 21 June that Röhm and the SA leadership had to be eliminated. He sent Göring to Berlin on 29 June, to meet with Himmler and Heydrich to plan the action. Hitler took charge in Munich, where Röhm was arrested; he gave Röhm the choice to commit suicide or be shot. When Röhm refused to kill himself, he was shot dead by two SS officers. Between 85 and 200 members of the SA leadership and other political adversaries, including Gregor Strasser, were killed between 30 June and 2 July 1934 in these actions, known as the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008308–314_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008308–314-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200531–35,_39_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200531–35,_39-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the SA thus neutralised, the SS became an independent organisation answerable only to Hitler on 20 July 1934. Himmler's title of <i>Reichsführer-SS</i> became the highest formal SS rank, equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a> in the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008316_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008316-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SA was converted into a sports and training organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008313_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008313-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>—to the Reichstag. The laws banned marriage between non-Jewish and Jewish Germans and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. The laws also deprived so-called "non-Aryans" of the benefits of German citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005543–545_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005543–545-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These laws were among the first race-based measures instituted by the Third Reich. </p><p>Himmler and Heydrich wanted to extend the power of the SS; thus, they urged Hitler to form a national police force overseen by the SS, to guard Nazi Germany against its many enemies at the time—real and imagined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201186,_87_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201186,_87-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interior Minister Frick also wanted a national police force, but one controlled by him, with <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Kurt Daluege</a> as his police chief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler left it to Himmler and Heydrich to work out the arrangements with Frick. Himmler and Heydrich had greater bargaining power, as they were allied with Frick's old enemy, Göring. Heydrich drew up a set of proposals and Himmler sent him to meet with Frick. An angry Frick then consulted with Hitler, who told him to agree to the proposals. Frick acquiesced, and on 17 June 1936 Hitler decreed the unification of all police forces in the Reich and named Himmler Chief of German Police and a State Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this role, Himmler was still nominally subordinate to Frick. In practice, however, the police were now effectively a division of the SS, and hence independent of Frick's control. This move gave Himmler operational control over Germany's entire detective force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012204_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012204-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also gained authority over all of Germany's uniformed law enforcement agencies, which were amalgamated into the new <i><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i> (Orpo: "order police"), which became a branch of the SS under Daluege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45534-0005,_Kz_Mauthausen,_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler,_Franz_Ziereis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45534-0005%2C_Kz_Mauthausen%2C_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler%2C_Franz_Ziereis.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45534-0005%2C_Kz_Mauthausen%2C_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler%2C_Franz_Ziereis.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45534-0005%2C_Kz_Mauthausen%2C_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler%2C_Franz_Ziereis.jpg/510px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45534-0005%2C_Kz_Mauthausen%2C_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler%2C_Franz_Ziereis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45534-0005%2C_Kz_Mauthausen%2C_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler%2C_Franz_Ziereis.jpg/680px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45534-0005%2C_Kz_Mauthausen%2C_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler%2C_Franz_Ziereis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Himmler, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a>, and other SS officials visiting <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a> in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly thereafter, Himmler created the <i><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei" title="Kriminalpolizei">Kriminalpolizei</a></i> (Kripo: criminal police) as an umbrella organisation for all criminal investigation agencies in Germany. The Kripo was merged with the Gestapo into the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i> (SiPo: security police), under Heydrich's command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012201_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012201-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1939, following the outbreak of World War II, Himmler formed the <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt">SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt</a></i> (RSHA: Reich Security Main Office) to bring the SiPo (which included the Gestapo and Kripo) and the SD together under one umbrella. He again placed Heydrich in command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011163_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011163-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Himmler's leadership, the SS developed its own military branch, the <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe" title="SS-Verfügungstruppe">SS-Verfügungstruppe</a></i> (SS-VT), which later evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>. Nominally under the authority of Himmler, the Waffen-SS developed a fully militarised structure of command and operations. It grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions during World War II, serving alongside the <i><a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Heer</a></i> (army), but never being formally part of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200956,_57,_66_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200956,_57,_66-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his military ambitions, Himmler established the beginnings of a parallel economy under the umbrella of the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1996323,_329_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1996323,_329-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, administrator <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a> set up the <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a></i> (German Economic Enterprise) in 1940. Under the auspices of the SS Economy and Administration Head Office, this holding company owned housing corporations, factories, and publishing houses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008343_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008343-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pohl was unscrupulous and quickly exploited the companies for personal gain. In contrast, Himmler was honest in matters of money and business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty2004120_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty2004120-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, as part of his preparations for war, Hitler ended the <a href="/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_until_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-German cooperation until 1941">German alliance with China</a> and entered into an agreement with the more modern Japan. That same year, Austria was unified with Nazi Germany in the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> gave Nazi Germany control over the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005641,_653,_674_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005641,_653,_674-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler's primary motivations for war included obtaining additional <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i> ("living space") for the Germanic peoples, who were considered racially superior according to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi ideology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200334_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200334-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second goal was the elimination of those considered racially inferior, particularly the Jews and Slavs, from territories controlled by the Reich. From 1933 to 1938, hundreds of thousands of Jews emigrated to the United States, Palestine, the United Kingdom, and other countries. Some converted to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005554–558_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005554–558-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-church_struggle">Anti-church struggle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church</a></div> <p>According to Himmler biographer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Peter Longerich</a>, Himmler believed that a major task of the SS should be "acting as the vanguard in overcoming Christianity and restoring a 'Germanic' way of living" as part of preparations for the coming conflict between "humans and subhumans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012265_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012265-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longerich wrote that, while the Nazi movement as a whole launched itself against Jews and Communists, "by linking de-Christianisation with re-Germanization, Himmler had provided the SS with a goal and purpose all of its own".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012265_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012265-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler was vehemently opposed to Christian sexual morality and the "principle of Christian mercy", both of which he saw as dangerous obstacles to his planned battle with "subhumans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012265_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012265-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, Himmler declared: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We live in an era of the ultimate conflict with Christianity. It is part of the mission of the SS to give the German people in the next half century the non-Christian ideological foundations on which to lead and shape their lives. This task does not consist solely in overcoming an ideological opponent but must be accompanied at every step by a positive impetus: in this case that means the reconstruction of the German heritage in the widest and most comprehensive sense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012270_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012270-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In early 1937, Himmler had his personal staff work with academics to create a framework to replace Christianity within the Germanic cultural heritage. The project gave rise to the Deutschrechtliches Institut, headed by Professor Karl Eckhardt, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadfield1990170_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadfield1990170-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himmler_and_mannerheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Himmler_and_mannerheim.jpg/220px-Himmler_and_mannerheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Himmler_and_mannerheim.jpg/330px-Himmler_and_mannerheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Himmler_and_mannerheim.jpg/440px-Himmler_and_mannerheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Himmler with <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_(Finland)" title="Chief of Defence (Finland)">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">C.G.E. Mannerheim</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mikkeli" title="Mikkeli">Mikkeli</a>, July 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">pretext</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a> masterminded and carried out a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> project code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a>. German soldiers dressed in Polish uniforms undertook border skirmishes which deceptively suggested Polish aggression against Germany. The incidents were then used in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> to justify the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the opening event of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960518–520_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960518–520-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the war against Poland, Hitler authorised the killing of Polish civilians, including Jews and ethnic Poles. The <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i> (SS task forces) had originally been formed by Heydrich to secure government papers and offices in areas taken over by Germany before World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009118,_122_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009118,_122-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authorised by Hitler and under the direction of Himmler and Heydrich, the <i>Einsatzgruppen</i> units—now repurposed as <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squads</a>—followed the <i>Heer</i> (army) into Poland, and by the end of 1939 they <a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">had murdered some 65,000 intellectuals and other civilians</a>. Militias and <i>Heer</i> units also took part in these killings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008518,_519_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008518,_519-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200814–15_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200814–15-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Himmler's orders via the RSHA, these squads were also tasked with rounding up Jews and others for placement in <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a> and concentration camps. </p><p>Germany subsequently invaded <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Denmark and Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a>, and began <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">bombing Great Britain</a> in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Operation Sea Lion</a>, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008118–145_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008118–145-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 June 1941, the day before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, Himmler commissioned the preparation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i> (General Plan for the East); the plan was approved by Hitler in May 1942. It called for the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a>, Poland, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Byelorussia</a> to be conquered and resettled by ten million German citizens. The current residents—some 31 million people—would be expelled further east, starved, or used for forced labour. The plan would have extended the borders of Germany to the east by one thousand kilometres (600 miles). Himmler expected that it would take twenty to thirty years to complete the plan, at a cost of 67 billion <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008173–174_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008173–174-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler stated openly: "It is a question of existence, thus it will be a racial struggle of pitiless severity, in the course of which 20 to 30 million Slavs and Jews will perish through military actions and crises of food supply."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2004366_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2004366-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Alber-064-03A,_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_bei_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Alber-064-03A%2C_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_bei_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/290px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Alber-064-03A%2C_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_bei_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Alber-064-03A%2C_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_bei_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/435px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Alber-064-03A%2C_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_bei_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Alber-064-03A%2C_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_bei_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/580px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Alber-064-03A%2C_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_bei_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4015" data-file-height="2742" /></a><figcaption>Himmler with <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Himmler declared that the war in the east was a pan-European crusade to defend the traditional values of old Europe from the "Godless <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> hordes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200993,_98_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200993,_98-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantly struggling with the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> for recruits, Himmler solved this problem through the creation of Waffen-SS units composed of Germanic folk groups taken from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and eastern Europe. Equally vital were recruits from among the Germanic considered peoples of northern and western Europe, in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004212–213_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004212–213-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain and Italy also provided men for Waffen-SS units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200981–84_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200981–84-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among western countries, the number of volunteers varied from a high of 25,000 from the Netherlands<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Roekel2010_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Roekel2010-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 300 each from <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. From the east, the highest number of men came from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (50,000) and the lowest from <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (600).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200984,_90_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200984,_90-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1943 most men from the east were <a href="/wiki/Conscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscripts">conscripts</a>. The performance of the eastern Waffen-SS units was, as a whole, sub-standard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200994_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200994-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1941, Hitler named Heydrich as Deputy Reich Protector of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>. Heydrich began to racially classify the Czechs, deporting many to concentration camps. Members of a swelling resistance were shot, earning Heydrich the nickname "the Butcher of Prague".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008274_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008274-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appointment strengthened the collaboration between Himmler and Heydrich, and Himmler was proud to have SS control over a state. Despite having direct access to Hitler, Heydrich's loyalty to Himmler remained firm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011225_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011225-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Hitler's approval, Himmler re-established the <i>Einsatzgruppen</i> in the lead-up to the planned invasion of the Soviet Union. In March 1941, Hitler addressed his army leaders, detailing his intention to smash the Soviet Empire and destroy the Bolshevik intelligentsia and leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008598,_618_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008598,_618-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His special directive, the "Guidelines in Special Spheres re Directive No. 21 (Operation Barbarossa)", read: "In the operations area of the army, the <i>Reichsführer-SS</i> has been given special tasks on the orders of the <i>Führer</i>, in order to prepare the political administration. These tasks arise from the forthcoming final struggle of two opposing political systems. Within the framework of these tasks, the <i>Reichsführer-SS</i> acts independently and on his own responsibility."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgruber198995_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillgruber198995-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler thus intended to prevent internal friction like that occurring earlier in Poland in 1939, when several German Army generals (including <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Blaskowitz" title="Johannes Blaskowitz">Johannes Blaskowitz</a>) had attempted to bring <i>Einsatzgruppen</i> leaders to trial for the murders they had committed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgruber198995_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillgruber198995-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia,_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg/240px-Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg/360px-Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg/480px-Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="2638" /></a><figcaption>Himmler inspects a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> camp in Russia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1941</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the army into the Soviet Union, the <i>Einsatzgruppen</i> rounded up and killed Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960958_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960958-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler was sent frequent reports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich,_Chapter_152003_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich,_Chapter_152003-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, 2.8 million <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs">Soviet prisoners of war</a> died of starvation, mistreatment or executions in just eight months of 1941–42.