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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>English language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancient Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misogynistic_ideas_among_prominent_Western_thinkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misogynistic_ideas_among_prominent_Western_thinkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Misogynistic ideas among prominent Western thinkers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Misogynistic_ideas_among_prominent_Western_thinkers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Misogynistic ideas among prominent Western thinkers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Misogynistic_ideas_among_prominent_Western_thinkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aristotle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristotle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Aristotle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristotle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Jean-Jacques Rousseau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arthur_Schopenhauer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthur_Schopenhauer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Arthur Schopenhauer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthur_Schopenhauer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nietzsche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nietzsche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Nietzsche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nietzsche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Hegel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Violence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrorism_and_hate_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism_and_hate_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Terrorism and hate crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism_and_hate_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_misogyny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_misogyny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Online misogyny</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Online_misogyny-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Online misogyny subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Online_misogyny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coordinated_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordinated_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Coordinated attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordinated_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Language used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Incels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_white_supremacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_white_supremacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>With white supremacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_white_supremacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Psychological impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychological_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychological impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychological_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internalised_misogyny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internalised_misogyny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Internalised misogyny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internalised_misogyny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_and_harassment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_and_harassment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Abuse and harassment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_and_harassment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Feminist theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feminist_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Feminist theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Feminist_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Good"_versus_"bad"_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Good"_versus_"bad"_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>"Good" versus "bad" women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Good"_versus_"bad"_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriarchal_bargain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarchal_bargain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Patriarchal bargain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarchal_bargain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contempt_for_the_feminine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contempt_for_the_feminine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Contempt for the feminine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contempt_for_the_feminine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_and_Welsh_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_and_Welsh_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>English and Welsh law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_and_Welsh_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Misogyny</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogynie" title="Misogynie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Misogynie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="كره النساء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كره النساء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7" title="স্ত্ৰী বিদ্বেষ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্ত্ৰী বিদ্বেষ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qad%C4%B1n_d%C3%BC%C5%9Fm%C9%99nliyi" title="Qadın düşmənliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qadın düşmənliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="قادین دوشمنلیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قادین دوشمنلیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7" title="নারী বিদ্বেষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নারী বিদ্বেষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A0m-h%C5%ABn_l%C3%BA-s%C3%A8ng" title="Iàm-hūn lú-sèng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iàm-hūn lú-sèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мізагінія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мізагінія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мизогиния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мизогиния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoginija" title="Mizoginija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mizoginija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misog%C3%ADnia" title="Misogínia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Misogínia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogynie" title="Misogynie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Misogynie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casineb_at_wragedd" title="Casineb at wragedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Casineb at wragedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyni" title="Misogyni – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Misogyni" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogynie" title="Misogynie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Misogynie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misog%C3%BC%C3%BCnia" title="Misogüünia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Misogüünia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μισογυνισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μισογυνισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoginia" title="Misoginia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Misoginia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizogineco" title="Mizogineco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mizogineco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoginia" title="Misoginia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Misoginia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="زن‌ستیزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زن‌ستیزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogynie" title="Misogynie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Misogynie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuath_ban" title="Fuath ban – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuath ban" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoxinia" title="Misoxinia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Misoxinia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%ED%98%90%EC%98%A4" title="여성혐오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여성혐오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կնատյացություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կնատյացություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7" title="स्त्री द्वेष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्त्री द्वेष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoginija" title="Mizoginija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mizoginija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogini" title="Misogini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Misogini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvenhatur" title="Kvenhatur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvenhatur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoginia" title="Misoginia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Misoginia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="מיזוגיניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיזוגיניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიზოგინია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიზოგინია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEsoj%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Mîsojînî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîsojînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мизогиния – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мизогиния" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoginija" title="Mizoginija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mizoginija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мизогинија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мизогинија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogini" title="Misogini – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Misogini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogynie" title="Misogynie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Misogynie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="ミソジニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミソジニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyni" title="Misogyni – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Misogyni" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoginiya" title="Mizoginiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mizoginiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نفرت خواتین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نفرت خواتین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoginia" title="Misoginia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Misoginia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoginia" title="Mizoginia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mizoginia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoginia" title="Misoginia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Misoginia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoginie" title="Misoginie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Misoginie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мизогиния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мизогиния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoginia" title="Misoginia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Misoginia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizogjinia" title="Mizogjinia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mizogjinia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA" title="නාරිද්වේෂය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නාරිද්වේෂය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Misogyny" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizog%C3%BDnia" title="Mizogýnia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mizogýnia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoginija" title="Mizoginija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mizoginija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мизогинија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мизогинија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoginija" title="Mizoginija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mizoginija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogynia" title="Misogynia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Misogynia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyni" title="Misogyni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Misogyni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misohinya" title="Misohinya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Misohinya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பெண் வெறுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெண் வெறுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1n_d%C3%BC%C5%9Fmanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kadın düşmanlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kadın düşmanlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мізогінія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мізогінія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%92_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="خواتین سے نفرت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خواتین سے نفرت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B3_th%E1%BB%8B_n%E1%BB%AF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Kỳ thị nữ giới – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỳ thị nữ giới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%AC%E6%8A%91" title="女性贬抑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="女性贬抑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cen%C3%A9h_wadon" title="Cenéh wadon – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Cenéh wadon" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q308857#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Woman hater" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Woman_Hater_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Woman Hater (disambiguation)">Woman Hater (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swetnam,_the_Woman-hater,_arraigned_by_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Swetnam%2C_the_Woman-hater%2C_arraigned_by_women.jpg/250px-Swetnam%2C_the_Woman-hater%2C_arraigned_by_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Swetnam%2C_the_Woman-hater%2C_arraigned_by_women.jpg/330px-Swetnam%2C_the_Woman-hater%2C_arraigned_by_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Swetnam%2C_the_Woman-hater%2C_arraigned_by_women.jpg/500px-Swetnam%2C_the_Woman-hater%2C_arraigned_by_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Swetnam_the_Woman-Hater" title="Swetnam the Woman-Hater">Swetnam the Woman-Hater</a></i>, printed in 1620. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li>Misogyny</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Punishment of apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race or ethnicity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">in Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #DF2B6A; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xeno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> 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class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A; border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A; font-weight:bold"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Misogyny</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">women</a> or <a href="/wiki/Girl" title="Girl">girls</a>. It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> that can keep women at a lower <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> than <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">men</a>, thus maintaining the social roles of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>. Misogyny has been widely practised for thousands of years. It is reflected in <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, human societal structure, historical events, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> worldwide. </p><p>An example of misogyny is <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> and, in its most extreme forms, <a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">misogynist terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">femicide</a>. Misogyny also often operates through <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>, coercion, and psychological techniques aimed at controlling women, and by legally or <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">socially excluding</a> women from full citizenship. In some cases, misogyny rewards women for accepting an inferior status. </p><p>Misogyny can be understood both as an attitude held by individuals, primarily by men, and as a widespread cultural custom or system. Sometimes misogyny manifests in obvious and bold ways; other times it is more subtle or disguised in ways that provide plausible deniability. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> thought, misogyny also includes the rejection of feminine qualities. It holds in contempt institutions, work, hobbies, or habits associated with women. It rejects any aspects of men that are seen as feminine or unmanly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (September 2023)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Misogyny#undue" title="Talk:Misogyny">discuss</a></i>]</sup> At the same time, femininity researcher Rhea Ashley Hoskin points out that one should distinguish between oppression based on female gender, and oppression based on feminine <a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">gender expression</a>. The academic term for the latter is <a href="/wiki/Femmephobia" title="Femmephobia">femmephobia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a> and other prejudices may reinforce and overlap with misogyny. </p><p>The English word <i>misogyny</i> was coined in the middle of the 17th century from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">misos</i></span> 'hatred' + <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">gunē</i></span> 'woman'.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word was rarely used until it was popularised by <a href="/wiki/Second_wave_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Second wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a> in the 1970s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>English and American dictionaries define misogyny as "hatred of women"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as "hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Dictionary">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i> distinguishes misogyny, "a hatred of women", from <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>, which denotes sex-based discrimination, and "behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, primarily in response to <a href="/wiki/Misogyny_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogyny speech">a speech in the Australian Parliament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a></i> (which documents <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>) expanded its definition to include not only hatred of women but also "entrenched prejudices against women".