CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Stalking - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6fe66625-97d1-4d86-9196-a3f4036a7e11","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Stalking","wgTitle":"Stalking","wgCurRevisionId":1255763778,"wgRevisionId":1255763778,"wgArticleId":25272420,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2016","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata", "Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from June 2021","Articles with excerpts","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016","Commons category link from Wikidata","Stalking","Abuse","Aggression","Crimes","Harassment and bullying","Inchoate offenses"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Stalking","wgRelevantArticleId":25272420,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search" :true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q163942","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Stalking - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Stalking rootpage-Stalking skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stalking" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stalking" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stalking" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stalking" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology_and_behaviors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology_and_behaviors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Psychology and behaviors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychology_and_behaviors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychology and behaviors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychology_and_behaviors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychological_effects_on_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_effects_on_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Psychological effects on victims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_effects_on_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalking_as_a_close_relationship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalking_as_a_close_relationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stalking as a close relationship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalking_as_a_close_relationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Types of victims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_stalkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_stalkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Types of stalkers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_stalkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyberstalking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyberstalking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Cyberstalking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyberstalking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalking_by_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalking_by_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Stalking by groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalking_by_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_claims_of_stalking,_"gang_stalking"_and_delusions_of_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_claims_of_stalking,_"gang_stalking"_and_delusions_of_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>False claims of stalking, "gang stalking" and delusions of persecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_claims_of_stalking,_"gang_stalking"_and_delusions_of_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology_and_prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology_and_prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Epidemiology and prevalence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology_and_prevalence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology and prevalence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology_and_prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_on_harassment_and_stalking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_on_harassment_and_stalking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Laws on harassment and stalking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laws_on_harassment_and_stalking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Laws on harassment and stalking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Laws_on_harassment_and_stalking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Republic of Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stalking</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A9" title="ملاحقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملاحقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Сталкинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сталкинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assetjament_f%C3%ADsic" title="Assetjament físic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assetjament físic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stalking" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stalking" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stalking" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahistav_j%C3%A4litamine" title="Ahistav jälitamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ahistav jälitamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoso_f%C3%ADsico" title="Acoso físico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acoso físico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="آزار تعقیب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزار تعقیب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stalking" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stalking" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoso_f%C3%ADsico" title="Acoso físico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acoso físico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%82%B9" title="스토킹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스토킹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Ստալկինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստալկինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguntitan" title="Penguntitan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penguntitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stalking" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%AA" title="הטרדה מאיימת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטרדה מאיימת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stalking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="ストーカー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストーカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personforf%C3%B8lgelse" title="Personforfølgelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Personforfølgelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stalking" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stalking" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Сталкинг (преследование) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сталкинг (преследование)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stalking" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebezpe%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_prenasledovanie" title="Nebezpečné prenasledovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nebezpečné prenasledovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vainoaminen" title="Vainoaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vainoaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rf%C3%B6ljelsesyndrom" title="Förföljelsesyndrom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förföljelsesyndrom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israrl%C4%B1_takip" title="Israrlı takip – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Israrlı takip" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Сталкінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сталкінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8" title="غیر مجاز تعاقب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غیر مجاز تعاقب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%8F%E6%93%BE" title="纏擾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纏擾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163942#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Stalking" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stalking"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stalking&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stalking&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stalking"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stalking&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stalking&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Stalking" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Stalking" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stalking&oldid=1255763778" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stalking&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Stalking&id=1255763778&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStalking"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStalking"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Stalking&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stalking&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stalking" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stalking" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163942" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Criminal unwanted observation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about stalking in general. For online stalking, see <a href="/wiki/Cyber_stalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber stalking">Cyber stalking</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Stalker" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stalker_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stalker (disambiguation)">Stalker (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handcuffs_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/100px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/150px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/200px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Element_(criminal_law)" title="Element (criminal law)">Elements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">Actus reus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">Mens rea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causation_(law)" title="Causation (law)">Causation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrence" title="Concurrence">Concurrence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Scope of criminal <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_(legal_term)" title="Accessory (legal term)">Accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiding_and_abetting" title="Aiding and abetting">Accomplice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complicity" title="Complicity">Complicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(criminal_law)" title="Principal (criminal law)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_liability_(criminal)" title="Vicarious liability (criminal)">Vicarious</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Severity of offense</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable offense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence#United_States" title="Summary offence">Infraction</a> (also called violation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary offense</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Offense against the person</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">Assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">Home invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menacing" title="Menacing">Menacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against property</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against justice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the public</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against animals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the state</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defenses to liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(law)" title="Automatism (law)">Automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_property" title="Defence of property">Defense of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility" title="Diminished responsibility">Diminished responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Duress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">Ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Infancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Insanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(jurisprudence)" title="Justification (jurisprudence)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(criminal_law)" title="Mistake (criminal law)">Mistake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mistake_of_law" title="Mistake of law">of law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)" title="Necessity (criminal law)">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provocation_(law)" title="Provocation (law)">Provocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other common-law areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_defenses" title="Criminal defenses">Defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Torts</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminal_law" title="Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_law" title="Template talk:Criminal law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People_together.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/50px-People_together.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/75px-People_together.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/100px-People_together.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="119" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Relationships</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_relationships" title="Outline of relationships">Outline</a>)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-top:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">Sister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Partner(s)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_relationship" title="Long-distance relationship">Long-distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_relationship" title="Internet relationship">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:none;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-left:1.0em;margin-right:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;"> <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_monogamy" title="Mutual monogamy">Mutual monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Day_(tradition)" title="Bachelor's Day (tradition)">Bachelor's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Endings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">marital separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions and feelings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stalking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_relationships" title="Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_relationships" title="Template talk:Close relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stalking</b> is unwanted and/or repeated <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">contact</a> by an individual or group toward another person.<sup id="cite_ref-Spitzberg_&_Cupach_2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzberg_&_Cupach_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalking behaviors are interrelated to <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a> and may include following the victim in person or monitoring them. The term <i>stalking</i> is used with some differing definitions in <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, as well as in some legal <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> as a term for a <a href="/wiki/Criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal offense">criminal offense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2002 report by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Victims_of_Crime" title="National Center for Victims of Crime">National Center for Victims of Crime</a>, "virtually any unwanted contact between two people that directly or indirectly communicates a threat or places the victim in fear can be considered stalking",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Victims%27_rights" title="Victims' rights">the rights afforded to victims</a> may vary depending on jurisdiction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>A 1995 research paper titled "Stalking Strangers and Lovers" was among the first places to use the term "stalking" to describe the common occurrence of males after a <a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">breakup</a> who aggressively pursue their female former partner.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mullen_2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullen_2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to that paper instead of the term "stalking", people more commonly used the terms "female harassment", "obsessive following" or "psychological rape".<sup id="cite_ref-Mullen_2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullen_2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difficulties associated with defining this term exactly (or defining it at all) are well documented.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due in part to overlapping between accepted courtship behaviors and stalking behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Context must be relied on to determine if a specific action is a stalking behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having been used since at least the 16th century to refer to a prowler or a <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poacher</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>), the term <i>stalker</i> was initially used by media in the 20th century to describe people who pester and harass others, initially with specific reference to the harassment of celebrities by strangers who were described as being "obsessed".<sup id="cite_ref-StalkersTheirVictims_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StalkersTheirVictims-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use of the word appears to have been coined by the <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabloid press">tabloid press</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With time, the meaning of stalking changed and incorporated individuals being harassed by their former partners.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathé and Mullen describe stalking as "a constellation of behaviours in which an individual inflicts upon another repeated unwanted intrusions and communications".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalking can be defined as the willful and repeated following, watching or harassing of another person.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other crimes, which usually involve one act, stalking is a <i>series</i> of actions that occur over a period of time. </p><p>Although stalking is illegal in most areas of the world, some of the actions that contribute to stalking may be legal, such as gathering information, calling someone on the phone, texting, sending gifts, emailing, or <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>. They become illegal when they breach the legal definition of harassment (e.g., an action such as sending a text is not usually illegal, but is illegal when frequently repeated to an unwilling recipient). In fact, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> law states the incident only has to happen twice when the harasser should be aware their behavior is unacceptable (e.g., two phone calls to a stranger, two gifts, following the victim then phoning them, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-harass_1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harass_1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Cultural norms</a> and meaning affect the way stalking is defined. Scholars note that the majority of men and women admit engaging in various stalking-like behaviors following a breakup, but stop such behaviors over time, suggesting that "engagement in low levels of unwanted pursuit behaviors for a relatively short amount of time, particularly in the context of a relationship break-up, may be normative for heterosexual dating relationships occurring within U.S. culture."<sup id="cite_ref-Langhinrichsen-Rohling_2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langhinrichsen-Rohling_2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology_and_behaviors">Psychology and behaviors</h2></div> <p>People characterized as stalkers may be accused of having a mistaken belief that another person loves them (<a href="/wiki/Erotomania" title="Erotomania">erotomania</a>), or that they need rescuing.<sup id="cite_ref-harass_1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harass_1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalking can consist of an accumulation of a series of actions which, by themselves, can be legal, such as calling on the phone, sending gifts, or sending emails.<sup id="cite_ref-menace_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menace-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stalkers may use overt and covert intimidation, threats and violence to frighten their victims. They may engage in <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a> and property damage or make physical attacks that are meant to frighten. Less common are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assaults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harass_1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harass_1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner" class="mw-redirect" title="Intimate partner">Intimate-partner</a> stalkers are the most dangerous type.<sup id="cite_ref-Spitzberg_&_Cupach_2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzberg_&_Cupach_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, for example, most stalkers are former partners, and evidence indicates that stalking facilitated by mental illness (often covered by the media) accounts for only a minority of cases of alleged stalking.