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen1996290_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen1996290-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 500,000 Soviet prisoners of war died or were executed in Nazi concentration camps over the course of the war; most of them were shot or <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gassed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWs:_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPOWs:_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in which inmates were subjected to forced labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012480–481_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012480–481-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews from all over Germany and the occupied territories were deported to the camps or confined to ghettos. As the Germans were pushed back from Moscow in December 1941, signalling that the expected quick defeat of the Soviet Union had failed to materialize, Hitler and other Nazi officials realised that mass deportations to the east would no longer be possible. As a result, instead of deportation, many Jews in Europe were destined for death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008256_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008256-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich,_Chapter_172003_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich,_Chapter_172003-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_Solution,_the_Holocaust,_racial_policy,_and_eugenics"><span id="Final_Solution.2C_the_Holocaust.2C_racial_policy.2C_and_eugenics"></span>Final Solution, the Holocaust, racial policy, and eugenics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12,_Dachau,_Konzentrationslager,_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/360px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/480px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Himmler visiting the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> in 1936</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Holocaust" title="Category:The Holocaust">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: black;font-size:160%;; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">The Holocaust</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318,_KZ_Auschwitz,_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/338px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> on selection ramp at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, May 1944</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>People</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">Major perpetrators</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Organizations</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände"><i>Totenkopfverbände</i> (SS-TV)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung"><i>Sturmabteilung</i> (SA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe" title="SS-Verfügungstruppe"><i>Verfügungstruppe</i> (SS-VT)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div style="padding:0.4em 0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators during World War II</a></dt></dl> </div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></dt></dl></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people (Gypsies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Slavs in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">People with disabilities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_established_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany">Ghettos</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilnius</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Jewish ghettos in<br />German-occupied Poland</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">List of selected ghettos</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Camps</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Nazi extermination camps</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajmi%C5%A1te_concentration_camp" title="Sajmište concentration camp">Sajmište</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz I">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanovka_concentration_camp" title="Bogdanovka concentration camp">Bogdanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittelbau-Dora">Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonars_concentration_camp" title="Gonars concentration camp">Gonars (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janowska_concentration_camp" title="Janowska concentration camp">Janowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen-Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_concentration_camp" title="Rab concentration camp">Rab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaspils_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaspils concentration camp">Salaspils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate#The_Holocaust" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uckermark_concentration_camp" title="Uckermark concentration camp">Uckermark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Transit and collection camps</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dt>Belgium</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#World_War_II_camps" title="Internment camps in France">France</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Netherlands</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Slovakia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Divisions</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Extermination methods</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Atrocities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Pogrom#Nazi-occupied_Europe" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plung%C4%97_massacre" title="Plungė massacre">Plungė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radzi%C5%82%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Radziłów pogrom">Radziłów pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv (Lvov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_up_of_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Round up of Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Tykocin" title="Mass murders in Tykocin">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_massacre" title="Częstochowa massacre">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Conference" title="Mogilev Conference">Mogilev Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation "Reinhard"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wola_massacre" title="Wola massacre">Wola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">Death marches</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Protocols" title="Auschwitz Protocols">Auschwitz Protocols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mordowicz" title="Czesław Mordowicz">Czesław Mordowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Tabeau" title="Jerzy Tabeau">Jerzy Tabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba" title="Rudolf Vrba">Rudolf Vrba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Wetzler" title="Alfréd Wetzler">Alfréd Wetzler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs"><i>Sonderkommando</i> photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement_in_Auschwitz" title="Resistance movement in Auschwitz">Resistance movement in Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Organizacji_Wojskowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Organizacji Wojskowej">Związek Organizacji Wojskowej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto" title="Łachwa Ghetto">Łachwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_by_Members_of_the_United_Nations" title="Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations">Joint Declaration by Members of<br />the United Nations</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_St._Louis" title="MS St. Louis">MS <i>St. Louis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Displaced persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Liberated_Jews" title="Central Committee of the Liberated Jews">Central Committee of the Liberated Jews</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany">Reparations Agreement between<br />Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Deportations of French Jews<br />to death camps</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_survivors_of_Sobibor" title="List of survivors of Sobibor">Survivors of Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp">Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_of_Nazism" title="List of victims of Nazism">Victims of Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescuers_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescuers of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Nazi Germany">List of books about Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews">The Destruction of the<br />European Jews</a></i></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</a></i></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism versus<br />intentionalism</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Remembrance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Template:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Template talk:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nazi racial policies, including the notion that people who were racially inferior had no right to live, date back to the earliest days of the party; Hitler discusses this in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer196086_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer196086-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the time of the <a href="/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_against_the_United_States" title="German declaration of war against the United States">German declaration of war on the United States</a> in December 1941, <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery_meeting_of_12_December_1941" title="Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941">Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be "exterminated"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich,_Chapter_172003_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich,_Chapter_172003-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heydrich arranged a meeting, held on 20 January 1942 at <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee</a>, a suburb of Berlin. Attended by top Nazi officials, it was used to outline the plans for the "<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">final solution to the Jewish question</a>". Heydrich detailed how those Jews able to work would be <a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination through labor">worked to death</a>; those unable to work would be killed outright. Heydrich calculated the number of Jews to be killed at 11 million and told the attendees that Hitler had placed Himmler in charge of the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008264_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008264-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1942, Heydrich was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anthropoid">Operation Anthropoid</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADk" title="Jozef Gabčík">Jozef Gabčík</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kubi%C5%A1" title="Jan Kubiš">Jan Kubiš</a>, members of Czechoslovakia's army-in-exile. Both men had been trained by the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> for the mission to kill Heydrich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011280_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011280-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the two funeral services, Himmler—the chief mourner—took charge of Heydrich's two young sons, and he gave the eulogy in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007129_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007129-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 June, after discussions with Himmler and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a>, Hitler ordered brutal reprisals for Heydrich's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011280_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011280-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 13,000 people were arrested, and the village of <a href="/wiki/Lidice" title="Lidice">Lidice</a> was <a href="/wiki/Lidice_massacre" title="Lidice massacre">razed to the ground</a>; its male inhabitants and all adults in the village of <a href="/wiki/Le%C5%BE%C3%A1ky" title="Ležáky">Ležáky</a> were murdered. At least 1,300 people were executed by firing squads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011280–285_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011280–285-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008714_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008714-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler took over leadership of the RSHA and stepped up the pace of the killing of Jews in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Aktion Reinhard</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a>), named in Heydrich's honour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012570–571_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012570–571-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ordered the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Aktion Reinhard</i></span> camps—three <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>—to be constructed at <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008282–283_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008282–283-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially the victims were killed with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">gas vans</a> or by firing squad, but these methods proved impracticable for an operation of this scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008256–257_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008256–257-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1941, Himmler attended the shooting of 100 Jews at <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>. A "military virgin" this was the first time he heard a shot fired in anger or seen dead people, and in Minsk while looking into the open grave his coat and perhaps his face were splashed by the brains of a victim. He went very green and pale and swayed. Karl Wolff jumped forward, held him steady and led him away from the grave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrigg2020172_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrigg2020172-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nauseated and shaken by the experience,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1987191_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1987191-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was concerned about the impact such actions would have on the mental health of his SS men. </p><p>He decided that alternate methods of killing should be found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012547_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012547-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011199_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011199-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his orders, by early 1942 the camp at Auschwitz had been greatly expanded, including the addition of <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a>, where victims were killed using the pesticide <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008295,_299–300_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008295,_299–300-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler visited the camp in person on 17 and 18 July 1942. He was given a demonstration of a mass killing using the gas chamber in Bunker 2 and toured the building site of the new <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> plant being constructed at the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Monowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Monowitz">Monowitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005106_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005106-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war, at least 5.5 million Jews had been killed by the Nazi regime;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most estimates range closer to 6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYad_Vashem,_2008_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYad_Vashem,_2008-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntroduction:_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntroduction:_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler visited the camp at Sobibór in early 1943, by which time 250,000 people had been killed at that location alone. After witnessing a gassing, he gave 28 people promotions and ordered the operation of the camp to be wound down. In <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_uprising" title="Sobibor uprising">a prisoner revolt</a> that October, the remaining prisoners killed most of the guards and SS personnel. Several hundred prisoners escaped; about a hundred were immediately re-captured and killed. Some of the escapees joined partisan units operating in the area. The camp was dismantled by December 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008288–289_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008288–289-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nazis also targeted <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> (Gypsies) as "asocial" and "criminals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012229_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012229-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1935, they were confined into special camps away from ethnic Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012229_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012229-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, Himmler issued an order in which he said that the "Gypsy question" would be determined by "race".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012230_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012230-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler believed that the Romani were originally Aryan but had become a mixed race; only the "racially pure" were to be allowed to live.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewy2000135–137_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewy2000135–137-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, Himmler ordered thousands of Gypsies to be sent to the Dachau concentration camp and by 1942, ordered all Romani sent to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012230,_670_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012230,_670-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himmler was one of the main architects of the Holocaust,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig19911150_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig19911150-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960236_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960236-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich20123_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich20123-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using his deep belief in the racist Nazi ideology to justify the murder of millions of victims. Longerich surmises that Hitler, Himmler, and Heydrich designed the Holocaust during a period of intensive meetings and exchanges in April–May 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012564_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012564-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazis planned to <a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">kill Polish intellectuals</a> and restrict non-Germans in the General Government and conquered territories to a fourth-grade education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012429,_451_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012429,_451-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They further wanted to breed a <a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a> of racially pure Nordic Aryans in Germany. As a student of agriculture and a farmer, Himmler was acquainted with the principles of <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>, which he proposed to apply to humans. He believed that he could engineer the German populace, for example, through <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">eugenics</a>, to be Nordic in appearance within several decades of the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle2006_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle2006-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posen_speeches">Posen speeches</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></div> <p>On 4 October 1943, during a secret meeting with top SS officials in the city of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> (Posen), and on 6 October 1943, in a speech to the party elite—the <i><a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiters</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsleiter" title="Reichsleiter">Reichsleiters</a></i>—Himmler referred explicitly to the "extermination" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ausrottung</i>) of the Jewish people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1996388–389_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1996388–389-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A translated excerpt from the speech of 4 October reads:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosen_speech_(1943),_audio_recording_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPosen_speech_(1943),_audio_recording-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>I also want to refer here very frankly to a very difficult matter. We can now very openly talk about this among ourselves, and yet we will never discuss this publicly. Just as we did not hesitate <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">on 30 June 1934</a>, to perform our duty as ordered and put comrades who had failed up against the wall and execute them, we also never spoke about it, nor will we ever speak about it. Let us thank God that we had within us enough self-evident fortitude never to discuss it among us, and we never talked about it. Every one of us was horrified, and yet every one clearly understood that we would do it next time, when the order is given and when it becomes necessary. </p><p>I am talking about the "Jewish evacuation": the extermination of the Jewish people. It is one of those things that is easily said. "The Jewish people is being exterminated", every Party member will tell you, "perfectly clear, it's part of our plans, we're eliminating the Jews, exterminating them, ha!, a small matter." And then they turn up, the upstanding 80 million Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. They say the others are all swines, but this particular one is a splendid Jew. But none has observed it, endured it. Most of you here know what it means when 100 corpses lie next to each other, when there are 500 or when there are 1,000. To have endured this and at the same time to have remained a decent person—with exceptions due to human weaknesses—has made us tough, and is a glorious chapter that has not and will not be spoken of. Because we know how difficult it would be for us if we still had Jews as secret saboteurs, agitators and rabble-rousers in every city, what with the bombings, with the burden and with the hardships of the war. If the Jews were still part of the German nation, we would most likely arrive now at the state we were at in 1916 and '17 ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosen_speech_(1943),_transcript_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPosen_speech_(1943),_transcript-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMT_:_Volume_29145f_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMT_:_Volume_29145f-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Because the Allies had indicated that they were going to pursue criminal charges for German war crimes, Hitler tried to gain the loyalty and silence of his subordinates by making them all parties to the ongoing genocide. Hitler therefore authorised Himmler's speeches to ensure that all party leaders were complicit in the crimes and could not later deny knowledge of the killings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1996388–389_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1996388–389-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanization_policies_and_Generalplan_Ost">Germanization policies and <i>Generalplan Ost</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718,_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a>, Himmler, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Bouhler" title="Philipp Bouhler">Philipp Bouhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, and others listening to <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Meyer" title="Konrad Meyer">Konrad Meyer</a> at a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span> exhibition, 20 March 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood</a> (RKFDV) with the incorporated <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">VoMi</a>, Himmler was deeply involved in the <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> program for the East, particularly Poland. As laid out in <i><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i>, the aim was to enslave, expel or exterminate the native population and to make <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lebensraum</i></span> ("living space") for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volksdeutsche</i></span> (ethnic Germans). He continued his plans to colonise the east, even when many Germans were reluctant to relocate there, and despite negative effects on the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECecil1972191_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECecil1972191-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2004543_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004543-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 11 million Slavic and 3.4 million Jewish inhabitants of Eastern Europe were killed in Nazi Germany's extermination campaigns during the implementation of <i>Generalplan Ost</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELens2019_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELens2019-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark2023359,_377_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark2023359,_377-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himmler's racial groupings began with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksliste" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksliste">Volksliste</a></i></span>, the classification of people deemed of German blood. These included Germans who had collaborated with Germany before the war, but also those who considered themselves German but had been neutral; those who were partially "Polonized" but "Germanizable"; and Germans who were of Polish nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2004544_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004544-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler ordered that those who refused to be classified as ethnic Germans should be deported to concentration camps, have their children taken away, or be assigned to forced labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2006247_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2006247-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas2001113_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas2001113-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler's belief that "it is in the nature of German blood to resist" led to his conclusion that Balts or Slavs who resisted Germanization were racially superior to more compliant ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECecil1972199_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECecil1972199-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He declared that no drop of German blood would be lost or left behind to mingle with an "alien race".