<sup id="cite_ref-Macquarie_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macquarie-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social psychology research<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (October 2023)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> describes overt misogyny as "blatant hostile sexism" that raises resistance in women, as opposed to "manifestations of benevolent sexism" or <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> that lead women to behave in a manner perpetuating patriarchal arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Madonna-Whore_Dichotomy_Is_Asso_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Madonna-Whore_Dichotomy_Is_Asso-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Allan_G._Johnson" title="Allan G. Johnson">Allan G. Johnson</a>, "misogyny is a cultural attitude of hatred for females because they are female". Johnson argues that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Misogyny .... is a central part of sexist prejudice and ideology and, as such, is an important basis for the <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> of females in male-dominated societies. Misogyny is manifested in many different ways, from jokes to pornography to violence to the self-contempt women may be taught to feel toward their own bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Flood" title="Michael Flood">Michael Flood</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wollongong" title="University of Wollongong">University of Wollongong</a> defines misogyny as the hatred of women, and notes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Though most common in men, misogyny also exists in and is practiced by women against other women or even themselves. Misogyny functions as an ideology or belief system that has accompanied patriarchal, or male-dominated societies for thousands of years and continues to place women in subordinate positions with limited access to power and decision making. […] Aristotle contended that women exist as natural deformities or imperfect males […] Ever since, women in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western cultures</a> have internalised their role as societal scapegoats, influenced in the twenty-first century by multimedia objectification of women with its culturally sanctioned self-loathing and fixations on <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anorexia">anorexia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulimia">bulimia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Kate_Manne" title="Kate Manne">Kate Manne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> defines misogyny as the attempt to control and punish women who challenge male dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-Illing2020_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illing2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manne finds the traditional "hatred of women" definition of misogyny too simplistic, noting it does not account for how perpetrators of <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">misogynistic violence</a> may love certain women; for example, their mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Manne2019_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manne2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> Instead, misogyny rewards women who uphold the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> and punishes those who reject women's subordinate status.<sup id="cite_ref-Illing2020_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illing2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manne distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>, which she says seeks to rationalise and justify <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>, from misogyny, which she calls the "law enforcement" branch of patriarchy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[S]exist ideology will tend to discriminate <i>between</i> men and women, typically by alleging sex differences beyond what is known or could be known, and sometimes counter to our best current scientific evidence. Misogyny will typically differentiate between good women and <i>bad</i> ones, and punishes the latter. […] Sexism wears a lab coat; misogyny goes on <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch hunts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manne2019_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manne2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <p><i>Misogynous</i> and <i>misogynistic</i> can both be used as an adjectival form of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The noun <i>misogynist</i> can be used for a woman-hating person. The counterpart of misogyny is <a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">misandry</a>, the hatred or dislike of men. Marc A. Ouellette argues in <i>International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities</i> that "misandry lacks the systemic, transhistoric, institutionalized, and legislated antipathy of misogyny".<sup id="cite_ref-Ouellette_2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouellette_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist David Gilmore argues that misogyny is a "near-universal phenomenon" and that there is no male equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilmore_p10_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmore_p10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonym">antonym</a> of misogyny, <a href="/wiki/Philogyny" title="Philogyny">philogyny</a>—love or fondness toward women—<sup id="cite_ref-Groes-Green_2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groes-Green_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not widely used. Words derived from the word <i>misogyny</i> and denoting connected concepts include <a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">misogynoir</a>, the intersection of anti-black <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and misogyny faced by <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> women; <a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">transmisogyny</a>, the intersection of misogyny and <a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">transphobia</a> faced by <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">trans women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfeminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfeminine">transfeminine</a> people; and transmisogynoir, the confluence of these faced by black trans women and transfeminine people.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <p>Misogyny likely arose at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>: three to five thousand years ago at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The three main monotheistic religions of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> promoted patriarchal societal structures, and used misogyny to keep women at a lower status.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manne2019_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manne2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misogyny gained strength in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, especially in Christian societies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel to these, misogyny was also practised in societies such as the Romans, Greeks, and the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, who did not follow a monotheistic religion. Nearly every human culture contains evidence of misogyny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore200117–35_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore200117–35-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist David D. Gilmore argues that misogyny is rooted in men's conflicting feelings: men's existential dependence on women for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/procreation" class="extiw" title="wikt:procreation">procreation</a>, and men's fear of women's power over them in their times of male weakness, contrasted against the deep-seated needs of men for the love, care and comfort of women—a need that makes the men feel vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore20011–16_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore20011–16-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Angela_Saini" title="Angela Saini">Angela Saini</a> notes that a large proportion of women in ancient societies were <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">kidnapped brides</a> from other cultures. Such a woman was often forced to marry a man who had killed her family. Misogynistic suspicion in ancient Greece and elsewhere is to some degree explained by male anxiety that women would some day revolt against their captors.<sup id="cite_ref-Saini2023_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saini2023-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 139">: 139 </span></sup> Saini argues that patriarchy and gender stereotyping emerged at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saini2023_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saini2023-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118–119">: 118–119 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_usage">Historical usage</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Greece">Classical Greece</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrysippos_BM_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chrysippos_BM_1846.jpg/180px-Chrysippos_BM_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chrysippos_BM_1846.jpg/270px-Chrysippos_BM_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chrysippos_BM_1846.jpg/360px-Chrysippos_BM_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Roman copy of a Hellenistic bust of Chrysippus (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In his book <i>City of Sokrates: An Introduction to Classical Athens</i>, J.W. Roberts argues that older than tragedy and comedy was a misogynistic tradition in Greek literature, reaching back at least as far as <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claims that the term <i>misogyny</i> itself comes directly into English from the Ancient Greek word <i>misogunia</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μισογυνία</span></span>), which survives in several passages. </p><p>The earlier, longer, and more complete passage comes from a moral tract known as <i>On Marriage</i> (<i>c</i>. 150 BC) by the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">stoic</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Antipater_of_Tarsus" title="Antipater of Tarsus">Antipater of Tarsus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deming_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deming-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pp. 221–226. </p><p><i>Misogunia</i> appears in the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a> on page 224 of Deming, as the fifth word in line 33 of his Greek text. It is split over lines 25–26 in von Arnim.</ref> Antipater argues that marriage is the foundation of the state, and considers it to be based on divine (<a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a>) decree. He uses <i>misogunia</i> to describe the sort of writing the tragedian <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> eschews, stating that he "reject[s] the hatred of women in his writing" (ἀποθέμενος τὴν ἐν τῷ γράφειν μισογυνίαν). He then offers an example of this, quoting from a lost play of Euripides in which the merits of a dutiful wife are praised.<sup id="cite_ref-Deming_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deming-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Tieleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tieleman">Tieleman</a> other surviving use of the Ancient Greek word is by <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a>, in a fragment from <i>On affections</i>, quoted by <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> on Affections</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, <i>misogyny</i> is the first in a short list of three "disaffections"—women (<i>misogunia</i>), wine (<i>misoinia</i>, μισοινία) and humanity (<i>misanthrōpia</i>, μισανθρωπία). Chrysippus' point is more abstract than Antipater's, and Galen quotes the passage as an example of an opinion contrary to his own. What is clear, however, is that he groups hatred of women with hatred of humanity generally, and even hatred of wine. "It was the prevailing medical opinion of his day that wine strengthens body and soul alike."<sup id="cite_ref-Tieleman_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tieleman-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So Chrysippus, like his fellow stoic Antipater, views misogyny negatively, as a <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>; a dislike of something that is good. It is this issue of conflicted or alternating emotions that was philosophically contentious to the ancient writers. Ricardo Salles suggests that the general stoic view was that "[a] man may not only alternate between philogyny and misogyny, philanthropy and misanthropy, but be prompted to each by the other."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Routledge philosophy guidebook to Plato and the Republic</i>, Nickolas Pappas describes the "problem of misogyny" and states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the <i>Apology</i>, Socrates calls those who plead for their lives in court "no better than women" (35b)... The <i>Timaeus</i> warns men that if they live immorally they will be reincarnated as women (42b-c; cf. 75d-e). The <i>Republic</i> contains a number of comments in the same spirit (387e, 395d-e, 398e, 431b-c, 469d), evidence of nothing so much as of contempt toward women. Even Socrates' words for his bold new proposal about marriage... suggest that the women are to be "held in common" by men. He never says that the men might be held in common by the women... We also have to acknowledge Socrates' insistence that men surpass women at any task that both sexes attempt (455c, 456a), and his remark in Book 8 that one sign of democracy's moral failure is the sexual equality it promotes (563b).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>Misogynist</i> is also found in the Greek—<i>misogunēs</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μισογύνης</span></span>)—in <i>Deipnosophistae</i> (above) and in <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <i>Parallel Lives</i>, where it is used as the title of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> in the history of <a href="/wiki/Phocion" title="Phocion">Phocion</a>. It was the title of a play by <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>, which we know of from book seven (concerning <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s 17 volume <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geography</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and quotations of Menander by <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stobaeus" title="Stobaeus">Stobaeus</a> that relate to marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Greek play with a similar name, <i>Misogunos</i> (Μισόγυνος) or <i>Woman-hater</i>, is reported by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a> (in Latin) and attributed to the poet <a href="/wiki/Atilia_gens#Members_of_the_gens" title="Atilia gens">Marcus Atilius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CiceroBust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/CiceroBust.jpg/180px-CiceroBust.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/CiceroBust.jpg/270px-CiceroBust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/CiceroBust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cicero reports that Greek philosophers considered misogyny to be caused by <a href="/wiki/Gynophobia" title="Gynophobia">gynophobia</a>, a fear of women.<sup id="cite_ref-Cicero_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cicero-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is the same with other diseases; as the desire of glory, a passion for women, to which the Greeks give the name of <i>philogyneia</i>: and thus all other diseases and sicknesses are generated. But those feelings which are the contrary of these are supposed to have fear for their foundation, as a hatred of women, such as is displayed in the <i>Woman-hater</i> of Atilius; or the hatred of the whole human species, as Timon is reported to have done, whom they call the Misanthrope. Of the same kind is inhospitality. And all these diseases proceed from a certain dread of such things as they hate and avoid.<sup id="cite_ref-Cicero_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cicero-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cicero, <i><a href="/wiki/Tusculanae_Quaestiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusculanae Quaestiones">Tusculanae Quaestiones</a></i>, 1st century BC.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In summary, despite considering women as generally inferior to men, Greek literature considered misogyny to be a <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>—an <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">anti-social</a> condition—in that it ran contrary to their perceptions of the value of women as wives and of the family as the foundation of society. These points are widely noted in the secondary literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Deming_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deming-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_language">English language</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg/180px-Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg/270px-Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg/360px-Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> the word entered English because of an anonymous <a href="/wiki/Proto-feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-feminist">proto-feminist</a> play, <i><a href="/wiki/Swetnam_the_Woman-Hater" title="Swetnam the Woman-Hater">Swetnam the Woman-Hater</a></i>, published in 1620 in England.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play is a criticism of anti-woman writer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swetnam" title="Joseph Swetnam">Joseph Swetnam</a>, who it represents with the pseudonym Misogynos. The character of Misogynos is the origin of the term misogynist in English.<sup id="cite_ref-Aron2019_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aron2019-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was fairly rare until the mid-1970s. The publication of <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a>'s 1974 critique <i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a></i> popularised the idea. The term misogyny entered the lexicon of <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a>. Dworkin and her contemporaries used the term to include not only a hatred or contempt of women, but the practice of controlling women with violence and punishing women who reject subordination.