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<span>New and old organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_and_old_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Console.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Console.jpg/250px-Console.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Console.jpg/375px-Console.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Console.jpg/500px-Console.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Console of the 3/13 <a href="/wiki/Barton_Organ_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Barton Organ Company">Barton</a> Theatre Pipe Organ at <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor's</a> <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Theater_(Ann_Arbor,_Michigan)" title="Michigan Theater (Ann Arbor, Michigan)">Michigan Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>theatre organ</b> (also known as a <b>theater organ</b>, or, especially in the United Kingdom, a <b>cinema organ</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> developed to accompany <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a> from the 1900s to the 1920s. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinestone_Barton_Organ.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rhinestone_Barton_Organ.JPG/250px-Rhinestone_Barton_Organ.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rhinestone_Barton_Organ.JPG/375px-Rhinestone_Barton_Organ.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rhinestone_Barton_Organ.JPG/500px-Rhinestone_Barton_Organ.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Console of the Rhinestone Barton theatre organ, installed in <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Cedar_Rapids" title="Theatre Cedar Rapids">Theatre Cedar Rapids</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Theatre organs have horseshoe-shaped arrangements of stop tabs (tongue-shaped switches) above and around the instrument's keyboards on their <a href="/wiki/Organ_console" title="Organ console">consoles</a>. Theatre organ consoles were typically decorated with brightly colored stop tabs, with built-in console lighting. Organs in the UK had a common feature: large translucent surrounds extending from both sides of the console, with internal colored lighting. Theatre organs began to be installed in other venues, such as civic auditoriums, sports arenas, private residences, and churches. </p><p>There were over 7,000 such organs installed in America and elsewhere from 1915 to 1933, but fewer than 40 instruments remain in their original venues.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Though there are few original instruments, hundreds of theatre pipe organs are installed in public venues throughout the world today,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while many more exist in private residences. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_organ&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, films were accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Pit_orchestra" title="Pit orchestra">pit orchestras</a> in larger houses, and pit pianists in small venues. The first organs installed in theatres were <a href="/wiki/Church_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Church organ">church organs</a>. These organs were ill-suited to accompanying the film and the performance. </p><p>The earliest concepts of the theatre organ were modified pianos with a few ranks of pipes and various sound effects, housed in one cabinet, and typically located in the pit area. These were <a href="/wiki/Photoplayer" title="Photoplayer">photoplayers</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hope-Jones" title="Robert Hope-Jones">Robert Hope-Jones</a>'s concept, which he called a "unit orchestra", was developed and promoted, initially by the Rudolph <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a> Company of North Tonawanda, New York. A new type of instrument, the Wurlitzer Hope Jones Unit-Orchestra, or simply theatre organ, was born. Soon, hundreds of instruments were being ordered from Wurlitzer and other manufacturers who copied the design for their own theatre organs. </p><p>The Rudolph Wurlitzer company, to whom <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hope-Jones" title="Robert Hope-Jones">Robert Hope-Jones</a> licensed his name and patents, was the most well-known manufacturer of theatre organs, and the phrase <i>Mighty Wurlitzer</i> became an almost generic term for the theatre organ. After some major disagreements with the Wurlitzer management, Robert Hope-Jones committed suicide in 1914. </p><p>In Europe, the theatre organ appeared in cinemas after World War I. Some came from <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a>, but there were European organ builders like <i><a href="/wiki/Welte-Mignon" title="Welte-Mignon">M. Welte & Söhne</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Walcker_Orgelbau" title="Walcker Orgelbau">Walcker</a></i> in Germany, and <i>Standaart</i> in the Netherlands. </p><p>After the development of sound movies, theatre organs remained installed in many theatres to provide live music between features. After the "golden years" of the 1920s and 1930s, many were scrapped or sold to churches, private homes, museums, <a href="/wiki/Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">ice rinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">rollatoriums</a>, and restaurants. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> bought and installed its first organ in 1933 in <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting House, London">Broadcasting House, London</a>. The first full-scale <a href="/wiki/BBC_Theatre_Organ" title="BBC Theatre Organ">BBC Theatre Organ</a> was used for broadcasts in 1936 from across the road at <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Hall,_London" title="St. George's Hall, London">St George's Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the development of high-fidelity recording and the LP phonograph record created new interest in the theatre organ. This period also saw the formation of the <a href="/wiki/American_Theatre_Organ_Society" title="American Theatre Organ Society">American Theatre Organ Society</a> (ATOS), originally the American Theatre Organ Enthusiasts (ATOE). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturers_and_production_totals">Manufacturers and production totals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_organ&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacturers and production totals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer_Factory_Tower_Top.