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2004543_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004543-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plan also included the <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany">kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1999_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1999-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler urged: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Obviously in such a mixture of peoples, there will always be some racially good types. Therefore, I think that it is our duty to take their children with us, to remove them from their environment, if necessary by robbing, or stealing them. Either we win over any good blood that we can use for ourselves and give it a place in our people, ... or we destroy that blood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn-Bramstedt1998244_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn-Bramstedt1998244-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The "racially valuable" children were to be removed from all contact with Poles and raised as Germans, with German names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1999_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1999-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler declared: "We have faith above all in this our own blood, which has flowed into a foreign nationality through the vicissitudes of German history. We are convinced that our own philosophy and ideals will reverberate in the spirit of these children who racially belong to us."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1999_164-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1999-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The children were to be adopted by German families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas2001113_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas2001113-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children who passed muster at first but were later rejected were taken to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kinder_KZ" title="Kinder KZ">Kinder KZ</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź Ghetto</a>, where most of them eventually died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1999_164-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1999-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By January 1943, Himmler reported that 629,000 ethnic Germans had been resettled; however, most resettled Germans did not live in the envisioned small farms, but in temporary camps or quarters in towns. Half a million residents of the annexed Polish territories, as well as from Slovenia, Alsace, Lorraine, and Luxembourg were deported to the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> or sent to Germany as slave labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012578–580_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012578–580-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler instructed that the German nation should view all foreign workers brought to Germany as a danger to their German blood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupp1979125_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp1979125-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with German racial laws, sexual relations between Germans and foreigners were forbidden as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span> (race defilement).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer2003180,_855_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003180,_855-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20_July_plot">20 July plot</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></div> <p>On 20 July 1944, a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Valkyrie" title="Operation Valkyrie">group of German army officers</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a> and including some of the highest-ranked members of the German armed forces attempted to assassinate Hitler, but failed to do so. The next day, Himmler formed a special commission that arrested over 5,000 suspected and known opponents of the regime. Hitler ordered brutal reprisals that resulted in the execution of more than 4,900 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960§29_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960§29-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Himmler was embarrassed by his failure to uncover the plot, it led to an increase in his powers and authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012696–698_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012696–698-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008642_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008642-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fromm" title="Friedrich Fromm">Friedrich Fromm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Replacement_Army" title="Replacement Army">Replacement Army</a> (<i>Ersatzheer</i>) and Stauffenberg's immediate superior, was one of those implicated in the conspiracy. Hitler removed Fromm from his post and named Himmler as his successor. Since the Replacement Army consisted of two million men, Himmler hoped to draw on these reserves to fill posts within the Waffen-SS. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Hans_J%C3%BCttner" title="Hans Jüttner">Hans Jüttner</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/SS_F%C3%BChrungshauptamt" title="SS Führungshauptamt">SS Leadership Main Office</a>, as his deputy, and began to fill top Replacement Army posts with SS men. By November 1944, Himmler had merged the army officer recruitment department with that of the Waffen-SS and had successfully lobbied for an increase in the quotas for recruits to the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012698–702_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012698–702-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time, Hitler had appointed Himmler as <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsminister" title="Reichsminister">Reichsminister</a></i> of the Interior, succeeding Frick, and General Plenipotentiary for Administration (<i>Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELisciotto2007_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELisciotto2007-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time (24 August 1943) he also joined the six-member <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_for_the_Defense_of_the_Reich" title="Council of Ministers for the Defense of the Reich">Council of Ministers for the Defense of the Reich</a>, which operated as the war cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Career_of_Heinrich_Himmler200150,_67_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Career_of_Heinrich_Himmler200150,_67-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1944 Hitler authorised him to restructure the organisation and administration of the Waffen-SS, the army, and the police services. As head of the Replacement Army, Himmler was now responsible for prisoners of war. He was also in charge of the Wehrmacht penal system, and controlled the development of Wehrmacht armaments until January 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012702–704_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012702–704-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Command_of_army_group">Command of army group</h2></div> <p>On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601036_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601036-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Upper_Rhine" title="Army Group Upper Rhine">Army Group Upper Rhine</a> (<i>Heeresgruppe Oberrhein</i>) group was formed to engage the advancing <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe_and_Africa" title="United States Army Europe and Africa">US 7th Army</a> (under command of General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Patch" title="Alexander Patch">Alexander Patch</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601086_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601086-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">French 1st Army</a> (led by General <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">Jean de Lattre de Tassigny</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> region along the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012715_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012715-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1944, Hitler appointed Himmler commander-in-chief of Army Group Upper Rhine. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10,_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2498" /></a><figcaption>Himmler (at podium) with <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Hans Lammers</a> in October 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 September 1944, Hitler ordered Himmler to create special army units, the <i><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a></i> ("People's Storm" or "People's Army"). All males aged sixteen to sixty were eligible for conscription into this militia, over the protests of Armaments Minister <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>, who noted that irreplaceable skilled workers were being removed from armaments production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601087_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601087-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler confidently believed six million men could be raised, and the new units would "initiate a people's war against the invader".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Battle_for_Germany''_2011_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Battle_for_Germany''_2011-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hopes were wildly optimistic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Battle_for_Germany''_2011_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Battle_for_Germany''_2011-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1944, children as young as fourteen were being enlisted. Because of severe shortages in weapons and equipment and lack of training, members of the <i>Volkssturm</i> were poorly prepared for combat, and about 175,000 of them died in the final months of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008675–678_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008675–678-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 January 1945, Hitler and his generals launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nordwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Nordwind">Operation North Wind</a>. The goal was to break through the lines of the US 7th Army and French 1st Army to support the southern thrust in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a> (Ardennes offensive), the final major German offensive of the war. After limited initial gains by the Germans, the Americans halted the offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008884,_885_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008884,_885-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 25 January, Operation North Wind had officially ended. </p><p>On 25 January 1945, despite Himmler's lack of military experience, Hitler appointed him as commander of the hastily formed <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a> (<i>Heeresgruppe Weichsel</i>) to halt the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder offensive</a> into <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008891_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008891-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a decision that appalled the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601095_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601095-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler established his command centre at <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Schneidemühl</a>, using his special train, <i>Sonderzug Steiermark</i>, as his headquarters. The train had only one telephone line, inadequate maps, and no signal detachment or radios with which to establish communication and relay military orders. Himmler seldom left the train, only worked about four hours per day, and insisted on a daily massage before commencing work and a lengthy nap after lunch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1991178_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1991178-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a> talked to Himmler on 9 February and demanded that <a href="/wiki/Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice">Operation Solstice</a>, an attack from Pomerania against the northern flank of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front" title="1st Belorussian Front">1st Belorussian Front</a>, should be in progress by the 16th. Himmler argued that he was not ready to commit himself to a specific date. Given Himmler's lack of qualifications as an army group commander, Guderian convinced himself that Himmler tried to conceal his incompetence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiemke1968446_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemke1968446-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 February Guderian met Hitler and demanded that General <a href="/wiki/Walther_Wenck" title="Walther Wenck">Walther Wenck</a> be given a special mandate to command the offensive by Army Group Vistula. Hitler sent Wenck with a "special mandate", but without specifying Wenck's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiemke1968446-447_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemke1968446-447-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offensive was launched on 16 February 1945, but soon stuck in rain and mud, facing mine fields and strong antitank defenses. That night Wenck was severely injured in a car accident, but it is doubtful that he could have salvaged the operation, as Guderian later claimed. Himmler ordered the offensive to stop on the 18th by a "directive for regrouping".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiemke1968447_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemke1968447-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler officially ended Operation Solstice on 21 February and ordered Himmler to transfer a corps headquarter and three divisions to Army Group Center.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiemke1968448_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemke1968448-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himmler was unable to devise any viable plans for completion of his military objectives. Under pressure from Hitler over the worsening military situation, Himmler became anxious and unable to give him coherent reports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012715–718_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012715–718-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the counter-attack failed to stop the Soviet advance, Hitler held Himmler personally liable and accused him of not following orders. Himmler's military command ended on 20 March, when Hitler replaced him with General <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Heinrici" title="Gotthard Heinrici">Gotthard Heinrici</a> as Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Vistula. By this time Himmler, who had been under the care of his doctor since 18 February, had fled to the <a href="/wiki/Hohenlychen_Sanatorium" title="Hohenlychen Sanatorium">Hohenlychen Sanatorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1991241_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1991241-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler sent Guderian on a forced medical leave of absence, and he reassigned his post as chief of staff to <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(Wehrmacht_general)" title="Hans Krebs (Wehrmacht general)">Hans Krebs</a> on 29 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1991247_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1991247-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler's failure and Hitler's response marked a serious deterioration in the relationship between the two men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008891,_913–914_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008891,_913–914-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, the inner circle of people whom Hitler trusted was rapidly shrinking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008914_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008914-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_negotiations">Peace negotiations</h3></div> <p>In March 1945, the German war effort was on the verge of collapse and Himmler's relationship with Hitler had deteriorated. Himmler considered independently negotiating a peace settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012724_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012724-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His masseur, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Kersten" title="Felix Kersten">Felix Kersten</a>, who had moved to Sweden, acted as an intermediary in negotiations with Count <a href="/wiki/Folke_Bernadotte" title="Folke Bernadotte">Folke Bernadotte</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Red_Cross" title="Swedish Red Cross">Swedish Red Cross</a>. Letters were exchanged between the two men,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007230–233_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007230–233-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and direct meetings were arranged by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a> of the RSHA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008943–945_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008943–945-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in March 1945, Himmler issued a directive that Jews were to be marched from the <a href="/wiki/South-east_wall" title="South-east wall">South-east wall</a> (<i>Südostwall</i>) fortifications construction project on the Austro-Hungarian border, to Mauthausen. He desired hostages for potential peace negotiations. Thousands died on the marches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathkolb2022138_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERathkolb2022138-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuremberg_Trials1946_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuremberg_Trials1946-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himmler45.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Himmler45.jpg/170px-Himmler45.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Himmler45.jpg/255px-Himmler45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Himmler45.jpg/340px-Himmler45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Himmler in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Himmler and Hitler met for the last time on 20 April 1945—Hitler's birthday—in Berlin, and Himmler swore unswerving loyalty to Hitler. At a military briefing on that day, Hitler stated that he would not leave Berlin, in spite of Soviet advances. Along with Göring, Himmler quickly left the city after the briefing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008923–925,_943_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008923–925,_943-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 April, Himmler met with <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Masur" title="Norbert Masur">Norbert Masur</a>, a Swedish representative of the <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a>, to discuss the release of Jewish concentration camp inmates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenkower1988281_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenkower1988281-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these negotiations, about 20,000 people were released in the <a href="/wiki/White_Buses" title="White Buses">White Buses</a> operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012724_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012724-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler falsely claimed in the meeting that the crematoria at camps had been built to deal with the bodies of prisoners who had died in a typhus epidemic. He also claimed very high survival rates for the camps at Auschwitz and <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a>, even as these sites were liberated and it became obvious that his figures were false.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012727–729_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012727–729-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 April, Himmler met directly with Bernadotte at the Swedish consulate in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>. Representing himself as the provisional leader of Germany, he claimed that Hitler would be dead within the next few days. Hoping that the British and Americans would fight the Soviets alongside what remained of the Wehrmacht, Himmler asked Bernadotte to inform General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> that Germany wished to surrender to the Western Allies, and not to the Soviet Union. Bernadotte asked Himmler to put his proposal in writing, and Himmler obliged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601122_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601122-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper2012118–119_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper2012118–119-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Göring had <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ring_telegram" title="Göring telegram">sent a telegram</a>, a few hours earlier, asking Hitler for permission to assume leadership of the <i>Reich</i> in his capacity as Hitler's designated deputy—an act that Hitler, under the prodding of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a>, interpreted as a demand to step down or face a coup. On 27 April, Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's HQ in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein" title="Hermann Fegelein">Hermann Fegelein</a>, was caught in civilian clothes preparing to desert; he was arrested and brought back to the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a></i>. On the evening of 28 April, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> broadcast a <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> news report about Himmler's attempted negotiations with the western Allies. Hitler had long considered Himmler to be second only to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> in loyalty; he called Himmler "the loyal Heinrich" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">der treue Heinrich</i>). Hitler flew into a rage at this betrayal, and told those still with him in the bunker complex that Himmler's secret negotiations were the worst treachery he had ever known. Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest, and Fegelein was court-martialed and shot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008943–947_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008943–947-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time, the Soviets had advanced to the <a href="/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz" title="Potsdamer Platz">Potsdamer Platz</a>, only 300 m (330 yd) from the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a>, and were preparing to storm the Chancellery. This report, combined with Himmler's treachery, prompted Hitler to write his <a href="/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler">last will and testament</a>. In the testament, completed on 29 April—one day prior to <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">his suicide</a>—Hitler declared both Himmler and Göring to be traitors. He stripped Himmler of all of his party and state offices and expelled him from the Nazi Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008724_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008724-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007237_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007237-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler named <a href="/wiki/Grand_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Admiral">Grand Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> as his successor. Himmler met Dönitz in <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a> and offered himself as second-in-command. He maintained that he was entitled to a position in <a href="/wiki/Flensburg_Government" title="Flensburg Government">Dönitz's interim government</a> as <i>Reichsführer-SS</i>, believing the SS would be in a good position to restore and maintain order after the war. Dönitz repeatedly rejected Himmler's overtures<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012733–734_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012733–734-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and initiated peace negotiations with the Allies. He wrote a letter on 6 May—two days before the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a>—formally dismissing Himmler from all his posts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007239,_243_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007239,_243-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capture_and_death">Capture and death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himmler_Dead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Himmler_Dead.jpg/170px-Himmler_Dead.