<sup id="cite_ref-harass_3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harass_3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/UK_Home_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Home Office">UK Home Office</a> research study on the use of the Protection from Harassment Act stated: "The study found that the Protection from Harassment Act is being used to deal with a variety of behaviour such as domestic and inter-neighbour disputes. It is rarely used for stalking as portrayed by the media since only a small minority of cases in the survey involved such behaviour."<sup id="cite_ref-harass_3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harass_3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_effects_on_victims">Psychological effects on victims</h3></div> <p>Disruptions in daily life necessary to escape the stalker, including changes in <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a>, residence and phone numbers, take a toll on the victim's well-being and may lead to a sense of isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Lamber Royakkers:<sup id="cite_ref-menace_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menace-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Stalking is a form of mental assault, in which the perpetrator repeatedly, unwantedly, and disruptively breaks into the life-world of the victim, with whom they have no relationship (or no longer have). Moreover, the separated acts that make up the intrusion cannot by themselves cause the mental abuse, but do taken together (cumulative effect).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalking_as_a_close_relationship">Stalking as a close relationship</h3></div> <p>Stalking has also been described as a form of close relationship between the parties, albeit a disjunctive one where the two participants have opposing goals rather than cooperative goals. One participant, often a woman, likely wishes to end the relationship entirely, but may find herself unable to easily do so. The other participant, often but not always a man, wishes to escalate the relationship. It has been described as a close relationship because the duration, frequency, and intensity of contact may rival that of a more traditional conjunctive dating relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Spitzberg_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzberg-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_victims">Types of victims</h3></div> <p>Based on work with stalking victims for eight years in Australia, Mullen and Pathé identified different types of stalking victims, characterized by prior relationship with the stalker. These are:<sup id="cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Prior intimates:</b> Victims who had been in a previous intimate relationship with their stalker. In the article, Mullen and Pathé describe this as being "the largest category, the most common victim profile being a woman who has previously shared an intimate relationship with her (usually) male stalker." These victims are more likely to be exposed to violence being enacted by their stalker especially if the stalker had a criminal past. In addition, victims who have "date stalkers" are less likely to experience violence by their stalkers. A "date stalker" is considered an individual who had an intimate relationship with the victim but it was short-lived instead of a <a href="/wiki/Long_term_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Long term relationship">long term relationship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Casual acquaintances and friends:</b> Among male stalking victims, most are part of this category. This category of victims also includes neighbor stalking. This may result in the victims' change of residence.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Professional contacts:</b> These are victims who have been stalked by patients, clients, or students who they have had a professional relationship with. Certain professions such as health care providers, teachers, and lawyers are at a higher risk for stalking.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Workplace contacts:</b> The stalkers of these victims tend to visit them in their workplace which means that they are either an employer, employee, or a customer. When victims have stalkers coming to their workplace, this poses a threat not only to the victims' safety but to the safety of other individuals as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Strangers:</b> These victims are typically unaware of how their stalkers began stalking because typically these stalkers form a sense of admiration for their victims from a distance.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The famous:</b> Most of these victims are individuals who are portrayed heavily on media outlets but can also include individuals such as politicians and athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3></div> <p>Although stalking is a gender-neutral behavior, studies confirm that the majority of victims are female and that the primary perpetrators are male.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_Who_Stalk_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_Who_Stalk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the victims, a January 2009 report from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> reported the rate of stalking victimization for female was approximately 2% and for male was approximately 0.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the perpetrators, many studies have shown that approximately 80-90% of stalking perpetrators are male.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_Who_Stalk_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_Who_Stalk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one study, women often target other women, whereas men primarily stalk women.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_Who_Stalk_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_Who_Stalk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Types_of_Stalkers_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Types_of_Stalkers-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A January 2009 report from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> also reports that "Males were as likely to report being stalked by a male as by a female offender. 43% of male stalking victims stated that the offender was female, while 41% of male victims stated that the offender was another male. Female victims of stalking were significantly more likely to be stalked by a male (67%) rather than a female (24%) offender." This report provides considerable data by gender and race about both stalking and harassment,<sup id="cite_ref-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> obtained via the 2006 Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS), by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SUPPLEMENTALVICTIMIZATIONSURVEY_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUPPLEMENTALVICTIMIZATIONSURVEY-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an article in the journal <i>Sex Roles</i>, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling discusses how gender plays a role in the difference between stalkers and victims. She says, "gender is associated with the types of emotional reactions that are experienced by recipients of stalking related events, including the degree of fear experienced by the victim." In addition, she hypothesizes that gender may also affect how police handle a case of stalking, how the victim copes with the situation, and how the stalker might view their behavior. She discusses how victims might view certain forms of stalking as normal because of gender socialization influences on the acceptability of certain behaviors. She emphasizes that in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States, strangers are considered more dangerous when it comes to stalking than a former partner. Media also plays an important role due to portrayals of male stalking behavior as acceptable, influencing men into thinking it is normal. Since gender roles are socially constructed, sometimes men do not report stalking. She also mentions <a href="/wiki/Coercive_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive control">coercive control</a> theory; "future research will be needed to determine if this theory can predict how changes in social structures and gender-specific norms will result in variations in rates of stalking for men versus women over time in the United States and across the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Langhinrichsen-Rohling_2012_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langhinrichsen-Rohling_2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_stalkers">Types of stalkers</h3></div> <p>Psychologists often group individuals who stalk into two categories: <a href="/wiki/Psychotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic">psychotic</a> and nonpsychotic.<sup id="cite_ref-StalkersTheirVictims_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StalkersTheirVictims-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some stalkers may have pre-existing psychotic disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">schizoaffective disorder</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>. However, most stalkers are nonpsychotic and may exhibit disorders or <a href="/wiki/Neuroses" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroses">neuroses</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">major depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">adjustment disorder</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical dependency">substance dependence</a>, as well as a variety of <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic</a>). The nonpsychotic stalkers' pursuit of victims is primarily angry, vindictive, focused, often including <a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">projection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Blame" title="Blame">blame</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/obsession" class="extiw" title="wikt:obsession">obsession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">dependency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">minimization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">denial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">jealousy</a>. Conversely, only 10% of stalkers had an erotomanic delusional disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-A_comparative_study_of_psychotic_and_nonpsychotic_stalking_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_comparative_study_of_psychotic_and_nonpsychotic_stalking-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In "A Study of Stalkers" Mullen <i>et al. (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Study_of_Stalkers_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study_of_Stalkers-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified five types of stalkers:</i> </p> <ul><li><b>Rejected stalkers</b> follow their victims in order to reverse, correct, or avenge a rejection (e.g. divorce, separation, termination).</li> <li><b>Resentful stalkers</b> make a vendetta because of a sense of grievance against the victims – motivated mainly by the desire to frighten and distress the victim.</li> <li><b>Intimacy seekers</b> seek to establish an intimate, loving relationship with their victim. Such stalkers form a spectrum from those with <a href="/wiki/Erotomania" title="Erotomania">erotomania</a>, to those who do not believe their love is reciprocated but who insist with "delusional intensity" of their eventual success, and to other rigid, obsessive individuals.</li> <li><b>Incompetent suitors</b>, despite poor social or courting skills, have a <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(psychology)" title="Fixation (psychology)">fixation</a>, or in some cases, a sense of <a href="/wiki/Entitlement_(psychology)" title="Entitlement (psychology)">entitlement</a> to an intimate relationship with those who have attracted their amorous interest. Their victims are most often already in a dating relationship with someone else.</li> <li><b>Predatory stalkers</b> spy on the victim in order to prepare and plan an attack – often sexual – on the victim.</li></ul> <p>In addition to Mullen et al., Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D., an American researcher, crime analyst, and university psychology professor at <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_University" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a> investigated, as a member of the Stalking Case Assessment Team (SCAT), special unit within the San Diego District Attorney's Office, hundreds of cases involving what he called and typed "terrestrial" and "<a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">cyberstalking</a>" between 1995 and 2002. This research culminated in one of the most comprehensive books written to date on the subject. Published by <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="CRC Press, Inc.">CRC Press, Inc.</a> in August 2001, it is considered the "gold standard" as a reference to stalking crimes, victim protection, safety planning, security and threat assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2002 National Victim Association Academy defines an additional form of stalking: The <b>vengeance/terrorist stalker</b>. Both the vengeance stalker and terrorist stalker (the latter sometimes called the political stalker) do not, in contrast with some of the aforementioned types of stalkers, seek a personal relationship with their victims but rather force them to emit a certain response. While the vengeance stalker's motive is "to get even" with the other person whom he/she perceives has done some wrong to them (e.g., an employee who believes is fired without justification from a job by a superior), the political stalker intends to accomplish a political agenda, also using <a href="/wiki/Threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Threats">threats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a> to force the target to refrain or become involved in some particular activity regardless of the victim's consent. For example, most prosecutions in this stalking category have been against anti-abortionists who stalk doctors in an attempt to discourage the performance of abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Victim_Association_Agency_2002_Chapter_22:_Special_topics_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Victim_Association_Agency_2002_Chapter_22:_Special_topics-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stalkers may fit categories with <a href="/wiki/Paranoia_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranoia disorder">paranoia disorders</a>. <b>Intimacy-seeking stalkers</b> often have delusional disorders involving <a href="/wiki/Erotomanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotomanic">erotomanic</a> delusions. With rejected stalkers, the continual clinging to a relationship of an inadequate or dependent person couples with the entitlement of the narcissistic personality, and the persistent jealousy of the paranoid personality. In contrast, <b>resentful stalkers</b> demonstrate an almost "pure culture of <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a>", with delusional disorders of the paranoid type, paranoid personalities, and <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_schizophrenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranoid schizophrenia">paranoid schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Study_of_Stalkers_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study_of_Stalkers-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the uncertainties in understanding the origins of stalking is that the concept is now widely understood in terms of specific behaviors<sup id="cite_ref-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are found to be offensive or illegal. As discussed above, these specific (apparently stalking) behaviors may have multiple motivations. </p><p>In addition, the personality characteristics that are often discussed as antecedent to stalking may also produce behavior that is not conventionally defined as stalking. Some research suggests there is a spectrum of what might be called "obsessed following behavior." People who complain obsessively and for years, about a perceived wrong or wrong-doer, when no one else can perceive the injury—and people who cannot or will not "let go" of a person or a place or an idea—comprise a wider group of persons that may be problematic in ways that seem similar to stalking. Some of these people get extruded from their organizations—they may get hospitalized or fired or let go if their behavior is defined in terms of illegal stalking, but many others do good or even excellent work in their organizations and appear to have just one focus of tenacious obsession.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking_legislation" title="Cyberstalking legislation">Cyberstalking legislation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a> is the use of computers or other electronic technology to facilitate stalking. In Davis (2001), Lucks identified a separate category of stalkers who instead of a terrestrial means, prefer to perpetrate crimes against their targeted victims through electronic and online means.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst college students, Ménard and Pincus found that male stalkers were likely to have a high score of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual abuse as children</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic</a> vulnerability. </p><p>Men were more likely to become stalkers. Out of the women who participated in their study, 9% were cyberstalkers meanwhile only 4% were overt stalkers. In addition, the male participants revealed the opposite, 16% were overt stalkers while 11% were cyberstalkers. Alcohol and physical abuse both played a role in predicting women's cyberstalking and in men, "<a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">preoccupied attachment</a> significantly predicted cyber stalking" while the victims were likely to have an "avoidant attachment".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalking_by_groups">Stalking by groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></div> <p>According to a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> special report a significant number of people reporting stalking incidents claim that they had been stalked by more than one person, with 18.2% reporting that they were stalked by two people, 13.1% reporting that they had been stalked by three or more. The report did not break down these cases into numbers of victims who claimed to have been stalked by several people individually, and by people acting in concert. A question asked of respondents reporting three or more stalkers by polling personnel about whether the stalking was related to co-workers, members of a gang, fraternities, sororities, etc., did not have its responses indicated in the survey results as released by the DOJ. The data for this report was obtained via the 2006 Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS), conducted by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> for the Department of Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SUPPLEMENTALVICTIMIZATIONSURVEY_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUPPLEMENTALVICTIMIZATIONSURVEY-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a United Kingdom study by Sheridan and Boon, in 5% of the cases they studied there was more than one stalker, and 40% of the victims said that friends or family of their stalker had also been involved. In 15% of cases, the victim was unaware of any reason for the harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over a quarter of all stalking and harassment victims do not know their stalkers in any capacity. About a tenth responding to the SVS did not know the identities of their stalkers. 11% of victims said they had been stalked for five years or more.<sup id="cite_ref-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_claims_of_stalking,_"gang_stalking"_and_delusions_of_persecution"><span id="False_claims_of_stalking.2C_.22gang_stalking.22_and_delusions_of_persecution"></span>False claims of stalking, "gang stalking" and delusions of persecution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/False_accusations" class="mw-redirect" title="False accusations">False accusations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecutory_delusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecutory delusions">Persecutory delusions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gang_stalking" title="Gang stalking">Gang stalking</a></div> <p>In 1999, Pathe, Mullen and Purcell wrote that popular interest in stalking was promoting false claims.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Sheridan and Blaauw said that they estimated that 11.5% of claims in a sample of 357 reported claims of stalking were false.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_and_Blauuw_2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan_and_Blauuw_2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sheridan and Blaauw, 70% of false stalking reports were made by people experiencing <a href="/wiki/Delusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Delusions">delusions</a>, stating that "after eight uncertain cases were excluded, the false reporting rate was judged to be 11.5%, with the majority of false victims suffering delusions (70%)."<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_and_Blauuw_2004_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan_and_Blauuw_2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study estimated the proportion of false reports that were due to delusions as 64%.