<sup id="cite_ref-Aron2019_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aron2019-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Misogyny was discussed worldwide in 2012 because of a <a href="/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video">viral video</a> of a speech by Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a>. Her parliamentary address is known as the <a href="/wiki/Misogyny_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogyny Speech">Misogyny Speech</a>. In the speech, Gillard powerfully criticised her opponents for holding her policies to a <a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">different standard</a> than those of male politicians, and for speaking about her in crudely sexual terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Lester_2012_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lester_2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was criticised for systemic misogyny, because earlier in the day her Labour Party had passed legislation cutting $728 million in welfare benefits to single mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gillard's usage of the word "misogyny" promoted re-evaluations of the word's published definitions. The <i><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a></i> revised its definition in 2012 to better match the way the word has been used over the prior 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book <i><a href="/wiki/Down_Girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Down Girl">Down Girl</a></i>, which reconsidered the definition using the tools of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>, was inspired in part by Gillard.<sup id="cite_ref-Manne2019_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manne2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_and_religion" title="Gender and religion">Gender and religion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek">Ancient Greek</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandora_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pandora_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg/250px-Pandora_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pandora_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg/330px-Pandora_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pandora_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg/500px-Pandora_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption><i>Pandora</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>, 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>Misogyny: The World's Oldest Prejudice</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Holland_(writer)" title="Jack Holland (writer)">Jack Holland</a> argues that there is evidence of misogyny in the <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> of the ancient world. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> according to Hesiod, the human race had already experienced a peaceful, autonomous existence as a companion to the gods before the creation of women. When <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> decides to steal the secret of fire from the gods, <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> becomes infuriated and decides to punish humankind with an "evil thing for their delight". This "evil thing" is <a href="/wiki/Pandora" title="Pandora">Pandora</a>, the first woman, who carried a jar (usually described—incorrectly—as a box) which she was told to never open. <a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epimetheus (mythology)">Epimetheus</a> (the brother of Prometheus) is overwhelmed by her beauty, disregards Prometheus' warnings about her, and marries her. Pandora cannot resist peeking into the jar, and by opening it she unleashes into the world all evil; <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Illness">sickness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></div> <p>In his book <i>The Power of Denial: Buddhism, Purity, and Gender</i>, professor Bernard Faure of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> argued generally that "Buddhism is paradoxically neither as sexist nor as egalitarian as is usually thought." He remarked, "Many feminist scholars have emphasised the misogynistic (or at least androcentric) nature of Buddhism" and stated that Buddhism morally exalts its male monks while the mothers and wives of the monks also have important roles. Additionally, he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While some scholars see Buddhism as part of a movement of emancipation, others see it as a source of oppression. Perhaps this is only a distinction between optimists and pessimists, if not between idealists and realists... As we begin to realise, the term "Buddhism" does not designate a monolithic entity, but covers a number of doctrines, ideologies, and practices--some of which seem to invite, tolerate, and even cultivate "otherness" on their margins.<sup id="cite_ref-bernard_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernard-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">Women in Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1_Timothy_2:12" title="1 Timothy 2:12">1 Timothy 2:12</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_laach_eva_teufel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Maria_laach_eva_teufel.jpg/180px-Maria_laach_eva_teufel.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Maria_laach_eva_teufel.jpg/270px-Maria_laach_eva_teufel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Maria_laach_eva_teufel.jpg/360px-Maria_laach_eva_teufel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> rides astride the Serpent on a capital in <a href="/wiki/Maria_Laach_Abbey" title="Maria Laach Abbey">Laach Abbey church</a>, 13th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Differences in tradition and interpretations of scripture have caused sects of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to differ in their beliefs with regard to their treatment of women. </p><p>In <i>The Troublesome Helpmate</i>, Katharine M. Rogers argues that Christianity is misogynistic, and she lists what she says are specific examples of misogyny in the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>. She states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The foundations of early Christian misogyny—its guilt about sex, its insistence on female subjection, its dread of female seduction—are all in St. Paul's epistles.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In K. K. Ruthven's <i>Feminist Literary Studies: An Introduction</i>, Ruthven makes reference to Rogers' book and argues that the "legacy of Christian misogyny was consolidated by the so-called 'Fathers' of the Church, like <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, who thought a woman was not only 'the gateway of the devil' but also 'a temple built over a sewer'."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Christian institutions exclude women. For example, women are excluded from the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> region of Greece and from the governing <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">hierarchy of the Catholic Church</a>. Some Christian theologians, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Blast_of_the_Trumpet_Against_the_Monstruous_Regiment_of_Women" title="The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women">The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women</a></i>, have written that women should be excluded from secular government institutions for religious reasons. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Personification_of_the_seven_deadly_sins,_Misogyny,_Wellcome_L0029327.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Personification_of_the_seven_deadly_sins%2C_Misogyny%2C_Wellcome_L0029327.jpg/180px-Personification_of_the_seven_deadly_sins%2C_Misogyny%2C_Wellcome_L0029327.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Personification_of_the_seven_deadly_sins%2C_Misogyny%2C_Wellcome_L0029327.jpg/270px-Personification_of_the_seven_deadly_sins%2C_Misogyny%2C_Wellcome_L0029327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Personification_of_the_seven_deadly_sins%2C_Misogyny%2C_Wellcome_L0029327.jpg/360px-Personification_of_the_seven_deadly_sins%2C_Misogyny%2C_Wellcome_L0029327.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2718" data-file-height="4011" /></a><figcaption>Personification of the seven deadly sins, Mediaeval</figcaption></figure> <p>However, some other scholars have argued that Christianity does not include misogynistic principles, or at least that a proper interpretation of Christianity would not include misogynistic principles. David M. Scholer, a biblical scholar at <a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a>, stated that the verse <a href="/wiki/Galatians_3:28" title="Galatians 3:28">Galatians 3:28</a> ("There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus") is "the fundamental Pauline theological basis for the inclusion of women and men as equal and mutual partners in all of the ministries of the church."<sup id="cite_ref-CBMW_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBMW-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>Equality in Christ? Galatians 3:28 and the Gender Dispute</i>, Richard Hove argues that—while Galatians 3:28 does mean that one's sex does not affect salvation—"there remains a pattern in which the wife is to emulate the church's submission to Christ<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the husband is to emulate Christ's love for the church."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Christian Men Who Hate Women</i>, clinical psychologist Margaret J. Rinck has written that <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian social culture</a> often allows a misogynist "misuse of the biblical ideal of submission". However, she argues that this a distortion of the "healthy relationship of mutual submission" which is actually specified in Christian doctrine, where "[l]ove is based on a deep, mutual respect as the guiding principle behind all decisions, actions, and plans".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Catholic scholar <a href="/wiki/Christopher_West" title="Christopher West">Christopher West</a> argues that "male domination violates God's plan and is the specific result of sin".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women in Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Namus" title="Namus">Namus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Islam and domestic violence</a></div> <p>The fourth chapter (or <i><a href="/wiki/Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">sura</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is called "Women" (<i><a href="/wiki/An-nisa" class="mw-redirect" title="An-nisa">an-nisa</a></i>). The <a href="/wiki/An-Nisa,_34" title="An-Nisa, 34">34th verse</a> is a key verse in feminist criticism of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verse notes men's God-given advantages over women. They are consequently their protectors and maintainers. Where women are disobedient "admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them; then if they obey you, do not seek a way against them..." In his book <i><a href="/wiki/No_God_but_God:_The_Origins,_Evolution,_and_Future_of_Islam" title="No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam">No god but God</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, Professor <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a> wrote that "misogynistic interpretation" has been persistently attached to An-Nisa, 34 because commentary on the Quran "has been the exclusive domain of Muslim men".<sup id="cite_ref-issue_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issue-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i>Popular Islam and Misogyny: A Case Study of Bangladesh</i>, <a href="/wiki/Taj_Hashmi" title="Taj Hashmi">Taj Hashmi</a> discusses misogyny in relation to Muslim culture, writing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]hanks to the subjective interpretations of the Quran (almost exclusively by men), the preponderance of the misogynic mullahs and the regressive Shariah law in most "Muslim" countries, Islam is synonymously known as a promoter of misogyny in its worst form.... we may draw a line between the Quranic texts and the corpus of avowedly misogynic writing and spoken words by the mullah having very little or no relevance to the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The economic and social position of men and women was reflected in <a href="/wiki/Blood_Money_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Money in Islam">blood money</a> to the family of a victim. The financial loss for a woman was pegged at half that of a man.<sup id="cite_ref-CD_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CD-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></div> <p>Scholars William M. Reynolds and Julie A. Webber have written that <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> faith tradition, was a "fighter for women's rights" that was "in no way misogynistic" in contrast to some of his contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unconscious misogynistic attitudes in Sikh men have steadily reduced the power of women in Sikhism, such that the Sikh community has been observed to contain <a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">toxic masculinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misogynistic_ideas_among_prominent_Western_thinkers">Misogynistic ideas among prominent Western thinkers</h2></div> <p>Numerous influential <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophers</a> have expressed ideas that have been characterised as misogynistic, including <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_views_on_women" title="Aristotle's views on women">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Weininger" title="Otto Weininger">Otto Weininger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Lucas_(philosopher)" title="John Lucas (philosopher)">John Lucas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clack1999_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clack1999-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the influence of these thinkers, feminist scholars trace misogyny in Western culture to these philosophers and their ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aristotle">Aristotle</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1070330_Louvre_Aristote_Ma80bis_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/P1070330_Louvre_Aristote_Ma80bis_rwk.JPG/220px-P1070330_Louvre_Aristote_Ma80bis_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/P1070330_Louvre_Aristote_Ma80bis_rwk.JPG/330px-P1070330_Louvre_Aristote_Ma80bis_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/P1070330_Louvre_Aristote_Ma80bis_rwk.JPG/440px-P1070330_Louvre_Aristote_Ma80bis_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Aristotle, copy of <a href="/wiki/Lysippos" title="Lysippos">Lysippos</a>, Louvre</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_views_on_women" title="Aristotle's views on women">Aristotle's views on women</a></div> <p>Aristotle believed women were inferior and described them as "deformed males".<sup id="cite_ref-Witt_2016_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witt_2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_467–478_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_467–478-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his work <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>, he states </p> <blockquote><p>as regards the sexes, the male is by nature superior and the female inferior, the male ruler and the female subject 4 (1254b13-14).<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_467–478_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_467–478-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another example is <i>Cynthia's catalog</i> in which Cynthia states "Aristotle says that the courage of a man lies in commanding, a woman's lies in obeying; that 'matter yearns for form, as the female for the male and the ugly for the beautiful'; that women have fewer teeth than men; that a female is an incomplete male or 'as it were, a deformity'.<sup id="cite_ref-Witt_2016_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witt_2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle believed that men and women naturally differed both physically and mentally. He claimed that women are "more mischievous, less simple, more impulsive ... more compassionate[,] ... more easily moved to tears[,] ... more jealous, more querulous, more apt to scold and to strike[,] ... more prone to despondency and less hopeful[,] ... more void of shame or self-respect, more false of speech, more deceptive, of more retentive memory [and] ... also more wakeful; more shrinking [and] more difficult to rouse to action" than men.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> is well known for his views against equal rights for women for example in his treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Emile,_or_On_Education" title="Emile, or On Education">Emile</a></i>, he writes: "Always justify the burdens you impose upon girls but impose them anyway... . They must be thwarted from an early age... . They must be exercised to constraint, so that it costs them nothing to stifle all their fantasies to submit them to the will of others." Other quotes consist of "closed up in their houses", "must receive the decisions of fathers and husbands like that of the church".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arthur_Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schopenhauer_by_Karl_Bauer_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Schopenhauer_by_Karl_Bauer_3.jpg/220px-Schopenhauer_by_Karl_Bauer_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Schopenhauer_by_Karl_Bauer_3.jpg/330px-Schopenhauer_by_Karl_Bauer_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Schopenhauer_by_Karl_Bauer_3.jpg/440px-Schopenhauer_by_Karl_Bauer_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Schopenhauer by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Bauer" title="Karl Bauer">Karl Bauer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Based on his essay "On Women" (Über die Weiber), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> has been noted as a misogynist by many such as the philosopher, critic, and author Tom Grimwood.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimwood_2008_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimwood_2008-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2008 article published in the philosophical journal of <i>Kritique,</i> Grimwood argues that Schopenhauer's misogynistic works have largely escaped attention despite being more noticeable than those of other philosophers such as Nietzsche.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimwood_2008_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimwood_2008-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, he noted Schopenhauer's works where the latter had argued women only have "meagre" reason comparable that of "the animal" "who lives in the present". Other works he noted consisted of Schopenhauer's argument that women's only role in nature is to further the species through childbirth and hence is equipped with the power to seduce and "capture" men.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimwood_2008_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimwood_2008-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He goes on to state that women's cheerfulness is chaotic and disruptive which is why it is crucial to exercise obedience to those with rationality. For her to function beyond her rational subjugator is a threat against men as well as other women, he notes. Schopenhauer also thought women's cheerfulness is an expression of her lack of morality and incapability to understand abstract or objective meaning such as art.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimwood_2008_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimwood_2008-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is followed up by his quote "have never been able to produce a single, really great, genuine and original achievement in the fine arts, or bring to anywhere into the world a work of permanent value".