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Himmler_Dead.jpg/255px-Himmler_Dead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Himmler_Dead.jpg/340px-Himmler_Dead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Himmler's corpse after his suicide by <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">cyanide poisoning</a>, May 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Rejected by his former comrades and hunted by the Allies, Himmler attempted to go into hiding. He had not made extensive preparations for this, but he carried a forged paybook under the name of Sergeant Heinrich Hizinger. On 11 May 1945, with a small band of companions, he headed south to <a href="/wiki/Friedrichskoog" title="Friedrichskoog">Friedrichskoog</a>, without a final destination in mind. They continued on to <a href="/wiki/Neuhaus_(Oste)" title="Neuhaus (Oste)">Neuhaus</a>, where the group split up. On 21 May, Himmler and two aides were stopped and detained at a checkpoint in <a href="/wiki/Bremerv%C3%B6rde" title="Bremervörde">Bremervörde</a> set up by former Soviet POWs. Over the following two days, he was moved around to several camps<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012734–736_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012734–736-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was brought to the British 31st Civilian Interrogation Camp near <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a>, on 23 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich20121,_736_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich20121,_736-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The officials noticed that Himmler's identity papers bore a stamp which British military intelligence had seen being used by fleeing members of the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorera2020_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorera2020-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The duty officer, Captain Thomas Selvester, began a routine interrogation. Himmler admitted who he was, and Selvester had the prisoner searched. Himmler was taken to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">Second British Army</a> in Lüneburg, where a doctor conducted a medical exam on him. The doctor attempted to examine the inside of Himmler's mouth, but the prisoner was reluctant to open it and jerked his head away. Himmler then bit into a hidden <a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">potassium cyanide</a> pill and collapsed onto the floor. He was dead within 15 minutes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Bend_Bulletin''1945_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Bend_Bulletin''1945-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich20121–3_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich20121–3-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite efforts to expel the poison from his system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601141_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601141-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward, Himmler's body was buried in an <a href="/wiki/Unmarked_grave" title="Unmarked grave">unmarked grave</a> near Lüneburg. The grave's location remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007248_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007248-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mysticism_and_symbolism">Mysticism and symbolism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">Ideology of the SS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occultism_in_Nazism" title="Occultism in Nazism">Occultism in Nazism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sig_runes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sig_runes.svg/90px-Sig_runes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sig_runes.svg/135px-Sig_runes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sig_runes.svg/180px-Sig_runes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>The stylised lightning bolts of the SS insignia were based on the <a href="/wiki/Armanen_runes" title="Armanen runes">Armanen runes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">Guido von List</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Himmler was interested in <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> from an early age. He tied this interest into his racist philosophy, looking for proof of Aryan and Nordic racial superiority from ancient times. He promoted a cult of ancestor worship, particularly among members of the SS, as a way to keep the race pure and provide immortality to the nation. Viewing the SS as an "order" along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, he had them take over the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Teutonic_Order,_Vienna" title="Church of the Teutonic Order, Vienna">Church of the Teutonic Order in Vienna</a> in 1939. He began the process of replacing Christianity with a new moral code that rejected <a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">humanitarianism</a> and challenged the Christian concept of marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012256–273_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012256–273-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a>, a research society founded by Himmler in 1935, searched the globe for proof of the superiority and ancient origins of the Germanic race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYenne2010134_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYenne2010134-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200750_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200750-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All regalia and uniforms of Nazi Germany, particularly those of the SS, used symbolism in their designs. The <a href="/wiki/Runic_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic insignia of the Schutzstaffel">stylised lightning bolt</a> logo of the SS was chosen in 1932. The logo is a pair of <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a> from a set of 18 <a href="/wiki/Armanen_runes" title="Armanen runes">Armanen runes</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">Guido von List</a> in 1906. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D_(rune)" title="Sowilō (rune)">Sowilō</a> rune originally symbolised the sun, but was renamed "Sieg" (victory) in List's iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYenne201064_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYenne201064-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler modified a variety of existing customs to emphasise the elitism and central role of the SS; an SS naming ceremony was to replace baptism, marriage ceremonies were to be altered, a separate SS funeral ceremony was to be held in addition to Christian ceremonies, and SS-centric celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstices</a> were instituted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYenne201093,_94_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYenne201093,_94-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200438–45,_48,_49_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200438–45,_48,_49-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Totenkopf" title="Totenkopf">Totenkopf</a></i> (death's head) symbol, used by German military units for hundreds of years, had been chosen for the SS by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Julius Schreck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYenne201071_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYenne201071-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler placed particular importance on the <a href="/wiki/SS-Ehrenring" title="SS-Ehrenring">death's-head rings</a>; they were never to be sold, and were to be returned to him upon the death of the owner. He interpreted the death's-head symbol to mean solidarity to the cause and a commitment unto death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012287_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012287-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Hitler">Relationship with Hitler</h2></div> <p>As second in command of the SS and then Reichsführer-SS, Himmler was in regular contact with Hitler to arrange for SS men as bodyguards;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200716_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200716-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler was not involved with Nazi Party policy-making decisions in the years leading up to the seizure of power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200720_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200720-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the late 1930s, the SS was independent of the control of other state agencies or government departments, and he reported only to Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012251_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012251-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler promoted and practised the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i>. The principle required absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus Hitler viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader—at the apex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008181_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008181-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, Himmler placed himself in a position of subservience to Hitler, and was unconditionally obedient to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200783_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200783-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he—like other top Nazi officials—had aspirations to one day succeed Hitler as leader of the Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1996322–323_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1996322–323-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler considered Speer to be an especially dangerous rival, both in the Reich administration and as a potential successor to Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1996424–425_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1996424–425-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler called Himmler's mystical and pseudoreligious interests "nonsense".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeer1971141,_212_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1971141,_212-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler was not a member of Hitler's inner circle; the two men were not very close, and rarely saw each other socially.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToland1977869_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1977869-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200729_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200729-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler socialised almost exclusively with other members of the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeer197180_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer197180-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His unconditional loyalty and efforts to please Hitler earned him the nickname of <i>der treue Heinrich</i> ("the faithful Heinrich"). However, in the last days of the war, when it became clear that Hitler planned to die in Berlin, Himmler left his long-time superior to try to save himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale20104,_407–408_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale20104,_407–408-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55,_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Himmler with his wife Margarete and daughter <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Himmler met his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Boden</a>, in 1927. Seven years his senior, she was a nurse who shared his interest in herbal medicine and <a href="/wiki/Homoeopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoeopathy">homoeopathy</a>, and was part owner of a small private clinic. They were married in July 1928, and their only child, <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun</a>, was born on 8 August 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200717_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200717-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple were also foster parents to a boy named Gerhard von Ahe, son of an SS officer who had died before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007258_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007258-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margarete sold her share of the clinic and used the proceeds to buy a plot of land in Waldtrudering, near Munich, where they erected a prefabricated house. Himmler was constantly away on party business, so his wife took charge of their efforts—mostly unsuccessful—to raise livestock for sale. They had a dog, Töhle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012109–110_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012109–110-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Nazis came to power the family moved first to Möhlstrasse in Munich, and in 1934 to <a href="/wiki/Tegernsee_(lake)" title="Tegernsee (lake)">Tegernsee</a>, where they bought a house. Himmler also later obtained a large house in the Berlin suburb of <a href="/wiki/Dahlem_(Berlin)" title="Dahlem (Berlin)">Dahlem</a>, free of charge, as an official residence. The couple saw little of each other as Himmler became totally absorbed by work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200427_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200427-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship was strained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012109,_374–375_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012109,_374–375-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200740–41_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200740–41-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple did unite for social functions; they were frequent guests at the Heydrich home. Margarete saw it as her duty to invite the wives of the senior SS leaders over for afternoon coffee and tea on Wednesday afternoons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011111_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011111-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Several_images_of_SS_leader_Heinrich_Himmler_with_his_daughter_Gudrun,_varies_dates.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Several_images_of_SS_leader_Heinrich_Himmler_with_his_daughter_Gudrun%2C_varies_dates.gif/170px-Several_images_of_SS_leader_Heinrich_Himmler_with_his_daughter_Gudrun%2C_varies_dates.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Several_images_of_SS_leader_Heinrich_Himmler_with_his_daughter_Gudrun%2C_varies_dates.gif/255px-Several_images_of_SS_leader_Heinrich_Himmler_with_his_daughter_Gudrun%2C_varies_dates.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Several_images_of_SS_leader_Heinrich_Himmler_with_his_daughter_Gudrun%2C_varies_dates.gif 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Himmler and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a>, Himmler's young secretary starting in 1936, became his mistress by 1939. She left her job in 1941. He arranged accommodation for her, first in <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> and later at <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden">Berchtesgaden</a>. He fathered two children with her: a son, Helge (born 15 February 1942, Mecklenburg) and a daughter, Nanette Dorothea (born 20 July 1944, Berchtesgaden). Margarete, by then living in <a href="/wiki/Gmund_am_Tegernsee" title="Gmund am Tegernsee">Gmund</a> with her daughter, learned of the relationship sometime in 1941; she and Himmler were already separated, and she decided to tolerate the relationship for the sake of her daughter. Working as a nurse for the <a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a> during the war, Margarete was appointed supervisor in one of Germany's military districts, <a href="/wiki/Wehrkreis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Wehrkreis III">Wehrkreis III</a> (Berlin-Brandenburg). Himmler was close to his first daughter, Gudrun, whom he nicknamed <i>Püppi</i> ("dolly"); he phoned her every few days and visited as often as he could.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012466–68_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012466–68-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Margarete's diaries record that Gerhard left the <a href="/wiki/National_Political_Institutes_of_Education" title="National Political Institutes of Education">National Political Educational Institute</a> in Berlin due to poor examination results. At 16 he joined the SS in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> and fought on the Eastern Front. He was captured by the Russians but was later returned to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimmler2007285_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmler2007285-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hedwig and Margarete both remained loyal to Himmler. Writing to Gebhard in February 1945, Margarete said, "How wonderful that he has been called to great tasks and is equal to them. The whole of Germany is looking to him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012732_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012732-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hedwig expressed similar sentiments in a letter to Himmler in January. Margarete and Gudrun left Gmund as Allied troops advanced into the area. They were arrested by American troops in <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>, Italy, and held in various internment camps in Italy, France, and Germany. They were brought to Nuremberg to testify at the trials and were released in November 1946. Gudrun emerged from the experience embittered by her alleged mistreatment and remained devoted to her father's memory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimmler2007275_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmler2007275-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESify_News2010_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESify_News2010-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later worked for the West German spy agency <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service"><i>Bundesnachrichtendienst</i> (BND)</a> from 1961 to 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Deutsche_Welle''2018_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Deutsche_Welle''2018-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_assessment">Historical assessment</h2></div> <p>Peter Longerich observes that Himmler's ability to consolidate his ever-increasing powers and responsibilities into a coherent system under the auspices of the SS led him to become one of the most powerful men in the Third Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012747_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012747-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Wolfgang Sauer says that "although he was pedantic, dogmatic, and dull, Himmler emerged under Hitler as second in actual power. His strength lay in a combination of unusual shrewdness, burning ambition, and servile loyalty to Hitler."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer,_Wolfgang_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer,_Wolfgang-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the German news magazine <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i></span> described Himmler as one of the most brutal mass murderers in history and the architect of the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Wiegrefe2008_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Wiegrefe2008-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Toland (author)">John Toland</a> relates a story by Günter Syrup, a subordinate of Heydrich. Heydrich showed him a picture of Himmler and said: "The top half is the teacher, but the lower half is the sadist."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToland1977812_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1977812-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Weale" title="Adrian Weale">Adrian Weale</a> comments that Himmler and the SS followed Hitler's policies without question or ethical considerations. Himmler accepted Hitler and Nazi ideology and saw the SS as a chivalric Teutonic order of new Germans. Himmler adopted the doctrine of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Auftragstaktik" class="mw-redirect" title="Auftragstaktik">Auftragstaktik</a></i></span> ("mission command"), whereby orders were given as broad directives, with authority delegated downward to the appropriate level to carry them out in a timely and efficient manner. Weale states that the SS ideology gave the men a doctrinal framework, and the mission command tactics allowed the junior officers leeway to act on their own initiative to obtain the desired results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale20103,_4_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale20103,_4-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler_papers" title="Heinrich Himmler papers">Heinrich Himmler papers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">List of Nazi Party leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">List of SS personnel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> At that time <i>Reichsführer-SS</i> was only a titled position, not an actual SS rank (<a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, pp. 18, 29).