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Gang_stalking" title="Gang stalking">Gang stalking</a> or group-stalking is a set of <a href="/wiki/Persecutory_delusion" title="Persecutory delusion">persecutory beliefs</a> in which those affected believe they are being followed, <a href="/wiki/Stalked" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalked">stalked</a>, and harassed by a large number of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Gang_stalking_Lustig_2021_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gang_stalking_Lustig_2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is associated with the "targeted individual" ("T.I.") <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">virtual community</a> formed by like-minded individuals who claim their lives are disrupted from being stalked by organized groups intent on causing them harm.<sup id="cite_ref-Gang_stalking_McPhate_2016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gang_stalking_McPhate_2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gang_stalking_sub_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gang_stalking_sub-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <p>A 2020 study by Sheridan <i>et al.</i> gave figures for lifetime prevalence of perceived gang-stalking at 0.66% for adult women and 0.17% for adult men.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology_and_prevalence">Epidemiology and prevalence</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <p>According to a study conducted by Purcell, Pathé and Mullen (2002), 23% of the Australian population reported having been stalked.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3></div> <p>Stieger, Burger and Schild conducted a survey in Austria, revealing a lifetime prevalence of 11% (women: 17%, men: 3%).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further results include: 86% of stalking victims were female, 81% of the stalkers were male. Women were mainly stalked by men (88%) while men were almost equally stalked by men and women (60% male stalkers). 19% of the stalking victims reported that they were still being stalked at the time of study participation (<a href="/wiki/Point_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Point prevalence">point prevalence</a> rate: 2%). To 70% of the victims, the stalker was known, being a prior intimate partner in 40%, a friend or acquaintance in 23% and a colleague at work in 13% of cases. As a consequence, 72% of the victims reported having changed their lifestyle. 52% of former and ongoing stalking victims reported having a currently impaired (<a href="/wiki/Pathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathological">pathological</a>) <a href="/wiki/Mental_health#Mental_wellbeing" title="Mental health">psychological well-being</a>. There was no <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">significant</a> difference between the incidence of stalking in rural and urban areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3></div> <p>In 1998, Budd and Mattinson found a lifetime prevalence of 12% in England and Wales (16% female, 7% males).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010/11, 57% of stalking victims were found to be female, and 43% were male.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a paper by staff from the <a href="/wiki/Fixated_Threat_Assessment_Centre" title="Fixated Threat Assessment Centre">Fixated Threat Assessment Centre</a>, a unit established to deal with people with fixations on public figures, 86% of a sample group of 100 people assessed by them appeared to them to have a <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychotic illness</a>; 57% of the sample group were subsequently admitted to hospital, and 26% treated in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar retrospective study published in 2009 in <i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Medicine" title="Psychological Medicine">Psychological Medicine</a>,</i> based on a sample of threats to the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">royal family</a> kept by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a> over a period of 15 years, suggested that 83.6% of these letter-writers had a serious mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div> <p>Dressing, Kuehner and Gass conducted a representative survey in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, a middle-sized German city, and reported a lifetime prevalence of having been stalked of almost 12%.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <p>In India, a stalking case is reported every 55 minutes. Most cases are not reported as they are not considered criminal enough.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p>Tjaden and Thoennes reported a lifetime prevalence (being stalked) of 8% in females and 2% in males (depending on how strict the definition) in the National Violence Against Women Survey.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_on_harassment_and_stalking">Laws on harassment and stalking</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3></div> <p>Every Australian state enacted laws prohibiting stalking during the 1990s, with Queensland being the first state to do so in 1994. The laws vary slightly from state to state, with Queensland's laws having the broadest scope, and South Australian laws the most restrictive. Punishments vary from a maximum of 10 years imprisonment in some states, to a fine for the lowest severity of stalking in others. Australian anti-stalking laws have some notable features. Unlike many US jurisdictions they do not require the victim to have felt fear or distress as a result of the behaviour, only that a reasonable person would have felt this way. In some states, the anti-stalking laws operate extra-territorially, meaning that an individual can be charged with stalking if either they or the victim are in the relevant state. Most Australian states provide the option of a <a href="/wiki/Restraining_order" title="Restraining order">restraining order</a> in cases of stalking, breach of which is punishable as a criminal offence. There has been relatively little research into Australian court outcomes in stalking cases, although Freckelton (2001) found that in the state of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, most stalkers received fines or community based dispositions.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <p>Section 264 of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a>, titled "criminal harassment",<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> addresses acts which are termed "stalking" in many other jurisdictions. The provisions of the section came into force in August 1993 with the intent of further strengthening laws protecting women.<sup id="cite_ref-264r_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264r-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_offence" title="Hybrid offence">hybrid offence</a>, which may be punishable upon <a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">summary conviction</a> or as an <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">indictable offence</a>, the latter of which may carry a prison term of up to ten years. Section 264 has withstood <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter</a> challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chief, Policing Services Program, for Statistics Canada has stated:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... of the 10,756 incidents of criminal harassment reported to police in 2006, 1,429 of these involved more than one accused.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <p>In China, simple stalking was treated as a kind of minor offence when it amounted to harassment, so stalkers were usually punished by a small fine or less than 10 days detention under the Public Security Administration Punishment Law.<sup id="cite_ref-t20180106_208283_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t20180106_208283-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Tort Liability Law, infringement of citizens' privacy shall be subject to tort liability. For stalkers to spy on, secretly photograph, eavesdrop on or spread the privacy of others, under Article 42 of the Public Security Administration Punishment Law clearly stipulates that they can be detained for not more than five days or fined not more than five hundred yuan, and if the circumstances are more serious, they can be detained for not less than five days and not more than ten days, and can be fined not more than five hundred yuan.<sup id="cite_ref-t20180106_208283_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t20180106_208283-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unfortunately, under the current judicial system in mainland China, there is a lack of judicial protection for individuals facing illegal stalking, harassment, surveillance, and other stalking behaviors. Even celebrities may not be able to solve it for a long time when faced with stalking of illegitimate meals.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cases across China have shown that ordinary people who have been stalked may still be unable to solve the problem after they seek help from the judicial authorities. In the case of Wuhu, Anhui in March 2018, the entangled woman repeatedly rescued the police to no avail and was eventually killed.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E6%B6%9E%E6%BA%90%E5%8F%8D%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="zh:河北涞源反杀案">homicide case</a> in Laiyuan, Hebei in July of the same year, women and their families who had been stalked and harassed for a long time also helped the police repeatedly to no avail. It did not end until the opponent broke into the home with arms and was killed by victim's parents.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the social culture of mainland China, the "stalker" type of courtship is highly respected, that is, as the saying goes, "good women (martyrs) are afraid of stalkers".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary works also publicly promote such behaviors, and stalking between opposite sexes is thus beautified as courtship.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In real life, this type of behavior may even occur when the two parties do not know each other and the stalked person does not know in advance. Through online platforms and other social media, with the help of the convenience of online communication, individuals and institutions directly participate in, promote, and support various "courtship-style" tracing and stalking cases.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3></div> <p>Article 222–33–2 of the <a href="/wiki/French_Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="French Criminal Code">French Criminal Code</a> (added in 2002) penalizes "Moral harassment," which is: "Harassing another person by repeated conduct which is designed to or leads to a deterioration of his conditions of work liable to harm his rights and his dignity, to damage his physical or mental health or compromise his career prospects," with a year's imprisonment and a fine of EUR15,000.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_2">Germany</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="German Criminal Code">German Criminal Code</a> (§ 238 StGB) penalizes <i>Nachstellung</i>, defined as threatening or seeking proximity or remote contact with another person and thus heavily influencing their lives, with up to three years of imprisonment. The definition is not strict and allows "similar behaviour" to also be classified as stalking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_2">India</h3></div> <p>In 2013, Indian Parliament made <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_(Amendment)_Act,_2013" title="Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013">amendments</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a>, introducing stalking as a criminal offence.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalking has been defined as a man following or contacting a woman, despite clear indication of disinterest by the woman, or monitoring her use of the Internet or electronic communication. A man committing the offence of stalking would be liable for imprisonment up to three years for the first offence, and shall also be liable to fine and for any subsequent conviction would be liable for imprisonment up to five years and with fine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div> <p>Following a series of high-profile incidents that came to public attention, a law was proposed in June 2008 which became effective in February 2009 (D.L. 23.02.2009 n. 11) making a criminal offence under the newly introduced art. 612 bis of the penal code, punishable with imprisonment ranging from six months up to five years, any "continuative harassing, threatening or persecuting behaviour which: (1) causes a state of anxiety and fear in the victim(s), or; (2) ingenerates within the victim(s) a motivated fear for his/her own safety or for the safety of relatives, kins [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], or others tied to the victim him/herself by an affective relationship, or; (3), forces the victim(s) to change his/her living habits." If the perpetrator of the offense is a subject tied to the victim by kinship or that is or has been in the past involved in a relationship with the victim (i.e., a current or former spouse or <a href="/wiki/Fianc%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiancé">fiancé</a>), or if the victim is a <a href="/wiki/Pregnant_woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant woman">pregnant woman</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a> or a person with disabilities, the sanction can be elevated up to six years of incarceration.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div> <p>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> enacted a national law to combat this behaviour, after the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Shiori_Ino" title="Murder of Shiori Ino">murder of Shiori Ino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acts of stalking can be viewed as "interfering [with] the <a href="/wiki/Tranquility" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquility">tranquility</a> of others' lives" and are prohibited under <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">petty offence</a> laws. </p><p>However, stalking cases are increasing rather than decreasing, with more than 20,000 people reporting cases to the police in 2013, and civil society organisations estimate that these are only the tip of the iceberg; Japan has seen the highest growth in stalking cases in the world in recent years, and stalking has continued to turn into homicide. Many victims say that reporting to the police is ineffective, that the police treat it as a minor domestic dispute, that the process of filing a court order for protection can take months, and that some people have to hire private bodyguards.<sup id="cite_ref-a1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Wetboek_van_Strafrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetboek van Strafrecht">Wetboek van Strafrecht</a>, Article 285b<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines the crime of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/belagen" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:belagen">belaging</a></i> (harassment), which is a term used for stalking. </p><p>Article 285b: </p> <dl><dd>1. One who unlawfully, systematically, and deliberately intrudes into someone's personal environment with the intention to force the other to act in a way, or to prevent one to act in a certain way or to induce fear, will be prosecuted for harassment, for which the maximal punishment is three years and a fine of the fourth monetary category.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>2. The prosecution will only take place after a complaint of the person who is the victim of the crime.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Korea">Republic of Korea</h3></div> <p>Until 2021, simple stalking was treated as a kind of minor offence when it amounted to harassment, so stalkers were usually punished by a small fine or less than 30 days detention under the Minor Offences Act. In April 2021, the National Assembly passed an act intended to address widespread stalking crimes and protect victims, which came into force on October 21 the same year. The act includes a provision that mandates the victim must approve of punishment for the stalker. A subsequent bill proposes to remove this provision to address situations where the victim may fear retribution from the stalker.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Korea's stalking laws were criticized for weaknesses and led to accusations the country does not treat violence against women seriously enough when a female subway worker in Seoul was stalked and stabbed to death in the subway restroom by her former colleague in September 2022. The stalker had been harassing the victim since 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2022, the city of Seoul announced the opening of three shelters to house stalking victims and offer free counseling.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3></div> <p>Article 208 of the 2014 Criminal Code states:- </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Article 208: Harassment </p><ol><li>The act of someone who repeatedly follows, without right or a legitimate interest, a person or his or her home, workplace or other place frequented, thus causing a state of fear.</li> <li>Making phone calls or communication by means of transmission, which by frequent or continuous use, causes fear to a person. This shall be punished with imprisonment from one to three months or a fine if the case is not a more serious offense.</li> <li>Criminal action is initiated by prior complaint of the victim.</li></ol></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal Code of the Russian Federation</a>, such an independent corpus delicti as stalking is absent. However, lawyers argue that the persecution of a person in Russia can also be seriously fined. The victim of stalking only needs to use the articles that are already in the code. So, if the persecutor uses threats, then should refer to Article 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Threats of murder or causing grievous bodily harm". In this case, the offender is punished with compulsory labor for up to 480 hours or forced labor for up to 2 years. Also, the persecutor may face arrest for up to six months or imprisonment (restriction) of freedom for up to two years. "Violation of privacy" (Article 137 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) can also be applied part of stalking. This crime manifests itself in the illegal collection of information about private life and its dissemination (including in public speeches and the media). For this, a criminal can receive a fine of up to 200 thousand rubles, go to compulsory work for up to 360 hours, and even be imprisoned for two years. In addition, persecutors often violate Article 138 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Violation of the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other messages of citizens. The article provides for punishment ranging from a fine of 80 thousand rubles to correctional labor for up to one year.<sup id="cite_ref-russian7.ru_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russian7.ru-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, these are not all articles of the Criminal Code that can be applied to stalkers. As result, I.A. Yurchenko, author of Crimes Against Information Security, claims that victims of persecution, in the presence of appropriate circumstances, have the right to use Article 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Compulsion to Sexual Actions" (from a fine of 120 thousand rubles to imprisonment for up to one year), article 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Violation of the inviolability of the home" (from a fine in the amount of 40 thousand rubles to imprisonment for two to three years), article 163 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Extortion (imprisonment up to seven years), article 167 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Intentional destruction or damage to property (up to imprisonment in accordance with the gravity of the offense). </p><p>Indeed, under the listed articles, many Russian stalkers were convicted. For example, a resident of Ufa, who forced his ex-girlfriend to resume relations by means of threats related to exposing her intimate photographs to the public, was found guilty under Articles 133 and 137 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and sentenced to a fine of 70 thousand rubles. According to some lawyers, the punishment in such cases is not always commensurate with the crime committed, therefore they propose to include in the Criminal Code of Russia an article similar to § 238 of the Criminal Code of the Federal Republic of Germany, according to which a stalker pursuing a person faces up to 3 years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-russian7.ru_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russian7.ru-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also for its specific forms, one can be held criminally liable, for example: a threat to kill or cause grievous bodily harm (Article 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); violation of privacy, that is, the illegal collection or dissemination of information about the private life of a person that constitutes his personal or family secret, without his consent (Article 137 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); violation of the inviolability of the home (Article 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). To do this, victim need to apply with a statement to law enforcement agencies. Crimes under Art. 137 and 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are being investigated by investigators of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, and criminal cases on the fact of threats are being considered by interrogators of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is necessary to contact the relevant law enforcement agency at the scene of the crime (in this case, it is imperative to obtain a coupon-notification of the KUSP, confirming the fact of filing an application).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3></div> <p>In Taiwan, more than 7,000 cases are reported each year, nearly half of which have been repeatedly harassed for up to a year and a quarter for up to three years, with 80% of the victims being female.