<sup id="cite_ref-Grimwood_2008_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimwood_2008-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schopenhauer condemned what he called "Teutonico-Christian stupidity" on female affairs. He argued that women are "by nature meant to obey" as they are "childish, frivolous, and short sighted".<sup id="cite_ref-Clack1999_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clack1999-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also argued that women did not possess any real beauty:<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is only a man whose intellect is clouded by his sexual impulse that could give the name of the <i>fair sex</i> to that under-sized, narrow-shouldered, broad-hipped, and short-legged race; for the whole beauty of the sex is bound up with this impulse. Instead of calling them beautiful there would be more warrant for describing women as the unaesthetic sex.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nietzsche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nietzsche.jpg/220px-Nietzsche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nietzsche.jpg/330px-Nietzsche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nietzsche.jpg/440px-Nietzsche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche">Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche%27s_views_on_women" title="Friedrich Nietzsche's views on women">Friedrich Nietzsche's views on women</a></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil">Beyond Good and Evil</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> stated that stricter controls on women was a condition of "every elevation of culture".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i>, he has a female character say "You are going to women? Do not forget the whip!"<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Idols" title="Twilight of the Idols">Twilight of the Idols</a></i>, Nietzsche writes "Women are considered profound. Why? Because we never fathom their depths. But women aren't even shallow."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is controversy over the questions of whether or not this amounts to misogyny, whether his polemic against women is meant to be taken literally, and the exact nature of his opinions of women.<sup id="cite_ref-Holub_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holub-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegel">Hegel</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel's</a> view of women has been characterised as misogynistic.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passages from Hegel's <i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> illustrate the criticism:<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Women are capable of education, but they are not made for activities which demand a universal faculty such as the more advanced sciences, philosophy and certain forms of artistic production... Women regulate their actions not by the demands of universality, but by arbitrary inclinations and opinions.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence">Violence</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorism_and_hate_crimes">Terrorism and hate crimes</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a> is the name of a <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a>, the intentional killing of women or girls on account of their sex. It is ideological misogynist killing, and in some cases may also be an example of domestic violence.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist terrorism</a> is terrorism intended to punish woman. Since 2018 counter-terrorism professionals such as <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Counter-Terrorism" title="International Centre for Counter-Terrorism">ICCT</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Consortium_for_the_Study_of_Terrorism_and_Responses_to_Terrorism" title="National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism">START</a> have tracked misogyny or <a href="/wiki/Male_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Male supremacy">male supremacy</a> as ideologies that have motivated terrorism. They describe this form of terror as a "rising threat". Among the attacks designated as misogynist terrorism are the <a href="/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings" title="2014 Isla Vista killings">2014 Isla Vista killings</a> and the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Toronto_van_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto van attack">Toronto van attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DiBranco2020_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiBranco2020-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the attackers have identified with the <a href="/wiki/Incel" title="Incel">incel</a> movement, and were motivated to kill by a perception of being entitled to sexual access to women.<sup id="cite_ref-DiBranco2020_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiBranco2020-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, misogyny is common among mass killers, even when it is not the primary motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online_misogyny">Online misogyny</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></div> <p>Misogynistic rhetoric is pervasive online and has grown more aggressive over time.<sup id="cite_ref-jane_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online misogyny includes both individual attempts to intimidate and denigrate women,<sup id="cite_ref-jane_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denial of gender inequity (<a href="/wiki/Neosexism" title="Neosexism">neosexism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-aom_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aom-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neosexism_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neosexism-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also coordinated, collective attempts such as <a href="/wiki/Vote_brigading" title="Vote brigading">vote brigading</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gamergate_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamergate controversy">Gamergate</a> antifeminist harassment campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a paper written for the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_International_Affairs" title="Journal of International Affairs">Journal of International Affairs</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Barker" title="Kim Barker">Kim Barker</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olga_Jurasz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olga Jurasz (page does not exist)">Olga Jurasz</a> discuss how online misogyny can lead to women facing obstacles when trying to engage in the public and political spheres of the Internet due to the abusive nature of these spaces. They also suggest regulations and shut downs of online misogyny through both governmental and non-governmental means.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordinated_attacks">Coordinated attacks</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anita_Sarkeesian_headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anita_Sarkeesian_headshot.jpg/180px-Anita_Sarkeesian_headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anita_Sarkeesian_headshot.jpg/270px-Anita_Sarkeesian_headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anita_Sarkeesian_headshot.jpg/360px-Anita_Sarkeesian_headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anita_Sarkeesian" title="Anita Sarkeesian">Anita Sarkeesian</a> was the target of a coordinated misogynistic attack because of her feminist work.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most likely targets for misogynistic attacks by coordinated groups are women who are visible in the public sphere, women who speak out about the threats they receive, and women who are perceived to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> or feminist gains. Authors of misogynistic messages are usually anonymous or otherwise difficult to identify. Their rhetoric involves misogynistic epithets and graphic or sexualised imagery. It centres on the women's physical appearance, and prescribes sexual violence as a corrective for the targeted women. Examples of famous people who spoke out about misogynistic attacks are <a href="/wiki/Anita_Sarkeesian" title="Anita Sarkeesian">Anita Sarkeesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Penny" title="Laurie Penny">Laurie Penny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Criado_Perez" title="Caroline Criado Perez">Caroline Criado Perez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stella_Creasy" title="Stella Creasy">Stella Creasy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lindy_West" title="Lindy West">Lindy West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jane_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These attacks do not always remain online only. <a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">Swatting</a> was used to bring Gamergate attacks into the physical world.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_used">Language used</h3></div> <p>The insults and threats directed at different women tend to be very similar. <a href="/wiki/Jude_Doyle" title="Jude Doyle">Jude Doyle</a>, who has been the target of online threats, noted the "overwhelmingly impersonal, repetitive, stereotyped quality" of the abuse, the fact that "all of us are being called the same things, in the same tone".<sup id="cite_ref-jane_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Demos_(UK_think_tank)" title="Demos (UK think tank)">think tank Demos</a> found that the majority of <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> messages containing the words "whore" or "slut" were advertisements for pornography. Of those that were not, a majority used the terms in a non-aggressive way, such a discussion of <a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">slut-shaming</a>. Of those that used the terms "whore" or "slut" in an aggressive, insulting way, about half were women and half were men. Twitter users most frequently targeted by women with aggressive insults were celebrities, such as <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyoncé Knowles">Beyoncé Knowles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 study published in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/New_Media_%26_Society" title="New Media & Society">New Media & Society</a></i> also discusses how language on the internet can contribute to online misogyny. The authors specifically criticise <i><a href="/wiki/Urban_Dictionary" title="Urban Dictionary">Urban Dictionary</a></i>, claiming the language used in the definitions are misogynistic and anti-feminist, rather than simply being a collaborative dictionary.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 study published at the meeting of the <i><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computational_Linguistics" title="Association for Computational Linguistics">Association for Computational Linguistics</a></i> notes that online misogyny presents differently in different contexts. For example: Spanish online discussions show a stronger presence of dominance; Italian misogyny has a plurality of stereotyping and objectification; English online misogyny most frequently involves discrediting women; and Danish discussions primarily express neo-sexism.<sup id="cite_ref-aom_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aom-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incels">Incels</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incel" title="Incel">Incel</a></div> <p>Incels, or involuntary celibates, is an online community of men who believe they cannot get into heterosexual relationships. They share a common belief that women pick partners based solely on looks, so due to their unattractiveness, they will be alone forever.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this perception of themselves, incels in turn hate women, and believe that men are systematically discriminated against. Incels have a large network of male-oriented websites dedicated to the cyber hate of women, discrimination, and networking of misogyny.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the incel form of misogyny, all women are discriminated against, however, women of colour are doubly denigrated by sexism and racism. Incels endorse and participate in sexism, racism, and mass violence.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are not only a threat in online communities, but they also carry their misogyny over to killing sprees, like the 2014 Isla Vista massacre that inspired other incel acts of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incel existence and rhetoric is a good example of misogyny online. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_white_supremacy">With white supremacy</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a> uses the white supremacist website <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i> as a platform to promote misogynistic conspiracy theories, claiming that politically active "[w]hite women across the Western world" are pushing for liberal immigration policies "to ensure an endless supply of Black and Arab men to satisfy their depraved sexual desires."<sup id="cite_ref-nbcnews_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2018, Anglin summarised his misogynistic views, writing: "Look, I hate women. I think they deserve to be beaten, raped and locked in cages."<sup id="cite_ref-msmag_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msmag-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">misogynoir</a> describes misogyny directed towards <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> women where prejudice based upon race and gender <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">play reinforcing roles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_impact">Psychological impact</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internalised_misogyny">Internalised misogyny</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internalised_sexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Internalised sexism">Internalised sexism</a></div><p> Women who experience internalised misogyny may express it through minimising the value of women, mistrusting women, and believing gender bias in favour of men.<sup id="cite_ref-Szymanski_2009_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szymanski_2009-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common manifestation of internalised misogyny is <a href="/wiki/Lateral_violence" title="Lateral violence">lateral violence</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_and_harassment">Abuse and harassment</h3></div> <p>Misogyny has taken shape as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Misogynist attitudes lead to the physical, sexual, and emotional abuse of <a href="/wiki/Childhood_gender_nonconformity" title="Childhood gender nonconformity">gender nonconforming</a> boys in childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminist_theory">Feminist theory</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Good"_versus_"bad"_women"><span id=".22Good.22_versus_.22bad.22_women"></span>"Good" versus "bad" women</h3></div> <p>Many feminists have written that the notions of "good" women and "bad" women are imposed upon women in order to control them. Women who are easy to control, or who advocate for their own oppression, may be told they are good. The categories of bad and good also cause fighting among women; <a href="/wiki/Helen_Lewis_(journalist)" title="Helen Lewis (journalist)">Helen Lewis</a> identifies this "long tradition of regulating female behaviour by defining women in opposition to one another" as the architecture of misogyny.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_2020_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2020-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChimamandaAdichie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/ChimamandaAdichie.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie" title="Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie">Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Madonna%E2%80%93whore_complex" title="Madonna–whore complex">Madonna–whore</a> dichotomy</i> or <i>virgin/whore dichotomy</i> is the perception of women as either good and chaste or as bad and promiscuous. Belief in this <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> leads to misogyny, according to the feminist perspective, because the dichotomy appears to justify policing women's behaviour. Misogynists seek to punish "bad" women for their sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Madonna-Whore_Dichotomy_Is_Asso_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Madonna-Whore_Dichotomy_Is_Asso-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie" title="Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie">Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie</a> observes that when women describe being harassed or assaulted (as in the <a href="#MeToo_movement">#MeToo movement</a>) they are viewed as deserving sympathy only if they are "good" women: non-sexual, and perhaps helpless.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her 1974 book <i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a> uses traditional <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy tales">fairy tales</a> to illustrate misogyny. Fairy tales designate certain women as "good", for example <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_White" title="Snow White">Snow White</a>, who are inert, passive characters. Dworkin observed that these characters "never think, act, initiate, confront, resist, challenge, feel, care, or question. Sometimes they are forced to do housework." In contrast, the "evil" women who populate fairy tales are queens, witches, and other women with power. Further, men in fairy tales are said to be good kings and good husbands irrespective of their actions. For Dworkin, this illustrates that under misogyny only powerless women are allowed to be seen as good. No similar judgement is applied to men.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dworkin_on_After_Dark.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dworkin_on_After_Dark.JPG/250px-Dworkin_on_After_Dark.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dworkin_on_After_Dark.JPG/330px-Dworkin_on_After_Dark.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dworkin_on_After_Dark.JPG/500px-Dworkin_on_After_Dark.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In her book <i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin#Right-Wing_Women" title="Andrea Dworkin">Right-Wing Women</a></i>, Dworkin adds that powerful women are tolerated by misogynists provided women use their power to reinforce the power of men and to oppose feminism. Dworkin gives <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Phyllis Schlafly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anita_Bryant" title="Anita Bryant">Anita Bryant</a> as examples of powerful women tolerated by <a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">anti-feminists</a> only because they advocated for their own oppression. Women may even be worshipped or called superior to men if they are sufficiently "good", meaning obedient or inert.