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200713-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200713_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmler2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimmler2007_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHimmler2007">Himmler 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201212–15-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201212–15_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 12–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20071-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20071_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitman20049-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreitman20049_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreitman2004">Breitman 2004</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201217–19-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201217–19_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20073,_6–7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20073,_6–7_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, pp. 3, 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201216-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201216_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20078-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20078_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201220–26-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201220–26_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 20–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadfield199036–37,_49–50,_57,_67-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadfield199036–37,_49–50,_57,_67_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPadfield1990">Padfield 1990</a>, pp. 36–37, 49–50, 57, 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitman200412-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreitman200412_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreitman2004">Breitman 2004</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201229-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201229_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200322–25-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200322–25_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 22–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201233,_42-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201233,_42_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 33, 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201231,_35,_47-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201231,_35,_47_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 31, 35, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20076,_8–9,_11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20076,_8–9,_11_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, pp. 6, 8–9, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201254-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201254_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200710-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200710_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201040-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale201040_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2010">Weale 2010</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201042-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale201042_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2010">Weale 2010</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201260,_64–65-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201260,_64–65_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 60, 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20079–11-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel20079–11_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, pp. 9–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately202054-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately202054_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellately2020">Gellately 2020</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiondi20007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiondi20007_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiondi20007_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiondi2000">Biondi 2000</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201272–75-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201272–75_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 72–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711–12-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711–12_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201277–81,_87-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201277–81,_87_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 77–81, 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711–13-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200711–13_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003227-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003227_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003227_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201151-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201151_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2011">Gerwarth 2011</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201270,_81–88-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201270,_81–88_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 70, 81–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003228-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003228_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003228_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201289–92-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich201289–92_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 89–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200715–16-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200715–16_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200918-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200918_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200918_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200584-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200584_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200584_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960148-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960148_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201047-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale201047_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2010">Weale 2010</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012113–114-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012113–114_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003228–229-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003228–229_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200917,_19–21-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200917,_19–21_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, pp. 17, 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20059-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20059_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1999376-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1999376_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock1999">Bullock 1999</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015565-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015565_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015565_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2015">Williams 2015</a>, p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolb2005224–225-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolb2005224–225_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolb2005">Kolb 2005</a>, pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel201192-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel201192_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2011">Manvell & Fraenkel 2011</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960184-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960184_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960192-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960192_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960199-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960199_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960226–227-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960226–227_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200920,_22-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200920,_22_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, pp. 20, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200641-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200641_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200652-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200652_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200917,_23,_151-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200917,_23,_151_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, pp. 17, 23, 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200724,_27-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200724,_27_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, pp. 24, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012149-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012149_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200466-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200466_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlaherty2004">Flaherty 2004</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200929-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200929_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1933–1934254-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1933–1934254_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank1933–1934">Frank 1933–1934</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200923,_36-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200923,_36_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, pp. 23, 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012127,_353-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012127,_353_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 127, 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012302-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012302_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200722–23-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200722–23_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012378-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012378_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003344-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003344_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009136,_137-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009136,_137_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, pp. 136, 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012151–153-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012151–153_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 151–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200584–85-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200584–85_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmler1936-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimmler1936_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHimmler1936">Himmler 1936</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200587-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200587_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200586–90-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200586–90_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 86–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008306–309-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008306–309_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 306–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200524-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200524_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200554-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200554_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008308–314-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008308–314_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 308–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200531–35,_39-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200531–35,_39_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 31–35, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008316-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008316_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008313-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008313_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005543–545-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005543–545_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 543–545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201186,_87-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth201186,_87_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2011">Gerwarth 2011</a>, pp. 86, 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012204-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012204_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012201-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012201_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011163-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011163_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2011">Gerwarth 2011</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200956,_57,_66-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200956,_57,_66_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, pp. 56, 57, 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1996323,_329-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1996323,_329_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSereny1996">Sereny 1996</a>, pp. 323, 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008343-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008343_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty2004120-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty2004120_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlaherty2004">Flaherty 2004</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005641,_653,_674-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005641,_653,_674_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 641, 653, 674.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200334-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200334_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005554–558-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005554–558_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 554–558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012265-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012265_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012265_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012265_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012270-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012270_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadfield1990170-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadfield1990170_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPadfield1990">Padfield 1990</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960518–520-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960518–520_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, pp. 518–520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009118,_122-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009118,_122_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, pp. 118, 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008518,_519-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008518,_519_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 518, 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200814–15-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200814–15_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008118–145-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008118–145_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 118–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008173–174-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008173–174_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2004366-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2004366_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesarani2004">Cesarani 2004</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200993,_98-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200993,_98_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, pp. 93, 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004212–213-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004212–213_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoehl2004">Koehl 2004</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200981–84-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200981–84_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, pp. 81–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Roekel2010-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Roekel2010_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Roekel2010">van Roekel 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200984,_90-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200984,_90_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, pp. 84, 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200994-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200994_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008274-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008274_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011225-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011225_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2011">Gerwarth 2011</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008598,_618-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008598,_618_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 598, 618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillgruber198995-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgruber198995_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgruber198995_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillgruber1989">Hillgruber 1989</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960958-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960958_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich,_Chapter_152003-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich,_Chapter_152003_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich,_Chapter_152003">Longerich, Chapter 15 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen1996290-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen1996290_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldhagen1996">Goldhagen 1996</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPOWs:_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWs:_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPOWs:_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum">POWs: Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012480–481-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012480–481_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 480–481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008256-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008256_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich,_Chapter_172003-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich,_Chapter_172003_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich,_Chapter_172003_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich,_Chapter_172003">Longerich, Chapter 17 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer196086-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer196086_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008264-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008264_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011280-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011280_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011280_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2011">Gerwarth 2011</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007129-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2007129_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007">Manvell & Fraenkel 2007</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011280–285-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011280–285_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2011">Gerwarth 2011</a>, pp. 280–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008714-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008714_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 714.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012570–571-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012570–571_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 570–571.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008282–283-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008282–283_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 282–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008256–257-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008256–257_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrigg2020172-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrigg2020172_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrigg2020">Trigg 2020</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1987191-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1987191_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert1987">Gilbert 1987</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012547-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012547_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011199-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011199_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2011">Gerwarth 2011</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008295,_299–300-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008295,_299–300_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 295, 299–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005106-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbacher2005106_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinbacher2005">Steinbacher 2005</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYad_Vashem,_2008-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYad_Vashem,_2008_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYad_Vashem,_2008">Yad Vashem, 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntroduction:_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntroduction:_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntroduction:_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum">Introduction: Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008288–289-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008288–289_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012229-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012229_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012229_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012230-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012230_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewy2000135–137-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewy2000135–137_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewy2000">Lewy 2000</a>, pp. 135–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012230,_670-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012230,_670_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 230, 670.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig19911150-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig19911150_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1991">Zentner & Bedürftig 1991</a>, p. 1150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960236-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960236_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich20123-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich20123_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012564-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012564_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012429,_451-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012429,_451_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 429, 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle2006-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle2006_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1996388–389-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1996388–389_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1996388–389_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSereny1996">Sereny 1996</a>, pp. 388–389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPosen_speech_(1943),_audio_recording-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosen_speech_(1943),_audio_recording_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPosen_speech_(1943),_audio_recording">Posen speech (1943), audio recording</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPosen_speech_(1943),_transcript-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosen_speech_(1943),_transcript_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPosen_speech_(1943),_transcript">Posen speech (1943), transcript</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMT_:_Volume_29145f-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMT_:_Volume_29145f_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIMT_:_Volume_29">IMT : Volume 29</a>, p. 145f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECecil1972191-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECecil1972191_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecil1972">Cecil 1972</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004543-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2004543_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2004543_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOvery2004">Overy 2004</a>, p. 543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELens2019-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELens2019_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLens2019">Lens 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark2023359,_377-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark2023359,_377_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaimark2023">Naimark 2023</a>, pp. 359, 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004544-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2004544_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOvery2004">Overy 2004</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2006247-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2006247_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholas2006">Nicholas 2006</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas2001113-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas2001113_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas2001113_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLukas2001">Lukas 2001</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECecil1972199-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECecil1972199_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecil1972">Cecil 1972</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1999-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1999_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1999_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1999_164-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1999_164-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSereny1999">Sereny 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn-Bramstedt1998244-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn-Bramstedt1998244_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohn-Bramstedt1998">Kohn-Bramstedt 1998</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012578–580-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012578–580_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 578–580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp1979125-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupp1979125_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRupp1979">Rupp 1979</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003180,_855-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer2003180,_855_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajer2003">Majer 2003</a>, pp. 180, 855.