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey conducted by the Modern Women's Foundation in 2014 showed that less than 10% of those who had been harassed would report it or file a complaint, and 12.4% of young female students were found to have been stalked during the interview; the foundation therefore promoted the legislation of the "Stalking Prevention Act".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the draft has not been reviewed since its first reviewing in the Legislative in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the DPP blocked the third reading of the bill on the grounds that it would "increase police duties."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only in 2021 that the Stalking Prevention Act was again discussed and passed by the Legislative Yuan due to the murder of women. During the legislative process, the DPP insisted that the definition of stalking be limited to "related to sex or gender".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Stalking and Harassment Prevention Act, anyone who conducts stalking and harassment may be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than one year or detention; in lieu thereof, or in addition thereto, a fine of not more than one hundred thousand New Taiwan Dollars may be imposed. Anyone who commits the crimes stated in the preceding paragraph with lethal weapons or other dangerous objects shall be sentenced to the imprisonment of not more than five years, or short-term imprisonment; in lieu thereof, or in addition thereto, a fine of not more than five hundred thousand New Taiwan Dollars may be imposed. Violators of a protection order issued by a court in accordance with Article 12, Paragraph 1, Subparagraphs 1 to 3 shall be sentenced to the imprisonment of not more than three years, or detention; in lieu thereof, or in addition thereto, a fine of not more than three hundred thousand New Taiwan Dollars may be imposed.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <p>Before the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Protection_from_Harassment_Act_1997" title="Protection from Harassment Act 1997">Protection from Harassment Act 1997</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_1984" title="Telecommunications Act 1984">Telecommunications Act 1984</a> criminalised indecent, offensive or threatening phone calls, and the <a href="/wiki/Malicious_Communications_Act_1988" title="Malicious Communications Act 1988">Malicious Communications Act 1988</a> criminalised the sending of an indecent, offensive or threatening letter, electronic communication, or other article to another person. </p><p>Before 1997, no specific offence of stalking existed in England and Wales. However, in Scotland, incidents could be dealt with under pre-existing law, with life imprisonment available for the worst offences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England_and_Wales_2">England and Wales</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Harassment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Harassment in the United Kingdom">harassment</a>" was criminalised by the enactment of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997, which came into force on 16 June 1997. It makes it a criminal offence, punishable by up to six months' imprisonment, to make a course of conduct which amounts to harassment of another on two or more occasions. The court can also issue a restraining order, which carries a maximum punishment of five years' imprisonment if breached. In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, liability may arise if the victim suffers either mental or physical harm as a result of being harassed (or slang term stalked) (see <i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Constanza" title="R v Constanza">R. v. Constanza</a></i>). </p><p>In 2012, then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> stated that the government intended to make another attempt to create a law aimed specifically at stalking behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Freedoms_Act_2012" title="Protection of Freedoms Act 2012">Protection of Freedoms Act 2012</a> created the offence of stalking for the first time in England and Wales, by inserting these offences into the <a href="/wiki/Protection_from_Harassment_Act_1997" title="Protection from Harassment Act 1997">Protection from Harassment Act 1997</a>. The act of stalking under this section is exemplified by contacting, or attempting to contact, a person by any means, publishing any statement or other material relating or purporting to relate to a person, monitoring the use by a person of the Internet, email, or any other form of electronic communication, loitering in any place (whether public or private), interfering with any property in the possession of a person, or watching or spying on a person.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 also added Section 4(a) into the Protection From Harassment Act 1997 which covered 'Stalking involving fear of violence or serious alarm or distress'. This created the offence of where a person's conduct amounts to stalking and either causes another to fear (on at least two occasions) that violence will be used against them, or conduct that causes another person serious alarm or distress which has a substantial effect on their usual day-to-day activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, behaviour commonly described as stalking was already prosecuted as the common law offence of <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace#Scotland" title="Breach of the peace">breach of the peace</a> (not to be confused with the minor English offence of the same description) before the introduction of the statutory offence against s.39 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Justice_and_Licensing_(Scotland)_Act_2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 (page does not exist)">Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> either course can still be taken<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depending on the circumstances of each case.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statutory offence incurs a penalty of twelve months imprisonment or a fine upon summary conviction, or a maximum of five years' imprisonment or a fine upon conviction on indictment; penalties for conviction for breach of the peace are limited only by the sentencing powers of the court, thus a case remitted to the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court</a> can carry a sentence of imprisonment for life. </p><p>Provision is made under the Protection from Harassment Act against stalking to deal with the civil offence (i.e. the interference with the victim's personal rights), falling under the law of <a href="/wiki/Delict_(Scots_law)" title="Delict (Scots law)">delict</a>. Victims of stalking may sue for <a href="/wiki/Interdict#Scots_civil_law" title="Interdict">interdict</a> against an alleged stalker, or a non-harassment order, breach of which is an offence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv/220px--CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1200" data-height="674" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv/CDC_video_about_stalking_-_2021.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A 2021 <a href="/wiki/Public_service_announcement" title="Public service announcement">public service announcement</a> infographic video from the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> about stalking</figcaption></figure> <p>California was the first state to criminalize stalking in the United States in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result of numerous high-profile stalking cases in California, including the 1982 attempted murder of actress <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Saldana" title="Theresa Saldana">Theresa Saldana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1988 massacre by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Farley" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Farley">Richard Farley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bill_analysis_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bill_analysis-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1989 murder of actress <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Schaeffer" title="Rebecca Schaeffer">Rebecca Schaeffer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and five <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a> stalking murders, also in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-bill_analysis_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bill_analysis-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-watson_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first anti-stalking law in the United States, California Penal Code Section 646.9, was developed and proposed by Municipal Court Judge John Watson of Orange County. Watson with U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Ed_Royce_(politician)" title="Ed Royce (politician)">Ed Royce</a> introduced the law in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles Police Department</a> (LAPD) founded the United States' first <a href="/wiki/Threat_Management_Unit" title="Threat Management Unit">Threat Management Unit</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">LAPD</a> Captain Robert Martin. </p><p>Within three years<sup id="cite_ref-watson_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereafter, every state in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> followed suit to create the crime of stalking, under different names such as <i>criminal harassment</i> or <i>criminal menace</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Driver's Privacy Protection Act">Driver's Privacy Protection Act</a> (DPPA) was enacted in 1994 in response to numerous cases of a driver's information being abused for criminal activity, with prominent examples including the <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Saldana" title="Theresa Saldana">Saldana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Schaeffer" title="Rebecca Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a> stalking cases.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DPPA prohibits states from disclosing a driver's personal information without permission by State <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Motor_Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Motor Vehicles">Department of Motor Vehicles</a> (DMV). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a> of 2005, amending a United States statute, 108 Stat. 1902 et seq, defined stalking as:<sup id="cite_ref-VAW2005(3)(a)(24)_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAW2005(3)(a)(24)-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"engaging in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to— </p><dl><dd>(A) fear for his or her safety or the safety of others;</dd> <dd>(B) suffer substantial emotional distress."</dd></dl></blockquote> <p>As of 2011, stalking is an offense under section 120a of the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a> (UCMJ).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law took effect on 1 October 2007. </p><p>In 2014, new amendments were made to the <a href="/wiki/Clery_Act" title="Clery Act">Clery Act</a> to require reporting on stalking, domestic violence, and dating violence.<sup id="cite_ref-2014_Changes_to_Clery_Act_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_Changes_to_Clery_Act-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the PAWS Act became law in the United States, and it expanded the definition of stalking to include "conduct that causes a person to experience a reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury to his or her pet".<sup id="cite_ref-bustle1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bustle1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anti-stalking statute of Illinois is controversial. It is particularly restrictive, by the standards of this type of legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence</a> defines and criminalizes stalking, as well as other forms of violence against women.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Convention came into force on 1 August 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship_disorder" title="Courtship disorder">Courtship disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_killed_the_cat" title="Curiosity killed the cat">Curiosity killed the cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotomania" title="Erotomania">Erotomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_sexual_violence" title="Estimates of sexual violence">Estimates of sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangstalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangstalking">Gangstalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_Farms" title="Kiwi Farms">Kiwi Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscene_phone_call" title="Obscene phone call">Obscene phone call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive_love_disorder" title="Obsessive love disorder">Obsessive love disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poison_pen_letter" title="Poison pen letter">Poison pen letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Querulant" title="Querulant">Querulant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_admirer" title="Secret admirer">Secret admirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_rapist" title="Serial rapist">Serial rapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexatious_litigation" title="Vexatious litigation">Vexatious litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandere" class="mw-redirect" title="Yandere">Yandere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zersetzung" title="Zersetzung">Zersetzung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Spitzberg_&_Cupach_2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spitzberg_&_Cupach_2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spitzberg_&_Cupach_2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpitzbergCupach2007" class="citation journal cs1">Spitzberg, Brian H.; Cupach, William R. (January 2007). "The state of the art of stalking: Taking stock of the emerging literature". <i>Aggression and Violent Behavior</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 64–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.avb.2006.05.001">10.1016/j.avb.2006.05.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aggression+and+Violent+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+state+of+the+art+of+stalking%3A+Taking+stock+of+the+emerging+literature&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-86&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.avb.2006.05.001&rft.aulast=Spitzberg&rft.aufirst=Brian+H.&rft.au=Cupach%2C+William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/vaw00/cyberstalking_laws.html">"State and Federal Stalking Laws"</a>. The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+and+Federal+Stalking+Laws&rft.pub=The+Berkman+Klein+Center+for+Internet+%26+Society+at+Harvard+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyber.harvard.edu%2Fvaw00%2Fcyberstalking_laws.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2261A">"18 U.S. Code § 2261A. Stalking"</a>. <i>Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=18+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+2261A.+Stalking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F18%2F2261A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/help_series/pdftxt/stalkingvictimization.txt">"Stalking Victimization"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Victims_of_Crime" title="National Center for Victims of Crime">National Center for Victims of Crime</a></i>. February 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Victims+of+Crime&rft.atitle=Stalking+Victimization&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fovc_archives%2Freports%2Fhelp_series%2Fpdftxt%2Fstalkingvictimization.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowneyBest1995" class="citation book cs1">Lowney, Kathleen S.; Best, Joel (1995). <i>Stalking Strangers and Lovers: Changing Media Typifications of a New Crime Problem</i>. pp. 33–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351310284-5">10.4324/9781351310284-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351310284" title="Special:BookSources/9781351310284"><bdi>9781351310284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalking+Strangers+and+Lovers%3A+Changing+Media+Typifications+of+a+New+Crime+Problem&rft.pages=33-58&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781351310284-5&rft.isbn=9781351310284&rft.aulast=Lowney&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+S.&rft.au=Best%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullen_2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mullen_2001_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullen_2001_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullenPathéPurcell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mullen, Paul E.; Pathé, Michele; Purcell, Rosemary (February 2001). "Stalking: New Constructions of Human Behaviour". <i>Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 9–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-1614.2001.00849.x">10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00849.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11270463">11270463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9030064">9030064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+%26+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Stalking%3A+New+Constructions+of+Human+Behaviour&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-16&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9030064%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11270463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1440-1614.2001.00849.x&rft.aulast=Mullen&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft.au=Path%C3%A9%2C+Michele&rft.au=Purcell%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasonReichlerEastonNeal1984" class="citation journal cs1">Jason, Leonard A.; Reichler, Arnold; Easton, Judity; Neal, Angela; Wilson, Midge (1984). "Female harassment after ending a relationship: A preliminary study". <i>Alternative Lifestyles</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 259–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01083054">10.1007/BF01083054</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145390121">145390121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Lifestyles&rft.atitle=Female+harassment+after+ending+a+relationship%3A+A+preliminary+study&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=259-269&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01083054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145390121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jason&rft.aufirst=Leonard+A.&rft.au=Reichler%2C+Arnold&rft.au=Easton%2C+Judity&rft.au=Neal%2C+Angela&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Midge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox1982" class="citation journal cs1">Wilcox, B (1982). "Psychological rape". <i>Glamour</i>: 232–233, 291–296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glamour&rft.atitle=Psychological+rape&rft.pages=232-233%2C+291-296&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridanBlaauw2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sheridan, L. P.; Blaauw, E. (2004). "Characteristics of False Stalking Reports". <i><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Behavior" title="Criminal Justice and Behavior">Criminal Justice and Behavior</a></i>. <b>31</b>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 55–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0093854803259235">10.1177/0093854803259235</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11868229">11868229</a>. <q>Given that stalking may often constitute no more than the targeted repetition of ostensibly ordinary or routine behavior, stalking is inherently difficult to define.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Justice+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+False+Stalking+Reports&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=55-72&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0093854803259235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11868229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft.au=Blaauw%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/psychologists-struggle-to-explain-the-mind-of-the-stalker">"Psychologists Struggle to Explain the Mind of the Stalker"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Psychologists+Struggle+to+Explain+the+Mind+of+the+Stalker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fpsychologists-struggle-to-explain-the-mind-of-the-stalker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/crime-stalking">"Crime of Stalking | Office of Justice Programs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+of+Stalking+%26%23124%3B+Office+of+Justice+Programs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ojp.gov%2Fncjrs%2Fvirtual-library%2Fabstracts%2Fcrime-stalking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StalkersTheirVictims-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StalkersTheirVictims_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StalkersTheirVictims_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathéMullenPurcell2000" class="citation book cs1">Pathé, Michele; Mullen, Paul E.; Purcell, Rosemary (2000). <i>Stalkers and Their Victims</i>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66950-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66950-4"><bdi>978-0-521-66950-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalkers+and+Their+Victims&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66950-4&rft.aulast=Path%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Mullen%2C+Paul+E.&rft.au=Purcell%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson-Cruttenden1996" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Lawson-Cruttendon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Lawson-Cruttendon (page does not exist)">Lawson-Cruttenden, Tim</a> (1996). "Is there a law against stalking?". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Law_Journal" title="New Law Journal">New Law Journal</a></i>. No. 6736. London, England: <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a>. pp. 418–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-1789%2802%2900068-X">10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00068-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+law+against+stalking%3F&rft.issue=6736&rft.pages=418-420&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1359-1789%2802%2900068-X&rft.aulast=Lawson-Cruttenden&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullen_&_Pathé_2002_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullenPathé2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mullen, Paul E.; Pathé, Michele (January 2002). "Stalking". <i>Crime and Justice</i>. <b>29</b>: 273–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F652222">10.1086/652222</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1147710">1147710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224799375">224799375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime+and+Justice&rft.atitle=Stalking&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=273-318&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224799375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1147710%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F652222&rft.aulast=Mullen&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft.au=Path%C3%A9%2C+Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatheMullen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pathe, M.; Mullen, P. E. (1997). "The impact of stalkers on their victims". <i><a href="/wiki/The_British_Journal_of_Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Journal of Psychiatry">The British Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>170</b>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a>: 12–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.170.1.12">10.1192/bjp.170.1.12</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9068768">9068768</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6450961">6450961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+stalkers+on+their+victims&rft.volume=170&rft.pages=12-17&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6450961%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9068768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.170.1.12&rft.aulast=Pathe&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Mullen%2C+P.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/legal/stalking">"Legal Definition of STALKING"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Legal+Definition+of+STALKING&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Flegal%2Fstalking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harass_1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harass_1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harass_1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harass_1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819170018/http://www.sexualharassmentsupport.org/Stalking.html">"Stalking"</a>. sexualharassmentsupport.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sexualharassmentsupport.org/Stalking.html">the original</a> on 19 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stalking&rft.pub=sexualharassmentsupport.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sexualharassmentsupport.org%2FStalking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langhinrichsen-Rohling_2012-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Langhinrichsen-Rohling_2012_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langhinrichsen-Rohling_2012_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanghinrichsen-Rohling2012" class="citation journal cs1">Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer (March 2012). "Gender and Stalking: Current Intersections and Future Directions". <i>Sex Roles</i>. <b>66</b> (5–6): 418–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11199-011-0093-3">10.1007/s11199-011-0093-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143722863">143722863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex+Roles&rft.atitle=Gender+and+Stalking%3A+Current+Intersections+and+Future+Directions&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=418-426&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11199-011-0093-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143722863%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Langhinrichsen-Rohling&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-menace-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-menace_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-menace_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503192921/http://www.sociosite.org/cyberstalking_en.php">"CyberStalking: menaced on the Internet"</a>. sociosite.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sociosite.org/cyberstalking_en.php">the original</a> on 3 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CyberStalking%3A+menaced+on+the+Internet&rft.pub=sociosite.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sociosite.org%2Fcyberstalking_en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harass_3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harass_3_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harass_3_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2000" class="citation cs2">Harris, Jessica (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101016182707/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/r130.pdf">"The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 – An Evaluation of its Use and Effectiveness"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Research Findings</i>, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-6540">1364-6540</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/r130.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Findings&rft.atitle=The+Protection+from+Harassment+Act+1997+%E2%80%93+An+Evaluation+of+its+Use+and+Effectiveness&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=1364-6540&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frds.homeoffice.gov.uk%2Frds%2Fpdfs%2Fr130.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrams_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramsRobinson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Abrams, Karen M.; Robinson, Gail Erlick (1 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120204632/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/paranoia/article/10168/1278421">"Comprehensive Treatment of Stalking Victims: Practical Steps That Help Ensure Safety"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_Times" title="Psychiatric Times">Psychiatric Times</a></i>. <b>25</b> (10). London, England: <a href="/wiki/UBM_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="UBM Medica">UBM Medica</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/paranoia/article/10168/1278421">the original</a> on 20 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatric+Times&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+Treatment+of+Stalking+Victims%3A+Practical+Steps+That+Help+Ensure+Safety&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Karen+M.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Gail+Erlick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatrictimes.com%2Fparanoia%2Farticle%2F10168%2F1278421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spitzberg-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spitzberg_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitzbergCupach2005" class="citation book cs1">Spitzberg, Brian H.; Cupach, William R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qyx5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193">"The Inapproferiateness of Relational Intrusion"</a>. In Goodwin, Robin; Cramer, Duncan (eds.). <i>Inappropriate Relationships</i>. Psychology Press. pp. 209–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781410612397-20">10.4324/9781410612397-20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4106-1239-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4106-1239-7"><bdi>978-1-4106-1239-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Inapproferiateness+of+Relational+Intrusion&rft.btitle=Inappropriate+Relationships&rft.pages=209-236&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781410612397-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4106-1239-7&rft.aulast=Spitzberg&rft.aufirst=Brian+H.&rft.au=Cupach%2C+William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqyx5AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_Who_Stalk-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Women_Who_Stalk_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_Who_Stalk_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_Who_Stalk_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcellPathéMullen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Purcell, Rosemary; Pathé, Michele; Mullen, Paul E. (December 2001). "A Study of Women Who Stalk". <i>American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>158</b> (12): 2056–2060. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.158.12.2056">10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2056</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.3%2F374282">1959.3/374282</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11729025">11729025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Women+Who+Stalk&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2056-2060&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1959.3%2F374282&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11729025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.158.12.2056&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft.au=Path%C3%A9%2C+Michele&rft.au=Mullen%2C+Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StalkingVictimizationintheUnitedStates_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumCatalanoRand2009" class="citation report cs1">Baum, Katrina; Catalano, Shannon; Rand, Michael (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://permanent.fdlp.gov/gpo31367/stalking-victimization.pdf">Stalking Victimization in the United States</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Washington DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/299755614">299755614</a>. <a href="/wiki/NCJ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NCJ (identifier)">NCJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=224527">224527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Stalking+Victimization+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Justice%2C+Bureau+of+Justice+Statistics&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F299755614&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft.au=Catalano%2C+Shannon&rft.au=Rand%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpermanent.fdlp.gov%2Fgpo31367%2Fstalking-victimization.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Types_of_Stalkers-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Types_of_Stalkers_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329114742/http://www.sexualharassmentsupport.org/TypesofStalkers.html">"Types of stalkers"</a>. sexualharassmentsupport.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sexualharassmentsupport.org/TypesofStalkers.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+stalkers&rft.pub=sexualharassmentsupport.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sexualharassmentsupport.org%2FTypesofStalkers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SUPPLEMENTALVICTIMIZATIONSURVEY-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SUPPLEMENTALVICTIMIZATIONSURVEY_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SUPPLEMENTALVICTIMIZATIONSURVEY_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828151246/http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/svs1_06.pdf">"Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/docs/stalking-victimization.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supplemental+Victimization+Survey+%28SVS%29&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ovw.usdoj.gov%2Fdocs%2Fstalking-victimization.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_comparative_study_of_psychotic_and_nonpsychotic_stalking-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_comparative_study_of_psychotic_and_nonpsychotic_stalking_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienlenBirminghamSolbergO'Regan1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kienlen, K. K.; Birmingham, D. L.; Solberg, K. B.; O'Regan, J. T. (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jaapl.org/content/25/3/317.abstract">"A comparative study of psychotic and nonpsychotic stalking"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 317–334. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/120319401">120319401</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9323658">9323658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Psychiatry+and+the+Law+Online&rft.atitle=A+comparative+study+of+psychotic+and+nonpsychotic+stalking&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=317-334&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F120319401&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9323658&rft.aulast=Kienlen&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rft.au=Birmingham%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Solberg%2C+K.+B.&rft.au=O%27Regan%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjaapl.org%2Fcontent%2F25%2F3%2F317.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Study_of_Stalkers-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Study_of_Stalkers_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Study_of_Stalkers_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullenPathéPurcellStuart1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mullen, Paul E.; Pathé, Michele; Purcell, Rosemary; Stuart, Geoffrey W. (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/156/8/1244">"A Study of Stalkers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Psychiatry">American Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>156</b> (8). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>: 1244–1249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.156.8.1244">10.1176/ajp.156.8.1244</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10450267">10450267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36205131">36205131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Stalkers&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1244-1249&rft.date=1999-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36205131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10450267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.156.8.1244&rft.aulast=Mullen&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft.au=Path%C3%A9%2C+Michele&rft.au=Purcell%2C+Rosemary&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Geoffrey+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajp.psychiatryonline.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F156%2F8%2F1244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2001" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Joseph A. (2001). <i>Stalking Crimes and Victim Protection: Prevention, Intervention, Threat Assessment, and Case Management</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0811-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0811-6"><bdi>978-0-8493-0811-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalking+Crimes+and+Victim+Protection%3A+Prevention%2C+Intervention%2C+Threat+Assessment%2C+and+Case+Management&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0811-6&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Victim_Association_Agency_2002_Chapter_22:_Special_topics-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-National_Victim_Association_Agency_2002_Chapter_22:_Special_topics_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/nvaa2002/chapter22_4.html">"National Victim Assistance Academy Textbook – Chapter 22 Special Topics – Section 4, Campus Crime and Victimization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Victims_of_Crime" title="Office for Victims of Crime">Office for Victims of Crime</a>. June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Victim+Assistance+Academy+Textbook+%E2%80%93+Chapter+22+Special+Topics+%E2%80%93+Section+4%2C+Campus+Crime+and+Victimization&rft.pub=Office+for+Victims+of+Crime&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fovc_archives%2Fnvaa2002%2Fchapter22_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe1994" class="citation journal cs1">Rowe, Mary (Fall 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitsloan.mit.edu/shared/ods/documents?PublicationDocumentID=5403">"People With Delusions or Quasi-Delusions Who 'Won't Let Go'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of the University and College Ombuds Association</i> (1): 1–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+University+and+College+Ombuds+Association&rft.atitle=People+With+Delusions+or+Quasi-Delusions+Who+%27Won%27t+Let+Go%27&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitsloan.mit.edu%2Fshared%2Fods%2Fdocuments%3FPublicationDocumentID%3D5403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2001" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Joseph A. (26 June 2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalkingcrimesvi00davi"><i>Stalking Crimes and Victim Protection</i></a></span>. Boca Raton, Florida: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalkingcrimesvi00davi/page/n25">3</a>–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1420041743" title="Special:BookSources/978-1420041743"><bdi>978-1420041743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalking+Crimes+and+Victim+Protection&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=3-19&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001-06-26&rft.isbn=978-1420041743&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalkingcrimesvi00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMénardPincus2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ménard, Kim S.; Pincus, Aaron L. (July 2012). "Predicting Overt and Cyber Stalking Perpetration by Male and Female College Students". <i>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</i>. <b>27</b> (11): 2183–2207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260511432144">10.1177/0886260511432144</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22203630">22203630</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206562459">206562459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpersonal+Violence&rft.atitle=Predicting+Overt+and+Cyber+Stalking+Perpetration+by+Male+and+Female+College+Students&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2183-2207&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206562459%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22203630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0886260511432144&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9nard&rft.aufirst=Kim+S.&rft.au=Pincus%2C+Aaron+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridanDaviesBoon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sheridan, Lorraine; Davies, Graham; Boon, Julian (August 2001). "The Course and Nature of Stalking: A Victim Perspective". <i>The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 215–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2311.00204">10.1111/1468-2311.00204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Howard+Journal+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=The+Course+and+Nature+of+Stalking%3A+A+Victim+Perspective&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215-234&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2311.00204&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft.au=Davies%2C+Graham&rft.au=Boon%2C+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatheMullenPurcell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pathe, M.; Mullen, P. E; Purcell, R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/abstract/174/2/170">"Stalking: false claims of victimisation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="British Journal of Psychiatry">British Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>174</b> (2): 170–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.174.2.170">10.1192/bjp.174.2.170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10211173">10211173</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13850054">13850054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Stalking%3A+false+claims+of+victimisation&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=170-172&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13850054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10211173&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.174.2.170&rft.aulast=Pathe&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Mullen%2C+P.+E&rft.au=Purcell%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbjp.rcpsych.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F174%2F2%2F170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheridan_and_Blauuw_2004-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_and_Blauuw_2004_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_and_Blauuw_2004_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridanBlaauw2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sheridan, L. P.; Blaauw, E. (1 February 2004). "Characteristics of False Stalking Reports". <i><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Behavior" title="Criminal Justice and Behavior">Criminal Justice and Behavior</a></i>. <b>31</b> (1). Lubbock, Texas: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 55–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0093854803259235">10.1177/0093854803259235</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11868229">11868229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Justice+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+False+Stalking+Reports&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-72&rft.date=2004-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0093854803259235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11868229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft.au=Blaauw%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, S. A. (December 2008). "The Reality of Persecutory Beliefs: Base Rate Information for Clinicians". <i><a href="/wiki/Ethical_Human_Psychology_and_Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry">Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>10</b> (3). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Springer_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer US">Springer US</a>: 163–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F1559-4343.10.3.163">10.1891/1559-4343.10.3.163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143659607">143659607</a>. <q>Collapsing across two studies that examined 40 British and 18 Australian false reporters (as determined by evidence overwhelmingly against their claims), these individuals fell into the following categories: delusional (64%), factitious/attention seeking (15%), hypersensitivity due to previous stalking (12%), were the stalker themselves (7%), and <a href="/wiki/Malingering" title="Malingering">malingering</a> individuals (2%) (Purcell, Pathe, & Mullen, 2002; Sheridan & Blaauw, 2004).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethical+Human+Psychology+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Reality+of+Persecutory+Beliefs%3A+Base+Rate+Information+for+Clinicians&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=163-178&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1891%2F1559-4343.10.3.163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143659607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gang_stalking_Lustig_2021-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gang_stalking_Lustig_2021_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustigBrookesHunt2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lustig, A; Brookes, G; Hunt, D (5 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7980115">"Linguistic Analysis of Online Communication About a Novel Persecutory Belief System (Gangstalking): Mixed Methods Study"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medical_Internet_Research" title="Journal of Medical Internet Research">Journal of Medical Internet Research</a></i>. <b>23</b> (3): e25722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2F25722">10.2196/25722</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7980115">7980115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33666560">33666560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Internet+Research&rft.atitle=Linguistic+Analysis+of+Online+Communication+About+a+Novel+Persecutory+Belief+System+%28Gangstalking%29%3A+Mixed+Methods+Study.&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e25722&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7980115%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33666560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2196%2F25722&rft.aulast=Lustig&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Brookes%2C+G&rft.au=Hunt%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7980115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gang_stalking_McPhate_2016-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gang_stalking_McPhate_2016_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcphate2016" class="citation news cs1">Mcphate, Mike (10 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/11/health/gang-stalking-targeted-individuals.html">"United States of Paranoia: They See Gangs of Stalkers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. New York City. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=United+States+of+Paranoia%3A+They+See+Gangs+of+Stalkers&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Mcphate&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F11%2Fhealth%2Fgang-stalking-targeted-individuals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gang_stalking_sub-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gang_stalking_sub_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlatley2017" class="citation web cs1">Flatley, Joseph (2 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theoutline.com/post/995/targeted-individuals-paranoid-delusions-in-the-age-of-surveillance">"Paranoid delusions in the police state"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outline_(website)" title="The Outline (website)">The Outline</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Outline&rft.atitle=Paranoid+delusions+in+the+police+state&rft.date=2017-02-02&rft.aulast=Flatley&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheoutline.com%2Fpost%2F995%2Ftargeted-individuals-paranoid-delusions-in-the-age-of-surveillance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridanJamesRoth2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sheridan, Lorraine; James, David; Roth, Jayden (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7178134">"The Phenomenology of Group Stalking ('Gang-Stalking'): A Content Analysis of Subjective Experiences"</a>. <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 2506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17072506">10.3390/ijerph17072506</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7178134">7178134</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32268595">32268595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+Phenomenology+of+Group+Stalking+%28%27Gang-Stalking%27%29%3A+A+Content+Analysis+of+Subjective+Experiences&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2506&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7178134%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32268595&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph17072506&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft.au=James%2C+David&rft.au=Roth%2C+Jayden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7178134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcellPathé,_MicheleMullen,_Paul_E.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Purcell, Rosemary; Pathé, Michele; Mullen, Paul E. (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/26227343">"The prevalence and nature of stalking in the Australian community"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry">Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>36</b> (1). Sydney, Australia: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 114–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-1614.2002.00985.x">10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00985.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.3%2F374333">1959.3/374333</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11929447">11929447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23411422">23411422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+and+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+prevalence+and+nature+of+stalking+in+the+Australian+community&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114-120&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1959.3%2F374333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23411422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11929447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1440-1614.2002.00985.x&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft.au=Path%C3%A9%2C+Michele&rft.au=Mullen%2C+Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F26227343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiegerBurgerSchild2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stieger, Stefan; Burger, Christoph; Schild, Anne (October–December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4321%2FS0213-61632008000400006">"Lifetime prevalence and impact of stalking: Epidemiological data from Eastern Austria"</a>. <i>The European Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>22</b> (4). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 235–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4321%2FS0213-61632008000400006">10.4321/S0213-61632008000400006</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Lifetime+prevalence+and+impact+of+stalking%3A+Epidemiological+data+from+Eastern+Austria&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=235-241&rft.date=2008-10%2F2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4321%2FS0213-61632008000400006&rft.aulast=Stieger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Burger%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Schild%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4321%252FS0213-61632008000400006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuddMattinsonMyhill2000" class="citation book cs1">Budd, Tracey; Mattinson, Joanna; Myhill, Andy (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extentnatureofst0000budd"><i>The extent and nature of stalking : findings from the 1998 British Crime Survey</i></a></span>. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84082-535-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84082-535-0"><bdi>978-1-84082-535-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+extent+and+nature+of+stalking+%3A+findings+from+the+1998+British+Crime+Survey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Home+Office+Research%2C+Development+and+Statistics+Directorate&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84082-535-0&rft.aulast=Budd&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft.au=Mattinson%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Myhill%2C+Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fextentnatureofst0000budd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaplinFlatleySmith2011" class="citation web cs1">Chaplin, Rupert; Flatley, John; Smith, Kevin (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/hosb1011?view=Binary">"Crime in England and Wales 2010/11"</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>. p. 66<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+in+England+and+Wales+2010%2F11&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Home+Office&rft.date=2011-07&rft.aulast=Chaplin&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft.au=Flatley%2C+John&rft.au=Smith%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeoffice.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fscience-research-statistics%2Fresearch-statistics%2Fcrime-research%2Fhosb1011%2Fhosb1011%3Fview%3DBinary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesKerriganForfarFarnham2009" class="citation journal cs1">James, David V.; Kerrigan, Thomas R.; Forfar, Robin; Farnham, Frank (21 October 2009). "The Fixated Threat Assessment Centre: preventing harm and facilitating care". <i>Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology</i>. <b>21</b> (4). Manchester, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14789941003596981">10.1080/14789941003596981</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59398233">59398233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+Psychiatry+%26+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Fixated+Threat+Assessment+Centre%3A+preventing+harm+and+facilitating+care&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14789941003596981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59398233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=David+V.&rft.au=Kerrigan%2C+Thomas+R.&rft.au=Forfar%2C+Robin&rft.au=Farnham%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesMullenPathéMeloy2009" class="citation journal cs1">James, D. V.; Mullen, P. E.; Pathé, M. T.; Meloy, J. R.; Preston, L. F.; Darnley, B.; Farnham, F. R. (September 2009). "Stalkers and harassers of royalty: the role of mental illness and motivation". <i>Psychological Medicine</i>. <b>39</b> (9). Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 1479–1490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033291709005443">10.1017/S0033291709005443</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19335930">19335930</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206250911">206250911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Medicine&rft.atitle=Stalkers+and+harassers+of+royalty%3A+the+role+of+mental+illness+and+motivation&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1479-1490&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206250911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19335930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033291709005443&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=D.+V.&rft.au=Mullen%2C+P.+E.&rft.au=Path%C3%A9%2C+M.+T.&rft.au=Meloy%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Preston%2C+L.+F.&rft.au=Darnley%2C+B.&rft.au=Farnham%2C+F.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDressingKuehnerGass2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dressing, H.; Kuehner, Christine; Gass, Peter (1 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.187.2.168">"Lifetime prevalence and impact of stalking in a European population: Epidemiological data from a middle-sized German city"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="British Journal of Psychiatry">British Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>187</b> (2). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a>: 168–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.187.2.168">10.1192/bjp.187.2.168</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16055829">16055829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Lifetime+prevalence+and+impact+of+stalking+in+a+European+population%3A+Epidemiological+data+from+a+middle-sized+German+city&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=168-172&rft.date=2005-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.187.2.168&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16055829&rft.aulast=Dressing&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Kuehner%2C+Christine&rft.au=Gass%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fbjp.187.2.168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiglani2022" class="citation news cs1">Miglani, Rakhi (10 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/a-stalking-case-is-reported-every-55-minutes-in-india-but-its-not-seen-as-criminal-enough/1122236/">"A stalking case is reported every 55 minutes in India. But it's not seen as criminal enough"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Print" class="mw-redirect" title="The Print">The Print</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Print&rft.atitle=A+stalking+case+is+reported+every+55+minutes+in+India.+But+it%27s+not+seen+as+criminal+enough&rft.date=2022-09-10&rft.aulast=Miglani&rft.aufirst=Rakhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fa-stalking-case-is-reported-every-55-minutes-in-india-but-its-not-seen-as-criminal-enough%2F1122236%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTjadenThoennes1998" class="citation report cs1">Tjaden, Patricia; Thoennes, Nancy (April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/169592.pdf">National Violence Against Women Survey</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). National Institute of Justice and National Center for Injury Prevention and Control<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=National+Violence+Against+Women+Survey&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Justice+and+National+Center+for+Injury+Prevention+and+Control&rft.date=1998-04&rft.aulast=Tjaden&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Thoennes%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles%2F169592.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-05/tandi176.pdf">"Stalking: Policing and Prosecuting Practices in three Australian Jurisdictions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stalking%3A+Policing+and+Prosecuting+Practices+in+three+Australian+Jurisdictions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aic.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-05%2Ftandi176.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-122.html#s-264">"Section 264 of the Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46"</a>. Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section+264+of+the+Criminal+Code%2C+RSC+1985%2C+c+C-46&rft.pub=Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FC-46%2Fpage-122.html%23s-264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264r-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264r_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613235329/http://www.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/rs/rep/1996/wd96-7a.pdf">"A Review of Section 264 (Criminal Harassment) of the Criminal Code of Canada"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 13 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/rs/rep/1996/wd96-7a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Review+of+Section+264+%28Criminal+Harassment%29+of+the+Criminal+Code+of+Canada&rft.date=2007-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fps%2Frs%2Frep%2F1996%2Fwd96-7a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040918071646/http://www.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/fm/pub/harassment/part3a.html">"Criminal Harassment: A Handbook for Police and Crown Prosecutors"</a>. 18 September 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/fm/pub/harassment/part3a.html">the original</a> on 18 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criminal+Harassment%3A+A+Handbook+for+Police+and+Crown+Prosecutors&rft.date=2004-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fps%2Ffm%2Fpub%2Fharassment%2Fpart3a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hackett, Karen (November 2000). "Criminal harassment". <i>Juristat</i>. <b>20</b> (11): 1–16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/216179644">216179644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Juristat&rft.atitle=Criminal+harassment&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2000-11&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t20180106_208283-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t20180106_208283_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t20180106_208283_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spp.gov.cn/llyj/201801/t20180106_208283.shtml">"遭遇跟踪骚扰该怎么办？"</a> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China">Supreme People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%81%AD%E9%81%87%E8%B7%9F%E8%B8%AA%E9%AA%9A%E6%89%B0%E8%AF%A5%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E5%8A%9E%EF%BC%9F&rft.pub=Supreme+People%27s+Procuratorate+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spp.gov.cn%2Fllyj%2F201801%2Ft20180106_208283.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ent.ifeng.com/a/20170830/42971448_0.shtml">"被私生饭跟踪堵家门三个月，杨坤实在是忍不住了！"</a> (in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网. 30 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A2%AB%E7%A7%81%E7%94%9F%E9%A5%AD%E8%B7%9F%E8%B8%AA%E5%A0%B5%E5%AE%B6%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8C%E6%9D%A8%E5%9D%A4%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E6%98%AF%E5%BF%8D%E4%B8%8D%E4%BD%8F%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%81&rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fent.ifeng.com%2Fa%2F20170830%2F42971448_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ah.ifeng.com/a/20180330/6469600_0.shtml">"芜湖路虎车上烧死男女案：女方家属称其多次遭前男友殴打"</a> (in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网，来源：扬子晚报. 30 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603152753/http://ah.ifeng.com/a/20180330/6469600_0.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%8A%9C%E6%B9%96%E8%B7%AF%E8%99%8E%E8%BD%A6%E4%B8%8A%E7%83%A7%E6%AD%BB%E7%94%B7%E5%A5%B3%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%9A%E5%A5%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%B6%E5%B1%9E%E7%A7%B0%E5%85%B6%E5%A4%9A%E6%AC%A1%E9%81%AD%E5%89%8D%E7%94%B7%E5%8F%8B%E6%AE%B4%E6%89%93&rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91%EF%BC%8C%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%EF%BC%9A%E6%89%AC%E5%AD%90%E6%99%9A%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fah.ifeng.com%2Fa%2F20180330%2F6469600_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF记者：韩茹雪，实习生：王瑞琪2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">记者：韩茹雪，实习生：王瑞琪 (25 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.163.com/19/0125/08/E6BSE1SC0001875P.html">"河北涞源反杀案一场无法摆脱的骚扰"</a>. <i>责任编辑：肖琦_NN6799</i> (in Simplified Chinese). 网易，来源：新京报. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082028/http://news.163.com/19/0125/08/E6BSE1SC0001875P.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%EF%BC%9A%E8%82%96%E7%90%A6_NN6799&rft.atitle=%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E6%B6%9E%E6%BA%90%E5%8F%8D%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88+%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E6%91%86%E8%84%B1%E7%9A%84%E9%AA%9A%E6%89%B0&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.au=%E8%AE%B0%E8%80%85%EF%BC%9A%E9%9F%A9%E8%8C%B9%E9%9B%AA%EF%BC%8C%E5%AE%9E%E4%B9%A0%E7%94%9F%EF%BC%9A%E7%8E%8B%E7%91%9E%E7%90%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.163.com%2F19%2F0125%2F08%2FE6BSE1SC0001875P.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.qq.com/omn/20190506/20190506A0DEWC.html">"俗话说：好女怕缠郎，你们知道这是说的什么吗？"</a> (in Simplified Chinese). 腾讯网. 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BF%97%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%B4%EF%BC%9A%E5%A5%BD%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%95%E7%BC%A0%E9%83%8E%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%A0%E4%BB%AC%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E8%BF%99%E6%98%AF%E8%AF%B4%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E5%90%97%EF%BC%9F&rft.pub=%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.qq.com%2Fomn%2F20190506%2F20190506A0DEWC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_08/25/8662712_0.shtml">"泡妞有绝招，好女怕缠郎"</a> (in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网，来源：钱江晚报. 25 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B3%A1%E5%A6%9E%E6%9C%89%E7%BB%9D%E6%8B%9B%EF%BC%8C%E5%A5%BD%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%95%E7%BC%A0%E9%83%8E&rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91%EF%BC%8C%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%EF%BC%9A%E9%92%B1%E6%B1%9F%E6%99%9A%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fgundong%2Fdetail_2011_08%2F25%2F8662712_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF奚应红2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">奚应红 (23 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://view.news.qq.com/original/intouchtoday/n3900.html">"欢乐颂2："死缠烂打"式求爱是性骚扰吗？"</a> (in Simplified Chinese). 腾讯网. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081823/https://view.news.qq.com/original/intouchtoday/n3900.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%AC%A2%E4%B9%90%E9%A2%822%EF%BC%9A%22%E6%AD%BB%E7%BC%A0%E7%83%82%E6%89%93%22%E5%BC%8F%E6%B1%82%E7%88%B1%E6%98%AF%E6%80%A7%E9%AA%9A%E6%89%B0%E5%90%97%EF%BC%9F&rft.pub=%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft.au=%E5%A5%9A%E5%BA%94%E7%BA%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.news.qq.com%2Foriginal%2Fintouchtoday%2Fn3900.