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Kate_Manne" title="Kate Manne">Kate Manne</a> argues that the word "misogyny" as used by modern feminists denotes not a generalised hatred of women, but instead the system of distinguishing good from bad women. Misogyny is like a police force, Manne writes, that rewards or punishes women based on these judgements.<sup id="cite_ref-Manne2019_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manne2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriarchal_bargain">Patriarchal bargain</h3></div> <p>In the late 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminist</a> theorists argued that misogyny is both a cause and a result of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Deniz_Kandiyoti" title="Deniz Kandiyoti">Deniz Kandiyoti</a> has written that <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonisers</a> of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia kept conquered armies of men under control by offering them complete power over women. She calls this the "patriarchal bargain". Men who were interested in accepting the bargain were promoted to leadership by colonial powers, causing the colonised societies to become more misogynistic.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_2012_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher_2012-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contempt_for_the_feminine">Contempt for the feminine</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Julia_Serano" title="Julia Serano">Julia Serano</a> defines misogyny as not only hatred of women per se, but the "tendency to dismiss and deride femaleness and femininity." In this view, misogyny also causes <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> against gay men because gay men are stereotyped as feminine and weak; misogyny likewise causes anxiety among straight men that they will be seen as unmanly.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlatsky_2014_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlatsky_2014-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serano's book <i><a href="/wiki/Whipping_Girl" title="Whipping Girl">Whipping Girl</a></i> argues that most anti-trans sentiment directed at <a href="/wiki/Trans_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans women">trans women</a> should be understood as misogyny. By embracing femininity, the book argues, trans women cast doubt on the superiority of masculinity.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me,_Pygmalion_and_Galatea,_ca._1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Pygmalion_and_Galatea%2C_ca._1890.jpg/250px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Pygmalion_and_Galatea%2C_ca._1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Pygmalion_and_Galatea%2C_ca._1890.jpg/330px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Pygmalion_and_Galatea%2C_ca._1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Pygmalion_and_Galatea%2C_ca._1890.jpg/500px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Pygmalion_and_Galatea%2C_ca._1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2817" data-file-height="3629" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, <i>Pygmalion and Galatea</i>, c. 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>Culture rewards traits that are considered masculine and devalues traits that seem feminine, according to Tracy M. Hallstead at <a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University" title="Quinnipiac University">Quinnipiac University</a>. From childhood, boys and men are told to "man up" to appear tough by distancing themselves from feminine things. Boys learn that it is shameful to be seen as emotional, dependent, or vulnerable. Men raised in this way may disown femininity and may even learn to despise it. In this view, misogyny is directed not only at women, but at any feminine qualities that men see within themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallstead2013_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallstead2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This contempt for the feminine causes men feel that they must assert their dominance over women by controlling them, Hallstead writes. She illustrates this with the ancient story of <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a>, a sculptor who hated "the faults beyond measure which nature has given to women."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pygmalion creates a sculpture of a woman that magically comes alive. Pygmalion is very gratified by the complete control he has over the woman, <a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a>, because this control re-enforces his masculinity. He considers Galatea the perfect woman, in spite of his contempt for women, because of his absolute power over her.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallstead2013_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallstead2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_and_Welsh_law">English and Welsh law</h2></div> <p>In recent years, there has been increasing discussion in England and Wales of misogyny being added to the list of aggravating factors that are commonly referred to by the media as "<a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a>". Aggravating factors in criminal sentencing currently include hostility to a victim due to characteristics such as sexuality, race or disability.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentencing_Council_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentencing_Council-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Nottinghamshire Police began a pilot project to record misogynistic behaviour as either hate crime or hate incidents, depending on whether the action was a criminal offence.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over two years (April 2016-March 2018) there were 174 reports made, of which 73 were classified as crimes and 101 as incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018, it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_(England_and_Wales)" title="Law Commission (England and Wales)">Law Commission</a> would conduct a review into whether misogynistic conduct, as well as hostility due to <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">ageism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">misandry</a> or towards groups such as <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goths</a>, should be treated as a hate crime.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2018, two senior police officers, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Thornton_(police_officer)" title="Sara Thornton (police officer)">Sara Thornton</a>, chair of the National Police Chiefs' Council, and <a href="/wiki/Cressida_Dick" title="Cressida Dick">Cressida Dick</a>, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, stated that police forces should focus on more serious crimes such as burglary and violent offences, and not on recording incidents which are not crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton said that "treating misogyny as a hate crime is a concern for some well-organised campaigning organisations", but that police forces "do not have the resources to do everything".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2020 the <a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_(England_and_Wales)" title="Law Commission (England and Wales)">Law Commission</a> proposed that sex or gender be added to the list of protected characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the Law Commission's proposals seven police forces in England and Wales classed misogyny as a hate crime, but that definition had not been adopted across the board. The commission plans to make its official recommendations to the government in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Home Office spokesperson in October 2021 stated that police forces had been requested to record any crime the victim understood was driven by hostility to their sex.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">Androcentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women in mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Gender in horror films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny_and_mass_media" title="Misogyny and mass media">Misogyny and mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny_in_rap_music" title="Misogyny in rap music">Misogyny in rap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny_in_sports" title="Misogyny in sports">Misogyny in sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_chauvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Male chauvinism">Male chauvinism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bro_Code:_How_Contemporary_Culture_Creates_Sexist_Men" title="The Bro Code: How Contemporary Culture Creates Sexist Men">The Bro Code: How Contemporary Culture Creates Sexist Men</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Merriam-Webster, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-201-7"><bdi>978-0-87779-201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Third+New+International+Dictionary%2C+Unabridged&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-201-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</i>. Random House. 7 October 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45854-8"><bdi>978-0-679-45854-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Random+House+Webster%27s+Unabridged+Dictionary&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1997-10-07&rft.isbn=978-0-679-45854-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misogyny#note-1">"Definition of MISOGYNY"</a>. 11 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117042928/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misogyny#note-1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+MISOGYNY&rft.date=2023-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmisogyny%23note-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/transcript-of-julia-gillards-speech-20121009-27c36.html">"Transcript of Julia Gillard's speech"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161106085642/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/transcript-of-julia-gillards-speech-20121009-27c36.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Transcript+of+Julia+Gillard%27s+speech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Ffederal-politics%2Fpolitical-news%2Ftranscript-of-julia-gillards-speech-20121009-27c36.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macquarie-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macquarie_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaley2012" class="citation news cs1">Daley, Gemma (17 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019181518/http://www.afr.com/p/national/macquarie_dictionary_has_last_word_NzrQFdWcPJG6G8qLRRiZtK">"Macquarie Dictionary has last word on misogyny"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afr.com/p/national/macquarie_dictionary_has_last_word_NzrQFdWcPJG6G8qLRRiZtK">the original</a> on 19 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Macquarie+Dictionary+has+last+word+on+misogyny&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft.aulast=Daley&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afr.com%2Fp%2Fnational%2Fmacquarie_dictionary_has_last_word_NzrQFdWcPJG6G8qLRRiZtK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Madonna-Whore_Dichotomy_Is_Asso-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Madonna-Whore_Dichotomy_Is_Asso_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Madonna-Whore_Dichotomy_Is_Asso_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahalonBareketVialSassenhagen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kahalon, Rotem; Bareket, Orly; Vial, Andrea C.; Sassenhagen, Nora; Becker, Julia C.; Shnabel, Nurit (2 May 2019). "The Madonna-Whore Dichotomy Is Associated With Patriarchy Endorsement: Evidence From Israel, the United States, and Germany". <i>Psychology of Women Quarterly</i>. <b>43</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">348–</span>367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0361684319843298">10.1177/0361684319843298</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155434624">155434624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Women+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Madonna-Whore+Dichotomy+Is+Associated+With+Patriarchy+Endorsement%3A+Evidence+From+Israel%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+Germany&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E348-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0361684319843298&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155434624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kahalon&rft.aufirst=Rotem&rft.au=Bareket%2C+Orly&rft.au=Vial%2C+Andrea+C.&rft.au=Sassenhagen%2C+Nora&rft.au=Becker%2C+Julia+C.&rft.au=Shnabel%2C+Nurit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2000" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Allan G (2000). <i>The Blackwell dictionary of sociology: A user's guide to sociological language</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21681-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21681-0"><bdi>978-0-631-21681-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+dictionary+of+sociology%3A+A+user%27s+guide+to+sociological+language&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21681-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Allan+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span>, ("ideology" in all small capitals in original).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2007" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Michael (18 July 2007). <i>International encyclopaedia of men and masculinities</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33343-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33343-6"><bdi>978-0-415-33343-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+encyclopaedia+of+men+and+masculinities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33343-6&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illing2020-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Illing2020_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Illing2020_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIlling2020" class="citation web cs1">Illing, Sean (7 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/12/5/16705284/elizabeth-warren-loss-2020-sexism-misogyny-kate-manne">"What we get wrong about misogyny"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609191124/https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/12/5/16705284/elizabeth-warren-loss-2020-sexism-misogyny-kate-manne">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=What+we+get+wrong+about+misogyny&rft.date=2020-03-07&rft.aulast=Illing&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fidentities%2F2017%2F12%2F5%2F16705284%2Felizabeth-warren-loss-2020-sexism-misogyny-kate-manne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manne2019-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manne2019_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manne2019_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manne2019_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manne2019_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manne2019_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManne2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Manne" title="Kate Manne">Manne, Kate</a> (2019). <i><a href="/wiki/Down_Girl:_The_Logic_of_Misogyny" title="Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny">Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny</a></i>. Ithaca, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060498-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060498-1"><bdi>978-0-19-060498-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Down+Girl%3A+The+Logic+of+Misogyny&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-060498-1&rft.aulast=Manne&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/misogyny">"Definition of "misogyny"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025035008/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/misogyny">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%22misogyny%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmisogyny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ouellette_2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ouellette_2007_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOuellette2007" class="citation book cs1">Ouellette, Marc (2007). "Misandry". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Flood" title="Michael Flood">Flood, Michael</a>; et al. (eds.). <i>International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">442–</span>443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1343-1707-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1343-1707-3"><bdi>978-1-1343-1707-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Misandry&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Men+and+Masculinities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E442-%3C%2Fspan%3E443&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-1343-1707-3&rft.aulast=Ouellette&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilmore_p10-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilmore_p10_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilmore2001" class="citation book cs1">Gilmore, David G. (2001). <i>Misogyny: The Male Malady</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0032-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0032-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-0032-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misogyny%3A+The+Male+Malady&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0032-4&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groes-Green_2011-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groes-Green_2011_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroes-Green2011" class="citation journal cs1">Groes-Green, Christian (2011). "Philogynous Masculinities: Contextualising Alternative Manhood in Mozambique". <i>Men and Masculinities</i>. <b>15</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184x11427021">10.1177/1097184x11427021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145337308">145337308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Men+and+Masculinities&rft.atitle=Philogynous+Masculinities%3A+Contextualising+Alternative+Manhood+in+Mozambique&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1097184x11427021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145337308%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Groes-Green&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNadal2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nadal, Kevin L., ed. (2017). "Transmisogyny". <i>The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transmisogyny&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Gender&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReger,_Jo2018" class="citation book cs1">Reger, Jo, ed. (2018). <i>Nevertheless, They Persisted: Feminisms and Continued Resistance in the U.S. Women's Movement</i>. Taylor & Francis. <q>Julia Serano [...] coined the term 'trans misogyny' to refer to specific discrimination against trans women and trans people who express femininity. [...] 'transmisogynoir' [can] focus on the violence and discrimination experienced by black and potentially other trans women and trans feminine people of color. This concept builds on Moya Bailey's term 'misogynoir,' which specifically names the intersection of 'racism, antiblackness, and misogyny that black women experience'[.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nevertheless%2C+They+Persisted%3A+Feminisms+and+Continued+Resistance+in+the+U.S.