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960§29-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960§29_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, §29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012696–698-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012696–698_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 696–698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008642-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008642_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012698–702-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012698–702_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 698–702.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELisciotto2007-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELisciotto2007_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLisciotto2007">Lisciotto 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Career_of_Heinrich_Himmler200150,_67-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Career_of_Heinrich_Himmler200150,_67_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Career_of_Heinrich_Himmler2001">The Career of Heinrich Himmler 2001</a>, pp. 50, 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012702–704-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012702–704_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 702–704.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601036-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601036_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 1036.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601086-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601086_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 1086.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012715-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012715_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 715.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601087-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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.div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBiondi2000" class="citation book cs1">Biondi, Robert, ed. 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London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-089-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-089-4"><bdi>978-1-84413-089-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himmler+and+the+Final+Solution%3A+The+Architect+of+Genocide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84413-089-4&rft.aulast=Breitman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1999" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. <i>Hitler: A Study in Tyranny</i>. New York: Konecky & Konecky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-036-0"><bdi>978-1-56852-036-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Study+in+Tyranny&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Konecky+%26+Konecky&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56852-036-0&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecil1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil_(British_diplomat)" title="Robert Cecil (British diplomat)">Cecil, Robert</a> (1972). <i>The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology</i>. New York: Dodd, Mead. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-396-06577-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-396-06577-7"><bdi>978-0-396-06577-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Master+Race%3A+Alfred+Rosenberg+and+Nazi+Ideology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-396-06577-7&rft.aulast=Cecil&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesarani2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cesarani" title="David Cesarani">Cesarani, David</a> (2004). <i>Holocaust: From the Persecution of the Jews to Mass Murder</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27511-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27511-8"><bdi>978-0-415-27511-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+From+the+Persecution+of+the+Jews+to+Mass+Murder&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27511-8&rft.aulast=Cesarani&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duffy" title="Christopher Duffy">Duffy, Christopher</a> (1991). <i>Red Storm on the Reich: The Soviet March On Germany, 1945</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80505-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80505-9"><bdi>978-0-306-80505-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Storm+on+the+Reich%3A+The+Soviet+March+On+Germany%2C+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80505-9&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. 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New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3"><bdi>978-0-14-303790-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303790-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2008). <i>The Third Reich at War</i>. New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4"><bdi>978-0-14-311671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311671-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaherty2004" class="citation book cs1">Flaherty, T. H. (2004) [1988]. <i>The Third Reich: The SS</i>. Time-Life Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84447-073-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84447-073-3"><bdi>1-84447-073-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+The+SS&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84447-073-3&rft.aulast=Flaherty&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1933–1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank, Hans</a>, ed. (1933–1934). <i>Jahrbuch der Akademie für Deutsches Recht</i> [<i>Yearbook of the Academy for German Law</i>] (1st ed.). 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New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068990-2"><bdi>978-0-19-068990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+True+Believers%3A+How+Ordinary+People+Became+Nazis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-068990-2&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerwarth2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gerwarth" title="Robert Gerwarth">Gerwarth, Robert</a> (2011). <i>Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11575-8"><bdi>978-0-300-11575-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Hangman%3A+The+Life+of+Heydrich&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11575-8&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1987) [1985]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory0000gilb"><i>The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War</i></a></span>. New York: Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-0348-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-0348-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-0348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+A+History+of+the+Jews+of+Europe+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-0348-2&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocausthistory0000gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldhagen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldhagen" title="Daniel Goldhagen">Goldhagen, Daniel</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Willing_Executioners" title="Hitler's Willing Executioners"><i>Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44695-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44695-8"><bdi>978-0-679-44695-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Willing+Executioners%3A+Ordinary+Germans+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-679-44695-8&rft.aulast=Goldhagen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Battle_for_Germany_2011" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Grazhdan, Anna (director); Artem Drabkin & Aleksey Isaev (writers); Valeriy Babich, Vlad Ryashin, et al. (producers) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUFHAYCAD70"><i>The Battle for Germany</i></a> (television documentary). <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Storm:_World_War_II_in_the_East" title="Soviet Storm: World War II in the East">Soviet Storm: World War II in the East</a>. Star Media's Official YouTube Channel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Germany&rft.series=Soviet+Storm%3A+World+War+II+in+the+East&rft.pub=Star+Media%27s+Official+YouTube+Channel&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DfUFHAYCAD70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillgruber1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Hillgruber, Andreas</a> (1989). <i>The Nazi Holocaust Part 3, The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder, Volume 1</i>. Westpoint, CT: Meckler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88736-266-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88736-266-8"><bdi>978-0-88736-266-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Holocaust+Part+3%2C+The+%22Final+Solution%22%3A+The+Implementation+of+Mass+Murder%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Westpoint%2C+CT&rft.pub=Meckler&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88736-266-8&rft.aulast=Hillgruber&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimmler2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katrin_Himmler" title="Katrin Himmler">Himmler, Katrin</a> (2007). <i>The Himmler Brothers</i>. London: Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-44814-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-44814-7"><bdi>978-0-330-44814-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Himmler+Brothers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-330-44814-7&rft.aulast=Himmler&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIMT_:_Volume_29" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Internationaler Militärgerichtshof Nürnberg (IMT) (1989). <i>Der Nürnberger Prozess gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher</i> (in German). Vol. Band 29: <i>Urkunden und anderes Beweismaterial</i>. Nachdruck München: Delphin Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7735-2523-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7735-2523-9"><bdi>978-3-7735-2523-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+N%C3%BCrnberger+Prozess+gegen+die+Hauptkriegsverbrecher&rft.place=Nachdruck+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Delphin+Verlag&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-3-7735-2523-9&rft.au=Internationaler+Milit%C3%A4rgerichtshof+N%C3%BCrnberg+%28IMT%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2008). <i>Hitler: A Biography</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6"><bdi>978-0-393-06757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06757-6&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehl2004" class="citation book cs1">Koehl, Robert (2004). <i>The SS: A History 1919–45</i>. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75242-559-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75242-559-7"><bdi>978-0-75242-559-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+A+History+1919%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-75242-559-7&rft.aulast=Koehl&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn-Bramstedt1998" class="citation book cs1">Kohn-Bramstedt, Ernest (1998) [1945]. <i>Dictatorship and Political Police: The Technique of Control by Fear</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17542-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17542-5"><bdi>978-0-415-17542-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictatorship+and+Political+Police%3A+The+Technique+of+Control+by+Fear&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17542-5&rft.aulast=Kohn-Bramstedt&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolb2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Kolb" title="Eberhard Kolb">Kolb, Eberhard</a> (2005) [1984]. <i>The Weimar Republic</i>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34441-8"><bdi>978-0-415-34441-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weimar+Republic&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34441-8&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLens2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Lens, Lennart (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625154049/https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/75106"><i>The Forgotten Holocaust: The systematic genocide on the Slavic people by the Nazis during the Second World War</i></a> (BA thesis). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/75106">the original</a> on 25 June 2021 – via Leiden University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Forgotten+Holocaust%3A+The+systematic+genocide+on+the+Slavic+people+by+the+Nazis+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.degree=BA&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Lens&rft.aufirst=Lennart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F75106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewy2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Lewy, Guenter</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazipersecutiono0000lewy"><i>The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195142403" title="Special:BookSources/0195142403"><bdi>0195142403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Persecution+of+the+Gypsies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0195142403&rft.aulast=Lewy&rft.aufirst=Guenter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnazipersecutiono0000lewy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a> (2012). <i>Heinrich Himmler: A Life</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6"><bdi>978-0-19-959232-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959232-6&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukas2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas" title="Richard C. Lukas">Lukas, Richard C.</a> (2001) [1994]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/didchildrencryhi0000luka"><i>Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945</i></a></span>. New York: Hippocrene. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0870-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0870-5"><bdi>978-0-7818-0870-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+the+Children+Cry%3F%3A+Hitler%27s+War+Against+Jewish+and+Polish+Children%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-0870-5&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdidchildrencryhi0000luka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajer2003" class="citation book cs1">Majer, Diemut (2003). <i>"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945</i>. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6493-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-6493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Non-Germans%22+Under+the+Third+Reich%3A+The+Nazi+Judicial+and+Administrative+System+in+Germany+and+Occupied+Eastern+Europe+with+Special+Regard+to+Occupied+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Baltimore%3B+London&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6493-3&rft.aulast=Majer&rft.aufirst=Diemut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManvellFraenkel2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Manvell" title="Roger Manvell">Manvell, Roger</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Fraenkel" title="Heinrich Fraenkel">Fraenkel, Heinrich</a> (2011) [1962]. <i>Goering: The Rise and Fall of the Notorious Nazi Leader</i>. London: Skyhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-109-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-109-6"><bdi>978-1-61608-109-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goering%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Notorious+Nazi+Leader&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-109-6&rft.aulast=Manvell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Fraenkel%2C+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManvellFraenkel2007" class="citation book cs1">Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. <i>Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo</i>. London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-178-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-178-9"><bdi>978-1-60239-178-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+The+Sinister+Life+of+the+Head+of+the+SS+and+Gestapo&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Greenhill%3B+Skyhorse&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-178-9&rft.aulast=Manvell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Fraenkel%2C+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNab2009" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Chris (2009). <i>The SS: 1923–1945</i>. London: Amber Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-49-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-49-5"><bdi>978-1-906626-49-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+1923%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-906626-49-5&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Naimark, Norman (2023). "15: The Nazis and the Slavs - Poles and Soviet Prisoners of War". In Kiernan, Ben; Lower, Wendy; Naimark, Norman; Straus, Scott (eds.). <i>The Cambridge World History of Genocide</i>. Vol. 3: Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108767118">10.1017/9781108767118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48707-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48707-8"><bdi>978-1-108-48707-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15%3A+The+Nazis+and+the+Slavs+-+Poles+and+Soviet+Prisoners+of+War&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Genocide&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108767118&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48707-8&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_H._Nicholas" title="Lynn H. Nicholas">Nicholas, Lynn H.</a> (2006) [2005]. <i>Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web</i>. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-77663-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-77663-5"><bdi>978-0-679-77663-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruel+World%3A+The+Children+of+Europe+in+the+Nazi+Web&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-679-77663-5&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Lynn+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich"><i>The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</i></a>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4"><bdi>978-0-393-02030-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictators%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany%2C+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02030-4&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictators00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuremberg_Trials1946" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/icwc/dokumentation/icwc-datenbank/dokumente/protokolle-nuernberg/ntvol14.pdf"><i>Trial of The Major War Criminals before The Internal Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 – 1 October 1946. One hundred and thirty-eighth day, Friday, 24 May 1946</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Military Tribunal Nuremberg. 1948. p. 440<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-2699-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-2699-1"><bdi>0-8050-2699-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himmler%3A+Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8050-2699-1&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenkower1988" class="citation book cs1">Penkower, Monty Noam (1988). <i>The Jews Were Expendable: Free World Diplomacy and the Holocaust</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1952-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1952-9"><bdi>978-0-8143-1952-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+Were+Expendable%3A+Free+World+Diplomacy+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-1952-9&rft.aulast=Penkower&rft.aufirst=Monty+Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heather_Pringle_(writer)" title="Heather Pringle (writer)">Pringle, Heather</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masterplanhimmle00prin"><i>The Master Plan: Himmler's Scholars and the Holocaust</i></a>. New York: Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6886-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6886-5"><bdi>978-0-7868-6886-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Master+Plan%3A+Himmler%27s+Scholars+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7868-6886-5&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasterplanhimmle00prin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathkolb2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rathkolb" title="Oliver Rathkolb">Rathkolb, Oliver</a> (2022). <i>Baldur von Schirach: Nazi Leader and Head of the Hitler Youth</i>. Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3990-2096-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3990-2096-1"><bdi>978-1-3990-2096-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baldur+von+Schirach%3A+Nazi+Leader+and+Head+of+the+Hitler+Youth&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-3990-2096-1&rft.aulast=Rathkolb&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupp1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leila_J._Rupp" title="Leila J. Rupp">Rupp, Leila J.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobilizingwomenf00leil"><i>Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04649-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04649-2"><bdi>0-691-04649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobilizing+Women+for+War%3A+German+and+American+Propaganda%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-691-04649-2&rft.aulast=Rupp&rft.aufirst=Leila+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmobilizingwomenf00leil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSereny1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gitta_Sereny" title="Gitta Sereny">Sereny, Gitta</a> (1996) [1995]. <i>Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth</i>. New York; Toronto: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76812-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76812-8"><bdi>978-0-679-76812-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Speer%3A+His+Battle+With+Truth&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-679-76812-8&rft.aulast=Sereny&rft.aufirst=Gitta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1960). <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich"><i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0"><bdi>978-0-671-62420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-671-62420-0&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeer1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer, Albert</a> (1971) [1969]. <a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Third_Reich" title="Inside the Third Reich"><i>Inside the Third Reich</i></a>. New York: Avon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-00071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-00071-5"><bdi>978-0-380-00071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Avon&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-380-00071-5&rft.aulast=Speer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinbacher2005" class="citation book cs1">Steinbacher, Sybille (2005) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/auschwitzhistory00stei"><i>Auschwitz: A History</i></a>. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-082581-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-082581-2"><bdi>0-06-082581-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%3A+A+History&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Verlag+C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-082581-2&rft.aulast=Steinbacher&rft.aufirst=Sybille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fauschwitzhistory00stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToland1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Toland (author)">Toland, John</a> (1977) [1976]. <i>Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography</i>. London: Book Club Associates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adolf+Hitler%3A+The+Definitive+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Book+Club+Associates&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Toland&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor-Roper2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Trevor-Roper, Hugh</a> (2012) [1947]. <i>The Last Days of Hitler</i> (Seventh ed.). London: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-1861-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-1861-6"><bdi>978-1-4472-1861-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Hitler&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4472-1861-6&rft.aulast=Trevor-Roper&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigg2020" class="citation book cs1">Trigg, Jonathan (2020). <i>To VE-Day through German Eyes: The Final Defeat of Nazi Germany</i>. Stroud UK: Amberley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-9944-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-9944-8"><bdi>978-1-4456-9944-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+VE-Day+through+German+Eyes%3A+The+Final+Defeat+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Stroud+UK&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-9944-8&rft.aulast=Trigg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeale2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Weale" title="Adrian Weale">Weale, Adrian</a> (2010). <i>The SS: A New History</i>. London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0304-5"><bdi>978-1-4087-0304-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4087-0304-5&rft.aulast=Weale&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Max (2001). <i>Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography: Volume 1</i>. Church Stretton: Ulric. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9537577-5-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9537577-5-6"><bdi>978-0-9537577-5-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhard+Heydrich%3A+The+Biography%3A+Volume+1&rft.place=Church+Stretton&rft.pub=Ulric&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9537577-5-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Max (2015). <i>SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard, Vol. 1 (A-J)</i>. Fonthill Media LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-433-3"><bdi>978-1-78155-433-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SS+Elite%3A+The+Senior+Leaders+of+Hitler%27s+Praetorian+Guard%2C+Vol.+1+%28A-J%29&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media+LLC&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78155-433-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYenne2010" class="citation book cs1">Yenne, Bill (2010). <i>Hitler's Master of the Dark Arts: Himmler's Black Knights and the Occult Origins of the SS</i>. Minneapolis: Zenith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3778-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3778-3"><bdi>978-0-7603-3778-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Master+of+the+Dark+Arts%3A+Himmler%27s+Black+Knights+and+the+Occult+Origins+of+the+SS&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Zenith&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-3778-3&rft.aulast=Yenne&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1991" class="citation book cs1">Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1991). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i></a>. Amy Hackett (trans.). New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897502-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897502-3"><bdi>978-0-02-897502-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-02-897502-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiemke1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Earl_F._Ziemke" title="Earl F. Ziemke">Ziemke, Earl F.</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingradtoberl00ziem"><i>Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East</i></a></span>. Army Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Army.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad+to+Berlin%3A+The+German+Defeat+in+the+East&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Army+Historical+Series&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+U.S.+Army&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Ziemke&rft.aufirst=Earl+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingradtoberl00ziem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Online</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYad_Vashem,_2008" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519014604/http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_3.html">"How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_3.html">the original</a> on 19 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+many+Jews+were+murdered+in+the+Holocaust%3F+How+do+we+know%3F+Do+we+have+their+names%3F&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fabout_holocaust%2Ffaqs%2Fanswers%2Ffaq_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntroduction:_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143">"Introduction to the Holocaust"</a>. <i>ushmm.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ushmm.org&rft.atitle=The+Treatment+of+Soviet+POWs%3A+Starvation%2C+Disease%2C+and+Shootings%2C+June+1941%E2%80%93+January+1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorera2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Corera" title="Gordon Corera">Corera, Gordon</a> (23 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52755565">"Heinrich Himmler: How a fake stamp led to the Nazi SS leader's capture"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+How+a+fake+stamp+led+to+the+Nazi+SS+leader%27s+capture&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft.aulast=Corera&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-52755565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimmler1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Himmler, Heinrich (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Himmler-Heinrich-Die-Schutzstaffel"><i>The SS as an Anti-Bolshevist Fighting Organization</i></a> [<i>Die Schutzstaffel als antibolschewistische Kampforganisation</i>] (in German). Franz Eher Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS+as+an+Anti-Bolshevist+Fighting+Organization&rft.pub=Franz+Eher+Verlag&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Himmler&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHimmler-Heinrich-Die-Schutzstaffel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosen_speech_(1943),_audio_recording" class="citation web cs1">Himmler, Heinrich (6 October 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507140239/http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/">"Heinrich Himmler's Speech at Poznan (Posen)"</a>. Holocaust History Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/">the original</a> on 7 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler%27s+Speech+at+Poznan+%28Posen%29&rft.pub=Holocaust+History+Project&rft.date=1943-10-06&rft.aulast=Himmler&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-history.org%2Fhimmler-poznan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosen_speech_(1943),_transcript" class="citation web cs1">Himmler, Heinrich (6 October 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212053624/http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/speech-text.shtml">"The Complete Text of the Poznan Speech"</a>. Holocaust History Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/speech-text.shtml">the original</a> on 12 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Text+of+the+Poznan+Speech&rft.pub=Holocaust+History+Project&rft.date=1943-10-06&rft.aulast=Himmler&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-history.org%2Fhimmler-poznan%2Fspeech-text.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisciotto2007" class="citation web cs1">Lisciotto, Carmelo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/ssleaders.html">"SS & Other Nazi Leaders"</a>. Holocaust Research Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SS+%26+Other+Nazi+Leaders&rft.pub=Holocaust+Research+Project&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lisciotto&rft.aufirst=Carmelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Fholoprelude%2Fssleaders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich,_Chapter_152003" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722085727/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/15">"15. Hitler and the Mass Shootings of Jews During the War Against Russia"</a>. <i>Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime</i>. Atlanta: Emory University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/15.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+Hitler+and+the+Mass+Shootings+of+Jews+During+the+War+Against+Russia&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Role+in+the+Persecution+of+the+Jews+by+the+Nazi+Regime&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Emory+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Heinz+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdot.org%2Fen%2Ftrial%2Fdefense%2Fpl1%2F15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich,_Chapter_172003" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709111759/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17">"17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942"</a>. <i>Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime</i>. Atlanta: Emory University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17.+Radicalisation+of+the+Persecution+of+the+Jews+by+Hitler+at+the+Turn+of+the+Year+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Role+in+the+Persecution+of+the+Jews+by+the+Nazi+Regime&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Emory+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Heinz+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdot.org%2Fen%2Ftrial%2Fdefense%2Fpl1%2F17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Roekel2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Roekel, Evertjan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historischnieuwsblad.nl/nl/artikel/26355/nederlandse-ss-ers-en-de-holocaust.html">"Nederlandse SS'ers en de Holocaust"</a> [Dutch SS and the Holocaust]. <i>Historisch Nieuwsblad</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historisch+Nieuwsblad&rft.atitle=Nederlandse+SS%27ers+en+de+Holocaust&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=van+Roekel&rft.aufirst=Evertjan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historischnieuwsblad.nl%2Fnl%2Fartikel%2F26355%2Fnederlandse-ss-ers-en-de-holocaust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer,_Wolfgang" class="citation web cs1">Sauer, Wolfgang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971211162233/http://www.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_himmler.html">"Heinrich Himmler"</a>. <i>grolier.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_himmler.html">the original</a> on 11 December 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grolier.com&rft.atitle=Heinrich+Himmler&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grolier.com%2Fwwii%2Fwwii_himmler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSereny1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gitta_Sereny" title="Gitta Sereny">Sereny, Gitta</a> (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/children.html">"Stolen Children"</a>. <i>Talk</i>. Jewish Virtual Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Talk&rft.atitle=Stolen+Children&rft.date=1999-11&rft.aulast=Sereny&rft.aufirst=Gitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fchildren.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsche_Welle2018" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-bnd-spy-agency-employed-heinrich-himmlers-daughter/a-44465200">"Germany's BND spy agency employed Heinrich Himmler's daughter"</a>. Deutsche Welle<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany%27s+BND+spy+agency+employed+Heinrich+Himmler%27s+daughter&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermanys-bnd-spy-agency-employed-heinrich-himmlers-daughter%2Fa-44465200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBend_Bulletin1945" class="citation news cs1">Staff (24 May 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19450523&id=Tx9PAAAAIBAJ&pg=6266,6071339">"Heinrich Himmler Kills Himself in British Prison"</a>. <i>Bend Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bend+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Heinrich+Himmler+Kills+Himself+in+British+Prison&rft.date=1945-05-24&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1243%26dat%3D19450523%26id%3DTx9PAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6266%2C6071339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSify_News2010" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208013153/http://sify.com/news/shadowy-nazi-support-group-still-honours-daughter-of-ss-head-news-international-kmcpajdcaee.html">"Shadowy Nazi support group still honours daughter of SS head"</a>. <i>sify.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sify.com/news/shadowy-nazi-support-group-still-honours-daughter-of-ss-head-news-international-kmcpajdcaee.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sify.com&rft.atitle=Shadowy+Nazi+support+group+still+honours+daughter+of+SS+head&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sify.com%2Fnews%2Fshadowy-nazi-support-group-still-honours-daughter-of-ss-head-news-international-kmcpajdcaee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Career_of_Heinrich_Himmler2001" class="citation web cs1">US War Department, Office of Strategic Services (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122232650/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/THE%20CAREER%20OF%20HEINRICH%20HIMMLER_0001.pdf">"The Career of Heinrich Himmler"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. CIA.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/THE%20CAREER%20OF%20HEINRICH%20HIMMLER_0001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Career+of+Heinrich+Himmler&rft.pub=CIA.gov&rft.date=2001&rft.au=US+War+Department%2C+Office+of+Strategic+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FTHE%2520CAREER%2520OF%2520HEINRICH%2520HIMMLER_0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Wiegrefe2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Von Wiegrefe, Klaus (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-61822072.html">"Das Dunkle im Menschen"</a> [The Darkness in Man]. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. No. 45. Hamburg: SpiegelNet GmbH<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Das+Dunkle+im+Menschen&rft.issue=45&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.aulast=Von+Wiegrefe&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-61822072.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrischauer2013" class="citation book cs1">Frischauer, Willi (2013) [1953]. <i>Himmler: The Evil Genius of the Third Reich</i>. Unmaterial Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78301-254-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78301-254-1"><bdi>978-1-78301-254-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himmler%3A+The+Evil+Genius+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Unmaterial+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78301-254-1&rft.aulast=Frischauer&rft.aufirst=Willi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaiger2006" class="citation journal cs1">Haiger, Ernst (Summer 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzfTBMsoj6QC&pg=PA105">"Fiction, Facts, and Forgeries: The 'Revelations' of Peter and Martin Allen about the History of the Second World War"</a>. <i>The Journal of Intelligence History</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 105–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F16161262.2006.10555127">10.1080/16161262.2006.10555127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161410964">161410964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Intelligence+History&rft.atitle=Fiction%2C+Facts%2C+and+Forgeries%3A+The+%27Revelations%27+of+Peter+and+Martin+Allen+about+the+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-117&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F16161262.2006.10555127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161410964%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haiger&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzfTBMsoj6QC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hale" title="Christopher Hale">Hale, Christopher</a> (2003). <i>Himmler's Crusade: The True Story of the 1938 Nazi expedition into Tibet</i>. London: Transworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-04952-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-04952-5"><bdi>978-0-593-04952-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himmler%27s+Crusade%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+1938+Nazi+expedition+into+Tibet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Transworld&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-593-04952-5&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimmler2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Katrin_Himmler" title="Katrin Himmler">Himmler, Katrin</a> (2005). <i>Die Brüder Himmler. Eine deutsche Familiengeschichte</i> [<i>The Brothers Himmler: A German Family History</i>] (in German). S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-10-033629-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-10-033629-3"><bdi>978-3-10-033629-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Br%C3%BCder+Himmler.+Eine+deutsche+Familiengeschichte&rft.pub=S.+Fischer+Verlag%2C+Frankfurt+a.+M&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-10-033629-3&rft.aulast=Himmler&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimmler2016" class="citation book cs1">Himmler, Katrin (2016). <i>The Private Heinrich Himmler</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-06465-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-06465-3"><bdi>978-1-250-06465-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Heinrich+Himmler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-250-06465-3&rft.aulast=Himmler&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöhne1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_H%C3%B6hne" title="Heinz Höhne">Höhne, Heinz</a> (1972). <i>The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS</i>. Translated from German by Richard Barry. London; New York: Penguin Classic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139012-3"><bdi>978-0-14-139012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+the+Death%27s+Head%3A+The+Story+of+Hitler%27s+SS&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Classic&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-14-139012-3&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6hne&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöss2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Höss, Rudolf</a> (2000) [1951]. <i>Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess</i>. London: Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-024-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-024-8"><bdi>978-1-84212-024-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commandant+of+Auschwitz%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Rudolf+Hoess&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-024-8&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6ss&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Morgan_(writer)" title="Ted Morgan (writer)">Morgan, Ted</a> (1990). <i>An Uncertain Hour: The French, the Germans, the Jews, the Klaus Barbie Trial, and the City of Lyon, 1940–1945</i>. London: The Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-31504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-370-31504-1"><bdi>978-0-370-31504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Uncertain+Hour%3A+The+French%2C+the+Germans%2C+the+Jews%2C+the+Klaus+Barbie+Trial%2C+and+the+City+of+Lyon%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-370-31504-1&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitlinger1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Reitlinger" title="Gerald Reitlinger">Reitlinger, Gerald</a> (1981) [1956]. <i>The SS: Alibi of a Nation 1922–1945</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-839936-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-839936-8"><bdi>978-0-13-839936-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+Alibi+of+a+Nation+1922%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-13-839936-8&rft.aulast=Reitlinger&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2007" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Stuart (2007). <i>La fortezza di Heinrich Himmler – Il centro ideologico di Weltanschauung delle SS – Cronaca per immagini della scuola-SS Haus Wewelsburg 1934–1945</i> [<i>The Fortress of Heinrich Himmler: The Center of SS Ideology: A Chronicle With Pictures of the SS Haus Wewelsburg School, 1934–1945</i>]. Rome: Editrice Thule Italia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-902781-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-902781-0-5"><bdi>978-88-902781-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fortezza+di+Heinrich+Himmler+%E2%80%93+Il+centro+ideologico+di+Weltanschauung+delle+SS+%E2%80%93+Cronaca+per+immagini+della+scuola-SS+Haus+Wewelsburg+1934%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Editrice+Thule+Italia&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-902781-0-5&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Himmler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" class="extiw" title="commons:Heinrich Himmler"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Heinrich Himmler</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Heinrich_Himmler" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Heinrich_Himmler" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Himmlerspeeches.htm">List of Himmler speeches</a> This list of Himmler speeches includes online sources and material in the US National Archives.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/himmler.html">Heinrich Himmler</a> at the Holocaust Research Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2w1002fp/">Register of the Heinrich Himmler Papers, 1914–1944</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives">Hoover Institution Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/death-of-himmler">Footage of Himmler's corpse and the cyanide capsule he used to kill himself</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/007856">Newspaper clippings about Heinrich Himmler</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reich Leader of the SS</a> </b><br />1929–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Director of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> </b><br />4 June 1942 – 30 January 1943 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Interior Minister of Germany</a> </b><br />1943–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stuckart" title="Wilhelm Stuckart">Wilhelm Stuckart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fromm" title="Friedrich Fromm">Friedrich Fromm</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Replacement_Army" title="Replacement Army">Replacement Army</a> </b><br />21 July 1944 – 29 April 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Upper_Rhine" title="Army Group Upper Rhine">Army Group Upper Rhine</a> </b><br />10 December 1944 – 24 January 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a> </b><br />25 January 1945 – 13 March 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Generaloberst</i> <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Heinrici" title="Gotthard Heinrici">Gotthard Heinrici</a><br />(20 March)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1940s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1940s)">Cover of Time <i>magazine</i></a> </b><br />12 February 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Hood_Simpson" title="William Hood Simpson">William Hood Simpson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heinrich_Himmler" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Template:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Template talk:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heinrich_Himmler" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heinrich Himmler</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow nowrap" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></li> <li>Chief of <a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Police forces of Nazi Germany">German Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Minister of the Interior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">Ideology of the SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS">Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freundeskreis_der_Wirtschaft" title="Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft">Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS</a> ("Circle of Friends of the Reichsführer-SS")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> (Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a> (successor as Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wolff" title="Karl Wolff">Karl Wolff</a> (Chief of Personal Staff)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Brandt" title="Rudolf Brandt">Rudolf Brandt</a> (Personal Administrative Officer to RFSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gauch" title="Hermann Gauch">Hermann Gauch</a> (adjutant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Grothmann" title="Werner Grothmann">Werner Grothmann</a> (aide-de-camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Macher" title="Heinz Macher">Heinz Macher</a> (second personal assistant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a> (personal aide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Maria_Wiligut" title="Karl Maria Wiligut">Karl Maria