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Wurlitzer_Factory_Tower_Top.JPG/250px-Wurlitzer_Factory_Tower_Top.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Wurlitzer_Factory_Tower_Top.JPG/375px-Wurlitzer_Factory_Tower_Top.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Wurlitzer_Factory_Tower_Top.JPG/500px-Wurlitzer_Factory_Tower_Top.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="2840" /></a><figcaption>The offices of the <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a> factory in New York, previously known as the <a href="/wiki/North_Tonawanda_Barrel_Organ_Factory" title="North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory">North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>These were the major builders of theatre organs, listed in order of production. The numbers listed here are for theatre organs only. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Manufacturer<sup id="cite_ref-searchableopus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-searchableopus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Production<sup id="cite_ref-searchableopus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-searchableopus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Timeframe </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a></td> <td>over 2,234</td> <td>1911-1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_Organ_Company" title="Robert Morton Organ Company">Robert Morton</a></td> <td>about 900</td> <td>1920s-1931 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M._P._Moller" title="M. P. Moller">Möller</a></td> <td>about 700</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kimball_International" title="Kimball International">Kimball</a></td> <td>about 700</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marr_and_Colton" title="Marr and Colton">Marr and Colton</a></td> <td>500-600</td> <td>1915-1932 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barton_Organ_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Barton Organ Company">Barton</a></td> <td>250-350</td> <td>1918-1931 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilgen" title="Kilgen">Kilgen</a></td> <td>200-300</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hope-Jones" title="Robert Hope-Jones">Robert Hope-Jones</a></td> <td>246</td> <td>1887-1911, sold to Wurlitzer. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillgreen-Lane" title="Hillgreen-Lane">Hillgreen-Lane</a></td> <td>about 175</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estey_Organ" title="Estey Organ">Estey</a></td> <td>about 170</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin_Organs" title="Austin Organs">Austin</a></td> <td>about 130</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Link_Piano_and_Organ_Company" title="Link Piano and Organ Company">Link</a></td> <td>about 130</td> <td>1914-1932 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Page_Organ_Company" title="Page Organ Company">Page</a></td> <td>over 100</td> <td>1922-1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balcom_and_Vaughan" title="Balcom and Vaughan">Balcom and Vaughan</a></td> <td>about 75</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reuter_Organ_Company" title="Reuter Organ Company">Reuter</a></td> <td>about 57</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Hill_%26_Son_%26_Norman_%26_Beard_Ltd." title="William Hill & Son & Norman & Beard Ltd.">Hill, Norman & Beard (Christie)</a></td> <td>>52<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheOrgan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheOrgan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1926-1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Midmer-Losh_Organ_Company" title="Midmer-Losh Organ Company">Midmer-Losh</a></td> <td>about 50</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Compton_(organ_builder)" title="John Compton (organ builder)">Compton</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Organ_Company" title="Geneva Organ Company">Geneva</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Welte-Mignon" title="Welte-Mignon">Welte-Mignon</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wicks_Organ_Company" title="Wicks Organ Company">Wicks</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_aspects">Technical aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_organ&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technical aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Bay-Wisconsin-Meyer-Theatre-Wurlizer-Theater-Pipe-Organ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Green_Bay-Wisconsin-Meyer-Theatre-Wurlizer-Theater-Pipe-Organ.jpg/200px-Green_Bay-Wisconsin-Meyer-Theatre-Wurlizer-Theater-Pipe-Organ.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Green_Bay-Wisconsin-Meyer-Theatre-Wurlizer-Theater-Pipe-Organ.jpg/300px-Green_Bay-Wisconsin-Meyer-Theatre-Wurlizer-Theater-Pipe-Organ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Green_Bay-Wisconsin-Meyer-Theatre-Wurlizer-Theater-Pipe-Organ.jpg/400px-Green_Bay-Wisconsin-Meyer-Theatre-Wurlizer-Theater-Pipe-Organ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>View inside pipe chamber at <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Theatre" title="Meyer Theatre">Meyer Theatre</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As in a traditional pipe organ, a theatre organ uses pressurized air to produce musical tones. Unification and extension give the theatre organ its unique flexibility. A rank is extended by adding pipes above and below the original pitch, allowing the organist to play that rank at various pitches by selecting separate stop tabs. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SoloMarHarp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/SoloMarHarp.jpg/200px-SoloMarHarp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/SoloMarHarp.jpg/300px-SoloMarHarp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/SoloMarHarp.jpg/400px-SoloMarHarp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Marimba in the Solo Chamber at Ann Arbor's Michigan Theatre (3/13 Barton)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Electro-pneumatic_action" title="Electro-pneumatic action">electro-pneumatic action</a> was invented by Robert Hope-Jones. Up to the turn of the 20th century, all pipe organs were operated by a <i>tracker</i>, <i>tubular pneumatic</i>, or <i>pneumatic Barker-lever</i> action, where the keys and pedals were physically connected to the pipe valves via wooden <a href="/wiki/Tracker_action" title="Tracker action">trackers</a>, except in the case of tubular pneumatic, where all actions were operated by air pressure. Hope-Jones' electro-pneumatic action used electric <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoids</a> to operate the pipe valves, and solenoids and pistons to control and operate the various stop tabs, controls, keys and pedals on the console. This action allowed the console to be physically detached from the organ. All signals from the console were transmitted by an electric cable to an electro-pneumatic relay, and from there to the pipes and effects in the organ chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatreorgan_drum_lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Theatreorgan_drum_lg.jpg/200px-Theatreorgan_drum_lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Theatreorgan_drum_lg.jpg/300px-Theatreorgan_drum_lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Theatreorgan_drum_lg.jpg/400px-Theatreorgan_drum_lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Percussion on a Wurlitzer at the <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Theatre" title="Meyer Theatre">Meyer Theatre</a> in Green Bay, Wisconsin.