+Women%27s+Movement&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohl2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mohl, Allan S. (Summer 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychohistory.com/summer-2015-vol-43-issue-1/">"Monotheism: Its Influence on Patriarchy and Misogyny"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Psychohistory" title="Journal of Psychohistory">Journal of Psychohistory</a></i>. <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027182109/https://psychohistory.com/summer-2015-vol-43-issue-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychohistory&rft.atitle=Monotheism%3A+Its+Influence+on+Patriarchy+and+Misogyny&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mohl&rft.aufirst=Allan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychohistory.com%2Fsummer-2015-vol-43-issue-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlochFerguson1989" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, R. Howard; Ferguson, Frances (1989). <i>Misogyny, Misandry, and Misanthropy</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06544-4"><bdi>978-0-520-06544-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misogyny%2C+Misandry%2C+and+Misanthropy&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06544-4&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=R.+Howard&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore200117–35-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore200117–35_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilmore2001">Gilmore (2001)</a>, pp. 17–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore20011–16-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore20011–16_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilmore2001">Gilmore (2001)</a>, pp. 1–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saini2023-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saini2023_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saini2023_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaini2023" class="citation book cs1">Saini, Angela (2023). <i>The Patriarchs: The Origins of Inequality</i>. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1454-7"><bdi>978-0-8070-1454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Patriarchs%3A+The+Origins+of+Inequality&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-1454-7&rft.aulast=Saini&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2002" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, J.W (1 June 2002). <i>City of Sokrates: An Introduction to Classical Athens</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19479-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19479-9"><bdi>978-0-203-19479-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Sokrates%3A+An+Introduction+to+Classical+Athens&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-203-19479-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">editio princeps</a></i> is on page 255 of volume three of <i><a href="/wiki/Stoicorum_Veterum_Fragmenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta">Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta</a></i> (<i>SVF</i>, Old Stoic Fragments), see <a href="#External_links">External links</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deming-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deming_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deming_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deming_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeming2004" class="citation book cs1">Deming, Will (2004). "Appendix A". <i>Paul on Marriage and Celibacy: The Hellenistic Background of 1 Corinthians 7</i>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">221–</span>226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3989-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3989-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-3989-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+A&rft.btitle=Paul+on+Marriage+and+Celibacy%3A+The+Hellenistic+Background+of+1+Corinthians+7&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3989-3&rft.aulast=Deming&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">38-43, fr. 63, in von Arnim, J. (ed.). <i>Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta.</i> Vol. 3. Leipzig: Teubner, 1903.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>SVF</i> 3:103. <i>Misogyny</i> is the first word on the page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tieleman-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tieleman_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTieleman2003" class="citation book cs1">Tieleman, Teun (2003). <i>Chrysippus' On Affections: Reconstruction and Interpretations</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12998-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12998-6"><bdi>978-90-04-12998-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chrysippus%27+On+Affections%3A+Reconstruction+and+Interpretations&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12998-6&rft.aulast=Tieleman&rft.aufirst=Teun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricardo Salles, <i>Metaphysics, Soul, and Ethics in Ancient Thought: Themes from the Work of Richard Sorabji</i>, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005), 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPappas2003" class="citation book cs1">Pappas, Nickolas (9 September 2003). <i>Routledge philosophy guidebook to Plato and the Republic</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29996-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29996-1"><bdi>978-0-415-29996-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+philosophy+guidebook+to+Plato+and+the+Republic&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-09&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29996-1&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Nickolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liddell-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liddell_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Liddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Liddell">Henry George Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Robert Scott</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> (<i>LSJ</i>), revised and augmented by Henry Stuart Jones and Roderick McKenzie, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864226-8">978-0-19-864226-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>,<i><a href="/wiki/Geographica_(Strabo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographica (Strabo)">Geography</a></i>, Book 7 [Alexandria] Chapter 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenander2002" class="citation book cs1">Menander (2002). <i>The Plays and Fragments</i>. Translated by Balme, Maurice. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283983-1"><bdi>978-0-19-283983-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plays+and+Fragments&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283983-1&rft.au=Menander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He is supported (or followed) by <a href="/wiki/Theognostus_the_Grammarian" title="Theognostus the Grammarian">Theognostus the Grammarian</a>'s 9th century <i>Canones</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/John_Antony_Cramer" class="mw-redirect" title="John Antony Cramer">John Antony Cramer</a>, <i>Anecdota Graeca e codd. manuscriptis bibliothecarum Oxoniensium</i>, vol. 2, (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1835), p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cicero-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cicero_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cicero_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tusculanae_Quaestiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusculanae Quaestiones">Tusculanae Quaestiones</a></i>, Book 4, Chapter 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/119828?redirectedFrom=misogynist">"misogynist"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513031043/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/misogynist_n">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=misogynist&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F119828%3FredirectedFrom%3Dmisogynist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aron2019-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aron2019_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aron2019_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAron2019" class="citation news cs1">Aron, Nina Renata (8 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/style/misogyny-women-history-photographs.html">"What Does Misogyny Look Like?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807231120/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/style/misogyny-women-history-photographs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Does+Misogyny+Look+Like%3F&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Nina+Renata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F08%2Fstyle%2Fmisogyny-women-history-photographs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lester_2012-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lester_2012_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLester2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Lester, Amelia (9 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/ladylike-julia-gillards-misogyny-speech">"Ladylike: Julia Gillard's Misogyny Speech"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615060308/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/ladylike-julia-gillards-misogyny-speech">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Ladylike%3A+Julia+Gillard%27s+Misogyny+Speech&rft.date=2012-10-09&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fladylike-julia-gillards-misogyny-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPassant2013" class="citation news cs1">Passant, John (4 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/how-the-poor-are-shunted-into-deeper-poverty-just-for-political-capital-20130103-2c74b.html">"How the poor are shunted into deeper poverty just for political capital"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164132/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/how-the-poor-are-shunted-into-deeper-poverty-just-for-political-capital-20130103-2c74b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=How+the+poor+are+shunted+into+deeper+poverty+just+for+political+capital&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.aulast=Passant&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2Fhow-the-poor-are-shunted-into-deeper-poverty-just-for-political-capital-20130103-2c74b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/dictionary-changes-definition-of-misogyny-after-australian-pms-furious-attack-on-conservative-leader">"Dictionary changes 'misogyny' definition after Australian PM's furious attack on conservative leader"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>. Reuters. 17 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513031038/https://nationalpost.com/news/dictionary-changes-definition-of-misogyny-after-australian-pms-furious-attack-on-conservative-leader">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Dictionary+changes+%27misogyny%27+definition+after+Australian+PM%27s+furious+attack+on+conservative+leader&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fdictionary-changes-definition-of-misogyny-after-australian-pms-furious-attack-on-conservative-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland, J: <i>Misogyny: The World's Oldest Prejudice</i>, pp. 12–13. Avalon Publishing Group, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bernard-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bernard_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011657/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7538.html">"Sample Chapter for Faure, B.: The Power of Denial: Buddhism, Purity, and Gender"</a>. Press.princeton.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7538.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sample+Chapter+for+Faure%2C+B.%3A+The+Power+of+Denial%3A+Buddhism%2C+Purity%2C+and+Gender&rft.pub=Press.princeton.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fi7538.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, Katharine M. <i>The Troublesome Helpmate: A History of Misogyny in Literature,</i> 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuthven1990" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, K. K (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feministliterary0000ruth_w8e4/page/83/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Feminist literary studies: An introduction</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39852-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39852-7"><bdi>978-0-521-39852-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminist+literary+studies%3A+An+introduction&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39852-7&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=K.+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeministliterary0000ruth_w8e4%2Fpage%2F83%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBMW-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBMW_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206045217/http://cbmw.org/staff/">"Galatians 3:28 – prooftext or context?"</a>. The council on biblical manhood and womanhood. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbmw.org/staff/">the original</a> on 6 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galatians+3%3A28+%E2%80%93+prooftext+or+context%3F&rft.pub=The+council+on+biblical+manhood+and+womanhood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbmw.org%2Fstaff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hove, Richard. <i>Equality in Christ? Galatians 3:28 and the Gender Dispute</i> (Wheaton: Crossway, 1999), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Holy Bible</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ephesians#5:21" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ephesians">Eph 5:21–33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2003" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Ken M (1 October 2003). <i>Marriage and family in the biblical world</i>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2737-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2737-4"><bdi>978-0-8308-2737-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+and+family+in+the+biblical+world&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2737-4&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ken+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRinck1990" class="citation book cs1">Rinck, Margaret J. (1990). <i>Christian Men Who Hate Women: Healing Hurting Relationships</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51751-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51751-1"><bdi>978-0-310-51751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Men+Who+Hate+Women%3A+Healing+Hurting+Relationships&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-310-51751-1&rft.aulast=Rinck&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest2003" class="citation book cs1">West, Christopher (2003). <i>Theology of the body explained : a commentary on John Paul II's "Gospel of the body"</i>. with a foreword by George Weigel. Leominster, Herefordshire: Gracewing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-600-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-600-3"><bdi>978-0-85244-600-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+the+body+explained+%3A+a+commentary+on+John+Paul+II%27s+%22Gospel+of+the+body%22&rft.place=Leominster%2C+Herefordshire&rft.pub=Gracewing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85244-600-3&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Verse 34 of Chapter 4 is an oft-cited Verse in the Qur'an used to demonstrate that Islam is structurally patriarchal, and thus Islam internalises male dominance." Dahlia Eissa, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wluml.org/node/443#_ftn42">Constructing the Notion of Male Superiority over Women in Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116153529/http://www.wluml.org/node/443#_ftn42">Archived</a> 16 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: The influence of sex and gender stereotyping in the interpretation of the Qur'an and the implications for a modernist exegesis of rights", Occasional Paper 11 in <i>Occasional Papers</i> (Empowerment International, 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-issue-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-issue_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNomani2006" class="citation news cs1">Nomani, Asra Q. (22 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/20/AR2006102001261.html">"Clothes Aren't the Issue"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922033032/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/20/AR2006102001261_2.html?noredirect=on">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Clothes+Aren%27t+the+Issue&rft.date=2006-10-22&rft.aulast=Nomani&rft.aufirst=Asra+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F10%2F20%2FAR2006102001261.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hashmi, Taj. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/taj_hashmi/Popular_Islam_and_Misogyn1.pdf">Popular Islam and Misogyny: A Case Study of Bangladesh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203082808/http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/taj_hashmi/Popular_Islam_and_Misogyn1.pdf">Archived</a> 3 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Retrieved August 11, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CD-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CD_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Caner_Dagli" title="Caner Dagli">Caner Dagli</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/2_The_Cow_al-Baqarah" class="mw-redirect" title="2 The Cow al-Baqarah">2 The Cow al-Baqarah</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Study_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Study Quran">Study Quran</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulie_A._Webber2004" class="citation book cs1">Julie A. Webber (2004). <i>Expanding curriculum theory: dis/positions and lines of flight</i>. Psychology Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4665-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4665-2"><bdi>978-0-8058-4665-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expanding+curriculum+theory%3A+dis%2Fpositions+and+lines+of+flight&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-4665-2&rft.au=Julie+A.