Wiligut</a> (occultist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Central_Office_for_the_Combating_of_Homosexuality_and_Abortion" title="Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion">Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Responsibility for<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Crimes against Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Crimes against Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Persecution of Slavs in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Nazi_Germany_and_occupied_Europe" title="Anti-Masonry">Suppression of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_black_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany">Persecution of black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Volksliste" title="Deutsche Volksliste">Deutsche Volksliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegewald_(colony)" title="Hegewald (colony)">Hegewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmler-Kersten_Agreement" title="Himmler-Kersten Agreement">Himmler-Kersten Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Himmler</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun Burwitz</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (mistress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Ludwig_Himmler" title="Gebhard Ludwig Himmler">Gebhard Ludwig</a> (older brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Himmler" title="Ernst Hermann Himmler">Ernst</a> (younger brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrin_Himmler" title="Katrin Himmler">Katrin Himmler</a> (great-niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kokott" title="Heinz Kokott">Heinz Kokott</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wendler" title="Richard Wendler">Richard Wendler</a> (brother-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Upper_Rhine" title="Army Group Upper Rhine">Army Group Upper Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Operation Nordwind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Failed assassins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Mor%C3%A1vek" title="Václav Morávek">Václav Morávek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sneum" title="Thomas Sneum">Thomas Sneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_von_Tresckow" title="Henning von Tresckow">Henning von Tresckow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a> (predecessor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a> (successor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falk_Zipperer" title="Falk Zipperer">Falk Zipperer</a> (closest friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a> (personal physician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Kersten" title="Felix Kersten">Felix Kersten</a> (personal masseur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blaschke" title="Hugo Blaschke">Hugo Blaschke</a> (dentist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Excell" title="Sidney Excell">Sidney Excell</a> (man who arrested Himmler)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reichsführer-SSCategory:Articles_containing_German-language_text" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#000000;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Template:Reichsführer-SS"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Template talk:Reichsführer-SS"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reichsführer-SS"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reichsführer-SSCategory:Articles_containing_German-language_text" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">Reichsführer-SS</span></a></i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Julius Schreck</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Joseph Berchtold</a> (1926–1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a> (1927–1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heinrich Himmler</a> (1929–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a> (1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kfz-Stander_f%C3%BCr_den_Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kfz-Stander_f%C3%BCr_den_Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS.svg/50px-Kfz-Stander_f%C3%BCr_den_Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kfz-Stander_f%C3%BCr_den_Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS.svg/75px-Kfz-Stander_f%C3%BCr_den_Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kfz-Stander_f%C3%BCr_den_Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS.svg/100px-Kfz-Stander_f%C3%BCr_den_Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="797" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:SS_organizations" title="Template talk:SS organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SS_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SS organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schutzstaffel_(SS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_SS" title="Allgemeine SS">Allgemeine SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a> (SS-TV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.3em 2.2em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="SS insignia"><img alt="SS insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_and_police_leader" title="SS and police leader">SS and police leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_and_commands_of_the_Schutzstaffel" title="Units and commands of the Schutzstaffel">SS commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine-SS_regional_commands" title="Allgemeine-SS regional commands">Allgemeine-SS regional commands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Julius Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Joseph Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Main departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS">Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Command Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Office" title="SS Main Office">SS Main Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Medical_Corps" title="SS Medical Corps">SS Medical Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_F%C3%BChrungshauptamt" title="SS Führungshauptamt">Head Operational Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">Economics and Administration Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Race_and_Settlement_Main_Office" title="SS Race and Settlement Main Office">Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Court_Main_Office" title="SS Court Main Office">Courts Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Personnel_Main_Office" title="SS Personnel Main Office">Personnel Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Education_Office" title="SS Education Office">Education Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">Ideological institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Junker_Schools" title="SS-Junker Schools">SS-Junker Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Police and security services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Uniformed police (Orpo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Schutzpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Schutzpolizei (Schupo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Kriminalpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Criminal police (Kripo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Secret State Police (Gestapo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">State Security Police (SiPo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SS Security Service (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zollgrenzschutz" title="Zollgrenzschutz">Customs Border Guards (ZGS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Führer protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Begleitkommando_des_F%C3%BChrers" title="SS-Begleitkommando des Führers">SS-Begleitkommando des Führers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichssicherheitsdienst" title="Reichssicherheitsdienst">Reichssicherheitsdienst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_units" title="List of Waffen-SS units">Waffen-SS units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Byelorussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selbstschutz" title="Selbstschutz">Selbstschutz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutscher_Selbstschutz" title="Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz">Volksdeutscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions (Greece)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_divisions" title="List of Waffen-SS divisions">Waffen-SS divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe" title="SS-Verfügungstruppe">SS-Verfügungstruppe</a> (SS-VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">Leibstandarte (LSSAH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich" title="2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich">SS Division Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_SS_Panzer_Division_Totenkopf" title="3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf">SS Division Totenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_SS_Polizei_Panzergrenadier_Division" title="4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division">SS Polizei Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking" title="5th SS Panzer Division Wiking">SS Division Wiking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Foreign SS units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_SS" title="Austrian SS">Austrian SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-SS">Germanic-SS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Germaansche SS in Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algemeene-SS_Vlaanderen" class="mw-redirect" title="Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen">Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanske_SS_Norge" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanske SS Norge">Germanske SS Norge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schalburg_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schalburg Corps">Schalburg Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Free_Corps" title="British Free Corps">British Free Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaminski_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaminski Brigade">Kaminski Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Volunteer_Battalion_of_the_Waffen-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS">Finnish Volunteer Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">SS-controlled enterprises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works" title="German Earth and Stone Works">German Earth and Stone Works</a> (DEST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostindustrie" title="Ostindustrie">Ostindustrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Equipment_Works" title="German Equipment Works">German Equipment Works</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klinker-Zement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klinker-Zement (page does not exist)">Klinker-Zement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_(water)" title="Apollinaris (water)">Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattoni">Mattoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetenquell" title="Sudetenquell">Sudetenquell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Loibl_GmbH" title="Anton Loibl GmbH">Anton Loibl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template talk:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Members of the Hitler Cabinet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>Deputy Führer:</b> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Reichstag" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Reichstag">President of the Reichstag</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" title="Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production">Armaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Church Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Muhs" title="Hermann Muhs">Hermann Muhs</a> (acting)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories" title="Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories">Eastern Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Ministry of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Food and Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe">Herbert Backe</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heinrich Himmler</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_G%C3%BCrtner" title="Franz Gürtner">Franz Gürtner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schlegelberger" title="Franz Schlegelberger">Franz Schlegelberger</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Georg_Thierack" title="Otto Georg Thierack">Otto Georg Thierack</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postal Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ohnesorge" title="Wilhelm Ohnesorge">Wilhelm Ohnesorge</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Transport" title="Reich Ministry of Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller" title="Julius Dorpmüller">Julius Dorpmüller</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Reichsministers without portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Hierl" title="Konstantin Hierl">Konstantin Hierl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Hans Lammers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Members granted rank & authority<br />equivalent to a Reichsminister</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Meissner" title="Otto Meissner">Otto Meissner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsführer SS">Reichsführer SS</a>:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heinrich Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Stabschef_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabschef SA">Stabschef SA</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interior_Ministers_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interior_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template:Interior Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interior_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Interior Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interior_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interior Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Interior_Ministers_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_interior_ministers" title="List of German interior ministers">Interior Ministers of Germany</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1871–1918) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_von_Hofmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl von Hofmann (page does not exist)">Karl Hofmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_von_Boetticher" title="Karl Heinrich von Boetticher">Karl Heinrich von Boetticher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_von_Posadowsky-Wehner" title="Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner">Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Clemens von Delbrück">Clemens von Delbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Helfferich" title="Karl Helfferich">Karl Helfferich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wallraf" title="Max Wallraf">Max Wallraf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Trimborn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Trimborn (page does not exist)">Karl Trimborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1918–33) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Preu%C3%9F" title="Hugo Preuß">Hugo Preuß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_David" title="Eduard David">Eduard David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch-Weser" title="Erich Koch-Weser">Erich Koch-Weser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Gradnauer" title="Georg Gradnauer">Georg Gradnauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_K%C3%B6ster" title="Adolf Köster">Adolf Köster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Oeser" title="Rudolf Oeser">Rudolf Oeser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sollmann" title="Wilhelm Sollmann">Wilhelm Sollmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jarres" title="Karl Jarres">Karl Jarres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schiele" title="Martin Schiele">Martin Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Gessler" title="Otto Gessler">Otto Geßler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BClz" title="Wilhelm Külz">Wilhelm Külz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_von_Keudell" title="Walter von Keudell">Walter von Keudell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Severing" title="Carl Severing">Carl Severing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Joseph Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Groener" title="Wilhelm Groener">Wilhelm Groener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Gayl" title="Wilhelm von Gayl">Wilhelm von Gayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bracht" title="Franz Bracht">Franz Bracht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1933–45) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Giesler" title="Paul Giesler">Paul Giesler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stuckart" title="Wilhelm Stuckart">Wilhelm Stuckart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a><span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"><sup>1</sup> (1949–90) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinhoff" title="Karl Steinhoff">Karl Steinhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Stoph" title="Willi Stoph">Willi Stoph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Maron" title="Karl Maron">Karl Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Dickel" title="Friedrich Dickel">Friedrich Dickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Ahrendt" title="Lothar Ahrendt">Lothar Ahrendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter-Michael_Diestel" title="Peter-Michael Diestel">Peter-Michael Diestel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1949–present) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lehr" title="Robert Lehr">Robert Lehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Gerhard Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl" title="Hermann Höcherl">Hermann Höcherl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke" title="Paul Lücke">Paul Lücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Benda" title="Ernst Benda">Ernst Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Maihofer" title="Werner Maihofer">Werner Maihofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Baum" title="Gerhart Baum">Gerhart Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmude" title="Jürgen Schmude">Jürgen Schmude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann" title="Friedrich Zimmermann">Friedrich Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Seiters" title="Rudolf Seiters">Rudolf Seiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Kanther" title="Manfred Kanther">Manfred Kanther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schily" title="Otto Schily">Otto Schily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Thomas de Maizière">Thomas de Maizière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Peter_Friedrich" title="Hans-Peter Friedrich">Hans-Peter Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Thomas de Maizière">Thomas de Maizière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Faeser" title="Nancy Faeser">Nancy Faeser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%"><div><sup>1</sup> East Germany</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSDAP" title="Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSDAP" title="Template talk:NSDAP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Leader</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Anton Drexler</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1921–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich" title="Brown House, Munich">Brown House, Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6hm_scandal" title="Röhm scandal">Röhm scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt_Rosenberg" title="Amt Rosenberg">Amt Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Chancellery" title="Hitler's Chancellery">Hitler's Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Chancellery" title="Nazi Party Chancellery">Nazi Party Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Colonial_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy">Office of Colonial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Military_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Military Policy">Office of Military Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Office_of_Racial_Policy" title="Nazi Party Office of Racial Policy">Office of Racial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs">Office of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party/Foreign_Organization" title="Nazi Party/Foreign Organization">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Education_Office" title="SS Education Office">SS Education Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Innviertler_Heimatblatt" title="Innviertler Heimatblatt">Innviertler Heimatblatt</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Arbeitertum" title="Arbeitertum">Arbeitertum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kampfverlag" title="Kampfverlag">Kampfverlag</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Notable members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Axmann" title="Artur Axmann">Artur Axmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Kurt Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl">Ernst Hanfstaengl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a>) / <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_Schools" title="Adolf Hitler Schools">Adolf Hitler Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Documentation_Centre_for_the_History_of_National_Socialism" title="Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism">Munich Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Political_Institutes_of_Education" title="National Political Institutes of Education">National Political Institutes of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_songs" title="Nazi songs">Nazi songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party">Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_branch_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Samoan branch of the Nazi Party">Samoan branch of the Nazi Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43067#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43067#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43067#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121274594">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34578034">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11855/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4cbG8RpyCvJyKTPrDv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11855123X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Himmler, Heinrich, 1900-1945"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50034966">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126130639">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126130639">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01024893">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35765903">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700717&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1220963">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070554579">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90339697">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000314159&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000104167&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn259k8813x7c9v">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810648287105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262642705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614138006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14694375">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08002655?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e13a15cf-4a14-4114-be31-366329666330">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1077530">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11855123X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11855123X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028694473">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581107">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wm1bcj">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=30174">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Himmler&oldid=1259259195">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Himmler&oldid=1259259195</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Category:Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900_births" title="Category:1900 births">1900 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1945_deaths" title="Category:1945 deaths">1945 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1945_suicides" title="Category:1945 suicides">1945 suicides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Freikorps_personnel" title="Category:20th-century Freikorps personnel">20th-century Freikorps personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blood_for_goods" title="Category:Blood for goods">Blood for 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