</figcaption></figure><p>Another feature of theatre organs is the addition of chromatic, or tuned percussions. Hope-Jones added pneumatically and electrically operated instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophones</a>, wood harps, <a href="/wiki/Chimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimes">chimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleigh_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleigh bell">sleigh bells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysoglott" title="Chrysoglott">chrysoglotts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">glockenspiels</a> to reproduce the orchestral versions of these instruments. </p><p>Wurlitzer added other effects, such as drums, cymbals, wood blocks and other non-chromatic percussions and effects to allow the theatre organ to accompany silent movies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of sound effects included <a href="/wiki/Car_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Car horn">car horns</a> and flings. </p><p>A traditional organ console was not adequate to control a theatre organ, as the large number of draw knobs required made the console so huge an organist could not possibly reach all of them while playing. Thus, the horseshoe console was born. Based on a curved French console design and using stop tabs instead of <a href="/wiki/Drawknob" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawknob">drawknobs</a>, the horseshoe console now allowed the organist to reach any stop or control while playing any piece of music, eliminating the need to move around awkwardly on the bench. The smaller stop tabs also permitted the addition of many more stops on the console than could be added on a traditional console. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_and_old_organs">New and old organs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_organ&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New and old organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avalon_Theater_organ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Avalon_Theater_organ.jpg/300px-Avalon_Theater_organ.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Avalon_Theater_organ.jpg/450px-Avalon_Theater_organ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Avalon_Theater_organ.jpg/600px-Avalon_Theater_organ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>Avalon Casino's Page Organ console with portraits of <a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Carter" title="Gaylord Carter">Gaylord Carter</a> and Bob Salisbury.</figcaption></figure><p>So-called "new" organs have been recently built, mainly from parts of other theatre organs, with construction of new pipework, windchests and consoles. </p><p>Some of these refurbished organs have had their original <a href="/wiki/Electro-pneumatic_action" title="Electro-pneumatic action">electro-pneumatic</a> relays replaced with electronic or computerized relays and modern, electronic consoles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_organ&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capri_Theatre" title="Capri Theatre">Capri Theatre</a>, home of Australia's second largest theatre organ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoplayer" title="Photoplayer">Photoplayer</a>, an automatic piano and orchestra used by smaller theatres to accompany silent films</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Gardens,_Blackpool" title="Winter Gardens, Blackpool">Winter Gardens, Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wurlitzers_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Wurlitzers in the United Kingdom">Wurlitzers in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_organ&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Ball. The Story of The Hollywood Barton.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208080618/http://www.stevenball.com/HollywoodTheater.htm">"Steven Ball"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stevenball.com/HollywoodTheater.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steven+Ball&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stevenball.com%2FHollywoodTheater.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+organ" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Journal of the American Theatre Organ Society</i> (November/December), citing The Hollywood Theatre, Detroit, MI <i>Detroit News</i> March 17, 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atos.org/locator/">"Theatre Organ Locator"</a>. <i>American Theatre Organ Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Theatre+Organ+Society&rft.atitle=Theatre+Organ+Locator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atos.org%2Flocator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/page/defc9980169149faa360808a1f9c32cc?page=8">Leslie Spurling. 'The Organ of the Future', <i>Radio Times</i>, Issue 681, 18th Oct 1936, pp. 8 and 42</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-searchableopus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-searchableopus_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-searchableopus_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barton.theatreorgans.com">"Searchable Opus Database"</a>. <i>barton.theatreorgans.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=barton.theatreorgans.com&rft.atitle=Searchable+Opus+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbarton.theatreorgans.