+Webber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalDaman2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bal, Jaspreet; Daman, Santbir Singh Sarkar (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsrinc.org/article/6979/">"Reintegrating the Feminine Voice Inherent in Sikh Scripture"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_Studies_in_Religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminist Studies in Religion (page does not exist)">Feminist Studies in Religion</a></i>. <b>37</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217195122/https://www.fsrinc.org/article/6979/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies+in+Religion&rft.atitle=Reintegrating+the+Feminine+Voice+Inherent+in+Sikh+Scripture&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Bal&rft.aufirst=Jaspreet&rft.au=Daman%2C+Santbir+Singh+Sarkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsrinc.org%2Farticle%2F6979%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clack1999-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clack1999_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clack1999_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClack1999" class="citation book cs1">Clack, Beverley (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misogynyinwester0000unse/page/95/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Misogyny in the Western Philosophical Tradition: A Reader</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92182-4"><bdi>978-0-415-92182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misogyny+in+the+Western+Philosophical+Tradition%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92182-4&rft.aulast=Clack&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmisogynyinwester0000unse%2Fpage%2F95%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWittShapiro2017" class="citation cs2">Witt, Charlotte; Shapiro, Lisa (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/feminism-femhist/">"Feminist History of Philosophy"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318074351/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/feminism-femhist/">archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feminist+History+of+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Spring+2017&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Witt&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2017%2Fentries%2Ffeminism-femhist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witt_2016-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witt_2016_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witt_2016_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWittShapiro2016" class="citation book cs1">Witt, Charlotte; Shapiro, Lisa (1 January 2016). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Plato+and+Aristotle+on+the+Nature+of+Women&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E467-%3C%2Fspan%3E478&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhph.1983.0090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170449773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236725862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Animals, 608b. 1–14<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2025)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlum2010" class="citation journal cs1">Blum, C. (2010). "Rousseau and Feminist Revision". <i>Eighteenth-Century Life</i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00982601-2010-012">10.1215/00982601-2010-012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145091289">145091289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Life&rft.atitle=Rousseau+and+Feminist+Revision&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00982601-2010-012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145091289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimwood_2008-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimwood_2008_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimwood_2008_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimwood_2008_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimwood_2008_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimwood_2008_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimwood2008" class="citation journal cs1">Grimwood, Tom (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/rec/GRITLO">"The Limits of Misogyny: Schopenhauer, "On Women"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Kritike: An Online Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3860%2Fkrit.v2i2.854">10.3860/krit.v2i2.854</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223133244/http://philpapers.org/rec/GRITLO">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritike%3A+An+Online+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Misogyny%3A+Schopenhauer%2C+%22On+Women%22&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3860%2Fkrit.v2i2.854&rft.aulast=Grimwood&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FGRITLO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDurant1983" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofphilosophdura00dura/page/257/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>The Story of Philosophy</i></a></span>. New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20159-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20159-3"><bdi>978-0-671-20159-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-671-20159-3&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofphilosophdura00dura%2Fpage%2F257%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche1886" class="citation book cs1">Nietzsche, Friedrich (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4363/4363-h/4363-h.htm"><i>Beyond Good and Evil</i></a>. Germany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216141708/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4363/4363-h/4363-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Good+and+Evil&rft.place=Germany&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F4363%2F4363-h%2F4363-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurgard1994" class="citation book cs1">Burgard, Peter J. 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Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1495-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1495-4"><bdi>978-0-8139-1495-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+the+Feminine&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1994-05&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1495-4&rft.aulast=Burgard&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche1889" class="citation book cs1">Nietzsche, Friedrich (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handprint.com/SC/NIE/GotDamer.html"><i>Twilight of the Idols</i></a>. Germany. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044514-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044514-5"><bdi>978-0-14-044514-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070426104633/http://www.handprint.com/SC/NIE/GotDamer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Idols&rft.place=Germany&rft.date=1889&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044514-5&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handprint.com%2FSC%2FNIE%2FGotDamer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holub-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holub_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert C. Holub, <i>Nietzsche and The Women's Question</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907092224/http://www-learning.berkeley.edu/robertholub/teaching/syllabi/Lecture_Nietzsche_Women.pdf">Coursework for Berkeley University.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher1997" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Shaun (1997). <i>Hegel, history, and interpretation</i>. 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"Beneath Contempt: The Mistreatment of Non-Traditional/Gender Atypical Boys". <i>Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services</i>. <b>12</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ041v12n01_06">10.1300/J041v12n01_06</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147560883">147560883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gay+%26+Lesbian+Social+Services&rft.atitle=Beneath+Contempt%3A+The+Mistreatment+of+Non-Traditional%2FGender+Atypical+Boys&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=2008-10-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ041v12n01_06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147560883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Franklin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_2020-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2020_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Lewis, Helen (16 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/01/meghan-markle-kate-middleton-royals-culture-war/604981/">"Meghan, Kate, and the Architecture of Misogyny"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620094044/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/01/meghan-markle-kate-middleton-royals-culture-war/604981/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Meghan%2C+Kate%2C+and+the+Architecture+of+Misogyny&rft.date=2020-01-16&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2020%2F01%2Fmeghan-markle-kate-middleton-royals-culture-war%2F604981%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarchese2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Marchese, David (9 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2018/07/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-in-conversation.html">"Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The novelist on being a "feminist icon," Philip Roth's humanist misogyny, and the sadness in Melania Trump"</a>. <i>Vulture</i>. Vox Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717084849/https://www.vulture.com/2018/07/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-in-conversation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vulture&rft.atitle=Chimamanda+Ngozi+Adichie%3A+The+novelist+on+being+a+%22feminist+icon%2C%22+Philip+Roth%27s+humanist+misogyny%2C+and+the+sadness+in+Melania+Trump.&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Marchese&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2018%2F07%2Fchimamanda-ngozi-adichie-in-conversation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDworkin1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Dworkin, Andria</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729122949/https://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Andrea-DWORKIN-Woman-Hating-A-Radical-Look-at-Sexuality-1974.pdf"><i>Woman Hating</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-47423-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-47423-4"><bdi>978-0-525-47423-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Andrea-DWORKIN-Woman-Hating-A-Radical-Look-at-Sexuality-1974.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman+Hating&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-525-47423-4&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Andria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feministes-radicales.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F11%2FAndrea-DWORKIN-Woman-Hating-A-Radical-Look-at-Sexuality-1974.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>For an interpretation, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta2019" class="citation web cs1">Gupta, Shivangi (12 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feminisminindia.com/2019/07/12/woman-hating-andrea-dworkin/">"Book Review: Woman Hating By Andrea Dworkin"</a>. <i>Feminism in India</i>. FII Media Private Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924022755/https://feminisminindia.com/2019/07/12/woman-hating-andrea-dworkin/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Feminism+in+India&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Woman+Hating+By+Andrea+Dworkin&rft.date=2019-07-12&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Shivangi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeminisminindia.com%2F2019%2F07%2F12%2Fwoman-hating-andrea-dworkin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDworkin1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Dworkin, Andria</a> (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightwingwomen00dwor/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Right-Wing Women</i></a></span>. New York: Perigee Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-50671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-50671-0"><bdi>978-0-399-50671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right-Wing+Women&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Perigee+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-399-50671-0&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Andria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frightwingwomen00dwor%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., Kate Millet's <i>Sexual Politics</i>, adapted from her doctoral dissertation is normally cited as the originator of this viewpoint; though Katharine M Rogers had also published similar ideas previously.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher_2012-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_2012_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisher2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Fisher, Max (25 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/the-real-roots-of-sexism-in-the-middle-east-its-not-islam-race-or-hate/256362/">"The Real Roots of Sexism in the Middle East (It's Not Islam, Race, or 'Hate')"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730082003/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/the-real-roots-of-sexism-in-the-middle-east-its-not-islam-race-or-hate/256362/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Real+Roots+of+Sexism+in+the+Middle+East+%28It%27s+Not+Islam%2C+Race%2C+or+%27Hate%27%29&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2012%2F04%2Fthe-real-roots-of-sexism-in-the-middle-east-its-not-islam-race-or-hate%2F256362%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlatsky_2014-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berlatsky_2014_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerlatsky2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Berlatsky, Noah (5 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/06/men-can-be-feminists-too/372234/">"Can Men Really Be Feminists?"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730082004/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/06/men-can-be-feminists-too/372234/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Can+Men+Really+Be+Feminists%3F&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft.aulast=Berlatsky&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2014%2F06%2Fmen-can-be-feminists-too%2F372234%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSerano2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Serano" title="Julia Serano">Serano, Julia</a> (2007). <i>Whipping Girl</i>. Berkeley: Seal Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-154-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-154-5"><bdi>978-1-58005-154-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whipping+Girl&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Seal+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58005-154-5&rft.aulast=Serano&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hallstead2013-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hallstead2013_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallstead2013_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallstead2013" class="citation book cs1">Hallstead, Tracy M. (2013). <i>Pygmalion's Chisel: For Women Who Are "Never Good Enough"</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4884-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4884-8"><bdi>978-1-4438-4884-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pygmalion%27s+Chisel%3A+For+Women+Who+Are+%22Never+Good+Enough%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-4884-8&rft.aulast=Hallstead&rft.aufirst=Tracy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Hamilton" title="Edith Hamilton">Hamilton, Edith</a> (June 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://4.files.edl.io/2de7/05/18/18/235210-d49a73bb-318a-4250-81b6-cf80f1741ada.pdf"><i>Mythology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Calcutta: Tridibesh Basu. p. 108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309015332/https://4.files.edl.io/2de7/05/18/18/235210-d49a73bb-318a-4250-81b6-cf80f1741ada.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Tridibesh+Basu&rft.date=1953-06&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F4.files.edl.io%2F2de7%2F05%2F18%2F18%2F235210-d49a73bb-318a-4250-81b6-cf80f1741ada.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sentencing_Council-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sentencing_Council_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/explanatory-material/item/aggravating-and-mitigating-factors/">"Aggravating and mitigating factors"</a>. Sentencing Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170501/https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/explanatory-material/item/aggravating-and-mitigating-factors/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aggravating+and+mitigating+factors&rft.pub=Sentencing+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sentencingcouncil.org.uk%2Fexplanatory-material%2Fitem%2Faggravating-and-mitigating-factors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2018" class="citation news cs1">Brooks, Libby (9 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/09/uk-police-chiefs-urged-to-adopt-harassment-of-women-as-hate">"UK police chiefs urged to adopt harassment of women as hate crime"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513031600/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/09/uk-police-chiefs-urged-to-adopt-harassment-of-women-as-hate">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+police+chiefs+urged+to+adopt+harassment+of+women+as+hate+crime&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Libby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fjul%2F09%2Fuk-police-chiefs-urged-to-adopt-harassment-of-women-as-hate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-44740362">"Misogyny hate crime in Nottinghamshire gives 'shocking' results"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927085840/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-44740362">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Misogyny+hate+crime+in+Nottinghamshire+gives+%27shocking%27+results&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-nottinghamshire-44740362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45423789">"Misogyny could become hate crime as legal review is announced"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009090032/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45423789">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Review+of+UK+hate+crime+law+to+consider+misogyny+and+ageism&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2018%2Foct%2F16%2Freview-of-uk-hate-law-to-consider-misogyny-and-ageism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTobin2018" class="citation news cs1">Tobin, Olivia (2 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/met-police-chief-cressida-dick-backs-top-cop-sara-thornton-on-tackling-burglars-and-violence-not-a3978526.html">"Met chief Cressida Dick backs senior police officer Sara Thornton on tackling burglars and violence ahead of hate crimes"</a>. <i>Evening Standard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119093445/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/met-police-chief-cressida-dick-backs-top-cop-sara-thornton-on-tackling-burglars-and-violence-not-a3978526.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Met+chief+Cressida+Dick+backs+senior+police+officer+Sara+Thornton+on+tackling+burglars+and+violence+ahead+of+hate+crimes&rft.date=2018-11-02&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2Fmet-police-chief-cressida-dick-backs-top-cop-sara-thornton-on-tackling-burglars-and-violence-not-a3978526.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-46053069">"Focus on violent crime not misogyny, says police chief"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102205217/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-46053069">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Focus+on+violent+crime+not+misogyny%2C+says+police+chief&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-46053069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/reforms-to-hate-crime-laws-to-make-them-fairer-and-to-protect-women-for-the-first-time/">"Reforms to hate crime laws to make them fairer, and to protect women for the first time"</a>. <i>www.lawcom.gov.uk</i>. 