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fashion.ifeng.com/a/20181222/40512191_0.shtml">"求爱不得就起诉女孩？网友：别糟蹋一见钟情了"</a>. <i>责任编辑：李天白 PQ004</i> (in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网. 22 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%EF%BC%9A%E6%9D%8E%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BD+PQ004&rft.atitle=%E6%B1%82%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%8D%E5%BE%97%E5%B0%B1%E8%B5%B7%E8%AF%89%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%A9%EF%BC%9F%E7%BD%91%E5%8F%8B%EF%BC%9A%E5%88%AB%E7%B3%9F%E8%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E8%A7%81%E9%92%9F%E6%83%85%E4%BA%86&rft.date=2018-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffashion.ifeng.com%2Fa%2F20181222%2F40512191_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGIARTI000037289682/2018-08-06/">"Section 3 bis : Du harcèlement moral (Articles 222-33-2 à 222-33-2-2) - Légifrance"</a>. <i>www.legifrance.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legifrance.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Section+3+bis+%3A+Du+harc%C3%A8lement+moral+%28Articles+222-33-2+%C3%A0+222-33-2-2%29+-+L%C3%A9gifrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fcodes%2Fid%2FLEGIARTI000037289682%2F2018-08-06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130417194151/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/TheCrimnalLaw030413.pdf">"Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/TheCrimnalLaw030413.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law+%28Amendment%29+Act%2C+2013&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmha.nic.in%2Fpdfs%2FTheCrimnalLaw030413.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091222082805/http://www.mentesociale.it/mentesociale/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=16&Itemid=15">"Credits – MenteSociale"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentesociale.it/mentesociale/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=16&Itemid=15">the original</a> on 22 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Credits+%E2%80%93+MenteSociale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentesociale.it%2Fmentesociale%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dcategory%26id%3D16%26Itemid%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psicolab.net/index.asp?pid=idart&cat=12&scat=227&arid=2473">psicolab.net</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/DefaultDesktop.aspx?doc=1924">"Default Desktop"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Default+Desktop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pariopportunita.gov.it%2FDefaultDesktop.aspx%3Fdoc%3D1924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912161450/http://www.altalex.com/index.php?idnot=36774">"Dei delitti contro la persona"</a>, Altalex.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a1_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a1_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20030612a2.html">"Kin of stalking victim seek justice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. Tokyo, Japan: The Japan Times, Ltd. 12 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080817053258/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20030612a2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Kin+of+stalking+victim+seek+justice&rft.date=2003-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnn20030612a2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehbNJoxhkG8">"Japan's Stalking Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 18 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109152722/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehbNJoxhkG8">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Stalking+Crisis&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DehbNJoxhkG8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wetboek-online.nl/wet/Wetboek%20van%20Strafrecht/285b.html">"Wetboek van Strafrecht | Artikel 285b"</a> (in Dutch). Wetboek-online.nl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wetboek+van+Strafrecht+%26%23124%3B+Artikel+285b&rft.pub=Wetboek-online.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wetboek-online.nl%2Fwet%2FWetboek%2520van%2520Strafrecht%2F285b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korea JoongAng Daily Editorial, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220922001500320">Protect women from stalkers</a>", September 22, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Mackenzie, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62998084">Seoul subway murder sparks fury over South Korea’s stalking laws</a>", BBC News, September 23, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seoul's new facilities are aimed at providing shelter from threats of stalking such as home invasions, and will offer counseling for trauma. Korea JoongAng Daily, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/09/26/national/socialAffairs/Korea-stalking-shelter/20220926190929956.html">Seoul starts shelters for stalked women and men</a>", September 26, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russian7.ru-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russian7.ru_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russian7.ru_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russian7.ru/post/stalking-kakoe-nakazanie-v-rossii-pre/">"Сталкинг: какое наказание в России предусмотрено за преследование человека"</a> (in Russian). russian7.ru. 23 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%3A+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.pub=russian7.ru&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussian7.ru%2Fpost%2Fstalking-kakoe-nakazanie-v-rossii-pre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.ru/society/stalking-v-rossii-kak-lyudi-presleduyut-drug-druga-i-chto-s-etim-mozhno-sdelat">"Сталкинг в России: как люди преследуют друг друга и что с этим можно сделать"</a> (in Russian). 23 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%81+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.ru%2Fsociety%2Fstalking-v-rossii-kak-lyudi-presleduyut-drug-druga-i-chto-s-etim-mozhno-sdelat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF許靖2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">許靖 (26 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scooptw.com/thinktank/express/70793/%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8D%E5%85%B8%E6%B7%AA%E7%82%BA%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%9F-%E5%88%B6%E8%A3%81%E8%89%B2%E7%8B%BC%E7%AB%8B%E8%B7%9F%E9%A8%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%85%A9%E9%9B%A3/">"用重典淪為警察國家？制裁色狼立跟騷法兩難"</a> (in Chinese). 獨家報導. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128052615/https://www.scooptw.com/thinktank/express/70793/%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8D%E5%85%B8%E6%B7%AA%E7%82%BA%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%9F-%E5%88%B6%E8%A3%81%E8%89%B2%E7%8B%BC%E7%AB%8B%E8%B7%9F%E9%A8%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%85%A9%E9%9B%A3/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8D%E5%85%B8%E6%B7%AA%E7%82%BA%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%9F+%E5%88%B6%E8%A3%81%E8%89%B2%E7%8B%BC%E7%AB%8B%E8%B7%9F%E9%A8%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%85%A9%E9%9B%A3&rft.pub=%E7%8D%A8%E5%AE%B6%E5%A0%B1%E5%B0%8E&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft.au=%E8%A8%B1%E9%9D%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scooptw.com%2Fthinktank%2Fexpress%2F70793%2F%25E7%2594%25A8%25E9%2587%258D%25E5%2585%25B8%25E6%25B7%25AA%25E7%2582%25BA%25E8%25AD%25A6%25E5%25AF%259F%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25EF%25BC%259F-%25E5%2588%25B6%25E8%25A3%2581%25E8%2589%25B2%25E7%258B%25BC%25E7%25AB%258B%25E8%25B7%259F%25E9%25A8%25B7%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%2585%25A9%25E9%259B%25A3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF吳姿瑩2015" class="citation news cs1">吳姿瑩 (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20150611/626659/">"給我反跟蹤騷擾法"</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1_(%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3)" class="mw-redirect" title="蘋果日報 (台灣)">蘋果日報 (台灣)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025232300/http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20150611/626659">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E7%B5%A6%E6%88%91%E5%8F%8D%E8%B7%9F%E8%B9%A4%E9%A8%B7%E6%93%BE%E6%B3%95&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.au=%E5%90%B3%E5%A7%BF%E7%91%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appledaily.com.tw%2Frealtimenews%2Farticle%2Fnew%2F20150611%2F626659%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF黃揚明2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">黃揚明 (11 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20171211inv002/">"躺立院2年跟蹤騷擾防制專法未曾實質審議"</a> (in Chinese). 鏡週刊. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202095809/https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20171211inv002/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E8%BA%BA%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%A22%E5%B9%B4+%E8%B7%9F%E8%B9%A4%E9%A8%B7%E6%93%BE%E9%98%B2%E5%88%B6%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%AA%E6%9B%BE%E5%AF%A6%E8%B3%AA%E5%AF%A9%E8%AD%B0&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft.au=%E9%BB%83%E6%8F%9A%E6%98%8E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirrormedia.mg%2Fstory%2F20171211inv002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF戴祺修2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">戴祺修 (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tw.appledaily.com/new/realtime/20190315/1533615/">"藍委控民進黨擋法案呼籲盡速三讀《跟蹤騷擾防制法》"</a> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="蘋果日報">蘋果日報</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E8%97%8D%E5%A7%94%E6%8E%A7%E6%B0%91%E9%80%B2%E9%BB%A8%E6%93%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88+%E5%91%BC%E7%B1%B2%E7%9B%A1%E9%80%9F%E4%B8%89%E8%AE%80%E3%80%8A%E8%B7%9F%E8%B9%A4%E9%A8%B7%E6%93%BE%E9%98%B2%E5%88%B6%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.au=%E6%88%B4%E7%A5%BA%E4%BF%AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftw.appledaily.com%2Fnew%2Frealtime%2F20190315%2F1533615%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF林育瑄、王承中2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">林育瑄、王承中 (19 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202111195008.aspx">"跟騷法立院三讀 8類行為最重判5年可預防性羈押"</a> (in Chinese). 中央社. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223153958/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202111195008.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E8%B7%9F%E9%A8%B7%E6%B3%95%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%A2%E4%B8%89%E8%AE%80+8%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%80%E9%87%8D%E5%88%A45%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%AF%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E6%80%A7%E7%BE%88%E6%8A%BC&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E8%82%B2%E7%91%84%E3%80%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%89%BF%E4%B8%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cna.com.tw%2Fnews%2Ffirstnews%2F202111195008.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0080211">"Stalking and Harassment Prevention Act"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stalking+and+Harassment+Prevention+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.moj.gov.tw%2FENG%2FLawClass%2FLawAll.aspx%3Fpcode%3DD0080211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17294314">"Stalking to be made specific criminal offence – Cameron"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Stalking+to+be+made+specific+criminal+offence+%E2%80%93+Cameron&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-17294314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/section/111/enacted">"Protection of Freedoms Act 2012"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Protection+of+Freedoms+Act+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2012%2F9%2Fsection%2F111%2Fenacted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/stalking-and-harassment">"Stalking and Harassment"</a>. <i>www.cps.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cps.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Stalking+and+Harassment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Flegal-guidance%2Fstalking-and-harassment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Justice/crimes/harassment/stalkinglaw">"Stalking & Harassment – Criminal Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>. 14 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stalking+%26+Harassment+%E2%80%93+Criminal+Law&rft.pub=Scottish+Government&rft.date=2009-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FTopics%2FJustice%2Fcrimes%2Fharassment%2Fstalkinglaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Justice/crimes/harassment/stalkingoffence">"Offence of Stalking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>. 8 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Offence+of+Stalking&rft.pub=Scottish+Government&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FTopics%2FJustice%2Fcrimes%2Fharassment%2Fstalkingoffence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980505092632/http://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs14-stk.htm">"Are You Being Stalked?"</a>. Privacyrights.org. 6 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs14-stk.htm">the original</a> on 5 May 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+You+Being+Stalked%3F&rft.pub=Privacyrights.org&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.privacyrights.org%2Ffs%2Ffs14-stk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders" class="citation web cs1">Saunders, Rhonda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stalkingalert.com/articlesofinterest.htm">"Stalking Stalking From A Legal Perspective"</a>. Stalkingalert.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stalking+Stalking+From+A+Legal+Perspective&rft.pub=Stalkingalert.com&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Rhonda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stalkingalert.com%2Farticlesofinterest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bill_analysis-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bill_analysis_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bill_analysis_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113003034/http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/93-94/bill/asm/ab_1151-1200/ab_1178_cfa_930426_112027_sen_comm">"Bill Analysis by Bill Lockyer"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/93-94/bill/asm/ab_1151-1200/ab_1178_cfa_930426_112027_sen_comm">the original</a> on 13 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bill+Analysis+by+Bill+Lockyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.sen.ca.gov%2Fpub%2F93-94%2Fbill%2Fasm%2Fab_1151-1200%2Fab_1178_cfa_930426_112027_sen_comm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/110415/culture_of_patriarchy_in_law_violence_from_antiquity_to_modernity/index.html">"Culture of Patriarchy in Law: Violence From Antiquity to Modernity"</a>. Redorbit.com. 11 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003011941/http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/110415/culture_of_patriarchy_in_law_violence_from_antiquity_to_modernity/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+of+Patriarchy+in+Law%3A+Violence+From+Antiquity+to+Modernity&rft.pub=Redorbit.com&rft.date=2004-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redorbit.com%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2F110415%2Fculture_of_patriarchy_in_law_violence_from_antiquity_to_modernity%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watson-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watson_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smartvoter.org/1998jun/ca/or/vote/watson_j/paper1.html">"Judge John Watson profile"</a>. Smartvoter.org. 2 June 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+John+Watson+profile&rft.pub=Smartvoter.org&rft.date=1998-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartvoter.org%2F1998jun%2Fca%2For%2Fvote%2Fwatson_j%2Fpaper1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_K.D._LemonBattered_Women's_Justice_Project" class="citation web cs1">Nancy K.D. Lemon; Battered Women's Justice Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mincava.umn.edu/documents/bwjp/stalking/stalking.html">"Domestic Violence Stalking by Nancy Lemon"</a>. Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domestic+Violence+Stalking+by+Nancy+Lemon&rft.pub=Minnesota+Center+Against+Violence+and+Abuse&rft.au=Nancy+K.D.+Lemon&rft.au=Battered+Women%27s+Justice+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mincava.umn.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fbwjp%2Fstalking%2Fstalking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epic.org/privacy/drivers/">"DPPA and the Privacy of Your State Motor Vehicle Record"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DPPA+and+the+Privacy+of+Your+State+Motor+Vehicle+Record&rft.pub=Electronic+Privacy+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epic.org%2Fprivacy%2Fdrivers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=1437&wit_id=4146">U.S. Senate Committee: Robert Douglas Testimony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061114072135/http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=1437&wit_id=4146">Archived</a> 14 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VAW2005(3)(a)(24)-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VAW2005(3)(a)(24)_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-109hr3402enr/pdf/BILLS-109hr3402enr.pdf">Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (H. R. 3402, Sec.(3)(a)(24)). 5 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>. <q>Stalking. The term 'stalking' means engaging in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to—(A) fear for his or her safety or the safety of others; or (B) suffer substantial emotional distress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Violence+Against+Women+and+Department+of+Justice+Reauthorization+Act+of+2005&rft.date=2006-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FBILLS-109hr3402enr%2Fpdf%2FBILLS-109hr3402enr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/920a-">"United States Code: Title 10,920a. Art. 120a. Stalking – LII / Legal Information Institute"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Code%3A+Title+10%2C920a.+Art.+120a.+Stalking+%E2%80%93+LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F10%2F920a-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014_Changes_to_Clery_Act-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2014_Changes_to_Clery_Act_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew2014" class="citation news cs1">New, Jake (20 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/10/20/education-department-publishes-final-rules-campus-crime-reporting">"Final Changes to Clery Act"</a>. Inside Higher Ed<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Final+Changes+to+Clery+Act&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft.aulast=New&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F10%2F20%2Feducation-department-publishes-final-rules-campus-crime-reporting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bustle1-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bustle1_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/the-paws-act-protecting-domestic-violence-survivors-their-pets-finally-became-law-15558219">"The PAWS Act Protecting Domestic Violence Survivors & Their Pets Finally Became Law"</a>. Bustle.com. 21 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+PAWS+Act+Protecting+Domestic+Violence+Survivors+%26+Their+Pets+Finally+Became+Law&rft.pub=Bustle.com&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bustle.com%2Fp%2Fthe-paws-act-protecting-domestic-violence-survivors-their-pets-finally-became-law-15558219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmon1994" class="citation journal cs1">Harmon, Brenda K. (Fall 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/siulj19&i=195">"Illinois' Newly Amended Stakling Law: Are All the Problems Solved"</a>. <i>Southern Illinois University Law Journal</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 165–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Illinois+University+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Illinois%27+Newly+Amended+Stakling+Law%3A+Are+All+the+Problems+Solved&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165-198&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Harmon&rft.aufirst=Brenda+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FP%3Fh%3Dhein.journals%2Fsiulj19%26i%3D195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140811233514/http://www.unric.org/en/violence-against-women/27000-13-countries-sign-new-convention-in-istanbul">"13 Countries sign new Convention in Istanbul"</a>, UNRIC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=210&CM=&DF=&CL=ENG">"Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence"</a>, Council of Europe Treaty Office.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMINCAVA2000" class="citation web cs1">MINCAVA (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803080330/http://www.mincava.umn.edu/documents/stalkingannotatedbib/stalkingannotatedbib.html">"Annotated stalking bibliography"</a>. Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse (MINCAVA), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mincava.umn.edu/documents/stalkingannotatedbib/stalkingannotatedbib.html">the original</a> on 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annotated+stalking+bibliography&rft.pub=Minnesota+Center+Against+Violence+and+Abuse+%28MINCAVA%29%2C+University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=2000&rft.au=MINCAVA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mincava.umn.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fstalkingannotatedbib%2Fstalkingannotatedbib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2001" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Joseph A. (2001). <i>Stalking crimes and victim protection: prevention, intervention, threat assessment, and case management</i>. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849308116" title="Special:BookSources/9780849308116"><bdi>9780849308116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalking+crimes+and+victim+protection%3A+prevention%2C+intervention%2C+threat+assessment%2C+and+case+management&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780849308116&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeloy1998" class="citation book cs1">Meloy, J. Reid (1998). <i>The psychology of stalking: clinical and forensic perspectives</i>. San Diego: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124905603" title="Special:BookSources/9780124905603"><bdi>9780124905603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+psychology+of+stalking%3A+clinical+and+forensic+perspectives&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780124905603&rft.aulast=Meloy&rft.aufirst=J.+Reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDussuyer2000" class="citation book cs1">Dussuyer, Inez (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052637/http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/stalking/dussuyer.pdf"><i>Is stalking legislation effective in protecting victims?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sydney: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Criminology" title="Australian Institute of Criminology">Australian Institute of Criminology</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.406.5282">10.1.1.406.5282</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/stalking/dussuyer.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+stalking+legislation+effective+in+protecting+victims%3F&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Australian+Institute+of+Criminology&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.406.5282%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Dussuyer&rft.aufirst=Inez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aic.gov.au%2Fmedia_library%2Fconferences%2Fstalking%2Fdussuyer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span> Paper presented at the <i>Stalking: Criminal Justice Responses Conference</i> convened by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Criminology" title="Australian Institute of Criminology">Australian Institute of Criminology</a> and held in Sydney 7–8 December 2000.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=1211">"Stalking victims in the United States"</a>. <i>bjs.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a>. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bjs.gov&rft.atitle=Stalking+victims+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjs.gov%2Findex.cfm%3Fty%3Dpbdetail%26iid%3D1211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNCVC" class="citation web cs1">NCVC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928215155/http://www.ncvc.org/src/main.aspx?dbID=DB_Annotated_Stalking_Bibliography344">"Annotated stalking bibliography"</a>. <i>ncvc.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Center_for_the_Victims_of_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Center for the Victims of Crime">U.S. National Center for the Victims of Crime</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncvc.org/src/main.aspx?dbID=DB_Annotated_Stalking_Bibliography344">the original</a> on 28 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncvc.org&rft.atitle=Annotated+stalking+bibliography&rft.au=NCVC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncvc.org%2Fsrc%2Fmain.aspx%3FdbID%3DDB_Annotated_Stalking_Bibliography344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNCVC" class="citation web cs1">NCVC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://victimsofcrime.org/library/publications/stalking-resource-center-publications">"Stalking Resource Center Publications"</a>. <i>ncvc.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Center_for_the_Victims_of_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Center for the Victims of Crime">U.S. National Center for the Victims of Crime</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncvc.org&rft.atitle=Stalking+Resource+Center+Publications&rft.au=NCVC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvictimsofcrime.org%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fstalking-resource-center-publications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victimsofcrime.org/our-programs/stalking-resource-center/stalking-information">"Stalking information"</a>. <i>victimsofcrime.org</i>. Stalking Resource Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=victimsofcrime.org&rft.atitle=Stalking+information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victimsofcrime.org%2Four-programs%2Fstalking-resource-center%2Fstalking-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarlaneCampbellWiltSachs1999" class="citation journal cs1">McFarlane, Judith M.; Campbell, Jacquelyn C.; Wilt, Susan; Sachs, Carolyn J.; Ulrich, Yvonne; Xu, Xiao (November 1999). "Stalking and intimate partner femicide". <i><a href="/wiki/Homicide_Studies" title="Homicide Studies">Homicide Studies</a></i>. <b>3</b> (4): 300–316. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.434.4998">10.1.1.434.4998</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1088767999003004003">10.1177/1088767999003004003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145522253">145522253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homicide+Studies&rft.atitle=Stalking+and+intimate+partner+femicide&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=300-316&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.434.4998%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145522253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1088767999003004003&rft.aulast=McFarlane&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Jacquelyn+C.&rft.au=Wilt%2C+Susan&rft.au=Sachs%2C+Carolyn+J.&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+Yvonne&rft.au=Xu%2C+Xiao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStalking" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stalking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stalking">Stalking</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Stalking" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Stalking">Stalking</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Stalking" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Stalking">Stalking</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abuse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abuse" title="Template:Abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abuse" title="Template talk:Abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abuse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Domestic_violence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Domestic_violence" title="Template:Domestic violence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Domestic_violence" title="Template talk:Domestic violence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic_violence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic violence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Domestic_violence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_domestic_violence" title="Outline of domestic violence">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_tactics_scale" title="Conflict tactics scale">Conflict tactics scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_abuse" title="Cycle of abuse">Cycle of abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_violence" title="Cycle of violence">Cycle of violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_domestic_violence" title="Epidemiology of domestic violence">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_coercion#Birth_control_sabotage" title="Reproductive coercion">Birth control sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_coercion" title="Reproductive coercion">Reproductive coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_by_intimate_partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence by intimate partners">Sexual violence by intimate partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Domestic violence and pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of pregnant women">Murder of pregnant women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_couple_violence#Situational_couple_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Common couple violence">Situational couple violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARVO" title="DARVO">Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_abuse" title="Economic abuse">Economic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a>/<a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult-to-adult_narcissistic_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult-to-adult narcissistic abuse">Narcissistic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setting_up_to_fail" title="Setting up to fail">Setting up to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Silent treatment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adults</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride-buying" class="mw-redirect" title="Bride-buying">Bride-buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_against_men" title="Domestic violence against men">Domestic violence against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Domestic violence and pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_lesbian_relationships" title="Domestic violence in lesbian relationships">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence_on_children" title="Effects of domestic violence on children">Effects of domestic violence on children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_domestic_violence_hotlines" title="List of domestic violence hotlines">Domestic violence hotlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_model" title="Duluth model">Duluth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_shelter" title="Women's shelter">Women's shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Prevention initiatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Argentina" title="Domestic violence in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia#Domestic_violence" title="Crime in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Australia" title="Domestic violence in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Bolivia" title="Domestic violence in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Brazil" title="Domestic violence in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Chile" title="Domestic violence in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_China" title="Domestic violence in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Colombia" title="Domestic violence in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Ecuador" title="Domestic violence in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Ghana" title="Domestic violence in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Guyana" title="Domestic violence in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_India" title="Domestic violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Iran" title="Domestic violence in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Kenya" title="Domestic violence in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Lithuania" title="Domestic violence in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_New_Zealand" title="Domestic violence in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Norway" title="Domestic violence in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Norway" title="Domestic violence in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Domestic violence in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Panama" title="Domestic violence in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Paraguay" title="Domestic violence in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Romania" title="Domestic violence in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Samoa#Domestic_violence" title="Human rights in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Domestic violence in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Domestic violence in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_South_Korea" title="Domestic violence in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Tajikistan" title="Domestic violence in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Turkey" title="Domestic violence in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Uganda" title="Domestic violence in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Domestic violence in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic violence in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_domestic_violence" title="Christianity and domestic violence">Domestic violence in Christian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence in Islamic culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacquelyn_Campbell" title="Jacquelyn Campbell">Jacquelyn Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Dodge" title="Kenneth A. Dodge">Kenneth Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_M._Douglas" title="Emily M. Douglas">Emily Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellsberg" title="Mary Ellsberg">Mary Ellsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Finkelhor" title="David Finkelhor">David Finkelhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Graham-Kevan" title="Nicola Graham-Kevan">Nicola Graham-Kevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Hines" title="Denise Hines">Denise Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Saltzman" title="Linda Saltzman">Linda Saltzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_A._Straus" title="Murray A. Straus">Murray Straus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruahine_Albert" title="Ruahine Albert">Ruahine Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Barker" title="Angela Barker">Angela Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Buel" title="Sarah Buel">Sarah Buel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Celi" title="Elizabeth Celi">Elizabeth Celi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cools" title="Anne Cools">Anne Cools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Ferrato" title="Donna Ferrato">Donna Ferrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Pence" title="Ellen Pence">Ellen Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_Pizzey" title="Erin Pizzey">Erin Pizzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tucker_(executive)" title="Deborah Tucker (executive)">Deborah Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Better_Man_(film)" title="A Better Man (film)">A Better Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conspiracy_of_Silence" title="The Conspiracy of Silence">The Conspiracy of Silence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_Our_Lives" title="Defending Our Lives">Defending Our Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_and_Control:_Domestic_Violence_in_America" title="Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America">Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Voices_(2005_film)" title="Silent Voices (2005 film)">Silent Voices</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sin_by_Silence" title="Sin by Silence">Sin by Silence</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tragedy_(film)" title="American Tragedy (film)">American Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Blue_(1999_film)" title="Black and Blue (1999 film)">Black and Blue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blinded_(2006_film)" title="Blinded (2006 film)">Blinded</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bordertown_(2007_film)" title="Bordertown (2007 film)">Bordertown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_Bed" title="The Burning Bed">The Burning Bed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daughters_(1997_TV_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughters (1997 TV film)">Daughters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enough_(film)" title="Enough (film)">Enough</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Angelina" title="Looking for Angelina">Looking for Angelina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors_(film)" title="Once Were Warriors (film)">Once Were Warriors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Minute_to_Nine" title="One Minute to Nine">One Minute to Nine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Provoked_(film)" title="Provoked (film)">Provoked</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_with_the_Enemy" title="Sleeping with the Enemy">Sleeping with the Enemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Submission_(2004_film)" title="Submission (2004 film)">Submission</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What%27s_Love_Got_to_Do_with_It_(1993_film)" title="What's Love Got to Do with It (1993 film)">What's Love Got to Do with It</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_with_Billy_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life with Billy (book)">Life with Billy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mommie_Dearest" title="Mommie Dearest">Mommie Dearest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_on_Women_(book)" title="The War on Women (book)">The War on Women</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Family_Therapy" title="Contemporary Family Therapy">Contemporary Family Therapy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Process_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Process (journal)">Family Process</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Relations_(journal)" title="Family Relations (journal)">Family Relations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Family_Issues" title="Journal of Family Issues">Journal of Family Issues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Interpersonal_Violence" title="Journal of Interpersonal Violence">Journal of Interpersonal Violence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trauma,_Violence,_%26_Abuse" title="Trauma, Violence, & Abuse">Trauma, Violence, & Abuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_(journal)" title="Violence Against Women (journal)">Violence Against Women</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulabi_Gang" title="Gulabi Gang">Gulabi Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ManKind_Initiative" title="ManKind Initiative">ManKind Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Against_Domestic_Violence" title="National Coalition Against Domestic Violence">National Coalition Against Domestic Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Violence_Hotline" title="National Domestic Violence Hotline">National Domestic Violence Hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_(United_Kingdom_charity)" title="Refuge (United Kingdom charity)">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect_(charity)" title="Respect (charity)">Respect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battered_woman_syndrome" title="Battered woman syndrome">Battered woman defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_court" title="Domestic violence court">Domestic violence court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163942#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4551174-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stalking"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93005214">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00827214">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="stalking"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph785898&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532475005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stalking&oldid=1255763778">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stalking&oldid=1255763778</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stalking" title="Category:Stalking">Stalking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abuse" title="Category:Abuse">Abuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aggression" title="Category:Aggression">Aggression</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimes" title="Category:Crimes">Crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harassment_and_bullying" title="Category:Harassment and bullying">Harassment and bullying</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inchoate_offenses" title="Category:Inchoate offenses">Inchoate offenses</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Simplified_Chinese-language_sources_(zh-hans)" title="Category:CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)">CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2016">Articles with dead external links from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2021">Use dmy dates from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 15:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stalking&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-sxg2k","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.252","walltime":"1.426","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8376,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":332309,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8385,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":463687,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1198.531 1 -total"," 49.70% 595.727 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.77% 212.996 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.18% 193.872 53 Template:Cite_web"," 6.75% 80.908 1 Template:Criminal_law"," 4.91% 58.893 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.66% 55.828 3 Template:Sister_project"," 4.53% 54.341 3 Template:Side_box"," 4.48% 53.639 1 Template:Excerpt"," 4.20% 50.380 5 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.780","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7908950,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-2t9f4","timestamp":"20241130115221","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Stalking","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stalking","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q163942","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q163942","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-25T10:09:46Z","dateModified":"2024-11-06T15:11:13Z","headline":"criminal unwanted observation"}</script> </body> </html>