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinema-organs.org.uk/uk%20Organ%20venues/ukorgans.html">"UK organs"</a>. The Cinema Organ Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+organs&rft.pub=The+Cinema+Organ+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinema-organs.org.uk%2Fuk%2520Organ%2520venues%2Fukorgans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+organ" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved 27 October 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIanM" class="citation web cs1">IanM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatreorgans.com/southerncross/Summary%20Installations%20List.htm">"List of All Known Australian Theatre Organs - Past and Present"</a>. theatreorgans.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+All+Known+Australian+Theatre+Organs+-+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=theatreorgans.com&rft.au=IanM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheatreorgans.com%2Fsoutherncross%2FSummary%2520Installations%2520List.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+organ" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved 27 October 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcinematreasures.org" class="citation web cs1">cinematreasures.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/6787">"Gaumont Palace in Paris"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaumont+Palace+in+Paris&rft.au=cinematreasures.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcinematreasures.org%2Ftheaters%2F6787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+organ" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved 27 October 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheOrgan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheOrgan_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushKassel2006" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard, eds. (2006). <i>The Organ: An Encyclopedia</i>. Psychology Press. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organ%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest unit orchestras utilized a separate wind supply to the console to operate combination pistons, which at that time were pneumatically operated. Later designs electrified the combination action, eliminating the need for the console wind supply.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various builders of church organs, notably Möller, Austin, Aeolian-Skinner and Kimball, added a limited number of chromatic percussions to their church instruments.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_organ&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Theater_organs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Theater organs">Theater organs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerwurlitzer.org.uk/">The Beer Wurlitzer - Oldest Wurlitzer theatre organ in the UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atos.org/">American Theatre Organ Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinema-organs.org.uk/">Cinema Organ Society (UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatreorgans.com/">The Theatre Organ Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatreorgans.co.uk/">Theatre Organs UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatreorgans.com/au/opus/">The Wurlitzer Opus List</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zyworld.com/IvorBuckingham/">The Compton List</a> by Ivor Buckingham (1945–2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stops.org/">Scottish Theatre Organ Preservation Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pensacolasaenger.com/fos/saenger-pipe-organ/">Saenger Theatre Organ/Pensacola restoration project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tosa.net.au">Theatre Organ Society of Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pipe_organs_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pipe_organs" title="Template:Pipe organs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pipe_organs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pipe organs (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pipe_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pipe organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pipe_organs_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pipe_organs" title="List of pipe organs">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_building" title="Organ building">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pipe_organ_builders" title="List of pipe organ builders">Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_console" title="Organ console">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-foot_pitch" title="Eight-foot pitch">Eight-foot pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crescendo_pedal" title="Crescendo pedal">Crescendo pedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression pedal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremulant" title="Tremulant">Tremulant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_box" title="Swell box">Swell box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracker_action" title="Tracker action">Tracker</a></li> <li>Combination action <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-pneumatic_action" title="Electro-pneumatic action">Electro-pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular-pneumatic_action" title="Tubular-pneumatic action">Tubular-pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_action_magnet" title="Stop action magnet">Stop</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">Pipes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En_chamade" title="En chamade">En chamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue_pipe" title="Flue pipe">Flue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_flue_pipe_scaling" title="Organ flue pipe scaling">Scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voicing_(pipe_organ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (pipe organ)">Voicing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_pipe" title="Reed pipe">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ_tuning" title="Pipe organ tuning">Tuning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">Stops</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pipe_organ_stops" title="List of pipe organ stops">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourdon_(organ_pipe)" title="Bourdon (organ pipe)">Bourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia_(organ_pipe)" title="Tibia (organ pipe)">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia_Clausa" title="Tibia Clausa">Tibia Clausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornet_(organ_stop)" title="Cornet (organ stop)">Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedackt" title="Gedackt">Gedackt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixture_(organ_stop)" title="Mixture (organ stop)">Mixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophicleide_(organ_stop)" title="Ophicleide (organ stop)">Ophicleide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plein-jeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Plein-jeu">Plein-jeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_(organ)" title="Registration (organ)">Registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompette_militaire" title="Trompette militaire">Trompette militaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voix_c%C3%A9leste" title="Voix céleste">Voix céleste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_humana" title="Vox humana">Vox humana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbelstern" title="Zimbelstern">Zimbelstern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_crawl" title="Organ crawl">Crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairground_organ" title="Fairground organ">Fairground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_organ_school" title="French organ school">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_organ_schools" title="German organ schools">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_Historical_Society" title="Organ Historical Society">Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portative_organ" title="Portative organ">Portative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_organ" title="Positive organ">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_repertoire" title="Organ repertoire">Repertoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_shoes" title="Organ shoes">Shoes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theatre_organs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theatre_organs" title="Template:Theatre organs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theatre_organs" title="Template talk:Theatre organs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theatre_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theatre organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theatre_organs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theatre organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_building" title="Organ building">Builders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Organs" title="Austin Organs">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcom_and_Vaughan" title="Balcom and Vaughan">Balcom & Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartola_Musical_Instrument_Company" title="Bartola Musical Instrument Company">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hill_%26_Son_%26_Norman_%26_Beard_Ltd." title="William Hill & Son & Norman & Beard Ltd.">Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Compton_(organ_builder)" title="John Compton (organ builder)">Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estey_Organ" title="Estey Organ">Estey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Organ_Company" title="Geneva Organ Company">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillgreen-Lane" title="Hillgreen-Lane">Hillgreen-Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinners_Organ_Company" title="Hinners Organ Company">Hinners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hill_%26_Son_%26_Norman_%26_Beard_Ltd." title="William Hill & Son & Norman & Beard Ltd.">Hill, Norman & Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hope-Jones" title="Robert Hope-Jones">Hope-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilgen" title="Kilgen">Kilgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_International" title="Kimball International">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Piano_and_Organ_Company" title="Link Piano and Organ Company">Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marr_and_Colton" title="Marr and Colton">Marr & Colton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midmer-Losh_Organ_Company" title="Midmer-Losh Organ Company">Midmer-Losh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Moller" title="M. P. Moller">Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_Organ_Company" title="Robert Morton Organ Company">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Organ_Company" title="Page Organ Company">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuter_Organ_Company" title="Reuter Organ Company">Reuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_Organ_Company" title="Robert Morton Organ Company">Robert Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_M._Skinner" title="Ernest M. Skinner">E. M. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welte-Mignon" title="Welte-Mignon">Welte-Mignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicks_Organ_Company" title="Wicks Organ Company">Wicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Organ_Company" title="Allen Organ Company">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.G._Conn" class="mw-redirect" title="C.G. Conn">Conn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Instruments" title="Rodgers Instruments">Rodgers</a></li> <li>Walker</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barton_Opus_245_3-13_console,_Michigan_Theater_(Ann_Arbor,_Michigan).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barton Theatre Organ"><img alt="Barton Theatre Organ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Barton_Opus_245_3-13_console%2C_Michigan_Theater_%28Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%29.jpg/200px-Barton_Opus_245_3-13_console%2C_Michigan_Theater_%28Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Barton_Opus_245_3-13_console%2C_Michigan_Theater_%28Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%29.jpg/300px-Barton_Opus_245_3-13_console%2C_Michigan_Theater_%28Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Barton_Opus_245_3-13_console%2C_Michigan_Theater_%28Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%29.jpg/400px-Barton_Opus_245_3-13_console%2C_Michigan_Theater_%28Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br /> artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Anderson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Bernie Anderson, Jr.">Bernie Anderson, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ena_Baga" title="Ena Baga">Ena Baga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baines" title="William Baines">William Baines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Binge" title="Ronald Binge">Ronald Binge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Blackmore" title="Rod Blackmore">Rod Blackmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswell_Blakeston" title="Oswell Blakeston">Oswell Blakeston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Carpenter" title="Cameron