23 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006160528/https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/reforms-to-hate-crime-laws-to-make-them-fairer-and-to-protect-women-for-the-first-time/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lawcom.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Reforms+to+hate+crime+laws+to+make+them+fairer%2C+and+to+protect+women+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawcom.gov.uk%2Freforms-to-hate-crime-laws-to-make-them-fairer-and-to-protect-women-for-the-first-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott2020" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Jennifer (23 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-54254541">"Misogyny: Women 'should be protected' under hate crime laws"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923052131/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-54254541">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Misogyny%3A+Women+%27should+be+protected%27+under+hate+crime+laws&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-54254541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/08/tory-peers-to-defy-boris-johnson-with-push-to-make-misogyny-a-hate-crime">"Tory peers to defy Boris Johnson with push to make misogyny a hate crime"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 8 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513031601/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/08/tory-peers-to-defy-boris-johnson-with-push-to-make-misogyny-a-hate-crime">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tory+peers+to+defy+Boris+Johnson+with+push+to+make+misogyny+a+hate+crime&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2021%2Foct%2F08%2Ftory-peers-to-defy-boris-johnson-with-push-to-make-misogyny-a-hate-crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisogyny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Boteach, Shmuley. <i>Hating Women: America's Hostile Campaign Against the Fairer Sex</i>. 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Brownmiller, Susan</a>. <i>Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>, 1975.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Dijkstra" title="Bram Dijkstra">Dijkstra, Bram</a>. <i>Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Chodorow" title="Nancy Chodorow">Chodorow, Nancy</a>. <i>The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, 1978.</li> <li>Ellmann, Mary. <i>Thinking About Women</i>. 1968.</li> <li>Forward, Susan, and Joan Torres. <i>Men Who Hate Women and the Women Who Love Them: When Loving Hurts and You Don't Know Why</i>. Bantam Books, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-28037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-28037-1">978-0-553-28037-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Haskell" title="Molly Haskell">Haskell, Molly</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/From_Reverence_to_Rape:_The_Treatment_of_Women_in_the_Movies" class="mw-redirect" title="From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in the Movies">From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in the Movies</a></i>. 1974. University of Chicago Press, 1987.</li> <li>Kipnis, Laura. <i>The Female Thing: Dirt, Sex, Envy, Vulnerability</i>. 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42417-5">978-0-375-42417-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Klein, Melanie</a>. <i>The Collected Writings of Melanie Klein</i>. 4 volumes. London: <a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth Press</a>, 1975.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Lewis_(journalist)" title="Helen Lewis (journalist)">Lewis, Helen</a>. <i>Difficult Women: A History Of Feminism In 11 Fights</i>. Jonathan Cape, 2020.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Marshall_(sociologist)" title="Gordon Marshall (sociologist)">Marshall, Gordon</a>. 'Misogyny'. In <i>Oxford Dictionary of Sociology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Millett, Kate</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics">Sexual Politics</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>, 1970.</li> <li>Morgan, Fidelis. <i>A Misogynist's Source Book</i>.</li> <li>Patai, Daphne, and Noretta Koertge. <i>Professing Feminism: Cautionary Tales from the Strange World of Women's Studies</i>. 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09827-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09827-9">978-0-465-09827-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Penelope" title="Julia Penelope">Penelope, Julia</a>. <i>Speaking Freely: Unlearning the Lies of our Fathers' Tongues</i>. Toronto: Pergamon Press Canada, 1990.</li> <li>Smith, Joan. <i>Misogynies</i>. 1989. Revised 1993.</li> <li><i>World Health Organisation Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women</i>* 2005.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination427" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Punishment of apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">in Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Domestic_violence95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Domestic_violence" title="Template:Domestic violence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Domestic_violence" title="Template talk:Domestic violence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic_violence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic violence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Domestic_violence95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_domestic_violence" title="Outline of domestic violence">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_tactics_scale" title="Conflict tactics scale">Conflict tactics scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_abuse" title="Cycle of abuse">Cycle of abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_violence" title="Cycle of violence">Cycle of violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_domestic_violence" title="Epidemiology of domestic violence">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_coercion#Birth_control_sabotage" title="Reproductive coercion">Birth control sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_coercion" title="Reproductive coercion">Reproductive coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_by_intimate_partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence by intimate partners">Sexual violence by intimate partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Domestic violence and pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of pregnant women">Murder of pregnant women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_couple_violence#Situational_couple_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Common couple violence">Situational couple violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARVO" title="DARVO">Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_abuse" title="Economic abuse">Economic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a>/<a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult-to-adult_narcissistic_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult-to-adult narcissistic abuse">Narcissistic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setting_up_to_fail" title="Setting up to fail">Setting up to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Silent treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adults</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride-buying" class="mw-redirect" title="Bride-buying">Bride-buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_against_men" title="Domestic violence against men">Domestic violence against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Domestic violence and pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_lesbian_relationships" title="Domestic violence in lesbian relationships">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence_on_children" title="Effects of domestic violence on children">Effects of domestic violence on children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_domestic_violence_hotlines" title="List of domestic violence hotlines">Domestic violence hotlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_model" title="Duluth model">Duluth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_shelter" title="Women's shelter">Women's shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Prevention initiatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Argentina" title="Domestic violence in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia#Domestic_violence" title="Crime in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Australia" title="Domestic violence in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Bolivia" title="Domestic violence in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Brazil" title="Domestic violence in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Chile" title="Domestic violence in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_China" title="Domestic violence in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Colombia" title="Domestic violence in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Ecuador" title="Domestic violence in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Ghana" title="Domestic violence in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Guyana" title="Domestic violence in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_India" title="Domestic violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Iran" title="Domestic violence in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Kenya" title="Domestic violence in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Lithuania" title="Domestic violence in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_New_Zealand" title="Domestic violence in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Norway" title="Domestic violence in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Norway" title="Domestic violence in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Domestic violence in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Panama" title="Domestic violence in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Paraguay" title="Domestic violence in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Romania" title="Domestic violence in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Samoa#Domestic_violence" title="Human rights in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Domestic violence in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Domestic violence in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_South_Korea" title="Domestic violence in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Tajikistan" title="Domestic violence in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Turkey" title="Domestic violence in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Uganda" title="Domestic violence in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Domestic violence in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic violence in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_domestic_violence" title="Christianity and domestic violence">Domestic violence in Christian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence in Islamic culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacquelyn_Campbell" title="Jacquelyn Campbell">Jacquelyn Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Dodge" title="Kenneth A. Dodge">Kenneth Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_M._Douglas" title="Emily M. Douglas">Emily Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellsberg" title="Mary Ellsberg">Mary Ellsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Finkelhor" title="David Finkelhor">David Finkelhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Graham-Kevan" title="Nicola Graham-Kevan">Nicola Graham-Kevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Hines" title="Denise Hines">Denise Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Saltzman" title="Linda Saltzman">Linda Saltzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_A._Straus" title="Murray A. Straus">Murray Straus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruahine_Albert" title="Ruahine Albert">Ruahine Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Barker" title="Angela Barker">Angela Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Buel" title="Sarah Buel">Sarah Buel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Celi" title="Elizabeth Celi">Elizabeth Celi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cools" title="Anne Cools">Anne Cools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Ferrato" title="Donna Ferrato">Donna Ferrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ingala_Smith" title="Karen Ingala Smith">Karen Ingala Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Pence" title="Ellen Pence">Ellen Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_Pizzey" title="Erin Pizzey">Erin Pizzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tucker_(executive)" title="Deborah Tucker (executive)">Deborah Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Better_Man_(film)" title="A Better Man (film)">A Better Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conspiracy_of_Silence" title="The Conspiracy of Silence">The Conspiracy of Silence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_Our_Lives" title="Defending Our Lives">Defending Our Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_and_Control:_Domestic_Violence_in_America" title="Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America">Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Voices_(2005_film)" title="Silent Voices (2005 film)">Silent Voices</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sin_by_Silence" title="Sin by Silence">Sin by Silence</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tragedy_(film)" title="American Tragedy (film)">American Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Blue_(1999_film)" title="Black and Blue (1999 film)">Black and Blue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blinded_(2006_film)" title="Blinded (2006 film)">Blinded</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bordertown_(2007_film)" title="Bordertown (2007 film)">Bordertown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_Bed" title="The Burning Bed">The Burning Bed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daughters_(1997_TV_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughters (1997 TV film)">Daughters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enough_(film)" title="Enough (film)">Enough</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Angelina" title="Looking for Angelina">Looking for Angelina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors_(film)" title="Once Were Warriors (film)">Once Were Warriors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Minute_to_Nine" title="One Minute to Nine">One Minute to Nine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Provoked_(film)" title="Provoked (film)">Provoked</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_with_the_Enemy" title="Sleeping with the Enemy">Sleeping with the Enemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Submission_(2004_film)" title="Submission (2004 film)">Submission</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What%27s_Love_Got_to_Do_with_It_(1993_film)" title="What's Love Got to Do with It (1993 film)">What's Love Got to Do with It</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_with_Billy_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life with Billy (book)">Life with Billy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mommie_Dearest" title="Mommie Dearest">Mommie Dearest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_on_Women_(book)" title="The War on Women (book)">The War on Women</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Family_Therapy" title="Contemporary Family Therapy">Contemporary Family Therapy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Process_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Process (journal)">Family Process</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Relations_(journal)" title="Family Relations (journal)">Family Relations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Family_Issues" title="Journal of Family Issues">Journal of Family Issues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Interpersonal_Violence" title="Journal of Interpersonal Violence">Journal of Interpersonal Violence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trauma,_Violence,_%26_Abuse" title="Trauma, Violence, & Abuse">Trauma, Violence, & Abuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_(journal)" title="Violence Against Women (journal)">Violence Against Women</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulabi_Gang" title="Gulabi Gang">Gulabi Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ManKind_Initiative" title="ManKind Initiative">ManKind Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Against_Domestic_Violence" title="National Coalition Against Domestic Violence">National Coalition Against Domestic Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Violence_Hotline" title="National Domestic Violence Hotline">National Domestic Violence Hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_(charity)" title="Nia (charity)">nia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_(United_Kingdom_charity)" title="Refuge (United Kingdom charity)">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect_(charity)" title="Respect (charity)">Respect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battered_woman_syndrome" title="Battered woman syndrome">Battered woman defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_court" title="Domestic violence court">Domestic violence court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_abuse187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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href="/wiki/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Child exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_in_primary_and_secondary_schools" title="Sexual abuse in primary and secondary schools">in primary and secondary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_marriage" title="Money marriage">Money marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_rape" title="Gray rape">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_proxy" title="Rape by proxy">By proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Of males</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a 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slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological<br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes of sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Effects and aftermath of rape">Effects and aftermath of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">Sociobiological theories of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">Laws regarding child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws regarding rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_violent_predator_laws" title="Sexually violent predator laws">Sexually violent predator laws</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_accommodation_syndrome" title="Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome">Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse" title="False allegation of child sexual abuse">False allegation of child sexual abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/40px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308857#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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