Carpenter">Cameron Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Carter" title="Gaylord Carter">Gaylord Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Chadwick" title="Doreen Chadwick">Doreen Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Cole_(musician)" title="Buddy Cole (musician)">Buddy Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Crawford" title="Jesse Crawford">Jesse Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_De_Jong" title="Florence De Jong">Florence De Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dixon" title="Reginald Dixon">Reginald Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ellis_(organist)" title="Martin Ellis (organist)">Martin Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Erwin_(organist)" title="Lee Erwin (organist)">Lee Erwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Finch" title="Horace Finch">Horace Finch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Foort" title="Reginald Foort">Reginald Foort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_W._Jackson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Graham W. Jackson, Sr.">Graham W. Jackson, Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_James_(musician)" title="Dennis James (musician)">Dennis James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Kann" title="Stan Kann">Stan Kann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Kelsall" title="Phil Kelsall">Phil Kelsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lemare" title="Edwin Lemare">Edwin Lemare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Loxam" title="Arnold Loxam">Arnold Loxam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_MacClain" title="Leonard MacClain">Leonard MacClain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_MacPherson" title="Sandy MacPherson">Sandy MacPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Melgard" title="Al Melgard">Al Melgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchell_(organist)" title="Robert Mitchell (organist)">Bob Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Moore" title="Gerald Moore">Gerald Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_New" title="Reginald New">Reginald New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Ogden" title="Nigel Ogden">Nigel Ogden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korla_Pandit" title="Korla Pandit">Korla Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Purvis" title="Richard Purvis">Richard Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ralston" title="Bob Ralston">Bob Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Richmond" title="Robin Richmond">Robin Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Rio" title="Rosa Rio">Rosa Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Roxy_Rothafel" title="Samuel Roxy Rothafel">Samuel Roxy Rothafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Savage" title="Dudley Savage">Dudley Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Simonton" title="Richard Simonton">Richard Simonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fela_Sowande" title="Fela Sowande">Fela Sowande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Stalling">Carl Stalling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Strony" title="Walt Strony">Walt Strony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Swinnen" title="Firmin Swinnen">Firmin Swinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Torch" title="Sidney Torch">Sidney Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wallace" title="Oliver Wallace">Oliver Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_White_(organist)" title="Pearl White (organist)">Pearl White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wright_(organist)" title="George Wright (organist)">George Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jess_Yates" title="Jess Yates">Jess Yates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Theatre_Organ_Society" title="American Theatre Organ Society">American Theatre Organ Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Organ_Society" title="Cinema Organ Society">Cinema Organ Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Organ_Society_of_Australia" title="Theatre Organ Society of Australia">Theatre Organ Society of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_keyboards" title="Template talk:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">Musical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_clavier" title="Bowed clavier">Bowed clavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claviharp" title="Claviharp">Claviharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonichord" title="Harmonichord">Harmonichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keytar" title="Keytar">Keytar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodica" title="Melodica">Melodica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">Reed organ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theatre organ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphica" title="Orphica">Orphica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">Digital piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_keyboard" title="Enharmonic keyboard">Enharmonic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_keyboard" title="Generalized keyboard">Generalized keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard" title="Isomorphic keyboard">Isomorphic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">Short octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">Keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_key_frequencies" title="Piano key frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Pedals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">Soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">Sustain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovations_in_the_piano" title="Innovations in the piano">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">Wiring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stringing" title="Cross-stringing">Cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_maintenance" title="Piano maintenance">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(piano)" title="Action (piano)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Technicians_Guild" title="Piano Technicians Guild">Piano Technicians Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">Tuning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_wrench" title="Tuning wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifiers, speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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